英语翻译基础2012
2012统考大学英语B复习资料(中英文翻译菜鸟版)
词汇与语法B1、- _______ is your girl friend like? 是你的女朋友- She is very kind and good-looking. 她很好看。
A：How B：What C：Which D：Who 答案：B2、We came finally _________ the conclusion that she has been telling lies all the time. 我们终于_________结论，她一直说谎的所有时间A：of B：into C：to D：at 答案：C3、I won't make the _______ mistake next time. 我不会让_______错误下次A：like B：same C：near D：similar 答案：B相同的4、He _______ lives in the house where he was born. 他_______生活在他出世的屋子。
A：already B：yet C：still D：ever 答案：C仍然5、I didn't know what to do, but then an idea suddenly ________ to me. 我不知道要做什么，但一个想法突然________我A：appeared B：happened C：occurred D：emerged 答案：C发生6、Mathematics ________ study or science of numbers. 数学________研究或科学数据A：is B：are C：was D：were 答案：A7、- Do you want to wait? 你要等候- Five days ________ too long for me to wait. 五天________太漫长A：was B：were C：is D：are 答案：C8、It's ________ that he was wrong. 这是________他错了。
2012药学英语翻译
Unit 1 Green pharmacy-herbal medicine1) Plant kingdom once was mere pharmacy of the human race, but now when you get into the modern pharmacy, plant-derived drugs have been hardly found.2) Although today the number of plant-based drugs has been decreased, the effective chemicals in many tables, capsule and bottle-contained drugs are originated from plant kingdom.3) Among chemical substances contained in plants, some must be toxic, but some must be drugs available to us.4) During the millions of years since man came to the earth, he has been doing experiments on a variety of plants about him.5) There exist mistrust, suspicion and hostility between the orthodox medicine and herbal practitioners for many years, which are threatening the possibility of establishing good working relationship.6) When we think of the effectiveness of quinine, the great contributions made by herbal medicine to medical science are quite evident.7) However, in the past few decades, the number of newly-introduced drugs has obviously decreased.8) The medical legacy of our motherland is an inexhaustible new-drug treasure, which remains us to tap with new methods.9) If pharmacological method had not been introduced to the study of vinca rosea, the discovery of vincaleukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10) Western medicine hardly believes that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could be capable of curing it.Unit 2 How does human body fight disease?People tend to believe that antibiotics were invented by human being, but in fact, they are purely natural products. Since Alexander Fleming, a British biologist discovered anti-microbial substance released by the Penicillium fungi in 1928, it has been learned that this substance can produce powerful antibiotic effect. In fact, antibiotics, are exactly manufactured by organisms, namely, bacteria and fungi, which people aim to destroy. After Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, Selma Walksman in 1943 isolated Streptomycin from a soil bacterium, Streptomycus griseus. Scientists have not made it clear completely why organisms can produce antibiotics. This question has become the topic for discussion.Why antibiotics are useful in medicine is that they can not only kill microbes, but also not kill the body cells as they do to the microbes, body cells are entirely different from those of bacteria cells, so that they can avoid being destroyed at the same time. Thus, antibiotics are called “magic bullet”because they may be particularly used to aim at certain microbes. This feature of antibiotics also makes them essentially different from anti-microbial agents: the latter tends to have poison to a majority of cells, whether the cells of bacteria or the body cells.Unit 3 Drug dependenceStudies indicate that drug dependencies both a health problem and a social concern. The drug dependence affects not only individual’s health but also the public health at the same time. The drug use has obviously and severely negative effects on the human brain and physical health. But drug abuse and addiction have huge and potential threat, because whether the drug is used directlyor indirectly has become the main transmitting ways for many severe communicable diseases, AIDS, hepatitis and pulmonary tuberculosis in particular, plus violent behaviors, etc. The drug addiction is such a complicated and widely health-associated problem that we must duty-boundly put the measures about the public health, extensively-launched education, prevention, treatment and scientific research into our total strategy. Science is offering the foundation to the exploration of public health, which keeps the opposite attitude to the extensively-accepted point of view. It thinks that the drug dependents are made to lose all abilities by drugs, so they cannot rectify their own behaviors. It also offers the suggestions of the foundation for revising the total strategy, so as to reduce the negative effects produced by injection of drugs on the individual and society.Unit 4 The scope of pharmacology1) The science that drugs act on the human body is known as pharmacology, while the scientists who studies this science is called pharmacologist.2) Pharmacology is not a science which can be studied alone, but one that is closely related to other sciences.3) Pharmacologist should not only learn the normal reaction process, but also know how the functions of the human body are affected by diseases.4) If the drug is properly used, it will be a boon to the human race, if not, it will destroy the human race.5) In the first half of the 20th century, the fantastic development has been achieved in the pharmacological field.6) The human race makes constant efforts not only for increasing life expectancy, but also for more healthy life.7) If a patient, the old in particular, constantly uses more than one therapeutic agent, the correlation of the drugs causing toxin tends to occur.8) The clinician is interested primarily in the drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease.9) As most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemical drugs, the interests of the clinicians in pharmacognosy are correspondingly limited.10) Pharmacodynamics, as a border science, borrows greatly from both the subject matter and the experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, genetics, pathology and so on.Unit 5 Combinatorial chemistry and new drugs1) To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2) In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemicals generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3) In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately in their own reaction vessels.4) A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis, all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mixsynthesis, the related compound are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of containers required.5) At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are found to be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Unit 6 Drug discovery and natural products1) Plant natural products have had, and continue to have, an important role as medicinal and pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optimization.2) Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients or pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of malignant cells”.3) Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not been evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.4) Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples for high-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species.5) Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes：（1）bioactivity- or mechanism of action directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2)rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3)mechanism of action studies.Unit 7 New drugs and drug delivery systems1) Every drug has its innate pharmacological characteristics. With the right dosage, frequency of administration and route of administration, most patients can get the expected pharmacological eficacy.2) But to different patients, there may be certain ,or even very obvious differences. Patients’physique, quality of drug, microorganisms and environmental factors can all affect drug fuctioning. They can enhance or decrease drug efficacy.3) The main factors that produce individual differences are the differences in drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination.4) In order to achieve the goal of maximum efficacy and minimum side effect for every patient, it is far from enough just to select drugs according to their pharmaceutical functioning.5) Other factors that influence the efficacy of different drugs must be taken into account, and appropriate therapies should be made according to the particular conditions of different patients. These therapies must be adjusted in time in the course of treatment to conform to patients’changed conditions until they recover.Unit 8 What analytical chemists do ?1) Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions:what it is and how much it is, that isqualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2) Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3) Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.4) Qualitative tests may be performed by selective chemical reactions or with the use of instrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicateds the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds or their functional groups.5) The first phase in the testing of banned substances is called fast-screening phase, in which qualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is applied for accurate quantification.Unit 9 Nonclinical development of biopharmaceuticals1) The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years of work, and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.2) The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3) Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routesof adminstering systemically acting drugs involve the absoption of drug from the place of adminstration into the blood.4) Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco)proteins, and they have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.5) In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.Unit 10 The package insert and prescription1) The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators and submitted by pharmaceuticalfirm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological and toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosage forms.2) The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must beprepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3) If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physician admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clinical study, plus the physician’s judgment in prescribing the drug, suffice?4) The FDA cannot requirea pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot advertise his product for that particular use.5) Today, the FDA’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity of foods, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.Unit 11 Development od new drugs(1)1) Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plant and animal sources. Therapeutic use was empirical and based on traditional experiences.2) The strategies of the drug research include occasional discoveries, random molecular combination, and a planned research of synthesis of a certain specific chemical element.3) Although this is a ideal method of the development of new drugs, it is expensive and there is no guarantee of success.4) When a drug is used by millions of people, it is sure to develop unhealthy response, though this harm is not too big to particular people.5) Most drugs have a maximum safe dose, if the dose exceeds the limited extent, it will produce toxic side effects.6) Penicillin, one of the most powerful bacterium-killers in the world, was incidentally discovered by Fleming.7) The pharmacological experiment of a new drug will determine whether the drug has the desired medicinal functions in model systems.8) The addition of awareness of the biochemical mechanism will make the development of new drugs more rational.9) Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before new drugs can be used on patients.10) Now chemists and biologists attach importance to research fields of molecular biology, biochemical pharmacology, and so on.Unit 12 Development od new drugs(2)1) The rationale for the development of new drugs should be to provide better drugs, better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2) The promotion representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been trained to promote a certain new product.3) The clinical evaluation of new drugs should be made after the study on animals proves effective.4) A new drug evaluation in man can be considered in four phases, each of which should be doneunder the strict supervision.5) Dose-ranging study should only be performed in volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6) As dose-ranging study may have a certain dangerous nature, it can only be carried out under medical supervision.7) A large scale of clinical trials in phase 3 will establish the new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8) The large cost of the drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical industry, which justifiably expects to recoupe it when the product is finally marketed.9) Information about new drugs published in well-established journals is more believable than the introductions by the representatives living on promotion.10) Heavy investment used in promotion of new drugs has not only led to the use of undistinguished new drugs but also raised the cost of the drugs.Unit 13 The impact of pharmaceutical care on drug therapy1) The focus of pharmaceutical care is to optimize drug therapy, minimize drug-related problems, and improve self-management for the purpose of achieving the optimal outcome to improve the patients’ quality of life.2) Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Ultimately, it is likely to lead to complications.3) The Pharmaceutical Care process for the patients in the Intervention Group consists of three sections. One of them is provided at hospital, then seamless care at the time of discharge from hospital and the last in the ambulatory setting.4) Pharmaceutical care has a clear benefit and positive impact on patient’s HRQoL, which is feasible in the hospital and in the community setting.5) The result of the study demonsreates that patients who do not receive intensified PC have a higher chance of deteriorationg their quality of life.Unit 14 FDA’s responsibilities and activities1) Before a new drug goes to the market and is widely used, the manufacturer should get the license from the corresponding authorized government agency(Drug Safety Commiittee in Britain; Food and Drug Administration in USA;Medical Products Agency in Sweden and etc).2) The new drug probably has been taken by more than 3000 healthy volunteers or patients in controlled studies before marketed unless it is only designed for some orphan diseases in small scale trials.3) At the present stage, most of the pharmacological effects are well-known and the side effects caused by overdosages have been documented. However, the recognition of unpredicted toxic and side effects are rarely known by humans until after the extensive use of the drugs.4) Continuous use of beta receptor blocking drug practolol for a comparative period of time may produce a syndrome of ocular mucosa and dermis, which had been discovered after several years.5) In similar manner, when thalidomide was discovered to make pregnant women who had taken the medicine during their early pregnancy bear babies with limb deformity, it had been sold on market for a few years.Unit 15 Good manufacturing practices(GMP)1) GMP is probably the most widespread quality system followed across the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. GMP compliance is a requirement within the R&D environment for the manufacture and testing of clinical trial materials (both drug product and API) and for commercial manufacture and testing of these materials.2) Although the FD&C Act requires all drugs (products and APIs) to be manufactured to cGMP, the regulations 21CFR parts 210 and 211 are only mandatory for the manufacture of drug products and not APIs. It is only with the issue of ICH Q7 A that the worldwide pharmaceutical industry finally received detailed guidance for manufacture of APIs for boh commercial and R&D purposes.3) There have been distinct and fundamental differences between USA regulation and EU/UK requirements for GMP. The US required all drugs to be made to GMP requirements and performed inspections throughout the world in support of these requirements. In the UK, only drug products and biological manufacturers (not APIs, except some specified antibiotics) were inspected by the regulatory authority fot compliance to GMP.4) An API is normally prepared by chemical processes and even if purification is involved at each stage of manufacture, impurities in APIs can not be removed thoroughly. Therefore, trace impurities are allowed to be present in drug product to a limited extent.5) Harmonization with the US through a Mutual Recognition Agreement（MRA）is seen as a big saving of inspection resources to both the EU and the USA, through mutual acceptance of API facility inspection reports.。
2012年英语一真题翻译
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题文章翻译Section I Use of English最近对最高法院法官的道德判断成为一个重要的话题。
当法官像政治家一样行事时，法院就不能维护其作为法律原则守护者的合法性。
然而，在一些事例中，法官行事的方式损害了法院独立、公正的名誉。
例如，法官Antonin scalia出席了政治活动。
这种行为使得法院的审判更有可能被认为是不公正的。
部分问题在于法官没有受到道德规范的约束。
至少，法院应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。
这个以及其他类似的案例提出了这样的问题：在法院和政治之间是否仍然存在着界限？宪法的制定者们设想法律拥有独立于政治之外的权力。
他们给予法官永恒的地位，故法官不再会忌惮当权者，也没有必要寻求政治支持。
我们的法律体系被设定为使得法律完全不受政治的影响，是因为这二者是如此紧密相连的。
宪法具有政治性，这是因为它源于那些根植于诸如自由、财产之类的基本社会概念中的选择。
当法院处理社会决策问题时，它所适用的法律不可避免地会带有政治性。
这也就是为什么偏离思想路线的决策这么轻易地被视为是不公正的而不予考虑的原因。
法官必须通过他们对行为规范负责的方式来解决对于法院（审判的）合法合理性的质疑。
这可能会使得审判看上去更加与政治相独立，因此，像法律一样令人信服。
Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1“来吧，每个人都在这么做。
”这个半邀请半强迫的耳语似的信息，是大部分人在听到“同龄压力”这个词语时所想到的。
这个词语常常会导致不好的事情，如酗酒、嗑药和滥交。
但在她的新书——《加入俱乐部》中，Tina Rosenberg认为通过她所称之为的社会疗法，同龄压力也可以成为一种正面的力量。
在这种社会疗法中，机构和官员利用集体动态的力量来帮助个人改善他们的生活，并且可能改变这个世界。
普利策奖的获得者，Rosenberg提供了许多正在进行中的社会疗法的例子：在南卡罗来纳州，一个名为“Rage Against the Haze”（愤怒面对烟雾）的由政府发起的禁烟行动，决心使得香烟不再受人欢迎。
2012版自考英语2课文翻译(完整版)
第1课Text A批判性地阅读批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。
批判性阅读是积极阅读。
它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。
成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。
考虑写作背景。
你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。
无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。
质疑作者的论点。
不要轻信作品的表面意思。
在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。
找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。
另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。
与同主题文章进行比较。
查看该作者的文章与其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。
如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。
分析作者提出的假设。
假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。
很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。
一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。
鉴别文章出处。
鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。
例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。
此外还要确保出处具有相关性。
如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。
最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。
例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。
甄别作者可能带有的偏见。
有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。
作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。
阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。
也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。
成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。
第1课Text B自信的语言语言能影响我们的大脑。
2012年考研英语(一)翻译参考译文
2012年研究生入学考试英语（一）翻译部分参考译文2012年研究生入学考试英语一的翻译文章出自美国杂志《Nature》，题目是Universal truths。
这篇文章的理论性比较强，对于大家来说应该会感觉很有难度，大家首先要理解文章大意，依据专业性来定词义。
文章原文如下，选入2012考研英语一翻译真题时有部分删改：Since at least the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science: without it, there is no underlying order and pattern, merely as many explanations as there are things in the world. Newton's laws of motion, the oxygen theory of combustion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.46. In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything —a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.46. 在物理学上，一种方法就是把这种寻求统一性的冲动发挥到了极端，并努力寻找一种万能的理论，即一条唯一的为我们都看到的一切所生成的公式。
2012考研英语一翻译部分答案
2012考研英语一翻译部分答案46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see。
46. 物理学中，有一种方法将这种对统一性的紧迫需求发挥到了极致，追求一种具有普遍意义的理论，即为我们所见之物寻求一种单一的生成公式。
47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings。
47. 在此，达尔文似乎给出了合理化的解释，这是因为如果整个人类有相同的起源，那么我们就有理由认为，文化的多样性同样也可以追溯到更为具体的开端。
48)To filter out what is contingent and unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms。
48. 从共性中过滤出独特性，我们就可以明白文化行为起源的复杂性，以及文化行为在进化方面和认知方面的源动力。
49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints。
2012英语四级翻译提高必备短语范文
1. above all 首先，尤其重要的，最重要的，强调要引起特别注意e.g. Above all, watching TV is educational.最为重要的是，看电视可以接受教育。
像玫瑰被践踏在地，降低自己，因你爱我，超越一切。
同学可以google一下，学学咯。
?:2. by accident 偶然，无意中3. be active in 对(于)…很积极e.g. She is active in protecting our environment.她积极参加保护环境的活动。
3. add up to 合计为e.g.The bills add up to exactly $100.这些帐单加起来正好一百元。
小编注：与add up to 类似的词组 add up。
add up 把...加起来e.g. Add up 3, 4 and 5 and you'll get 12.把三、四、五相加,总数是十二。
4. admit one's mistake 承认错误5. take / follow one's advice 接受某人的建议e.g.Be mindful to follow my advice.你要注意照我的忠告去做。
6. give advice on sth 就…提出建议e.g. Give advice on improving performance and obtaining higher efficiency.提出改进性能和提高工作效率的意见。
7. advice sb. to do sth 建议某人做某事8. the day after tomorrow 后天1. after all 毕竟;终究e.g. You should forgive him for his forgetfulness; after all, he is over seventy.你应该原谅他的健忘症，毕竟他已经七十多岁了。
2012年考研英语翻译重难点解析反译法
人称代词（一）人称代词的主格、宾格人称代词的主格在句中作主语、表语，宾格作及物动词或介词的宾语，主格和宾格不可混用。
例句： When school was over， Jack and me went home together.分析： me应改为I，因为它处在主语的位置上。
例句： Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect. （1996年第14题）分析：该句是复合句，其中which a person smokes是修饰each cigarette 的定语从句，he指代前面的a person。
译文：一个人吸的每一支烟都对他的身体有害，最终他将因吸烟患上一种严重的疾病。
（二）it的用法1．代替除人以外的一切生物或事物（可代替单个词、词组或句子）。
例句： The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. （2000年第19题）分析：该句是复合句，其中he composes是省略了关系代词which/that 的定语从句，修饰the moment, 而almost as much as the composer作状语修饰enjoys。
译文：理想的听众是当音乐奏响时既能置身其中又可超然其外的人，并且几乎可以像作曲家在创作音乐时那样享受音乐。
例句： You have saved my life and I will never forget it.分析： it指you have saved my life。
2012考研英语阅读2翻译
精心整理2012阅读：Text 2?A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justifiedVernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’sapproval. Then, too, the company went along.?当2002年时，公司在弗农买下佛蒙特州仅有的核电厂，一个日渐老化的反应堆，这场争议便已浮出水面。
作为政府允许买卖的条件，公司当时同意，2012年以后的运营许可证须向州立监管机构申请。
在2006年，政府更进一步，该核电厂的任何延期申请，都需该州立法机构的批准。
当时，该公司也同意了。
议院以26:4否决了它的延期申请。
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled thatstates do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.这家公司看起来已经推断自己在佛蒙特州的荣誉尽毁，继而一无所有，所以坚持与政府对抗。
2012统考大学英语B复习资料(中英文翻译菜鸟版)
交际英语B1、- Thank you ever so much for your lovely gift. 非常感谢你可爱的礼物- _________A：Never mind B：I'm glad you like it.C：Please don't say so.D：No, It's not so good.答案：B很高兴你能喜欢。
2、- What a beautiful dress you have on today! 多么美丽的你今天穿的裙子- _________A：It is suitable for me.B：No, it isn't. C：You want to have one, too?D：Thank you.答案：D3、- I think he is a good lecturer. 我认为他是一个好老师- _________A：Sorry, it doesn't matter. B：So do I. C：Yes. It's a good idea.D：I don't mind. 答案：B我也是4、- Let me introduce myself. I'm steward．让我介绍一下我自己。
我的管家- _________A：What a pleasure. B：Pleased to meet you.C：I don't know. D：Thanks a lot.答案：B [用于被人介绍时]见到你很高兴5、- Can you help me? 你能帮我吗- _________A：No, I don't know.B：Sure. What is it?C：Don't mention it.D：That's it.答案：B当然。
它是什么6、- I have an appointment with Dr. Edward. 我有一个爱德华医生的预约。
2012年南京大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年南京大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．EU正确答案：欧盟(European Union)2．IMF正确答案：国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)3．APEC正确答案：亚太经合作组织(Asia一Pacific Economic Cooperation) 4．YOG正确答案：青年奥林匹克运动会(Youth Olympic Games)5．FIFA正确答案：国际足联(Federation Internationalede Football Association) 6．ISBN正确答案：国际标准图书编号(International Standard Book Number) 7．sovereign credit rating正确答案：主权信用评级8．webcasting正确答案：网络广播9．no smoke without fire正确答案：无风不起浪10．look for a needle in a haystack正确答案：大海捞针11．In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed.正确答案：[摄]底片12．Last December, Washington Post first reported that investigations were being made in each of the cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.正确答案：新闻报道13．Slowly, Apollo II began to rise. The sound of the liftoff overwhelmed the screams of millions of spectators, many of whom now called in unison, “ Go! Go! Go! Go!”正确答案：用高嗓音遮盖住另一个声音14．I had been overwhelmed by her beauty and her smile.正确答案：使倾倒；被征服15．She tried to right her husband from the charge of bribery.正确答案：纠正；扶直汉译英16．不可再生资源正确答案：non-renewable resources17．泡沫经济正确答案：bubble economy18．通货紧缩正确答案：deflation19．财政赤字正确答案：fiscal deficit20．参政议政正确答案：participation in and deliberation of state affairs21．人才流失正确答案：brain drain22．扶贫正确答案：to alleviate poverty23．春蕾计划正确答案：Spring Buds Program24．按揭贷款正确答案：mortgage loan25．网民正确答案：netizen26．用户在技术交流时，向贵方专家提出了许多问题。
2012考研英语(一)阅读翻译及解析
2012Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.得了吧, 每个人都这样啊. 这种说法一半是邀请，一半是强制。
当我们听到“同辈（趋同）压力”这个词组的时候我们想到的就是这种说法。
这种信息一般让人想到不好的事情，比如喝酒，吸毒，一夜情。
但是，在她的新书《参加这个俱乐部》, Tina Rosenberg认为，纯粹压力也是一种积极的力量，通过她所说的社会治疗，公司和官方人员可以使用群体力量去帮助个人提高他们的生活，而且也有可能提高整个人类世界的生活。
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.Rosenberg是普利策奖获得者，他提供了许多社会治疗的例子：在南卡罗莱纳州，一个州资助的反对抽烟的项目叫做“向烟雾宣战”就旨在控制好烟草销售。
2012年专八翻译_参考答案
2012年英语专业八级真题及答案SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH泊珍看他第一眼，彷似一声雷劈头而来，令她晕头涨脑，这一岁的孩子脸型长相如此熟悉，她心里的第一道声音是，不能带回去！痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。
院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪，她在育生所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩，每人一张围着栅栏的床，整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑，就让这孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。
这孩子是她的秘密，她将秘密留在这树林掩映的建筑里。
她将秘密留在心头。
参考译文：Tortured by the pains gathering in her heart, she felt something was burning between her eyebrows．Her chest was brimmed with depression which was likely to run out of her throat at any moment．She could not think clearly any longer when the headmaster told her that the child suffered from developmental retardation．She strode up and down in the room where her child stayed with other pals．There was only one window in the room, out of which some shady trees were whispering. Just leave the child here. There are kind-hearted priests and nuns in this place which may also be renovated into a Medicare center．It is the best place to keep the child. The child was her secret and she kept the secret in the building behind the woods.SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEIn some cases, intelligent people implementing intelligent policies are responsible for producing a "boomerang effect"; they actually create more of whatever it is they seek to reduce in the first place.The boomerang effect has been achieved many times in recent years by men and women of goodwill．State legislatures around the nation have recently raised the drinking age back to 21 in an effort to reduce the prevalence of violent deaths among our young people. But such policies seem instead to have created the conditions for even more campus violence．Some college students who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers(夜总会,酒吧等保安人员) (not to mention owners eager to keep their liquor licenses) now retreat to the sanctuary of their fraternity houses and apartments, where they no longer control their behaviour - or their drinking．The boomerang effect has also played a role in attempts to reduce the availability of illicit drugs．During recent years, the federal government has been quite successful in reducing the supply of street drugs．As fields are burned and contraband (违禁品）confiscated, the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alternatives have begun to compete in the marketplace．Unfortunately, the cheap alternatives are even more harmful than the illicit drugs they replace.boomerang: a curved flat piece of wood that can be thrown so as to return to the thrower 回飞镖参考译文：然而这样一些政策反而引发了更多的校园暴力。
2012年11月翻译资格考试三级英语笔译实务真题及答案
2012年11月翻译资格考试三级英语笔译实务真题及答案Section 1 English-Chinese Translation (英译汉) (60 points)Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this section is 120 minutes.FOR MORE than 30 years, I have been wondering about L.R. Generson. On one of our first Christmases together, my husband gave me a complete set of Dickens. There were 20 volumes, bound in gray cloth with black corners, old but in good condition. Stamped on the flyleafof each volume, in faded block letters, was the name of the prev ious owner: “L.R. Generson, M.D., Bronx, NY.”That Dickens set is one of the best presents anyone has ever given me. A couple of the books are still pristine, but others - “Bleak House,’’ “David Copperfield,’’ and especially “Great Expectations’’ - have been read and re-read almost to pieces. Over the years, Pip and Estella and Magwitch have kept me company. So have Lady Dedlock, Steerforth and Peggotty, the Cratchits and the Pecksniffs and the Veneerings. And so,in his silent enigmatic way, has L.R. Generson.Did he love the books as much as I do? Who was he? On a whim, I Googled him. There wasn’t much - a single mention on a veterans’ website of a World War II captain named Leonard Generson. But I did find a Dr. Richard Generson, an oral surgeon living in New Jersey. Since Generson is not a common name, I decided to write to him.Dr. Generson was kind enough to write back. He told me that his father, Leonard Richard Generson, was born in 1909. He lived in New York City but went to medical school in Basel, Switzerland. He spoke 10 languages fluently. As an obstetrician and gynecologist, he opened a practice in the Bronx shortly before World War II. His son described himas “an extremely patriotic individual’’; right after Pearl Harb or he closed his practice and enlisted. He served throughout the war as a general surgeon with an airborne special forces unit in Europe, where he became one of the war’s most highly decorated physicians.The list of his decorations reflects his ordeals and his courage: multiple Purple Hearts, the Bronze Star with “V’’ for valor, the Silver Star, and also the Cross of War,an extremely high honor from the government of France. After the war, he remained in the Army Reserve and attained the rank of full colonel, while also continuing his medical practice in New York. “He was a very dedicated physician who had a large patient following,’’ his son wrote.Leonard Generson’s son didn’t remember the Dickens set, though he told me that there were always a lot of novels in the house. His mother probably “cleaned house’’ after his father’s death in 1977 - the same year my husband bought the set in a used book store.I found this letter very moving, with its brief portrait of an intelligent, brave man and his life of service. At the same time, it made me question my presumption that somehowL.R. Generson and I were connected because we’d owned the same set of books. The letter both told me a little about him, and told me that I would never really know anything about him - and why should I? His son must have been startled to hear from a stranger on such a fragile pretext. What had I been thinking?One possible, and only somewhat facetious, answer is that I’ve read too much Dickens. In the world of a Dickens novel, everything is connected to everything else. Orphans find families. Lovers are joined (or parted and morally strengthened). Ancient mysteries are solved and old scores are settled. Questions are answered. Stories end.Dickens’s cluttered network of connected lives brilliantly exaggerates something that is true of all of us. We want to impose order through telling stories, maybe because there is so much we don’t know about our own stories and the stories of those around us.Leonard Generson’s life touched mine only lightly, through the coincidence of a set of books. But there are other lives he touched more deeply. The next time I read a Dickens novel, I will think of him and his military service and his 10 languages. And I will think of the hundreds of babies he must have delivered, who are now in the middle of their own lives and their own stories.Section 2 Chinese-English Translation （汉译英）（40 points）Translate the following passage into English. The time for this section is 60 minutes.总部位于美国印第安纳州的得而达（Delta）水龙头公司是美国一家上市公司Masco集团的核心企业。
2012年对外经济贸易大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年对外经济贸易大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．balance sheet正确答案：资产负债表2．international arbitration正确答案：国际仲裁3．tax agent正确答案：税务代理人4．debenture正确答案：公司债券5．gross weight正确答案：总重量6．generalized system of preferences正确答案：普惠制7．fixed cost正确答案：固定成本8．stock listings正确答案：股票上市9．random access正确答案：随机存取10．profit before tax正确答案：税前利润11．AMIS正确答案：Agricultural Management Information System农业管理信息系统12．BHD正确答案：Bad Hair Day很不顺利的一天13．CBRC正确答案：China Banking Regulatory Commission中国银监会14．DPOB正确答案：date and place 0f birth出生日期和地点15．FEM正确答案：Finite Element Method有限单元法16．MIN正确答案：Minimum最小的，最低限度17．MSP正确答案：Medical Services Plan医疗保健计划18．NNW正确答案：Net National Welfare国民福利指标19．PAO正确答案：Public Affairs Office公共事务办公室20．SAC正确答案：Securities Association of China中国证券业协会汉译英21．按揭正确答案：mortgage22．薄利多销正确答案：small profits but quick turnover23．补贴正确答案：subsidies24．动产抵押正确答案：chattel mortgage25．进口报关单正确答案：the import customs declaration26．房地产正确答案：real estate27．分包合同正确答案：the subcontract28．股息正确答案：dividend29．国民待遇正确答案：national treatment30．市场调查正确答案：market research英汉互译英译汉31．The concept captured the Zeitgeist of the personal computer revolution. Many young people, especially those in the counterculture, had viewed computers as instruments that could be used by Orwellian governments and giant corporations to sap individuality. But by the end of the 1970s, they were also being seen as potential tools for personal empowerment. The ad cast Macintosh as a warrior for the latter cause—a cool, rebellious, and heroic company that was the only thing standing in the way of the big evil corporation’s plan for world domination and total mind control.Once again Jobs would end up suffering bad publicity without making a penny. Apple’s stock price kept dropping, and by March, 2003, even the new options were so low that Jobs traded in all of them for an outright grant of $ 75 million worth of shares, which amounted to about $ 8. 3 million for each year he had worked since coming back in 1997 through the end of the vesting in 2006.None of this would have mattered much if the Wall Street Journal had not run a powerful series in 2006 about backdated stock options. Apple wasn’t mentioned, but its board appointed a committee of three members—Al Gore, Eric Schmidt of Google, and Jerry York, formerly of IBM and Chrysler—to investigate its own practices. “We decided at the outset that if Steve was at fault we would let the chips fall where they may,” Gore recalled. The committee uncovered some irregularities with Jobs’s grants and those of other top officers, and it immediately turned the findings over to the SEC. Jobs was aware of the backdating, the report said, but he ended up not benefiting financially. A board committee at Disney also found that similar backdating had occurred at Pixar when Jobs was in charge.The laws governing such backdating practices were murky, especially since no one at Apple ended up benefiting from the dubiously dated grants. The SEC took eight months to do its own investigation, and in April, 2007, it announced that it would not bring action against Apple “based in part on its swift, extensive, and extraordinary cooperation in the Commission’s investigation[and its]prompt self-reporting. “ Although the SEC found that Jobs had been aware of the backdating, it cleared him of any misconduct because he “was unaware of the accounting implications.The SEC did file complaints against Apple’s former chief financial officer Fred Anderson, who was on the board, and general counsel Nancy Heinen. Anderson, a retired Air Force captain with a square jaw and deep integrity, had been a wise and calming influence at Apple, where he was known for his a-bility to control Jobs’tantrums. He was cited by the SEC only for “negligence”regarding the paperwork for one set of the grants(not the ones that went to Jobs), and the SEC allowed him to continue to serve on corporate boards.正确答案：这个概念抓住了个人电脑革命的时代精神。
三峡大学357英语翻译基础12~19年真题
At various locations between the King’s Chair and Sasznits one can leave the high road and climb down steep stairways to the beach. Walking on the beach is an arduous affair because of the many rocks. But it is from this flat perspective that the majesty of the chalk cliffs is most fully appreciated. And the bands of flintstone（燧石）bulbs that run along the cliffs like a string of peals can be seen from this perspective alone. These flintstone phenomena are due to small organisms the skeletons of which dissolved in the chalky mud. These cliffs are of organic origin themselves. Some 80 million years ago, during the Mesozoic era(中 生代), the earth atmosphere warmed up and enormous glacier masses melted and flooded all of Northern Europe. The sea was filled with starfish（海星）, mussels （贝类生物）, corals, algae（藻类生物） and plankton（浮游生物）——their chalky scales, skeletons and armor dropped to the sea bottom. In the course of millions of years they combined with other sediments into chalk cliffs up to 1,640 ft. (500m) high. (352 words)
英语四级历年试题翻译(中英对照)
2013年12月（第一套）许多人喜欢中餐。
在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。
精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。
烹饪技巧和配料在中国各地差别很大。
但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色，味道，口感和营养（nutrition）。
由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物，肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所有中餐既美味又健康。
Many people are fond of Chinese cuisine. In China, cooking is regard not only as a craftsmanship, but also as an art. A well-prepared Chinese cuisine is both tasty and good-looking. Cooking skills and dish ingredients vary a lot in different regions of China. However, good Chinese cuisines always share something in common, that is, the color, aroma, taste and nutrition. As food is vital for one’s health, a good chef is always trying to strike a balance among grains, meat and vegetables. That’s why Chinese cuisine is tasty and healthy.2013年12月（第二套）中国结（the Chinese knot）最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。
在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要用于装饰的目的。
“结”在中文意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚。
2012考研英语(一)翻译真题及答案
Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.翻译46. 在物理学领域，有一种方法将这种“万物归一的冲动”推向了极致，它试图探寻到能解释一切的，最底层的公式。
考研英语一真题手译翻译2012
2- (46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see.
Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal. 3- This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！官方认证店铺：考研资料A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.
5- The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.
2012考研英语阅读1翻译
2012阅读：Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.赶紧加入吧，每个人都在这样做呢。
当听到“同侪压力”这个词时，我们大部分人想到的便是这句半是邀请半是强迫的耳语。
往往地，它带来的绝非好事——酗酒、吸毒和滥交。
但在蒂娜·罗森伯格的新书《加入俱乐部》中，她认为同侪压力通过她所倡导的“社会治疗”，也能够成为一种积极的力量。
在这种“社会治疗”中，组织和官员使用团体动态的力量来帮助个人改善生活，甚至改进整个世界。
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.普立兹奖得主罗森伯格提供了很多“社会治疗”的实例：在南卡罗来纳州，一场由政府资助的称之为“怒对阴霾”的禁烟运动使得香烟变得很逊。
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2.Energy is needed for the reaction and it is supplied by the light of the sun.
Part A Translate the following terms into Chinese. (5 points, 1 point each)
1.Bilateeason3.Metatext
4.Service translation5.Prospective translation
III. Translate the following passage into Chinese. (50 points)
What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology, chemistry, geology, engineering, medicine or any other science? We all know that science plays an important role in the societies in which we live. Many people believe, however, that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. The first of these is the application of the machines, products and systems of applied knowledge that scientists and technologists develop. Through technology, science improves the structure of society and helps man to gain increasing control over his environment.
3.What measures have been or are being adopted by the local government to reduce air pollution?
4.Metals are deliberately mixed to produce hundreds of new substances with desirable qualities not otherwise available.
Part BTranslate the following terms into English. (5 points, 1 point each)
1.见习译员2.应用翻译3.语际翻译4.序列翻译5.文本对等
II. Sentence Translation.(Total 40 points)
Part A Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (20 points，5 points each)
浙江师范大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题(A卷)
科目代码:
357
科目名称:
英语翻译基础
适用专业:
055200翻译硕士专业学位
提示：
1、请将所有答案写于答题纸上，写在试题纸上的不给分；
2、请填写准考证号后6位：____________。
I.Term translation. (Total 10 points)
Part B Translate the following sentences into English. (20 points，5 points each)
1.只有改革创新，才能促进经济社会的快速发展。
2.必须指出，有些问题还待澄清。
3.中国的陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。
4.夜里可是比白天温和多了，夜的城市不管怎么说，也不像白天那么狰狞、凶恶，那么嘈杂、猥琐。
The second aspect is the application by all members of society of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. What are these special methods of thinking and acting?It seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity---he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation, and his curiosity makes him look for underlying relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected. Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing conditions and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves.
IV. Translate the following passage into English. (50 points)