牛津译林八年级上册阅读理解知识梳理
初中英语 牛津译林版八年级上册期末专项复习之阅读理解
牛津译林版八年级上册期末专项复习之阅读理解（一）As winter draws near, many of the cold-blooded animals hibernate till spring comes. And everybody knows they will be awake months later, crawling and walking around and looking for food.But do you also know that some animals go to a summer sleep, which is called aestivation? Most animals are active during the summer, singing and dancing freely. The aestivation animals, however, will have a long sleep in a cool place to stay away from the dry and hot summer days.In Southeast Africa there is a kind of porcupine (豪猪).Its body is covered with sharp stings. This creature usually eats earthworms as its main food. As the hot days come, the earthworms go deep under the mud to keep themselves alive. During this time the porcupine can’t find any to live on, so it lies down to aestivate for months without eating. It comes out again when the cool autumn days arrive.An unusual kind of tree frog in South Africa will climb up a tree during the summer. Here it hides itself in a cool place to have its summer sleep.The most interesting thing about the aestivating animal is that while it sleeps, its body temperature drops just as the hibernating animal’s body temperature drops in winter.1. Why do porcupines aestivate?A. Because they are not active animals.B. Because the weather is too hot and dry.C. Because they have nothing to eat during the summer.D. Because their body temperature is not high enough.2. When does the porcupine start and end its aestivation?A. It starts in January and ends in March.B. It starts in March and ends in April.C. It starts in August and ends in October.D. It starts in November and ends in February the next year.3 Which of the following is NOT true?A. Hibernating animals are active in summer. [来源:学§科§网]B. Porcupines in Southeast Africa live mainly on earthworms.C. One kind of tree frogs in South Africa sleeps inside trees in summer.D. The body temperature of an aestivation animal in summer is as low as that in winter.4. What does the underlined w ord “hibernate” mean in Chinese?A. 觅食B. 冬眠C. 蜗居D. 隐藏（二）In America，when people say “man’s best friend”，they don’t mean another person. Instead，they are talking about a lovely animal—a dog! These words show the friendship between people and animals. Dogs and other pets can give joy to people’s lives. Some people think of their pets as their children. Some pe ople even leave all their money to their pets when they die!Animals can help people，too. Dogs can be taught to be the “eyes” for a blin d person(盲人)or “ears” for a deaf(耳聋)person. Scientists have found that pets help people live longer! They make people happier，too. Because of that，they bring animals into hospitals for “visits”.Americans hold “Be Kind to Animals Week” in the first week o f May. Pet shows are held during the week. Even if you don’t live in America，you，too，can do this. How? First think about how animals make your life richer. If you have a pet，take more time this week to play with it. Remember to give it delicious food.If y ou don’t have a pet，be kind to animals around you. For example，if you see a street dog，just leave it alone，or make friend s with it. If others around you do bad things to animals，try to speak up. As people，we must protect(保护)animals who can’t speak for the mselves.( ) 1.“Some people even leave all their money to their pets when they die!” is used to prove (证明) that ________.A. pets have the right(权利)to inherit(继承)moneyB. money can make pets happyC. it’s the best way to spend moneyD. some pets are as important to their owners as their children( ) 2.According(依照)to the passage，scientists bring the dogs to hospital because_______.A. they are ill and they need to see the doctorB. they can make the patients(病人)happierC. they can help the doctor find out the pr oblemsD. the doctors can do experiment(试验)on them( ) 3During the “Be Kind to Animals Week”，the people in America________.A. hold pet showsB. play with the pets the whole weekC. cook delicious food f or petsD. make friends with other people’s pets( ) 4.What is the main idea of the passage?A.A lot of people are interested in dogs.B. Dogs can help people do many things.C. Pets are lovely and need care and protection(保护).D. We have done a lot of things for pets.（三）DIY, which means Do It Yourself, is quite popular in the UK. Lots of stores and supermarkets sell DIY materials. TV shows also teach people how to DIY.British people like DIY. If there is anything that needs fixing around their homes, such as painting the walls or fixing the broken furniture (家具), they will do the jobs themselves. They share DIY with their friends. More and more people enjoy DIY and have found the joy of DIY. Sometimes people also DIY for s aving money. At present, many people don’t have enough money to buy a big house. They are looking at how they can make their houses better without spending a lot of money. That’s why DIY is so popular.DIY can be difficult. There is a large market for DIY furniture which needs to be got together by people themselves with a few tools. However, people often find it not easy to build a piece of furniture because they can’t understand the instructions. Sometimes the instructions are easy and clear, but the furniture itself is difficult to build. DIY can also be dangerous if you are not careful enough. It is reported that in just one year more than 230,000 people were hurt while doing DIY in the UK, including (包括) 41,000 who fell off ladders (梯子).DIY can bring us a lot of fun and can help us save some money, but it is not always as easy as it seems to be if we bite off more than we can chew(咀嚼). Maybe factories should make things that are easier and safer for us to DIY.1. Why do British people like DIY ?A．Many stores sell DIY things. B．DIY can bring them fun.C．TV programs teach them to DIY. D．All DIY projects are easy.2. Which of the following belongs to DIY?A. Order a pizza on the Internet.B. Buy a birthday cake for my father.C. Pay the worker＄100 to fix the broken furniture.D. Make lanterns out of pumpkins for my children on Halloween.3. What does the sentence we bite off more than we can chew mean?A .We can eat everything we like.B .We should do something difficult.C .We do something that is too difficult.D .We eat too much food that is not safe.4. What can we learn from the passage?A. DIY is a waste of money.B. It is always difficult to DIY.C. We should be careful while doing DIY.D. It is very safe for us to DIY.（四）The elephant lives in groups. An elephant herd (群) usually has fromtwenty to forty members. The elephants in the herd depend on one anotherfor help in time of trouble.The leader of the group is usually a wise and strong female. Shetravels at the head of the herd and is followed by the other femalesand their young. The male elephants follow last. When danger comes,the male elephants form a circle (圈) around the weaker animals and protect them.The members of the herd are loyal (忠诚的) to one another. A sick elephant is not left behind to die. If an elephant is sick, the whole herd stops traveling until it gets well. When an elephant is hurt, two others walk on both sides of it and support it with their bodies. A member of the herd may be caught in a trap. Then the others try to help it.Elephants love the youngsters in the group and give them special care. They help young animals stay afloat (漂浮着) when the herd crosses a river. They work together to help a calf (幼崽) when it goes to a dangerous place.When a female elephant gives birth to her young baby, she leaves the herd for a short time. However, she takes another female along to act as "aunt". The aunt helps the mother with her new-born calf. In this way, the whole herd protects its newest member.1. The leader of an elephant herd is usually_______.A. a wise maleB. a weak maleC. a strong femaleD. the oldest female2. In times of danger, the males form a circle around_______.A. the enemy (敌人)B. the weaker animalsC. the leader of the groupD. the stronger elephants3. Which of the following does the story get you to believe?A. Elephants can not cross a river.B. Baby elephants cannot swim well.C. Sick elephants are usually left behind to die.D. Most elephant herds have over a hundred members.4. Which of the following sentences is TRUE?A. Elephants like to live alone.B. Many young elephants die when crossing a river.C. Elephants can help each other in time of trouble.D. The female elephant leaves the herd forever after she has babies.(六)Reading should be part of your life. But the problem is that there's too much to read these days and too little time to read every word of it. There are hundreds of skills to help you read more in less time. Here are two skills that I t hink are veryPreview(预览)—if it is long and hard, previewing is very useful for getting a general(总的)idea of heavy reading like long magazine articles and reports.Here’s how to preview:Read the first two paragraphs and the last two paragraphs carefully.Then read only the first sentence of the other paragraphs.Skim(浏览)-if it is short and easy. Skimming is a good way to get a gener al idea of light reading l ike popular magazines or the sports and stars, movies of your daily paper.Here's how to skim:Get your eyes to move fast. Sweep them across each line.Pick up only a few key words in each line.Everybody skims differently. You and I may not pick up the same words when we skim the same news, but usually we won't get very different ideas of what it is all about.1.What should you do if you read a long article according to the writer?A. Read every word of it.B. Read all the paragraphs.C. Pick up a few key words in each line.D. Read the first two and the last two paragraphs carefully.2.The underlined word "it" in the last paragraph refers to(指的是) .A. skimmingB. previewingC. the wordsD. the news3.If you read an easy article, which reading skill is better to get the general idea?A. Previewing.B. Skimming.C. Reading carefullyD. Sweeping each wo rd.4.The best title for the passage may be .A. Reading Is Part of LifeB. Previewing and Skimm ingC. Reading ProblemsD. Reading Skills(六)My family lives very happily on a farm near a small town. My father always learns some information about weather through the TM the Internet and newspapers.One evening, he asked us to meet at the table after dinner. "I have some bad news," he said. "The weather reports on the televisi on warned(警告)that we would face a typhoon tomorrow."At 6.30 a.m. the next day, the winds started and the rain was falling heavily. There were new warnings that the sea level could go up as much as 5 meters.The winds were terribly strong and tree branches were flying everywhere. Trees were falling down and the rain kept coming down.Just after 10:30, the wind stopped suddenly-it was strangely calm and the sun was shining. Then the winds came howling(咆哮)again, but this time more rain fell. There were more flying things and the storm came in. Everything within I km of the coast was flooded-there was fish in the streets. Now the winds were dying down, but the rain was still falling.After another two hours, the wind came to a stop at last. My home was in a mess and my mum burnt her arm when the hot water from the stove hit her skin. We were all frightened, but we were all safe, including the cat.1. The father knew that there was going to be a typhoon from .A. the InternetB. the newspapersC. his friendsD. the TV2. What were the new warnings?A. The sea level could go up as much as 5 metres.B. Trees were falling down.C. The winds came howling again.D. There were more flying things.3. How long did the typhoon last?A. About two hours.B. About four hours.C. About six hours.D. About eight hours.4. What did not happen when the typhoon came?A. There was flood.B. The snowstorm came in.C. The winds were terribly strong.D. The rain kept coming down.(七)What is the common ye xiao in your city?Ye Xiao, or night snack is the fourth meal of the day in China. It usually starts from 8 p.m. and lasts until 2 a.m. It is different in the north and the south of the country.In the north part of China, barbeque(烧烤)is the most common night snack, e specially in summer, while in the south there are many choices for ye xiao. Spicy crayfish(小龙虾)in Hunan and tasty desserts in Guangdong have a lot of fans.Taiwan's night market is very famous. It is a place for both eating and shopping. Parents take their children to eat at street stalls(路边摊).Young people shop around. Old people just sit around and chat.Why do people have ye xiao?"Some say that in southern China we have longer days, so we are likely to stay up late and have more meals," Janice Leung Hayes, a Hong Kong food writer, told the BBC.But ye xiao is not jus t about food. People eat with friends, chat and hang out. All these things make ye xiao a way of life.1. When does ye xiao usually start and end during a day?A. From 8 a.m. to 2 p.m.B. From 8 p.m. to 2 p.m.C. From 8 a.m. to 2 a.m.D. From 8 p.m. to 2 a.m.2. Which of the following match is TRUE?A. Barbeque一the south part of China.B. Spicy crayfish一Henan.C. Tasty desserts一Guangdong.D. Barbeque一Taiwan.3. Which is the best reason for people to have ye xiao?A. Ye xiao is much cheaper than hotel food.B. Ye xiao is more than just food, and it's a way of life.C. Ye xiao is for people who often get hungry at night.[来源:]D. Southern China has longer days, so they have to eat ye xiao.4. What's the main idea of this text?A. To attract(吸引)more people to Taiwan night markets.B. To explain the meaning of ye xiao.C. To introduce a part of Chinese food culture.D. To show what people do at a night market.(八)On June 26, 2000, two scientists, called Francis Collins and Craig Venter, told the world that they could now read the whole "map" of the human body: DNA. DNA is something that everybody has, and it tells the body what to do. DNA is the reason that we look like our mother and father, because we get some of their DNA to make our own.People have been trying to understand the human body for a long time. In 1860, Gregor Mendel discovered a special reason why we look the same as other people in our family. It is because of small things named "genes" in our body. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick made another discovery and found out that those small parts are real messages written in the DNA with a special language.In 1961, Marshall Nirenberg and Johann Matthaei found a message in DNA showing how DNA tells the cell(细胞)to build its parts. Scientists have now found all the words in the DNA m ap, but we still do not understand what they all do. By understanding what just one "word" means, we can help save more people from several illnesses.Most people hope that this will help make better medicine and help sick people. Other people worry that when people begin to know more words and find out lots of other information, we might use it in a wrong way, just to make people more attractive, or stop sick people from getting jobs. Man would have to meet a lot of trouble if DNA technology(技术)wasn't limited(限制)in use.1.When did we first know why we look like other people in our family?A. In 2000.B. In 1953.C. In 1961.D. In 1860.2.What did the two scientists first discover in 1961?A. The "map" of DNA.B. A new illness.C. A message of DNA.D. The language of DNA.3.What can we do if we understand some "words" of the language inside the body?A. Make people get new jobs.B. Make medicine for illnesses.C. Make maps of human.D. Make people less attractive.4.What do people think about this work?[来源:学科网]A. It can cause good or bad results.B. It can cause only good results.C. It can cause good results but won't work.D. It can cause only bad results.(九)Once there was a piano player in a bar. People came just to hear him play. But one night, a lady asked him to sing a song.“I don’t sing,” said the man.But the lady told the waiter, “I’m tired of listening to the piano. I want the player to sing!”The waiter shouted across the room, “Hey, friend! If you want to get paid, sing a song!”So he did. He never sang in public before. Now he was singing for the very first time! Nobody h eard the song Mona Lisa sang so beautifully!He had talent (天赋) he was sitting on! He may live the rest of his life as a no-name piano player in a no-name bar. But once he caught the chance and found that he could sing well. He went on working hard and became one of the best-known singers in the US. His name was Nat King Cole.You, too, have skills and abilities. You may not feel that your talent is great, but it may be better than you think. With hard work, most skills can be improved. Besides, you may have no success at all if you just sit on your talent.1.The lady asked the player to sing a song because .A.she paid him for thisB. she knew him very wellC. she wanted to have a changeD. she enjoyed his singing[来源:学科网]2.Nat King Cole succeeded because .B.the lady helped him a lot B. he caught the chance at lastC. he continued to play in the barD. he stopped playing the piano3.The words "sit on" in the passage probably mean .C.fail to realize B. forget to use C. try to developD. manage to show4.Which could be the best title (标题) for the passage?D.Sing in the Bar B. Achieve Success in LifeC. Never Lose HeartD. Find Your Hidden Talent（十）Earthquake may happen anywhere on the earth. When some plates of the earth move suddenly, an earthquake happens. Many earthquakes begin under the sea. They often happen near the mountains too.During an earthquake, the shakings make rocks rise suddenly and even crack open. Houses fall, people are killed or hurt, and sometimes the whole villages or cities are destoryed.Can we do something to keep ourselves safe from earthquakes? Scientists have studied earthquakes and made maps that show the earthquake belts. In areas in these belts, it is possible for earthquakes to happen. In these areas we should build strong houses to fight against earthquakes.In the future scientists will be able to tell when and where an earthquake will be before they happen. They can tell people what to do and how to do it.1. The reason for an earthquake is ___________.A. Some plates of the earth move suddenly.B. That the sea is too deep.C. Rocks cracking openD. That the mountains are too high.2. A lot of earthquakes often happens ___________.A. anywhereB. next to mountainsC. in the seaD. in the mountains3. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. During an earthquake, few people are killed or hurt.B. The scientists can tell when and where an earthquake now.C. We should build strong houses to fight against earthquakes.D. Earthquakes all happen near the mountains.4.. In the future, we’ll be no longer so afraid of earthquakes ___________.A. with the help of scientists’exact predictionB. because of a map showing the “earthquake belts”C. because we can guess the date and place of earthquakesD. because no earthquakes will happen around us答案：（一）CDDB（二）DBAC（三）B D C C（四）CBBC（五）DDBD（六）DACB（七）DCBC（八）DCBA（九）CBAD（十）ABCA11。
江苏专版牛津译林八年级上册 Unit 1 知识点总结
译林版八上U1知识点总结1.I'm thirsty too. 我也渴了。
解析：thirsty，形容词，意为“口渴的”，在句中作定语或表语。
如：➢ A thirsty dog is looking for water.一只口渴的狗正在寻找水。
➢ It's easy to get thirsty in summer.夏天容易口渴。
2.Can I have something to drink?我能喝点什么吗?解析：something to drink意为“喝的东西”，此结构中to drink为动词不定式，作后置定语修饰不定代词something。
动词不定式、形容词或else等作定语修饰不定代词时要放在不定代词之后。
如：➢ Do you want something to eat?你想吃点东西吗?➢ I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事要告诉你。
➢ There is nothing else in the box.盒子里没有什么其他的东西。
提醒：①通常在疑问句中要用anything，但在“Can I... ?”，“Would you like... ?”等表示征求意见或希望得到肯定答复的句型中要用something。
如：➢ Would you like something to drink?你想要喝点东西吗?② something与anything，nothing，everything 等其他不定代词一样，作主语时谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。
如：➢ Something is wrong with the computer.这台电脑出故障了。
➢ Everything is ready for the sports meeting.运动会的一切都准备好了。
3.Can I have some more food?我能多吃些食物吗?解析：some more food 为固定结构“数量限定词+more+名词”。
译林版牛津初中英语八年级上册全册各单元知识点整理归纳
译林版初中英语八年级上册全册各单元知识点归纳整理译林版初中英语八年级上册Unit 1 Friends重点短语：1.一个诚实的男孩 an honest boy2.一个八年级的学生 a Grade 8 student3.一次写作比赛 a writing competition4.一则……的广告 an advertisement for5.保密keep secrets6.使我开心make me happy7.分享我的快乐share my joy8.遇到麻烦be in trouble9.和我一样苗条as slim as me10.一个我最好的朋友one of my best friends11.对……慷慨be generous to12.乐意做某事be willing/ ready to do13.给需要的人让座give seats to people in need14.环游世界travel around the world15.使他看起来聪明make him look smart16.感到无聊feel bored17.讲滑稽的笑话tell funny jokes18.走过课桌walk past the desk19.撞翻我的书knock over my books20.想起我的好朋友think of my good friends21.看一则广告read an advertisement22.一位忠实的朋友an honest friend23.及肩的头发shoulder-length hair24.做大量的电脑工作do much computer work25.投票赞成某人vote for sb.26.帮助有需要的人help people in need27.课外活动after-school activities28.尽力帮助他们try to help them29.一名社会工作者 a social worker30.未来计划future plans31.看起来爱好运动look sporty32.搬迁到北京move to Beijng33.过来come over34.想念我的老同学miss my old classmates35.与……交朋友make friends with36.给我一些忠告give my some advice37.住在隔壁live next door38.邀请某人做某事invite sb to do39.她微笑的眼睛her smiling eyes40.面带微笑wear a smile on one’s face41.再来一些饮料some more drinks42.一些喝的something to drink43.任何时间at any time44.在将来in the future45.对……很了解know sth. very well46.一个人坐着sit alone47.认识某人get to know sb.48.不如not as… as49.在做某事上有困难have problems doing sth.50.在某事上有困难have problems with sth.51.适合某事be suitable for52.和某人分享某物share sth with sb53.对某人友好be friendly to sb54.十年前ten years ago55.解出数学题solve the maths problem56.写信给某人write to sb57.说某人的坏话say a bad word about sb58.相信他说的话believe what he said/ his words59.倾听人们的难题listen to people’s problems60.帮助人们解决难题help people solve their problems61.因为……而出名be famous for62.作为……而出名be famous as63.个像艾伦那样的朋友have a friend like Alan64.在午餐期间during lunch time65.同意做某事agree to do66.同意某人的意见agree with sb67.在左边的那个男孩the boy on the left68.跑步最快的人the fastest runner69.A和B都both A and B重点句型：1.冰箱里没有别的东西。
牛津译林版八年级上册英语Unit 7 Seasons Reading知识点总结梳理
Unit 7 SeasonsReading1.Wi nter days are full of snow,When trees and flowers forget to grow.(1) be full of...”充满；装满”=be filled withfill ...with...”用...充满...”(1)forget的使用：forget通常指忘记具体的东西,如:名字、号码、地址等; forget about通常指忘记一件事情,如:开会、学习、吃饭、锁门等。
比较: I forget her name.我把她的名字给忘了。
Don't forget about your study.别忘了学习。
有时两者可换用,尤其是表示“不要把.....放在心上”时。
如: He forgot(about)her birthday.他把她的生日忘了。
Let's forget( (about) our differences.咱们不要把彼此的分歧放在心上。
表示“忘记做某事”时,除可用forget to do sth.外,有时也可用forget about doing sth如: She had forgotten all about posting the letter.她把寄信的事忘得一干二净。
口语中说forget( about)it有以下用法①用于回答感谢,意为“不客气”。
如A: Thank you very much for your help.多谢你的帮助。
B: Forget about it.不用谢。
②用于回答道歉,意为“没关系”。
如A: I'm sorry for what I said.我为我所说的话道歉。
B: Forget it!!don' t remember anyway.没关系,反正我也没有记住。
③用于表示否定或拒绝,意为“不行”。
如A: I'll take the small truck.我要开那辆小卡车。
牛津译林版八年级上8AUnit2知识点梳理
牛津译林版八年级上8AUnit2知识点梳理8A Unit2 知识点解析与练习1. life n. 生活 (表示总称抽象概念时为不可数名词 school life ，表示具体的不同生活时为可数名词 : different lives)生命可数名词 : The police saved our lives.2. Why don 't + you + 动词原形 = Why not + 动词原形为什么不做某事呢？表建议 Eg. Why don 'tyou ask your teachers for help? = Why not ask your teachers for help? 为什么不向你老师寻求帮助呢 ?3. They have to work harder.1) have to do sth. 不得不做某事客观外在情况(否定: don ' t/doesn ' t/didn 't have to do) must do sth. 必须做某事主观内在原因2) work harder 更努力工作 /学习此处 work 是动词 , hard 是副词hard work 辛苦的工作此处hard 是形容词,work 是不可数名词hard-workingadj.He drove fast in the street because there werepeople.for the same thing 表达同一事物的不同单词6. different words be different from … 与… 不同 be the samea s …be different from = be not the same as7. Britain n.英国 British adj.英国的 & n.英国人America n.美国 American adj.美国的 & n.美国人France n.法国French adj.法国的& n.法语life in a British/ American school = school life inBritain/America8. buy a toy lorry for my cousin in the shop near our school1) buy 三单 _________ 过去式 ______________buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物2) a toy lorry 一个玩具货车 two toy lorr ies 两个玩具货车3) in the shop near our school 在我们学校附近的商店 near our school 是shop 的后置定语9. Do you have any plans for the weekend? 你周末有什么计划吗？ plan n. make a plan for 为……制定计划make future plans = make plans for the future v.plan (not) to do sth. 计划做某事 plan ned10. 1). practice sth. 练习某事 practice doing sth. practice hard on sth 努力练习… work hard on sth.2) this Saturday this 前不加介词11. an important match 比赛: match/matches形容词勤奋的，努力工作的困难的= difficult 反义词easy/simple 硬的反义词 soft 努力地 adv. worker but Susan works even than her.Kate is a 4. What 's school like? = How is school? 学校是什么样子？like vt. 喜欢 prep. 像 Simon, _____ his father,5. There are fewer advertisements.1) advertisement 广告可数名词2) few/little 几乎没有 , 表示否定含义 There is little water in the fridge. Let 's buy some. a few/ a little 一些表示肯定。
unit 1 Reading 知识点整理及练习牛津译林版八年级英语上册
8AU1Reading【知识梳理1】Betty is one of my best friends.(P8)贝蒂是我最好的朋友之一。
one of意为“……之一”，常用结构为“one of +(the+形容词最高级+) 可数名词复数”，也可以接某些代词的宾格，该结构作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
It's one of my favourite movies.这是我特别喜欢的电影之一。
Only one of the answers is correct.这些答案中只有一个是正确的。
[拓展]类似one of结构的有：two/ three/ some/ few/many of 后面接可数名词复数或代词宾格，意为“……中的两个/三个/一些/很少/许多”，这些结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
It builds up trust between the two of you.它建立了你们两人之间的信任。
[巩固练习](1)英语是最重要的外语之一。
(2)我认为中文是世界上最伟大的语言之一。
(3)露西是我最喜欢的老师之一。
答案：(1)English is one of the most important foreign languages.(2)I believe that Chinese is one of the greatest languages in the world.(3)Lucy is one of my favourite teachers.[经典例题](1)Maths is one of Peter’s ______________ subjects.A.WorseB. the worseC. worstD. the worst(2)Beijing is one of ________ in China.A. large cityB. largest cityC. the largest citiesD. the larger cities(3)—Do you know Shanghai is one of _____ in the world?—Yes, it`s bigger than _____ city in Jiangsu.A. the biggest city; anyB. the biggest cities; anyC. the biggest cities; any otherD. the bigger city; any(4)We all know that Hangzhou is one of________in the world.A. the more beautiful citiesB. the most beautiful cityC. the most beautiful citiesD. the more beautiful city(5)The V oice of China became one of ________ TV ______ last year.A. the most popular, showsB. more popular, showC. much popular, showD. the popularest, shows答案：CCBCA【知识梳理2】Betty is generous.(P8)Betty很大方。
牛津译林版八年级英语上册Unit1-Reading知识点总结讲解
牛津译林版八年级英语上册Unit1-Reading知识点总结讲解八年级上册Unit 1 Reading 一、词汇二、短语be willing to do sth./be ready to do sth. 乐意、自愿做某事help sb. any time 在任何时候帮助某人（any time 前无at）三、句型（语法）1. Can I have some more food/apples?five more students / another five students; one more cake2. What about sb./sth./doing sth.?3. 区别nothing /nobody和none:4. They make him look smart. What makes your friend so special?make sb. (not) do sth. make sb./sth. + adj.5. be/get ready to do sth. be/get ready for sb./sth.6. Do you believe what he/she says? (his/her words)?7. 区别because / because of 和so8. agree with sb. /to do sth.9. She is willing to share things with her friends .be willing to do sth. = be ready / glad to do sth.10. be helpful to……11. give sth. to sb. = give sb. sth. pass sth. to sb. = pass sb. sth.12. She always gives seats to people in need on the bus .A friend in need is a friend indeed.13. She wants to be a singer when she grows up.14. When something worries me , I can always go to her.worry (v.) sth. worry sb. worry (n.) -- worries (pl.)worry about sb./ be worried about sb.四、重点词、句的理解、运用(语境中设计处理)1.Betty is one of my best friends. Betty 是我最好的朋友之一(1) one of …的意思是“.... …中的一个”，后面跟复数代词或可数名词的复数形式。
牛津译林版八年级上册全册语法知识点复习总结
牛津译林版八年级上册全册语法知识点复习总结一、形容词的比较级和最高级1. 形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物之间的比较，其结构如下：主语+谓语动词（系动词）+形容词比较级+than+比较对象。
2. 形容词最高级的由用法：形容词最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较，其结构为：主语+谓语动词（系动词）+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。
3. 形容词的比较级和最高级是在形容词原级的基础上变化的，分为规则变化和不规则变化。
①规则变化①不规则变化二、比较事物的数量1. 两者之间比较通常用more..than/ less... than 和fewer..than来比较两种事物之间的数量关系。
其中more... than之间加可数名间的复数形式或者不可数名词，less... than 之间加不可数名词，fewer...than 之间加可数名词的复数形式。
例：I has more apples than Lily.我的苹果比莉莉的多。
He eats less food than I for breakfast.他早饭比我吃得少。
Bobby has fewer books than Tim.波比的书比蒂姆的少。
2. 三者或三者以上比较通常用the most、the least、the fewest 来比较三者或三者以上事物之间的数量关系。
the most、the fewest、the least 分别是many/much、few、little 的最高级。
the most 表示“最…；最多”，其后既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词；the fewest 表示“最少”，其后接可数名词的复数形式；the least 表示“最少”,其后接不可数名词。
例：Jack gets the most points of the three boys.在三个男孩中，杰克的得分是最高的。
He has the least milk among them. 他的牛奶是他们之中最少的。
牛津译林八年级上册黑布林名著阅读黑骏马
【生词导读】：to the bridge. I did not move. Just then a man saw us."Hey there! Stop!" he cried."What is it?" shouted the Squire."The bridge is broken in the middle, he answered. "If you go on to it, you are all going to drown in the river.""Thank God!" said the Squire. "Thank you, Beauty!" said John. We turned around and went along the road by the river. For a long time no one said anything. Then John said: "Black Beauty saved our lives. He knew the bridge was dangerous."When we returned home, the Squire told Mrs. Gordon:"We are all safe, thanks to Black Beauty!"That night I was glad, because I was very tired.1.Who named the horse Black Beauty?A. Farmer Grey.B. Squire Gordon.C. Mrs. Gordon.D. John.2.What do the underlined words “coach”and “drown” probably mean in the passage according to the given English-English dictionary entries （词条）？coach1[C] a person who trains a person or team in sport2[C] a comfortable bus for carrying passengers over long distances3[C] a large closed vehicle with four wheels, pulled by horses, used in the past for carrying passengersdrown1[V] to die because you have been underwater too long and you cannot breathe; to kill sb in this way2[V] to make sth very wet; to completely cover sth in water or another liquid3[V] to be louder than other sounds so that you cannot hear themA.1:2B. 3:1C. 1:3D. 3:33.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.Black Beauty lived a hard life with mum.B.Ginger was unhappy when she was young.C.Some horses did not wear reins or bits.D.Mr. Gordon went on a long journey alone.4.How did Black Beauty save his masters life?A.By fixing the bridge.B.By asking other horses for help.C.By crossing the bridge.D.By refusing to step onto the bridge.5.What might happen that night from the passage?A.Black Beauty was sent away from home.B.Mr. Gordon sold Black Beauty to others.C.Black Beauty got good food and a nice bed.D.Mr. Gordon had Black Beauty do extra work.答案：BBBDC阅读理解（3）A LONDON CAB HORSEMy new master,s name was J eremiah Barker, but everyone called him Jerry .His wife was called Polly and they had two children, a boy called Harry and a little girl called Dolly. The Barkers were a very happy family. Jerry had a cab and two horses. His other horse was a tall, white animal called Captain.The next morning Harry and Dolly came into the yard to see me. I loved it when they patted me and spoke in gentle voices.“Let’s call him 'Jack’，after the old horse, shall we, Harry ?”said Dolly.“Yes,Let's, “said Harry.The first week of my life as Jack, the London cab horse was very hard. The noise and the people and the traffic on the streets frightened me, But Jerry was a very good driver, and that helped a lot. Jerry soon found that I was ready towork hard and do my best, and he didn,t whip me.He kept us very clean, and gave us as much food as we wanted. But the best thing was that we had Sundays off. ( )1. What did people call the Black Beauty's new master?A.HarryB. JerryC. PollyD. Dolly( )2. How many horses did the master have after he bought Black Beauty?A. 1B.2C.3D.4( )3. What frightened Black Beauty in the first week of his life as Jack?A. The noiseB. The peopleC. The trafficD. All the above( )4. The word "whip"in the pa ragraph means “”？A.恐吓B.鞭打C.追赶D.喂养( )5. What was the best thing to Black Beauty?A. The master kept him clean.B.He could eat as much food as he wanted.C.He could play with the other horses.D.He had Sundays off.BBDBD。
牛津译林版 八年级上册8AUnit7知识点讲解
牛津译林版八年级上册8AUnit7知识点讲解8AU7知识点讲解探究bring和XXX的区别：XXX表示从远处拿到说话的地点来，常与here，me搭配；例如：XXX明天请把我的帽子带给我。
XXX表示从说话地点拿到远处去，常与there，away搭配；例如：Take your raincoat with you。
It's going to rain.把你的雨衣带着。
天要下雨。
用take或XXX填空：Will you XXX。
I need to use it.探究feel cool中的feel：XXX在此用作连系动词，意为“感到，觉得”。
例如：I XXX，XXX.我感到冷。
请把我的外套递给我。
XXX of feel:XXX(棉花) feels soft.探究with的意思：With意为“具有，带着”，表示伴随着某种状态，其反义词为without。
例如：Fish sleep with eyes open.鱼睁着眼睛睡觉。
XXX:Recite the text with your book closed.探究以because开头的答句：以because开头的答句回答以why开头的问句。
例如：Why are you late。
Because the traffic was bad.你为什么迟到了？因为交通状况不好。
Why do you enjoy playing games?Because they are interesting.Rewritten: What is the reason for your enjoyment of playing games?XXX.I like autumn because it is always cool。
What about you。
Rewritten: What is your reason for liking XXX?The words "sun" and "sunny" are related in that "sunny" is the adjective form of "sun"。
牛津译林版八年级英语上册Unit1-Reading知识点总结讲解
八年级上册Unit 1 Reading 一、词汇二、短语be willing to do sth./be ready to do sth. 乐意、自愿做某事help sb. any time 在任何时候帮助某人（any time 前无at）三、句型（语法）1. Can I have some more food/apples?five more students / another five students; one more cake2. What about sb./sth./doing sth.?3. 区别nothing /nobody和none:4. They make him look smart. What makes your friend so special?make sb. (not) do sth. make sb./sth. + adj.5. be/get ready to do sth. be/get ready for sb./sth.6. Do you believe what he/she says? (his/her words)?7. 区别because / because of 和so8. agree with sb. /to do sth.9. She is willing to share things with her friends .be willing to do sth. = be ready / glad to do sth.10. be helpful to……11. give sth. to sb. = give sb. sth. pass sth. to sb. = pass sb. sth.12. She always gives seats to people in need on the bus .A friend in need is a friend indeed.13. She wants to be a singer when she grows up.14. When something worries me , I can always go to her.worry (v.) sth. worry sb. worry (n.) -- worries (pl.)worry about sb./ be worried about sb.四、重点词、句的理解、运用(语境中设计处理)1.Betty is one of my best friends. Betty 是我最好的朋友之一(1) one of …的意思是“.... …中的一个”，后面跟复数代词或可数名词的复数形式。
整理牛津译林版八年级上册英语知识点归纳
八年级英语总复习摘要供复习参考八年级英语总复习摘要(供复习参考)（语法部分）一、词汇词汇学习是英语学习的重要部分，掌握一定量的词汇是我们进行口头和笔头交际的基础。
词汇试题的主要测试内容为词语释义、词形转换和词语辨析等等，要求考生既要掌握基本词汇的意义，又要有运用词汇的基本能力，达到语言交际的目的。
(一) 词形转换1、名词的复数形式。
(1)规则变化：一般直接在词尾加s：pen——pens; table——tables①以s、x、o、ch、sh结尾加es:bus——buses; watch——watches, 但radio, photo和stomach后只加s, zero后加es或s均可。
②辅音字母加y结尾的，把y改i加es;city——cities; party——parties③以-f; -fe结尾的，改成v加es:knife——knives; wife——wives, 但roof后只加s。
(2)不规则变化：foot——feet; man——men; child——children; mouse－mice2、形容词、副词的比较级等级的变化。
(1)规则变化：①单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加er/ estsmall——smaller——smallest; clever——cleverer——cleverest②辅音字母+y结尾的，把y变成i加er / est:easy——easier——easiest; heavy——heavier——heaviest③词尾以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词，双写该辅音字母加er/ est:big——bigger——biggest; hot——hotter——hottest④多音节词，在词前加上more/ most:slowly——more slowly——most slowly;interesting——more interesting——most interesting(2)不规则变化：good(well) ——better——best;many(much) ——more——most;little——less——least; bad (ill, badly) ——worse——worst;far——farther(further) ——farthest(furthest)4、基数词变序数词主要掌握1～12及20、21等的序数词的形式，其它序数词都是在基数词末尾加th，是有规律可循的。
牛津译林版八年级上8A Unit2 知识点梳理
牛津译林版八年级上8A Unit2 知识点梳理1.Life XXX referring to different specific types of lives。
it can be a countable noun。
For example。
we can say "school life" or "different lives." Life can also be a XXX referring to the number of times someone has lived。
as in "The XXX."2."Why don't + you + verb" is a way of making a n。
It can be rephrased as "Why not + verb." For example。
"Why don't you ask your teachers for help?" can be changed to "Why not ask your teachers for help?"3."Have to do something" means that someone is required to do it due to external circumstances。
It can be XXX't have to do." "Must do something" means that someone feels internally obligated to do it。
"Work harder" means to put in more effort。
牛津8上知识点总结
牛津8上知识点总结在牛津英语8上册中，我们学习了许多英语知识，包括语法、词汇、阅读理解、写作等方面。
下面将对牛津英语8上册的知识点进行总结，希望对同学们的学习有所帮助。
1. 语法知识在牛津英语8上册中，我们学习了许多语法知识，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、冠词、介词、连词等。
其中，名词的单数和复数形式、不可数名词、名词所有格、专有名词的用法等是比较重要的知识点；动词的变位、时态、语态、情态动词、动词不定式等也需要我们认真掌握；形容词和副词的比较级和最高级、形容词和副词的修饰位置等也是需要我们注意的知识点。
2. 词汇知识在牛津英语8上册中，我们学习了大量的词汇，包括常用单词、短语、固定搭配等。
这些词汇涉及到日常生活、学习、娱乐、社交等方方面面，需要我们通过不断地积累和记忆，才能更好地掌握和运用。
3. 听力训练在学习英语过程中，听力训练是至关重要的一环。
在牛津英语8上册中，我们不仅学习了听力材料中所包含的语法和词汇知识，还锻炼了听力理解和应对听力考试的能力。
通过反复练习，我们可以提高自己的听力水平，更好地理解和运用英语。
4. 阅读理解阅读理解是我们学习英语的一个重要方面。
在牛津英语8上册中，我们学习了不少阅读材料，涉及到各种主题和文体。
通过阅读理解，我们不仅可以巩固和运用所学的语法和词汇知识，还可以提高自己的阅读能力和理解能力，从而更好地掌握和运用英语。
5. 写作能力写作是我们学习英语的一个重要技能。
在牛津英语8上册中，我们学习了叙事、说明、议论等不同类型的写作。
通过反复练习，我们可以提高自己的写作水平，更好地表达自己的思想和观点，从而更好地运用英语。
在总结上述知识点的基础上，我们还需要不断反复练习，积累更多的语言材料，不断提升自己的语言能力和思维能力。
相信在老师的指导和帮助下，我们一定可以更好地掌握和运用英语。
祝愿大家在学习英语的道路上取得更加优异的成绩！。
牛津译林版8上期末复习知识点汇总
Tips for the Mid-term exam一、单选1. 冠词\代词a 泛指a useful bookthe （1）特指the man in the mirror/the girl in blue（2）最高级(>=3) the slimmest in our classthe most important personHave the _____rice/the______ bananas（3）两者比较the prettier of the twins(只有of the two前加the +比较级)an honest/unhappy/active boyan American/eraser/instruction/example/exciting competition/earthquakean 11-year-old girl/ 不可数名词It is hard work/fun/useful advice/good news.p.s.1. it／one ／that三者均可用作代词, 指代前面提到的名词。
一般说来, it指代同名同物; one 与that则指代同名异物。
I have lost my umbrella; I'm looking for____. （该句中it就是指前面的my umbrella）I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy____. （one在该句中表泛指, 因为my umbrella 已经丢了）The umbrella you bought is cheaper than______ I bought. （替代词that在该句中特指“the umbrella I bought”, 以区别“the umbrella you bought”）2. one与that虽可用来指代同名异物, 但one为泛指, 相当于a／an＋名词; that为特指, 相当于the ＋名词。
牛津译林版八年级上 8A Unit5 知识点梳理
牛津译林版八年级上 8A Unit5 知识点梳
理
本文档旨在对牛津译林版八年级上册第5单元的知识点进行梳理。
以下是本单元的重点内容:
1. 主题：本单元的主题是关于“学校生活和课余活动”。
3. 语法：本单元的重点语法是used to 和be used to的用法。
用于表达过去惯、经验和现在的熟悉程度。
4. 句型：本单元的重点句型包括：
- I used to play basketball every day. （我过去每天打篮球。
）
- She is used to getting up early. （她惯早起。
）
- Did you use to watch that TV show? （你过去常看那个电视节目吗？）
- What did you use to do after school? （放学后你过去经常做什么？）
5. 阅读与听力：本单元的阅读与听力材料包括关于学校课余活动、学生选修课程和校园惯的相关内容。
通过阅读和听力训练，提高学生的阅读理解和听力技能。
6. 写作：本单元的写作训练主要是让学生描述自己过去和现在的课余活动，并分享自己的兴趣爱好与他人。
请根据教材内容进一步拓展并适当举例补充本单元的知识点，以便更好地帮助学生掌握相关知识和技能。
译林版八年级英语上册阅读理解知识点总结
译林版八年级英语上册阅读理解知识点总结一、词汇理解1.1 常见词汇- 动词：如 agree, decide, find, hope, learn, plan, prepare, promise, report, return, say, see, show, think, use, want等。
- 名词：如 advice, difficulty, equipment, family, n, knowledge, lesson, meeting, problem, research, result, skill, theory等。
- 形容词：如 careful, difficult, early, expensive, important, interesting, long, new, possible, popular, us, simple, strict, successful等。
- 副词：如 almost, always, anywhere, frequently, never, often, usually等。
1.2 短语理解- 表达原因的短语：如 because of, due to, as a result of, on account of等。
- 表达结果的短语：如 as a result, therefore, consequently, so, therefore等。
- 表达条件的短语：如 if, unless, until, while, whenever等。
二、句子理解2.1 句子结构- 简单句：包含一个主语和一个谓语。
- 复合句：包含两个或两个以上的简单句，通过连词连接。
- 复杂句：包含一个主句和一个或多个从句。
2.2 句子类型- 陈述句：表达事实或观点。
- 疑问句：提出问题。
- 祈使句：发出命令或建议。
- 感叹句：表达情感。
2.3 句子成分- 主语：句子谈论的人或事物。
八年级上译林牛津知识点
八年级上译林牛津知识点八年级上译林牛津教材是初中的重要学习手册之一，其知识点涉及语文、英语、数学、物理等多个学科，为孩子们打下坚实的学习基础，为之后的学习打下基础。
本文将对其中的一些重要知识点进行简要介绍。
语文八年级上译林牛津教材的语文部分，主要包括读写能力的提升、古文阅读、作文和修辞四个方面。
1. 读写能力的提升在八年级上册中，学生需要掌握更高难度的汉字和生僻字，并且加强对古代汉字的学习。
同时，还需要练习朗读、口语表达和字音、字形的理解。
2. 古文阅读古文阅读是八年级上册语文教材中的重要内容。
在古文阅读中，学生需要学习并理解古文的语言特点、文化背景以及句型结构等。
3. 作文在学习作文过程中，学生需要学会运用一些基本的写作技巧和方法，如用比喻、夸张、反问等修辞手法来提高文采，同时也需要学习如何进行合理的段落分隔和组织思路。
4. 修辞修辞是指在语言表达中，为了更好地表达思想和情感，而使用的一些特殊手法和方法。
在学习修辞过程中，学生需要掌握一些基本的修辞方法，如比喻、夸张、反问等。
英语八年级上译林牛津教材的英语部分，涵盖了单元语言、听力、口语、阅读、写作和文化等方面的内容。
1. 单元语言在八年级上册的英语中，主要强调基础语法和词汇的掌握，并对学生进行一系列练习和测试，以帮助学生提高英语应用能力。
2. 听力和口语听力和口语训练对于英语学习来说尤为重要。
八年级上册的英语教材中，存在大量单词、短语和句型，在学习过程中，需要注重和语音发音、口语表达的训练，以便在实际应用时更为自如地表达自己的意思。
3. 阅读和写作在英语阅读和写作方面，教材中需要学生掌握一定的阅读技巧和写作方法。
看英语文章时，需要注意通读全文，理解文章核心，同时提高阅读速度；写作则涉及基本句型、衔接词汇和语法，需要注重细节，提升篇章的流畅性和连贯性。
4. 文化在八年级上册的英语教材中，文化也是一个重要的内容。
学生需要了解一些英语国家的文化背景等方面的信息，以提升对英语语言和英美文化的了解。
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牛津译林八年级上册阅读理解知识梳理【知识梳理】知识点一、细节理解题1、细节理解题的基本要求和特点初中英语阅读理解最基本的要求是“能从一般性文章中获取和处理主要信息”。
对这种“获取和处理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是细节判断。
这类题在阅读理解题中占据半壁江山，做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。
同时，弄清细节，正确获取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。
因此，要特别重视做好这类题。
细节题就是指那些针对文章细节描写或与文章情节发展相关的事实所设置的问题。
这类题主要测试考生获取信息及对文章所提供信息的理解能力。
2.设题方式1) 此类题型多数以特殊疑问词设问，设问的检测点针对某一具体行为、地点、时间、原因、方式、数量等。
细节题是用来进一步表达主题，体现中心思想的，往往针对短文某个细节来设题。
做此类题时，应快速捕捉信息，可能是一些事例、数字等，阅读时要有针对性。
此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的。
2) 常见的命题方式Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?What is the example of . . . as described in the passage?The author mentions all of the following except . . .The reason for . . .is . . .The author states that . . .According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. )...?Which of the following is right?Which of the following is not mentioned?Choose the right order of this passage .From this passage we know _______.3)细节题的不同类型直接信息题间接信息题数字计算题排列顺序题图表图画题知识点二、词义猜测题1、词义猜测的基本要求和特点所谓词义猜测是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词甚至短语或句子的意义。
词义猜测题在中考中一般考一至两道，要求学生在掌握一定的词汇量的基础上，能独立阅读部分生词，理解生词的含义。
考察学生通过上下文提供的线索或生词本身的结构特点对词义作出正确判断的能力。
2.常见的命题方式What does the word “_____”in ..... mean?It can be inferred（推断，推论）/concluded（推断） (from the passage) that the word“_____”mean s _____.The word ...implies （意味，暗示）that _____.Which of the following is the closest meaning of the word?what do you think of the expression _______ stands for?The word “_____ ” in the passage probably means ________.In this story the underlined word “ ” means _______.3.词义猜测题之解题技巧1）. 通过定义或释义关系来猜测词义这种同义或释义关系常由is，that is，in other words，be called或标点符号（破折号、冒号、括号）等来表示。
例如：But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为"久旱"，"旱灾"。
而a dry period和drought是同义语。
2）. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。
通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3）．通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。
有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。
例如：You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。
4）. 通过构词法来猜测词义在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀和一些合成词等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
掌握前后缀规律，如un-,im-, in-, dis-, il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反义词；后缀-ful, -ly, -ism, -ness等可改变词性。
而合成词要在正确理解两词的基础上，结合上下文把握两词之间的关系，猜测词义；而对词义的转化，也要结合上下文来猜测。
5）. 通过熟词生义来推测词义例如：Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruitgrow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。
从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
6）．通过语境猜词描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。
例如: The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。
后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
知识点三、推理判断题1：推理判断题的特点推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论，主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。
这类推断通常包括：数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。
2：推理判断题的解题思路做推断题时，应根据短文中的相关语句，对与事实有关的细节加以分析，找出线索，悟出字里行间的意思，反复比较，从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。
要求在通篇理解文章的基础上，以文章提供的事实为依据，将已表述的和隐含的信息结合起来进行思考、分析，透彻理解全文，以领会作者的真正意图，从而做出正确的推理和判断，切不可凭空想象，主观臆断。
3：推理判断题的常见设问方式We can infer /conclude from the passage that ______.It can be inferred /concluded (from the passage) that ________.The author strongly suggests that_______________.What do you think would happen (to…) at the end of the story?/ next?We can infer from the text that _______.From the story we can guess _____Here “it” means________.The underlined word “it” in the passage refers to _______.The passage is probably from_______4：推理判断题的常见类型：推断文章的出处（题材）与文章细节相关的推断对文章后续内容的推断数字相关的计算推断知识点四、1：主旨大意类题目的特点主旨是文章的核心，即文章的中心思想或主题。
主旨题主要是考查考生能否分辨主题和细节、是否具备提纲挈领的能力，即是否能在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结。
这类题大约占总题量的30%。
主旨题一般会放在第一个或者最后一个考。
这类题要求阅读时不但要看懂个别的句子，而且要能够根据作者思路的展开，把握作者在整片文章中的观点，因此必须看懂全篇文章的意思。
做此类题时，应通读全文，理解文章大意，充分理解主题句的意义。
2：主旨大意类题目的常见设问方式批注：上述问法，建议教师让学生全部熟记。
讲解时把重要生词如theme,statements,express,purpose等告知学生。
并且在学生练习时，让学生尝试总结与上述问法不同的句子，以锻炼学生的迁移能力以及灵活运用能力。
1）. 主题类The main idea/ key point of the passage is ________.The passage is mainly about ___________.The topic discussed in the passage is ________.What is the passage mainly about?Which of the following statements best express the theme of the passage?What’s the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage?2）. 标题类The best title/headline for this passage might be______.The text (passage) could be entitled __________.The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is ________.What is the best title for the passage?Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?3). 作者意图类The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is ___.The passage is meant to __________.The purpose of this article is _______.The author’s purpose is to show _______.The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is _______.The writer writes this text to _______.The writer believes/suggests that _______.In this passage the writer tries to tell us that ______.3：解题技巧1.)整体思路（1）仔细阅读全文，判断发现主题句文章的主题句有的文章有而有的却没有，这就需要学生认真地阅读文章，仔细判断（如果有，它经常出现在文章的开始和结尾处，但也不能排除出现在文章中间的可能）。