英国社会与文化复习重点
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
英语国家社会与文化重点术语1. British Monarchy：英国君主制，指的是英国的君主制政府体制。
2. House of Commons：下议院，指的是英国主要立法机关之一，也是英国议会的两个部分之一。
3. House of Lords：上议院，指的是英国另外一个主要立法机关，也是英国议会的两个部分之一。
4. Prime Minister：首相，指的是英国执政党领导人，是英国内阁的首脑和政府的领导者。
5. Cabinet：内阁，指的是由首相挑选的政府部长组成的政府机构，决定英国政府的政策和行动。
6. Queen’s Speech：女王演讲，每年在英国的议会开幕时，由女王亲自发表的演讲。
7. Politics：政治，指的是社会维护社会稳定，调节社会关系，实现社会发展的活动过程。
8. Parliament：英国议会，是讨论和决定英国国家政策的高级立法机构，也是英国政府的最高权力机构。
9. Law：法律，规范国家内外秩序、保障国家和民族利益和权利的检测过程。
10. Constitution：宪法，是一国的政权体系以及公民权利和义务的根本法。
11. Human Rights：人权，指人们在代表国家的政府的保护下，享有的一系列的权利和自由。
12. Freedom of Expression：言论自由，指人民可以自由地表达自己的想法，不受任何形式压制。
13. National Identity：国家认同，指共同体中具有特定文化、语言、信仰等共同性的独特性，共同为国家特定历史、凝聚力和竞争力而努力。
14. Diversity：多样性，指的是不同文化、不同宗教、不同背景和不同选择等等，都在一起被尊重、受到容纳、并互相影响。
15. Multiculturalism：多元文化，指的是一个社会中的多种文化，有存在的多样性的社会。
16. Immigration：移民，指的是一个国家的人口在短时间内有显著的增长，或者将永久定居于其他国家的行为。
英国社会文化 重点名词解释汇总
Anglo-SaxonsThey were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regard as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.The Easter RisingIn order to gain independence, different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces, one such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. The rebels occupied Dublin's Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.Home RuleIreland had long been dominated by Britain, but Irish desire for an independent Irish state was never lost. "Home Rule" refers to a campaign for Irish control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.The Bill of Rights of 1689In 1688, King James II's daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.The Constitution Britain has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions.The functions of ParliamentThe functions of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.The House of LordsThe House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat of their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them. The formation of the government651 members of parliament are elected in the general election representing 651 constituencies in the UK. The party which holds amajority of those “seats” in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister.The electoral campaignBefore a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the public. The campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets and “party electoral broadcasts” on the television. The parties also try to attract and criticize the opponents’ policies. Therefore, these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.ModernismModernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWⅡ. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action. One of the most famous English Modernist writers is Virginia Woolf. Comprehensive schools Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in British today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities subjects and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.Britain and the EUBritain joined the European Economic Community in 1973 which is now called the EU. Britain’s participation in the EU remains controversial. At the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will become. The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area. Britain likes to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation ispossible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible. But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.Britain and the United States The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States. During World War 2, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years, because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation. Even today, British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. However, Britain’s “special relationship” with the United States has gone through many ups and downs. The British are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States. But both sides have worked hard to maintain the “special relationship”.The CommonwealthIn the author’s opinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for cooperation and as a sort of support network.Quality papers They belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large size paper. The readers of such newspapers are generally a well-educated middle class audience.TabloidsA tabloid is a small format newspaper with colour photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people .They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different from quality paper.ParliamentThe word parliament comes from the verb “to parley”, that is, to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money.Parliament has a number of different functions.①First and foremost, it passes laws. Another important function is that itprovides the means of carrying on the work of government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day. ②Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. ③There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. It can make or change or overturn established conventions or even prolong its own life without consulting the electorate. However, it doesn’t assert its supremacy, but bears the common law in mind and acts according to precedent. Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. These three institutions must all agree to pass any given legislation.The Role of the Monarchy Today is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British state….House of Lords is below the queen, it consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal House of Commons consists of about 650 Members of Parliament elected by the people to represent them.The Political PartiesThere are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so.The Labour party is the newest of these three, created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the nineteenth century. As a socialist party, they believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and the government acts as a “redistributive” agent: transferring wealth from richer to poorer by means of tax.The Conservative party is the party that spent most time in power.The Liberal Democrats are the third biggest party, and to some extent may be seen as a party of the “middle”, occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties.Trend: move to the “right”, “public”to wards “private” “social” towards “individual”.。
英国社会与文化知识点试题
chapter1Ageneralsurvey1、UK全称:Officialname---theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.----theUnitedKingdomoftheUK每个nation的capitalCapitalcity NationalEmblemEngland London roseScotland Edinburgh Thistle蓟花Wales Cardiff加的夫Daffodil水仙花NorthernIreland Belfast贝尔法斯特Shamrock三叶草2、NorthernIreland:LoughNeagh:thelargestlake inBritainwhichcoversanareaof396k㎡(内伊湖)3、Scotland:BenNevis:thehighestmountain inBritain（本尼维斯山）4、Edinburgh:1.thecapitalcityofScotland2.economiccenterofScotland3.atouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninUK(RoyalMiles&PrincesStreet)皇家英里大道&王子大街（1）Edinburghcastle(十字皇宫）:symbolofEdinburgh&situatedona moundofVol（2）Windsorcastle(温莎城堡）:largestoccupiedcastle（3）Holyroodpalace（荷里路德宫）：theofficialresidence（住处）oftheMonarch oftheUnitedKingdominScotland,locatedatthebottomoftheRoyalMileinEdinburgh,attheoppo siteendtoEdinburghCastleThestoneofdestiny命运之石Coronationstone加冕石==referredtoinEnglandReferendum苏格兰公投5、EnglandMountain-thePennines(北乃恩山脉)BackboneofthecentralNorthernEnglandLondonEast-poorWest-richimportantriverinLondon：Thames泰晤士河LondonEye：thelargestFerrisWheel摩天轮inEurope/BigBen=ElizabethTowerthelargestfour-facedchimingclockWestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宫HouseofParliament国会大厦BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫3、FurtherinformationNationalcurrency（本国货币）：GBP=GreatBritainPound（英镑）Nationalday：Queen’sBirthday2nd SaturdayofJunesince1952实际=April21,1926Nationalflag：UnionFlagadoptedonJan1st1801Nationalflower：roseLocation：WesternEurope6、Geography(Q:DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain?).Location---LocatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope ---anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseas.tothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEurope .totheeastbytheNorthSea .tothewestbytheIrishsea.tothenorthbytheAtlanticOcean 7、Land&People.veryunevenlydistributed:90%urban10%rural.Britain multiracial societyand1in20peopleareof non-European ethnicity 8、Climate :a Favorable MaritimeClimate （海洋性气候） Q:.arainy,changeableandunpredictableweather .mild （温和的）wintersandcoolsummers.asteadyandreliable （稳定的）rainfallthroughouttheyear.asmallrangeoftemperature(4-6℃inthenorthinWinter,and12-17℃inthesouthinsummer) AndFactor 影响因素.Thesurroundingwaters Q:.south-westwinds.NorthAtlanticDrift （北大西洋漂流）9、TheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealth Officialname+TheBritishIsles-----GreatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland) -----NorthernIreland(alsoknownasUlster)-----TheRepublicofIreland(alsotheIrishRepublic,formerly Eire) -----Numerous smallerislandsernment1、政治体制--议会制君主立宪制ConstitutionalMonarchy 君主立宪制ParliamentaryDemocracy 议会民主制 2、Monarch 君主:QueenElizabeth Ⅱ Born:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1952 Officiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrun BythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister3、MagnaCarta(=GreatCharter)大宪章KingJohn(agreedin)1215 Q:WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave? -Shereignsbutdoesnotrule(临朝不理政)Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers: .anintegralpartofthelegislature.headoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciarybranches .thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown .”supremegove rn or”oftheChurchofEnglan d4、Parliament :Legislativebody Locatedin WestminsterQ:Parliamentconsistsof theSovereign,theHouseofLords&theHouseofCommons Parliament （aFrenchwordforatalking-place) .Femalesallowedtovoteuntil1918 BritishIslesUnitedKingdomIreland RepublicNorthern OfIrelandIreland GreatBritainScotlandWalesEngland WalesEngland.Aby-electionisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns(递补选举)Q:MainFunctionofParliament:.tomakelaws.tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment.tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.todebatethemajorissuesofthedayTheHouseofLords上议院ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual(神职议员)andthelordsTemporal(世俗议员）withtheLord chancellor（大法官）asthePresidentoftheHouseTheheadoftheHouseofCommons--theSpeaker议长NextonlytothePrimeMinisterHouseofCommonsnumberofmembers6505.Executive行政Executivebody:theSovereign,PrimeMinister&CabinetNo.10DowningStreet唐宁街10号→Legislature-Parliament→HouseofLords(semi-political)→HouseofCommons(Political)Monarch(non-political)→Executive:PrimeMinister&Cabinet(Political)→Judiciary:HouseofLords(non-political)Chapter3GeneralElection&PoliticalParties1.GeneralElection(1)Theelectorate(选民，有选举权者):About99%ofthepopulation(excludingcriminals,insane(疯的）people,etc)intheUKhaverighttovote.(2)Constituencies(选区):about650(3)Thetermofaparliament:5years(4)Thepartywhichholdsa majority oftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleader asPrimeMi nster(5)InBritainthecitizensaged18orover havetherighttovote.(6)InBritainacandidatemustbeatleast21orover withthedeposit（押金）of500pounds.(7)TheUK’s First-Past-the-Post(简单多数票当选)electoralsystem.Q:Itwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing1).Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.2).Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.3).Itis“winner-takes-all”(赢者统吃)4).Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvoteswins.UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,2010The ConservativeParty,ledbyDavidCameron,wonthelargestnumberofvotesandseatsbutstillfelltwentyseat sshort.Thisresultedina hungparliament（悬垂议会）wherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.Coalitiontalks（联合声明）beganimmediatelybetweentheConservativesandtheLiberalDemocratsandlastedforfivedays.OnTuesday11M ay,BrownannouncedhisresignationasPrimeMinister,makingtheendof13yearsofLabourgovernment.Thiswas acceptedbyQueenElizabethⅡ,whotheninvitedDavidCamerontoformagovernmentandbecomePrimeMiniste r2.PoliticalPartiesHistoryofPoliticalParties---Priortothemid-19th:TheTory(托利党)TheWhig(辉格党)---Betweenthemid19th centuryand1920s:TheTories--theConservativeParty(保守党)TheWhig--theLiberalParty(自由党)---Post1920s:TheConservativePartyTheLabourPartyQ:.relativelyrichandprivileged.thepartyofthecentral-right.opposedtogreatchangesinsociety.haveabeliefinprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol.maintenanceoftheexistinginstitutionsasitspolicyBigNames.WinstonChurchill:PM1940-1945&1951-1955.MargretThatcher:PM1979-1990.DavidCameron:PM2010-presentQ:.relativelypoorandunderprivileged.thepartyofcentral-left(thereformist,non-revolutionary).aimingatthenationalizationasthemeansofproductionanddistribution.fewresourcesandheavilydependentonthetradeunions.haveamajoreffectonUK’s NationalHealthServiceBigNamesTonyBlair1997-2007GordonBrown2007-2010EdwardMiliband2010-2015JeremyCorbyn2015-presentChapter4Economy Introduction:1.Factoryoftheworld2.BritishDisease---amockingtermQ:Whatis“BritishDisease”?(1)atermusedtocharacterizeBritain’s economicdecline afterthewars.(2)Britain’s slowgrowth ofproductivity,soaringinflation,and largeunemployment3.a majordeveloped capitalistcountry4.6th largesteconomyin20125.3periodsofBritain economicevolution.Steadydevelopmentinthe50sand60s;.Economicrecessioninthe70s;.Economicrecoveryinthe80s;.Bythe1880s,dominant intheworld,*onethirdof thewo rld’smanufacturedgoods*half itscoalandiron*half itscotton.By1900,overtakenby USandGermany6.ReasonsforRelativeDeclineQ:WhatcausestherelativedeclineofUKEconomy?(1).heavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar.(2).theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover-decolonization殖民地独立(lossesofrawmaterial&market).(3).militaryexpense(untiltheprocessofdecolonizationcompletedinthe1960s).$.lackedinvestmentinmodernequipmentandnewproducts.$.lowratesofdomesticindustrialinvestment$.highrateofoverseasinvestment$.lackofacloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks.Absolutedeclinea.Introductionandrelativedeclineb.ReasonsforrelativedeclineEconomyc.RecentHistoryThecurrent PrimaryIndustriesUKeconomy SecondaryIndustriesTertiaryIndustriesCasesAnalysisPositiveEffectsNegativeEffects7.Primaryindustries--EnergyProduction.5%ofnationalwealth.Coal.oilandgas:NorthSea(decline since1999).producerandexporter.offshoreoilindustry8.Secondaryindustries*manufacturing(20%ofnationalwealth)Pharmaceuticals(GlaxoSmithKline),chemicals(ICI)Aerospace航天(3rd largestintheworld)Electronicsindustry(4th largestintheworld)9.Tertiaryindustries.Serviceindustries(65ofnationalwealth).Domesticactivity:retailing,tourism.Internationalservices(10%~70%).Financialandbusinessservices10.LondonStockExchange(伦敦证券交易所)In2010,amarketcapitalization(资本总额)ofUS$2.63trillion,madeitthefourthlargeststockexchangeintheworldandthelargestin EuropeChapter5literature1.OldEnglishPeriod(449-1066)Background:TheAnglo-SaxonsfromNorthernEuropebroughttheirlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,asw ellasaspecific poetictradition.OldEnglishliteratureisalsocalledAnglo-SaxonLiterature.✓Beowulf《贝奥武夫》:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons北欧大陆盎人迁移英格兰的英雄史诗，杀死海怪(seamonsterGrendel)teMedieval(中世纪)EnglishLiterature(1066-14thcentury)difficultiesandcalamities(灾害),suchasfamine,plague,andwar,(darkage)theBlackDeathfolkliterature(民间文学)✓RobinHood《罗宾汉》*GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟-thefatherofEnglishpoetry(wisdom,humor,humanity)✓TheCanterburyTales．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．《坎特伯雷故事集》(26stories) Itismadeupofaseriesofstoriestoldby pilgrims(朝圣者）toentertaineachotherontheirwaytotheChristianChurchatCanterbury3.EnglishRenaissancePeriod(15thcentury-early17th century)Staredin ItalyTheRenaissance-a Frenchword whichmeans rebirthorrevivalHumanism人文主义-theessence(本质)oftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing(人的尊严)&theimportanceofthepresentlife(珍惜当下).PeakofEnglishRenaissance:ElizabethanDrama英国文艺复兴时期的巅峰:伊丽莎白戏剧*WilliamShakespeare威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616)✓Tragedies:RomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear李尔王,Macbeth麦克白✓HistoricalPlays:RichardⅢ,RichardⅡ,HenryⅣ,HenryⅤ✓Comedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇,AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦,TwelfthNight,TheTempest,TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗(Afourteen-linelyricpoemwithasingletheme,usuallywritteniniambicpentameter)抑扬格五步格诗*ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)✓Utopia《乌托邦》*JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)✓ParadiseLost《失乐园》*FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根✓Essays《随笔》4.TheNeoclassicalPeriod(新古典主义时期1660-1798)*AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)✓AnEssayonMan人论(=ParadiseLost)*SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊✓TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguage/London(英语辞典)9年*JonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特✓Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游记*DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福✓RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记*HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁英国小说之父✓TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事5.TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期(1798-1832).twomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic) *RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯✓ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰/AuldLongSyne往昔时光*WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯(beganwith)LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集/IWanderedLonelyasaCloud✓“湖畔”派诗人:WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治RobertSouthey骚赛*SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治TheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子咏*GeorgeGordonByron乔治.戈登.拜伦✓DonJuan唐.璜*JohnKeates约翰.济慈✓OdetotheWestWind西风颂*WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克✓SongsofInnocence天真之歌✓SongsofExperience经验之歌SirWalterScott沃尔特.斯科特爵士(endedin)✓Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》(12世纪英国”狮心王”查理)*JaneAusten简.奥斯丁upper-middle-class✓SenseandSensibility理智与情感✓PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见✓Emma爱玛6.TheVictorianPeriod(1837-1901)维多利亚时期*CharlesDickens查尔斯.狄更斯✓OliverTwist雾都孤儿✓ATaleofTwoCities双城记✓GreatExpectations远大前程TheBronteSisters*CharlotteBronte✓JaneEyre简爱*EmilyBronte✓WutheringHeights呼啸山庄*AnneBronte✓AgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷*WilliamThackeray威廉.萨克雷✓VanityFair名利场*ThomasHardy托马斯.哈代✓TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝*OscarWilde奥斯卡.王尔德✓TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子故事集✓TheNightingaleandtheRose夜莺与玫瑰7.TheModernPeriod*GeorgeBernardShaw乔治.伯纳.萧✓SaintJoan圣女贞德✓Pygmalion卖花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)Chapter6EducationTheUKSchoolSystem:compulsory(义务)betweenagesof5and16years,totalof11years1、Co-educatedSchools:1).admit bothboysandgirls联合教育学校2).AcademicYear:dividedintothreeterms,withholidays atChristmas,Easter,andinthesummer3).followthe NationalCurriculumguide-lines setdownbygovernment2、StateSchool:totallyfundedbythe government andfree3、IndependentSchool:foundedbythefeeschargedtothe parents(publicschool公学)4、PrimaryEducation:Pre-schoolingwhichcalled NurserySchool5、SecondarySchools:1).GrammarSchools(文法中学3%)：“the11plus”examination,preparingstudentsforhighereducation.2).ComprehensiveSchools(综合中学83%):Noentranceexam,generaleducation.3).SecondaryModernSchool(现代中学7%)6、ThehighSchoolCurriculum:1)16years:GCSE Examination2)16-18years A-LevelCourse:3-4subjectsstudentschoosethesubjectstheywishtostudy.3)18years:A-LevelExaminationGCSE:GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(中学生毕业证书)7、HigherEducation:receivefundsfromthe centralgovernment.Theamountoffundingisbasedon itssize,thenu mberofstudentsitteaches,andtheresearchitconducts8、EntranceProcedures:1).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.2).Admission--selectiononbasisof Alevelresults&aninterview9、FamousUniversities:1)TheUniversityofOxford:1.The oldestuniversity intheEnglishspeakingword.2.TeachingexistedatOxfordin1096anddevelopedrapidlyfrom1167.2)TheUniversityofCambridge:second-oldest (1281)---TwocharacteristicsofOxfordandCambridgeCollegesystem(学院制度)Tutorialsystem(导师制度)3)TheUniversityofLondon:1.Itwasfoundedin1836.(联邦制大学)2.a federation ofcolleges4)BuckinghamUniversity:theonly independent university5)OpenUniversity:UKlargestuniversityfor part-time higherChinese&BritishEducationSystemChineseHigherEducationEliteedu.VSMassedu.EnrollmentexpansionResourcesarestrainingEducationqualityissuffering IntensecompetitioninthejobmarketUnit7BritishForeignRelation1.---imperialhistory---geopoliticaltraits 地缘政治特点 2.HowForeignPolicyismade? ForeignPolicy→ThePM&Cabinet →Governmentdepartments3.Whenthesecondworldwarended,itwasstillthelargestmilitarypowerinwesternEurope.4.TheNuclearClubRussia,USA,France,Britain,Israel,China,India,Pakistan,NorthKorea 5.WhydoesBritainhaveitsnuclearnavalforce? ---Becauseit’satraditionalseapower. YearChina Age Britain Year5PrimarySchool1 1 Elementary School6 2 27 3 38 4 49 5 5 106 6 11 SecondarySchool7 7 JuniorMiddle School12 8 8 139 9 14 GCSECourseGCSEExaminations10 10 SeniorMiddleSchoo l15 11 11 16 A-LevelCourse A-LevelExaminations12 1217 136.MemberofUNSecurityCouncil联合国安理会---oneofthefivepermanentmembers(greatinfluence)---othermembers--Russia,China,theUS,France7.MemberoftheEuropeanUnionSince19738.MemberofNATO北约---NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization---asystemofcollectivedefense9.TheCommonwealthofNations英联邦国家---TheBritishcommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.殖民地10.TheUKanditsrelationwiththeUSA.AlliedduringWWⅡ√.WorkedtogetheragainstUUSR√.The1956SuezCrisis×11.Conclusion.Britainisnolongerasuperpower,butitstillhasgreatinfluenceinmilitarypowerintheworld(navy,nuclear).Britainforeignpolicyinfluencedmainlybyitshistoryandgeopoliticaltraits..Britainsitsataveryimportantseatinmanyinternationalinstitutions,suchastheUN,theEU,NATO,Common wealth,etc.Chapter8TheBritishMedia1.Whatfunctionsdoyouthinkthemediahave?.providepeoplewithinformationaboutpoliticalandsocialissues.provideweatherreports.carryadvertising.usedforeducationalpurposes.provideaforumforpeopletoexpresstheirviews.seekadvice.givepeopleentertainment.serveforthepoliticalandeconomicsystem.workasamonitor2.Newspaper(types)(1)Thequalitypress(thebroadsheets)严肃类大版面报纸(2)Thetabloids(thegutterpress)通俗类小版面报纸3.SomequalitynewspaperinUK(1)Times《泰晤士报》oldestdailynewspaper(2)TheDailyTelegraph《每日电讯报》--工党右(3)TheGuardian《卫报》(4)TheObserver《观察家报》oldestSundaynewspaper4.SometabloidsinUK(1).TheDailyMail《每日邮报》--保守党(2)DailyMirror《每日镜报》--工党(3)TheSun《太阳报》Chapter9Sports1.Football1)FootballAssociation(FA)2)FootballHooligans流氓，恶棍Policepatrolthestreets,pubsnearthefootballgroundsareclosed,andshopslocktheirdoor.2.TennisWimbledon温布尔顿3.GolfByScottishatSt.Andrew’s圣安德鲁斯4.HorseRacingRoyalAscot英国皇家爱斯科赛马会5.Equestrianism马术Chapter10Festival1.Religionsholiday:Christmas/Easter2.Nationalholiday:Queen'sbirthday3.Regionalholiday:EnglandBonfireNight篝火之夜NorthernIreland:St.Patrick’sDay圣帕特里克节3.17Scotland:Hogmanay除夕12.31Wales:Eisteddfod诗歌音乐比赛会Chapter4.2作家作品时代作者作品OldEnglishPeriod Beowulf《贝奥武夫》LateMedieval(中世)EnglishLiterature( 1066-14thcentury)RobinHood《罗宾汉》GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟thefatherofEnglishpoetryTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》EnglishRenaissancePer iod(15thcentury-early 17thcentury) WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚Tragedies:RomeoandJulietHamletOthelloKingLear李尔王Macbeth麦克白HistoricalPlaysRichard3,Richard2Henry4,Henry5Comedies:TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦TwelfthNightTheTempestTheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Sonnet十四行诗抑扬格五步格诗ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔(1478-1535)Utopia乌托邦JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿(1608-1674)ParadiseLost失乐园FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根Essays《随笔》TheNeoclassical新古典主义Period(1660-1798) AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯(1688-1744)AnEssayonMan人论，人性本恶SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguageLondonJonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver'sTravels格列夫游记DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记HenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁英国小说之父TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主义时期RobertBurns罗伯特.彭斯ARed,RedRose一朵红红的玫瑰AuldLongSyne往昔时光WilliamWordsworth威廉.华兹华斯LyricalBallads抒情歌谣集IWanderedLonelyasaCloudSamuelTaylorColeridgeTheRimeofAncientMariner古舟子咏GeorgeGordonByronDonJuan唐.璜JohnKeats约翰.济慈OdetoaNightingale夜莺颂PersyByssheShelley雪莱OdetotheWestWind西风颂WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克SongsofInnocence天真之歌SongofExperience经验之歌SirWalterScott斯科特爵士Ivanhoe艾凡赫JaneAusten简.奥斯丁SenseandSensibility理智与情感PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见Emma艾玛TheVictorianPeriod(18 37-1901) CharlesDickens查尔斯.狄更斯OliverTwist雾都孤儿ATaleofTwoCities双城记GreatExpectations远大前程CharlotteBronteJaneEyre简爱EmilyBronte WutheringHeights呼啸山庄AnneBronte AgnesGrey安格尼斯.格雷WilliamThackeray威廉.萨克雷VanityFair名利场ThomasHardy托马斯.哈代TessoftheD’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝OscarWilde奥斯卡.王尔德TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales快乐王子故事集TheNightingaleandtheRose夜莺与玫瑰TheModernPeriod GeorgeBernardShaw萧伯纳SaintJoan圣女贞德Pygmalion卖花女(MyFairLady窈窕淑女)。
英国文化复习提纲
British Culture and Society(key points)Chapter I An Introduction of the United Kingdom⏹GeographyNational flag and national emblemFull nameCompositionTerritoryTopography: highland and lowlandWeather⏹PopulationMajority: whites⏹Conurbations and MetropolisesCapitals and major citiesMain information of each part:London: cultural, business and financial centerScotland: most confident of its identityWelsh language; the Prince of Wales;Partition of Northern IrelandChapter II People and History•National formationCelts;Romans;Anglo-Saxons: forefathers of the EnglishVikings;Other races.• A history of memory1. The prehistoric period: Stonehenge2. The Romans55BC--- the Roman general Julius Caesar invaded Britain43AD --- The Roman emperor Claudius Caesar conquered Britain (except Scotland and Northern Ireland)Building roads, plumbing, buildingsRoman BathsThe first written records of British societyChristianity3. The Anglo-Saxons ( After 410 AD)Angles; Saxons; JutesKing Alfred the Great (the kingdom of Wessex)---the first king to rule most of EnglandChristianity since 597 ADOld EnglishCeltic languages3. The Anglo-Saxons ( After 410 AD)In 865, a Great Army of Danish Vikings invaded England with fierce battles for several years5. The NormansThe Normans:the descendents of the VikingsWilliam, Duke of Normandy(William the Conqueror) (1066)6. The Middle Ages (1066---1485)“The dark ages”---scarcity of reliable historical informationKing John --- Magna Carta in 1215The Hundred Years War (1337---1453)The Wars of the Roses (1455---1485)FeudalismThe Black Death---a plague halving the population in Europe7. The Tudor Monarchy (1485---1603)Henry VIII --- Reformation of the ChurchQueen Mary I --- Persecuting Protestants--- “Bloody Mary”Elizabeth I ---“The Golden Age”Enclosure Movement8. The StuartsKing James I ( King James VI of Scotland)--- the first king of the whole of Great Britain--- The Gunpowder Plot in 1605 ( Bonfire Night)---“Pilgrims Fathers”in Mayflower--- the King James Bible /Authorized Version--- The Divine Right of KingsKing Charles IOliver CromwellKing Charles II ( The Merry Monarch)9. The Hanover (Georgian age)George I ---the ruler of Hanover in GermanyGeorge III---The American War of Independence (1775-1783)A Calm and Stable societyQueen Victoria (1819---1901)10. The Windsor (Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha) (1910---) Edward VII ---the World War IGeorge V --- changed the name of the house into Windsor Edward VIII---Abdicated the throne for Wallis Simpson George VIElizabeth II11. The 20th Century---World War I and World War II---The first Labour government came into power in 1924 --- Prime Minister Winston Churchill--- Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher(The first-ever woman Prime Minister in Britain)--- losing an Empire。
英语国家社会与文化知识要点汇总
Unit OneIntroduction& Unit 1The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries课程名称：英语国家社会与文化本课内容：The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英语国家社会与文化课程的主要内容与要求，了解文化的概念；同时对英国有一个总体上的了解。
教学意义:帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。
教学重点:文化的概念；英国基本情况。
教学难点:英国概况教学方式：以电子课件为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。
教学内容: (详见下页）1.什么是文化？2．英国国土与人民英国的不同名称及其区域3. 伦敦概况教学方法：采取教师教授为主，结合学生课堂讨论。
时间分配: What is culture? (10 分钟.);What’s th e relation between Culture and society? (10 分钟);Why should we learn culture (10 分钟);UK- a complicated country with a complicated name(40 分钟)A Brief Idea about London. (20 分钟)课堂板书:1. Culture-the foundation of communication2. The four parts of UK3. Main cities of EnglandLondonBirmingham-second largest city of England.Liverpool-second largest port of EnglandManchester- industrial and commercial centre.课后作业: Exercises in Unit 1Unit OnePart One1.What is culture?Culture-the foundation of communicationCulture is very abstract and complicated. Concretely speaking, it refers to all the aspects of social life, such as, the values, the practices of a society and social conventions, education, politics, art or literature,language,ideas,etc.文化即是人们所思,所言(言语和非言语),所为,所觉的总和.文化是无处不在的,具体说来,包括社会生活的一切方面,如:价值观念,生活行为方式,社会规范等,乃至艺术,政治,经济, 教育,修养,文学,语言,思想等.2. What’s the relation between Culture and society?1)Culture is a separate idea from society, although culture and society areinterrelated and cannot exist without each other.2)Culture is a system of values (or beliefs) and norms (or behaviour). A societyis a system of interrelationships which connect or bind individuals together.3. Why should we learn culture?1)Requirement of communication2) Language and culture are inseparable3)Culture acquisition is important for the study of literature.Part TwoUK- a complicated country with a complicated nameⅠStatus in the worldEffects of its Imperial Past--“an empire in which the sun never set”（日不落帝国）:1.one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding memberof NATO, and of the Commonwealth,2. Member of European Union and the Group of seven3.The make-up of the British population (Immigration has produced a populationof which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity.)II. The effects of its imperial past* The days of empire ended after World War II1. The effects were mainly encountered in the close relationships which exist with the 50 or more colonies of that empire, and which maintain links through Commonwealth of Nations. But more important international relation is its membership in the European Union since 1973.2. The makeup of the British population--- immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean (西印度群岛与中南美洲海域) countries in the 1950s and1960s. 1/20 are non-European ethnicity.III.The features of British society:1.a multiracial societyRacial, gender, class, regional and economic differences in the societya multi-racial society: most are Christians and because of immigration, many are Muslims;gender difference: male and female live different livesclass difference: the class structure of UK society is relatively obvious (A white-collar worker’s lives are very different from a blue-collar worker’s.) economic and regional difference within each of the 4 countries:-- difference between highland and lowland Scots-- difference between north and south England (South is on average more wealthy than the north)2. a society with class-structure3. a society with difference of region difference: highland and lowland Scots，north and south England，the capital and provinces.Part ThreeMain cities of England1. London2. Birmingham-second largest city of England.3. Liverpool-second largest port of England4. Manchester- industrial and commercial centre.London--cultural,bussness,and financial centre1. One of the most famous cities of the world, London is England's capital and a favourite for tourists from all over the world who flock there in their millions. It has a history stretching back almost 2000 years, A population of 7.5 million people, and some of the most famous tourist attractions in the world.2.London Attractions:Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament.The Tower of London,Tower Bridge,St Paul's Cathedralthe River ThamesCountless fascinating museums, art galleries and famous theatres.The English Royal Family reside in London at Buckingham Palacewhere you can see the famous 'Changing of the Guard'and muchmore.3. A significant role of LondonWhen a man is tired of London, you are tired of life for there is in London all that life can afford.—Samuel Johnson London is dominant in UK in all sorts of ways.1)It is the largest city in the country with abo ut one seventh of the nation’spopulation.2)It is seat of government.3)It is the cultural centre.4)It is the business centre.5)It is the financial centre of the nation.6)London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and cultural life, and to someextent the rest of the country lives in its shadow.For reference英国历代国王与王后Geographical features1.Geographical positionThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It has a total land area of 244,100 square kilometres, of which nearly 99% is land and the remainder inland water. From north to south it is about 1,000 kilometres long.(1) Northwest of Europe(2) North Atlantic Ocean(3) Separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel2.Geographical features(1) An island country, surrounded by sea(2) Highlands in the north and west(3) Lowlands in the east and southeastA. Part of the great European PlainB. Level land and fertile soilC. farming(4) 3 natural zones in ScotlandA. the highlands in the northB. the central lowlandsC. the southern uplands. Rivers and LakesImportant role of rivers in the country’s economy1.Important Rivers(1)the Severn RiverA.the longest in the countryB.only 338 kilos long(2)the Thames RiverA.the 2nd longestB.the most important riverC.336 kilos longD.Oxford and London are on the river(3)River ClydeA.the most important in ScotlandB.important commercial waterway2.the Lake District(1)in northwest England and North Wales(2)popular tourist attractions(3)the home of the Lake PoetsA.William WordsworthB.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC.Robert SoutheyClimate1.Typical feature of Britain’s climate“Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather.”The statement is often made by Englishmen to describe the peculiar meteorological conditions of their country.A maritime type of climate(1)rainy---abundant rainfallThe uncertainty about the weather tends to make the Englishmen cautious.“A foreigner may laugh when he sees the Englishman setting forth on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella, but he may well regret his laughter later in the day!”(2)changeable and unpredictable, no clear cut of 4 seasons“In no country other than England, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day! Day may break as a balmy spring morning; an hour or so later black clouds may have appeared from nowhere and the rain may be pouring down. At midday conditions may be really wintry with the temperature down by about eight degrees or more centigrade. And then, in the late afternoon the sky will clear, the sun will begin to shine, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer.”(3)Mild: no extremesIn England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme.temperature: 4-6℃ in winter, 12-17℃ in summer2.Factors influencing the climate(1)the surrounding waters(2)the prevailing south-west winds(3)the North Atlantic Drift (warm current)3.Rainfall(1) a steady reliable rainfall throughout the year(2)uneven distribution of rainA. a water surplus in the north and westB. a water deficit in the south and eastUnit TwoThe History of England课程名称：英语国家社会与文化本课内容：The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国历史，尤其是英格兰的历史；掌握主要历史事件及人物。
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
monwealth of Nations: 英联邦，包括英格兰，威尔士，苏
格兰，北爱尔兰和52个唯一的独立共和国或王国。
2.The United Kingdom: 英国，由英格兰，威尔士，苏格兰和北爱尔
兰组成。
3.British Isles: 不列颠群岛，由英国，爱尔兰，苏格兰，威尔士和
英格兰大部分其他岛屿组成。
4.English language: 英语，它是英国最主要的语言，在英联邦和其
他英语国家有广泛使用。
5.English literature : 英语文学，指的是用英语撰写的文学作品，
起源于英国，并被全世界传播。
6.British monarchy: 英国君主制，也称英国王室，是以女王或国王
为头的君主制，历史悠久。
7.British culture: 英国文化，指的是由英国及其前殖民地创造的文化，包括文学，艺术，表演艺术，音乐，电影，体育，宗教，历史，
建筑和社会习俗等。
8.British accent: 英国口音，指用英语讲话时，英国人所使用的口音，有不同的地区口音。
9.British cuisine: 英国菜肴，指由英国的食品、烹饪方法和历史习
惯组成的料理，融合欧洲，北美洲，中东和亚洲元素。
10.United Kingdom flag: 标志联合王国的国旗，也称为Union Jack，由英格兰，威尔士和苏格兰三块组成。
英美社会文化复习资料
英美社会文化复习资料第一部分英国概况The United KingdomLand and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.。
2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.II. Geographical Features1.Geographical position of Britain:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and theNorth Sea in the east.Britain does not share land border with any other countries except the Republic of Ireland.III. Rivers and LakesSevern River is the longest river in Britain (338km).Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km)IV. Climate1. Britain's favorable climateBritain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.V. The PeopleThe ancestors of the British people are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh, Irish and Celts.British HistoryI. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.2. Roman’s influence on Britain.The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.II. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)1. Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany,established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to theEnglish people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.2. The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.3. The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the British state. The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorialsystem. Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen）to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.III. The Norman Conquest (1066)1. Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death.It was said that King Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.2. The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)II. Contents and the significance of the Magna Carter (Great Charter) Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses.Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be madewithout the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was thelimitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.III. The origins of the English ParliamentThe Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.Henry VIII’s reform stresse d the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pop e’s power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards protestaintism.I.Elizabeth I (1558-1603)Elizabeth's religious reform and her foreign policyElizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England, i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. He religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendlyrelationship with France. So England wad able to face the danger from Spain.The English Civil War:is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious (Puritan) ideology while the Crown’s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)1.The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.2.Britain was the first country to industrialize.(6) James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.3. Aggression against ChinaIn 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China. Since then, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China.5. Mrs. ThatcherThatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, andan emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy.Chapter Four. Government and AdministrationThe United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.I. The Monarchy1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth theSecond, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.2. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, the head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament.3. Th e monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power is limited by law and Parliament. Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.III. Parliament1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and theHouse of Commons.2. The main functions of Parliament are:(1) to pass laws;(2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government;(3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and(4) to debate the major issues of the day.3. The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect House.4. The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority.A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and some otherEnglish-speaking countries, originally a school teaching classical languages but more recently an academically-oriented secondary school.第二部分：美国概况The United States美国概况Chapter One. Geography and Climate1. Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American. Alaska northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. Itis the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.4. The Rockies, the backbone of the North American Continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.5. The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.6．The Mississippi River is the largest river in American, over 6000 kilometers. The Mississippi has been cal led “father of waters” or “old man river”.7. On the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado in thesouth and the Columbia , which rises in Canada.8. The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.9. The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan, the only entirely in the U.S., Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.Cities14. New England is made up of six states of the Northeast. Because of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most important farm activity, New England is also well-known for its position in education, Many famous universitiesand colleges such as Yale, Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) are located here.15. New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees, which came to stand for all American.16. The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of the united states.17. The soil is rich, the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long. These factors make the Midwest America’s most important agricultural area .It is also a major manufacturing region and thenation’s leading center of heavy industry.18. Chicago, the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industrial and commercial center of the area19. Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world. Omaha is known as the agricultural capital of the United States.20. Dry farming, irrigation farming, and the cattle and sheep herding are the main activities of the Great Plains of the American West. 21. Colorado has been called the steel city of the west, Denver is the largest city of the Great Plains.22. The largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.23. Mmauna Loa, the world’s largest volcano, is located on Haiwaii and erupts from time to time, Suger cane and pineapples are Haiwaii’s main crops. Tourism is Haiwaii’s most important industry.24. Honolulu is the capital of Haiwaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska.Chapter Two ：Population, Race and Ethnic Groups1. The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after China and India.2. Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth. The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigrantsfrom independence until 1960s. Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.3. Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992. Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.4. Arizona, Nevada, and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.5. The first immigrants in the American history came from England and Netherlands.6. The first of these immigration waves in the mid-1810s and reached the highest point in 1845.The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The largest of the three immigration wave in American was from 1890-1914.7.One in five American moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunity, a better climate of other goals.8. Traditionally, the mainstream American were called WASPs, that is ,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.Chapter Three: American HistoryAmerican history (1)1. The "first American "were the Indians. The first English colonyin the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.2. In 1620,201 Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built thePlymouth colony.3. From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony.4. The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World. There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the American character. They were representative from of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.5. In September 1744, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged American to refuse to buy British goods.6. The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.8. In September ,1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, Britain recognized the independence of the USA9. The Federalist Papers are regarded as the best explanation of theconstitution as well as one of the most important works on political theory.10. The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution, which was called the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals’ rights.11. The Articles of Confederation was accepted by all the states by Match 1781.It has two serious weaknesses:1>there was no national executive of law-enforcing branch;2>Congress has no power to raise taxes. A conference was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All of the states except Rhode Islandwere represented at the Consititutional Convention.12. The U.S went to war with Britain in 1812, the last war fought between these two countries.13. During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence, the Americans forced England to give up the Old Northwest and they forced Spain to open the Mississippi river. Their crossing of the Mississippi helped persuade Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S.14. In the Civil war, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation. 15. OnNovember 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg. He ended his speech with these memorable words: “That government of the people, by the people, for the pe ople, shall not perish from the earth.”American History(2)（1900-1945)1．In 1880, the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in 1900,the U.S. produced 245million tons of coal, ranking first in the world.2．Large corporation, urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20th century.3．In 1903, the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This was the beginning of the appearance of the plane. In 191, Glenn E. Curiss designed and flew a successful plane.4．At the beginning of the WWI, the U.S. was impartial neither in action, nor in thought. It pursued a policy of pro-Allypartiality. 5．The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.6．The stock market crash was the beginning of long economicdepression in the late 1920S and 1930S.7．The aim of President Roosevelt’s New measures wa s to save American democracy and the capitalist system.罗斯福总统“新政：措施的目的在于”拯救美国民主“及克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济制度。
刘老师的公选课(英美国家社会与文化期末复习资料)
英美国家社会与文化期末复习资料汇总：判断题：1. 英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。
君主政体实际已无实权。
它的权力受限于法律和议会。
君主立宪制是从1688年的光荣革命后开始。
2. 1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡阵亡将士公墓落成仪式上发表了简短的演说，他以另人难忘的语言结束了演说“民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失”。
3. 严肃报纸面向那些想全面了解社会事物各方面信息的读者。
英国共有5家严肃日报（《金融时报》、《每日电讯报》、《卫报》、《独立报》、《泰晤士报》）和4家严肃周日报（《星期日电讯报》、《星期日独立报》、《观察家》、《星期日泰晤士报》）4. 许多历史学家都把美国的二十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上成功，精神上迷惘或漫无目标的时期。
5. 英国人喜欢各种各样的音乐，包括古典音乐，摇滚和流行音乐，爵士乐，民间音乐和轻音乐。
20世纪60年代，一种新的流行文化—披头士，出现在英国的利物浦。
这是由一群年轻人组成的乐队叫披头士乐队，又称甲壳虫乐队。
6. 大公司的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。
7. 殖民主义者新生活方式的这些特点在美国人性格形成中发挥了重要作用：建立代义制政府，法治，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容及强烈的个人进取心。
8. 《独立宣言》是由托马斯。
杰文逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国著名哲学家约翰。
洛克。
9.苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。
首府：爱丁堡。
10. 辉格党人和托利党人这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。
辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。
辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。
托利党是保守党的前身。
名词解释1.诺曼征服 --1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。
英语国家概况 第8章 英国社会与文化
Cash Benefits5）改革reformsIn the late 1990s a working-families tax credit（税务减免）replaced income support for low-paid working households with children; the government introduced a national minimum wage;the government also introduced a children’s tax credit toprovide additional support to low-and middle-income families.5）改革：在20世纪90年代后期，提出工薪家庭税收减免政策，来取代对低收入家庭孩子的收入支持，政府还出台了国家最低工资标准。
政府还出台了一个儿童税收减免，以向中低收入家庭提供更多的支持。
在20世纪中期1）在20世纪中期，英国地方政府营造了简易住宅（包括公共房产）1980年2）1980年“购买权”法律的出现，很多租户变成了业主居住者。
21世纪开端3）21世纪开端，当地政府对房屋的占有率几乎减半。
1）教育国务大臣全面负责英格兰的教育，并对议会、教育部和科学部负责2）在苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰，教育部门由部长领导，并对区议会负责。
初、中级教育是地方政府的责任。
地方教育机构雇佣教师，并提供教育经费。
少数的学校由自愿者经营，多具备宗教性质。
也有一小部分是私营的。
3）初级教育是免费的，从5岁到11岁是义务教育。
地方教育机构通过各种组织形式，为11到19岁的孩子提供中等教育，中等教育是免费的，义务教育到16岁。
1）除了公立学校，一小部分私立学校（常被称为“公学”）为1到20岁的孩子提供教育。
2）在英国，那些私立学校常被称为“公学”。
3）这些学校的教育资金来源于学费和私人募捐。
4）其中的大部分学生来自富裕家庭，并非常愿意继续到名牌大学深造。
英国社会与文化期末复习资料
英国社会与文化期末复习资料英国概况：一、填空1. The full name of the United Kingdom is The United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and the Northern Ireland.2. The island of Great Britain is made up of England , Scotland andWales.3. The United Kingdom has a member of European Union since 1973.4. Britain is now a Multiracial society which produce a population ofwhich 1 of 20 are of non-European ethnicity.5. London plays a significant role in Britain’s economic and culturallife.It’s not only the financial center of the nation,but also one of thethree major international financial centers in the world.6. The highest mountain in Britain is Ben Nevis.7. Thames river flows through central London and it is a very importantriver.8. Edinburg is the capital of Scotland.9. Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (George Ⅲ) current UnionFlag adopted on Jan.1st ,1801.10. National Day of UK is officially celebrated in Britain on the 2ndSaturday of June each year since February 1952.11. The largest lake in Britain is the Longh Neagh in Northern Irelandwhich covers an area of 396 km2.12. London Eye is the largest Ferris wheel(摩天轮）in Europe.2、选择1. The location of UK is the Europe.A. EasternB. WesternC. SouthernD.Northern2. All the following cities are major deep-water ports of UK , except.A. LondonB. LiverpoolC. BelfastD. Edinburgh3. The national flower of UK is .A.roseB.thistle D.daffodil D.shamrock4. All of the following except for , were tribes from the north whomoved into England in the 400s AD.A. AnglesB.SaxonsC.JutesD.Celts5. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a .A. poem about a hero named BeowulfB.newspaperC. historical recordD.novel6. Beowulf is .A. a long novelB.a long poem written by Geoffrey ChaucerC. a long poem by unknown storytellerD.a long novel written by W.William Shakespeare7. The Canterbury Tales was written by .A.Geoffrey ChaucerB. Thomas BecketC. PalamonD.Griselda8. The frame of The Canterbury Tales is .A. the pilgrims telling stories on their tripsB.the conflict between the friar and the summonerC. King Arthur’s courtD.the differences between the knight and the squire9. The Canterbury Tales is an unusual piece of literature from theMiddle Ages because .A. It d escribes the characters’ personalitiesB.it includes middle class charactersC. both A and BD.neither A and B10. There are stories in The Canterbury Tales.A. 5B. 26C. 15D. 6BDADC CAACB3、简答1. What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, GreatBritain, England, the United Kingdom and the BritishCommonwealth?2. Describe the geographical position of Britain?3. Does Britain have a favorable climate ? Why?4. What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain？Whichpart of Britain has he most rainfall and which part is the driest?英国教育填空1. State Schools are totally funded by the government and free to allBritish children.2. Schooling is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 years :totalof 11 years in UK.3. Co-educated Schools admit both boys and girls.4.All British schools - State & Independent are required to followthe National Curriculum guide-lines set down by the government.5.The children begin secondary education at the age of 11 .6. Grammar schools select the children who get high marks in the “Eleven Plus”examination, or show academic potential.7.British universities receive funds from the central government .8.Two characteristics of University of Oxford and Cambridgeis College system and Tutorial system .9. Open University is U.K.’s largest university for part-time higher education.10.University of London is a federation of colleges.单选1. A are funded by the fees charged to the parents.A. Independent SchoolsB.State SchoolsC.Co-educated SchoolsD.Public Schools2. Those wishing to gain entry to university must complete an additionaltwo years of D studies.A.GCSEB.SATC.Eleven PLusD.A Level3. Before primary schooling some chidren have an opportunity to attendthe few kingdergartens,whi ch are called“ C ”.A. Junior sectionB.Infant sectionC.Nursery SchoolsD.Secondary Schools4. Academic Year in UK begins in September, and is divided into threeterms, with holidays at B .A. Christmas, Easter, and in the winter.B.Christmas, Easter, and in the summerC.Christmas, Halloween, and in the summerD.New Year, Easter, and in the summer5. After 5 years of secondary schooling, at about age 16, the students sittheir C exams.A. GCEA(General Cetificate of Education-Advanced)B. GNVQ(General National Vocational Qualifications)C. GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education)D. A-Level6. After the students sit their GCSE exams, then they can concentrate onvocational training, and attend B exams.A.GCEA(General Cetificate of Education-Advanced)B.GNVQ(General National Vocational Qualifications)C.GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education)D.A-Level7. There is only one privately funded university in UK, that isD .A. the University of ManchesterB. the University of CambridgeC. the University of OxfordD. the University of Buckingham8. Which one is the oldest university in the English-speaking world? CA. the University of ManchesterB.the University of CambridgeC.the University of OxfordD.the University of Buckingham9. The amount of funding each university receives is based on D .A. its sizeB. the number of students it teachesC. the research it conductsD. All of the above10. which university is not in Scotland? AA. the University of YorkB.the University of GlasgowC.the University of EdinburghD.the University of Aberdeen简答1. What is the purpose of the British education system?2. What is the difference between Chinese&British Education Systems?3. What is Open University?1 UK’s largest university for part-time higher education.2 It was founded in 1969 and began its first course in 1970.3 It is open to everybody.4 Courses are taught through TV,radio,英国政党：I.填空1. In Britian, the citizens aged 18 or over have the right to vote.2. In Britain, a candidate must be at least 21 or over with the deposit of ￡500 .3. The Liberal Demorats is the combination of the Social Democratic Partyand the Liberal Party .4. Currently the three dominant political parties in UK are the Conservativeparty , the Labor Party and the Liberal Democrat .5. The Party which holds a majority of the seats in parliament forms agovernment , with its party leader as Prime Minister .6. Churchill is the member of Conservative party .7. The current leader of liberal democratic party is Nick Clegg , who is thedeputy PM.8. A Hung parliament refers to the condition where no party was able tocommand a majority in the House of Commons .9. The class system does exist in British society , which includes Working-class , Middle-class , hereditary aristocracy .10. The majority of recent immigrants are from south Asia —— India ,Pakistan and Sri Lanka and Caribbean coutries —— Jamaica andTrinidad .Ⅱ选择1. Who has the rights to vote for the Members of Parliament forming theHouse ofCommons of the parliament of UK. DA. lordB.criminalsC.the legally insameD.citizens over 182. On Tuesday 11 May , Gordon Brown announced his resignation asPrime Minister ,marking the end of 13 years of A government.A. LabourB. The Conservative partyC. The Liberal DemocratD.the Libaral Party3. In 2010 , Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ, who then invited B to form agovernment andbecome Prime Minister .A. Cordon BrownB. David CameronC. Nick CleggD.Tony Blair4. Coalition talks began immediately between the Conservatives and Candlasted for five days .A.the Liberal PartyB. Labour PartyC. the Liberal DemocratsD.The Tory5. A Refers to where no party was able to command a majority in the House ofCommons .A. hung parliamentB. shadow parliamentC. parliamentD. cabinet6. The Conservative party was foundedin 1834 out of the oldD , whichitselfhad been found in 1678 .A. Labour PartyB. The LiberalC. WhigsD.Tony Party7. She advocated the idea of small government and free-maeketeconomics.During herterm as the Prime Minister , she carried out policies to B and to cut tax rates .A. nationalize the privateB. privatize the nationalized industryC. Establish the private industryD.invest the private industry8. In 1948 ,The Labour government set up the National Health Service toprovide highquality A for all free .A. healthB. educationC. transportD.industry9. If the government loses a B in the House of Commons , that is , if amajority ofMPs agree , then it has effectively lost its ability to govern and is forced to resignand call a general election .A. First-Past-the-PostB. “vote of no confidence”C. Winner-takes-allD.majority of support10.The ideal of the liberal Democrats is to C .A. Provide free welfaresB.cut the taxesC. giving “power to the people”D.solve the unemplaymentⅢ.简答1. What are the effects of Immigramts ?2. What is the meaning of First-Past-the-Post in British election ?3. What are the main policies of the Conservative Party ?4. What are the main policies of the Labour Party ?英国政府：一、填空1. The UK still keeps an old fashioned government on the basis of constitutional monarchy .2. Coronation is a ceremony of crowning a king or queen .3. Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ has crowned since 1952 .4. Elizabeth Ⅱ is the current monarch of UK .5. UK has a democratic government with elected representatives in its parliament .6. King John of England agreed to sign The Magna Carta , in 1215 , to the demands of hisbarons.7. The members of House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal .8. Windsor Castle 32 kilometers (20 miles) west of London on the Thames , has been theresidence of England’s royal family for 900 years .9. The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber with elections held at leastevery five years .10. Buckingham Palace in Westminster is the official London residence of the British sovereign.11. The Cabinet meets regularly , usually once a week , in one of the rooms in the PrimeMinister’s official residence No.10 Downing street .12. The House of Commons consists of 651 members elected from the country’s 651constituencies with Mr. Speaker as the chairman in debates .2、选择1. In the United Kingdom , ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation ofC .A.the Lord ChancellorB. the MonarchC.the Prime MinisterD.the King2. During World War Ⅱ,as a war leader , D received massive popular support and led thecountry to final victory in 1945 .A.Harold WilsonB. Margaret ThatcherC.Franklin RooseveltD.Winston Churchill3. On accepting D , the age of constitutional monarchy , of a monarchy with powers limitedby Parliament , began.A.Constitutional LawB. The Declaration of IndependenceC.Civil LawD.Bill of Rights4. In Britain , a B is held when a Member of Parliament dies , retires or resigns .A.civic electionB. by-electionC.popular electionD.general election5. All of the following , except for D were the most imporant provisions of the GreatCharter .A.No tax should be made without the approval of the council.B.No free man should be arrested or imprisoned unless convicted by a jury of his fellowcitizens.C.Merchants should be permitted to move about freely .D.The king renounced his crown .6. Females were allowed to vote in national elections until A .A.1918B. 1916C.1920D.18967. The parliament was a B word for a talking-place ./doc/3a9295007.html,tinB. FrenchC.RomanD.Greek8. Joan of Arc lived during the B century .A.14thB. 15thC.16thD.17th9. Joan lived and fought in B .A.CreeceB.FranceC.RomeD.England10. As soon as William had been crowned , he began to organize the government of England onthe system that had been so successful in Normandy.This is called C system , and it wasbased on the ownership of land.A.the constitutionalB. capitalistC.feudalD.royal3、简答1. Compare the government system of UK with that of UA .2. Describe the power of the queen .3. What are the functions of parliament？4. Elaborate the composition of the parliament.简答题：概况1. What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles,Great Britain,England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?2. Describe the geographical position of Britain?(1)an island country surrounded by four seasto the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europeto the east by the North Seato the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean(2)located off the northwest coast of Europe ,looking west to America3.Does Britain have a favorable climate ? Why?Yes , it does .a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole yearthe temperature varies within a small range.4. What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain？Whichpart ofBritain has he most rainfall and which part is the driest?(1) The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences byheating upthe land in winter and cooling it off in summer.The south-west winds blow over the country all the year round , bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate .The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British isles and warms them .(2)政府1. Compare the government system of UK with that of UA .The System of Government in the UK(1)It is a monarchic 君主政体的 government with the Queen as the head of thestate (constitutional monarchy君主立宪制)(2)It is a democratic government with elected representatives in its parliament(Parliamentary Democracy)(3)It is a unitary government with a strong central governmentThe System of Govenment in the USA(1)The United States is federal country with a presidential government .(2) Federalism联邦制度——the division of the powers of government betweenthe nation and the state in the United States .(3)The Separation of Powers ——the separation of powers among the three departments of the Federal Government.2. Describe the power of the queen .The power of the queen is nowhere defined as Britain has no written constitutionand many of the rules that govern the system are customs or conventions .(1)Theoretically , the Queen has all the power :1 She is the head of the executive branch of government and gives effect to alllaws.2 She may pardon criminal offenses and cancel punishments .3 She is the commander指挥官- in-chief of the armed forces .4 She is the temporal head of the Church of England.5 She also confers all titles of rank and appoints judges , officers of thearmedforces , governors, bishops主教and diplomats .6 She has the power to conclude treaties , to declare war upon and make peacewith other nations .(2)In practice, the role of the monarchy(symbolic):1 symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state ;2 set standards of good citizenship and fimily life ;3 a confidante知己的女友to the Prime Minister .3. What are the functions of parliament?(1)passes laws;(2)provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation;(3)scrutinizes仔细检查，详审government policy , administration and expenditure;(4)debates the major issues of the day .4. Elaborate the composition of the parliament.(1)the Queen(2)the House of Lords(3)the House of Commons政党5. What are the effects of Immigrants ?Positive:increases the variety and interest within English culture; a varied cuisine;new forms of popular music; different religious beliefs/contributions to society;Relatively tolerant countryNegative:inequality and discrimination do exist ;depends on the attitude of some oftheir white neighbor;view the newcomers as a threat to their way ofliving/troublein the process of assimilating the immigrants;economically poorer than the whitepopulation6. What is the meaning of First-Past-the-Post in British election ?First-Past-the-Post was coined as an analogy类比to house racing(1)The winner of the race is the first to pass a particular point on the track.(2)All other runners automatically and completely lose .(3)The payoff is “winner-takes-all”赢者统吃(4)The candidate must receive the largest number of votes in their favour wins.7. What are the main policies of the Conservative Party ?4. What are the main policies of the Labour Party ?经济1. What is “British Disease”?(1)a term used to characterize Britain’s economic decline after the wars(2)Britain’s slow growth of productivity, soaring inflation, and large unemployment2. What causes the relative decline of UK Economy?(1)heavily into dedt in order o finance the war(selling many accumulated overseasassest,borrowing large amounts from the US and Canada)(2)the era of the British Empire was over——decolonnization 殖民地独立(lossesof raw material& market)(3)military expense (until the process of decolonization completed in the 1960s)文学4. What does “Byronic Hero” mean ?The “Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.With immense superiority in his passions and powers , this Byronic hero would shoulderthe burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society , and would fight aloneagainst any type of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moralprinciples with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict isusually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.5. Comment on Hamlet .Hamlet is the most popular and controversial tragedy.Shakespeare expresses hisgreat praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanistthinkers and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in whichhe lived.Hamlet’s revenge is not a personal matter. What troubles him most is the injustice,conspiracy and betrayal in the wicked society .Hamlet is tragedy of “blood and thunder”.教育1. What is the purpose of the British education system?2. What is the difference between Chinese&British EducationSystems?6. What is Open University?(1)UK’s largest university for part-time higher education.(2)It was founded in 1969 and began its first course in 1970.(3)It is open to everybody.(4)Courses are taught through TV,radio,videos and a network of study centers.。
英国社会文化 重点名词解释汇总
Anglo-SaxonsThey were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regard as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.The Easter RisingIn order to gain independence, different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces, one such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. The rebels occupied Dublin's Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.Home RuleIreland had long been dominated by Britain, but Irish desire for an independent Irish state was never lost. "Home Rule" refers to a campaign for Irish control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.The Bill of Rights of 1689In 1688, King James II's daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.The Constitution Britain has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions.The functions of ParliamentThe functions of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.The House of LordsThe House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat of their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them. The formation of the government651 members of parliament are elected in the general election representing 651 constituencies in the UK. The party which holds amajority of those “seats” in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister.The electoral campaignBefore a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the public. The campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets and “party electoral broadcasts” on the television. The parties also try to attract and criticize the opponents’ policies. Therefore, these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.ModernismModernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWⅡ. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action. One of the most famous English Modernist writers is Virginia Woolf. Comprehensive schools Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in British today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities subjects and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.Britain and the EUBritain joined the European Economic Community in 1973 which is now called the EU. Britain’s participation in the EU remains controversial. At the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will become. The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area. Britain likes to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation ispossible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible. But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.Britain and the United States The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States. During World War 2, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years, because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation. Even today, British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. However, Britain’s “special relationship” with the United States has gone through many ups and downs. The British are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States. But both sides have worked hard to maintain the “special relationship”.The CommonwealthIn the author’s opinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for cooperation and as a sort of support network.Quality papers They belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large size paper. The readers of such newspapers are generally a well-educated middle class audience.TabloidsA tabloid is a small format newspaper with colour photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people .They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different from quality paper.ParliamentThe word parliament comes from the verb “to parley”, that is, to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money.Parliament has a number of different functions.①First and foremost, it passes laws. Another important function is that itprovides the means of carrying on the work of government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day. ②Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. ③There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. It can make or change or overturn established conventions or even prolong its own life without consulting the electorate. However, it doesn’t assert its supremacy, but bears the common law in mind and acts according to precedent. Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. These three institutions must all agree to pass any given legislation.The Role of the Monarchy Today is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British state….House of Lords is below the queen, it consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal House of Commons consists of about 650 Members of Parliament elected by the people to represent them.The Political PartiesThere are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so.The Labour party is the newest of these three, created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the nineteenth century. As a socialist party, they believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and the government acts as a “redistributive” agent: transferring wealth from richer to poorer by means of tax.The Conservative party is the party that spent most time in power.The Liberal Democrats are the third biggest party, and to some extent may be seen as a party of the “middle”, occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties.Trend: move to the “right”, “public”to wards “private” “social” towards “individual”.。
英语国家社会与文化入门知识考点总结
Unit1.（选择、判断、填空）1. The flag of Britain :Union Jack2. The capital of each country :3. The time joining the British parliament:However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4. Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5. The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.the Vikings invaded.Result in a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England, which can be expressed as "Saxon" versus "Dane".the Normans , William of Normandy invaded this country.Result: This marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invadingLondon: (P18)Unit2（选择、判断、填空）Northern Ireland (often called "Ulster"after an ancient Irish kingdom)1. Activities to seek Irish independence :Home -ruleThe Easter Rising of 1916: was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin's Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means.2. Political parties:the Sinn Fein partySDLP: Social Democratic and Labour PartyIRA: Irish Republican Army (illegal)3. Political troubles in Northern Ireland (famous):Indigenous Roman Catholicsv s. Protestant immigratesPartition(分割) : The southern 26 counties would form an independent "free state", while the 6 north-eastern counties would remain a part of the UK.(即26 Republic Ireland ,6 Northern Ireland )4. the Good Friday Agreement 了:( 解下，P36)Unit 31. Process of state building:The process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution.2. The oldest institution of government in Britain :Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.3. Divine right of kings :It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.4. Magna Carta :limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power.5. the Bill of Rights :ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament. ( William of Oran时ge 期)6. The Constitution :(P49)7. The functions of parliament (: P49)8. Parliament:The queen : (symbolised ,traditional )She is legally head of the executive, anin tegral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England，a confidante to the Prime Ministe(r 了解下)The House of Lords ：do not receive salaries，both sexist and elitist 了( 解下) Lords Spiritual hereditary peersLords Temporal life peersThe House of Commons (P49) 重要Unit41. The importance of general elections:(P67重) 要2. The electoral campaigns :(P67)3. The formation of the government :(P67)4. The class system in theUK:(P67)5. Ethnic relations in the UK:(P67) 了解下6. The main political parties in the UK:The Conservative party( newest) : setting up the National Health ServiceThe Labour party :From 1979 to 1997,t he Conservative Party won 4 elections in row The Liberal Democrats: a party of the "middle"Margaret-Thatcher 改革(There were also negative consequence了s)解下Unit5(判断、选择、填空)1、Absolute Decline2、Relative Decline of the UK economy: (P81)重要3、the reason for its relative decline 了:(解下)the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the warthe era of empire was overLarge military expensesOutdated industries and less-competitive productsA lack of close relationship between industry and banks4. The division of British industries :Primary industries （mining industry 矿业）Secondary industries （steelindust钢ry铁业）Tertiary industries （insurance保险，the selling of goods）5. The City: The name given to the historic area at the centre of London6. The London Stock ExchangeT: he heart of the City（伦敦的中心是伦敦城，伦敦城的中心是伦敦证券交易所）Unit6（填空、选择、判断）1. Beowulf :One of the oldest of these early "Old English" literary works is a long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf.2. Geoffrey Chauce：r The Canterbury Tales3. Elizabethan Drama:Marlowe ：The Tragical History of Dr FaustusWilliam Shakespeare：Romeo and Juliet The Taming of the ShrewHamlet A Midsummer Night's Dream tragedies Othello comedies Twelfth Night重要）King Lear The TempestMacbeth.history plays：Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V. Julius Caes，ar Antony and Cleopatra4. The 17th Century:John Milton : Paradise Lost5. The 18th Century:Jonathan Swift :Gulliver's Travels6. The Romantic Period:William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridg：eLyrical Ballads ( marked the beginning of the Romantic Period.)George Gordon, Lord ByronThree men John KeatsPercy Bysshe Shelley7. The Nineteenth Century Novel:Mary Shelley :FrankensteinSense and SensibilityJane Austen Pride and PrejudiceEmmaCharlotte : Jane Eyrethe Bronte sisters Emily: Wuthering HeightsAnnElizabeth Gaskell :N orth and SouthOliver TwistCharles Dickens David CopperfieldGreat ExpectationsThe Return of the NativeThomas Hardy Tess of the D' UrbervillesJude the Obscure8. Female writers in the 1th9 century of Britain:Mary ShelleyJane Austenthe Bronte sistersElizabeth Gaskell9.20th Century Literature :Twentieth century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periodMs:o dernism,and Postmodernism.Joseph Conrad：The Heart of DarknessMrs. DallowayVirginia Woolf To the LighthouseOrlandoA Room of One's OwnD. H. Lawrence :S ons and LoversUnit71. The purpose of the British education system:①provide children with literacy and the other basic skills②socialise children③children are taught practical skills④learn the rules and values⑤participate in the community⑥contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.2. The influence of the church on schooling: education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up by churches.religious education was the only subjectDaily prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part of school life3. The National Curriculum：All children throughout the country must study the following subjects: English,mathematics, science, religious education, history, geography, technology, music, art, physical education, and a modern foreign language.All children throughout the country must pass national tests and schools.All teachers are told what to teach and their schools are now ranked according to how well they perform this task.4.State school:93% of pupils receive free education from the public sector.5.Independent school(public schools/ private school):Independent schools are not part of the national education system.Etor schoolLarrow schoolWinchester college6. Comprehensive school:Entrance exams were abolished.Such schools provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature and sciences, to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.7. Grammar schoo：lThose who show academic potential are admitted to the grammar schools where the emphasis is on advanced academic work rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools.8. GCSE：General Certificate of Secondary Education9. GCEA ：General Certificate of Education-Advanced10. GNVQs ：General National Vocational Qualifications11. The universities in Britain：British universities are public bodie，s except one university, the University of Buckingham.12. The Open University：The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree , through textbooks, tv and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centres.Unit81. Countries to establish UN:2. The permanent members of the UN Security Council:the Soviet Union, the United States, China ,France, UK3. The foundations of Britain's foreign policy:The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits4. The making of Britain's foreign polic:y(P128)5. The relationship between Britain and the E U(P128)The decision joined the EEC ( psychological , natural , controversial )The UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.6. The commonwealth: Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states .There are 50 members of the Commonwealthhich is made up mostly of former British colonies.7. NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ) :protect member states against aggressionThe purpose of NATO provide a foundation for security in Europeprovide a forum for transatlantic defence cooperation8.Special relationship with US h:as gone through many up and downs9.Independent nuclear weapons capability:Britain is a traditional sea power.Unit91. The division of British media: (降序排列)①TV②Newspaper (In Britain, most advertising is carried in newspapers)③Radio④Magazine2. The functions of the British media:①Entertainment②Provide British people with information about political and social issues③Provide weather reports④Carry advertising⑤Used for educational purposes⑥Provide a forum for people to write letters or phone in to express their views or seek advice⑦Help Britain engender national culture3.Oldest newspaper:The world's oldest national newspaper : The ObserverThe British oldest daily newspaper: The TimesThe very names of British newspapers-The Times, The Observer, The Guar—diasntill suggest that the function of the paper is to offer the electorate objective reports about what is happening in the country4. Papers issued internationally:The Financial Times is printed in Frankfurt, France, Hong Kong, New Jersey, Los Angeles, Tokyo and Madrid. ( (Daily)Telegraph / The News of the World )5. Quality press and gutter press:The Daily TelegraphThe Times6. Fleet street:It is also known as the Street of Shame7. BBC:(P144)Unit101.Sports born in Britain :Cricket, football, lawn tennis, golf, rugbyFA Cup:(Football Association Cup)2.Football violent sportGentle sport3. Tennis WimbledonWimbledon is where the world's best players gather to compete on gracsosu rts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.4. Cricket:Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organised rules and to be The Sun gutter pressThe Guardian The ObserverQuality pressplayed according to the same rules nationally.5. Golf:The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.6. Horse sports:Flat racingHorse racing steeplechasingThe Grand NtionalThe Royal Asot : people usually dress up and show off their fashionable cloth and elaborate hats for the social eventEquestrianismHunting7. Three traditions of Christmas(P: 163)the Christmas Pantomimethe Queen's Christmas messagethe Boxing Day : Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants.8. Religious holiday:crucifixion n and resurrection of Jesus Christ EasterChristmas9. National Holidays:---- Queen's Birthday"trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace10. Holidays in the 4 nations:England:Guy Fawkes Night (the Bonfire Night, celebrated in November) Northern Ireland:St Patrick's Day(March 17)Orange Marches,Battle of the Boyne (July 12) Scotland:Hogmanay (12.31)Burns Supper(1.25)Halloween (10.31)Wales:The Eisteddfod: festival of music making and poetry。
英国社会与文化重点
1.Britain had been invaded by many invaders before 1066. Who are the invaders, and what were the consequences of each invasion?1.Romans’s loading(55BC):Celts inhabited the southern England. They helped fight the Romans alongside tribes who had stayed behind in Gaul. This led to the Romans invasion in Britain.. The Romans brought many innovations and ideas to the Britain. One of the great social changes was Christianity.The Romans conquered most of the country.Britain was a part of the Roman empire for almost 400 years.2.The Angelo-Saxons’ invision:the Anglo-Saxons,Angeles,Saxons and Jutes.Anglo-Saxons pushed the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of England, leaving behind a few Celtic words. The Angelo-Saxons came to rule most of Britain,except that they never conquered Cornwall and Wales in the west and Scotland in the north.The country was divided into kingdoms.King Alfred the Great from the kingdom of Wessex become the first king to rule most of the England.The Anglo-saxons gradually converted to Christianity after the St.Augustine was sent from Rome in 597 AD.3.The Vikings and Danish Invision:Vikings.Norwegian Vikings sailed to northern and western Scotland, seizing land for their farms (some were fierce pirate raiders who stealed goods and animals or enslaved local people)around the coast and islands. They also settled in the Isle of Man and parts of Wales.They srarted from three countries of scandinavian:Denmark,Norway,Sweden.they may even reached America.The battle started by Danish Vikings ended with the Vikings conquering all of nothern central and eastern England,and seizing much of the land for their own farms.However the Anglo-Saxons won back most of the England afterwards.4.The Norman conquest(1066):The Anglo-Saxons lost the battle and the King Harold was killed.William became the new king of England.They made French the official language.2. The UK architecture has gone through a variety of phases. Explain it in detail.①Neolithic age, neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury②Anglo-Saxons period，often built initially of wood, speed of erection being of greater concernthan design or appearance. The most well-known Tower of London,such as those at Stewkley and Buckinghamshire.③The Civil War, after this date houses were built purely for living, and design and appearancewere for ever more important than defense. St Paul’s Cathedral④Early 18th century baroque architecture，a style exemplified by heavy embellishment and masswas very popular in Europe,was an envolved form of Palladianism.It was during this period that comfort and style became truly popular.⑤18th century The Georgian architecture :was evolved form of Palladianism ,was an envolvedform of Palladianism.It was during this period that comfort and style became truly popular.⑥In the early 19C the romantic medieval gothic style:appeared as a backlash to the symmetry ofPalladianism.⑦The middle Age of the 19 C:construct was able to develop incorporating steel as a buildingcomponent.⑧The beginning of the 20th century, Arts and crafts in architecture were symbolized by aninformal, non symmetrical form, often with mullioned or lattice windows, multiple gables andtallchimneys.This style continued to involve until World War II.⑨Following the Second World War reconstruction was heavily influenced by modernism.Suchas the Hayward Gallery.3. The UK is a two-party nation. How does this kind of system work in terms of the balance of political power?The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament rests largely on the relationship between the Government and the opposition parties. Depending on the relative strengths of the parties in the House of Commons, the Opposition may seek to overthrow the Government by defeating it in a vote on a “matter of confidence”.In general,it aims to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation by constructive criticism;to oppose the government proposals it considers objectionable;to seek amendments to government Bills;and to put forward its own policies in order to improve its chances of winning the next general election.The Opposition performs this role both by debating issues and puting questions on the floor of both Houses and through the committe system.4. The UK has been a leading trading power and financial center in Europe. What are the essential elements that make this possible?Large energy resources:The UK has large coal ,natural gas and oil reserves.highly mechanized agriculture :Agriculture is intensive,highly mechanized,and efficient by European standards,producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force. Manufacturing;Other factors:The government target measure,state enterprises were nationalized in the 1940s have been privatized. Inflectional banks centralizing many of their European operations in London,5. What significant role does the Sino-British Joint Declaration play in the relations between China and the UK?The declaration led to the sound development of the relations between China and UK. The two countries exchanged of important visits and signed many agreements for cooperation in various field after the declaration.There has been various exchanges of high official visits.At present,close contacts and fequent exchange of visits at a high level are mantained between the two countries.and there is dynamic exchange and cooperation at all levels in the fields of politics ,trade ,economy ,culture ,and military.6. What is the relationship between Oxford and Cambridge and what are their respective strengths?①Both of the 2 are attracting students and experts from around the world to study and work there. Annual Boat Race between them has become one of the greatest sporting events in Britain drawing nationwide atention. The twin stars have always been mentioned in the same breath, known as “Oxbridge”.--nearly a synonym of upper class intelligentsia in England.②Oxford is famous mainly for its social science and humanities, producing numerous political figures; Cambridge is more accomplished in mathematics and sciences, being the Alma Mater of many Nobel Prize winners.In nature ,the two universities share much in common in terms of their size ,culture and even curricula.7. How was Britain converted into Christianity?The Roman legions invaded Britain and brought with Britain Christianity, and that made the overwhelming majority of the Romano-British population converted to Christianity.In 43,the Roman armies conquered England(Aulus Plautius),and then the Roman captured Wales and Scotland ,and started their rules in Britain,lasting as long as 400 years.The roman legions brought with them Christianity and that made the overwhelming majority of the Romano-British population converted to Christianity.Augustine ,an Italian-born missionaryand prelate who was sent in 597 by Pope Gregory I to britain for missionary propaganda,and formally introduced Christianity to southern britain.8. Why was Mary I nicknamed as “Blood Mary”?The Times have been rather independent in views, with a tradition of recording history in a truthful and objective way. It gained public praise in the spheres of politics and finance.She abolished all laws and religions reform laid down by her father and stepbrother.and briught England back under subjection to Vatican,She even married Spanish King Philip II,a Catholic bigot,to show her determination to restore Cathlicism in England.During her resign,she excuted as many as 300 Protestants ,including Thomas Cranmer,the archbishop of Canterbury(who was burnt on the state),and hence earned a nickname as “blood Mary”.10.What factors do you think contribute to the great influence of The Times?(1)It is the earlist national daily newspaper.(2)The very beginning ,the times has been very independent in views,with a tradition of recording history in a truthful and objective way ,yet it is foundamentally a conservative paper.(3)It involves many fields,such as politics and finance,science,literature and arts.(4)It’s guiding principle in running the newspaper remains quite consistant.(5)Rupert Murdoch wished to maintain its traditional style and taste.(6)More city news and more photo reports have been added to it.11. What is the relationship between British popular culture and that in the U.S.?The complicated process of the 2 countries popular culture interaction can be summarized as the early American imitation and absorption of British models and the gradual reversal of the process to a more reciprocal interrelationship.For example,Americans imitated British sports and games and entertainments until the early 20th C.After the world war I,american popular music and motion pictures won a general popularity in british.In 1950s,American rock and roll was imitated by british bands,who then refined it by adding their them own characterists.12. Since the late half of the 20th century, there has been significant change in the British people’s conception of marriage. What are the factors that have contributed to this change?Because widespread indifference to religious taboos against sexual intercourse and cohabitation prior to marriage and the combined effects of medical advances in general and more sophisticatedcontraception in particular. The longer period of time spent by young women in education and rise in the employment of women.Because widespread indifference to religious taboos against sexual intercourse and cohabitation prior to marriage and the combined effects of medical advances in general and more sophisticated contraception in particular. The longer period of time spent by young women in education and rise in the employment of women.The liberited ethos of the 1960s produced a climate of opinion,which made possible major legislation relating to abortion ,another development which was to effect the average age at first marriage.two other factors which also had a major impact on the average age at first marriage were the longer period of time spent by young women in education and the rise in the employment of women.13. How did the multi-ethic culture come into being in the UK?The multi-ethic culture is a result of a history, which has included invasion, expansion, empire and Commonwealth, and Britain’s role as a haven for people of all races.Britain government has taken steps to tackle problems of discrimination and disadvantage through pioneering such things as race relations legislation which makes racial discrimination an unacceptable ,an illgal, practice,and through policy to redress disadvantage.14.What are the major impacts of the British Empire in the world.The British Empire was the first global power and largest empire in world history. Colonial expansion and imperial holdings spread British influence across the globe and increased wealth and prestige for the mother country.The empire facilitated the spread of british technology,commerce,language,and government around much of the globe.Imperial hegemony contributed to britain’s economic grownth,and greatly strengthed its voice in world affairs.From the perspective of the colonies,the colonies received from britain english language ,an administrative and legal framework on the british model,and technological and economic development.Novertheless,British policies based on comparative advantage left many developing economics dangerously reliant on a single cash crop.15. What significant role does the Commonwealth play in linking its members?The Commonwealth represents significant cultural and historical links between wealthy first-world countries and poorer developing nations with diverse social and religious monwealth countries share many links at non-governmental levels ,with over a hundred nn-governmental organizations that are orginazed on a commonwealth wide basis ,notably in the areas of sport,culture ,education,and other charitable sectors.Before the establishment of the commonwealth’s law,the commonwealth collective actions had been limited by the principle of non-interference inthe internal affairs of other members.16.What is the major purpose of primary education in Britain?What is important in this stage is not how many specific things they learnt but the cultivation of their imagination and curiosity.The purpose of all these are to facilitate their studies in junior education which will involve normal curriculum and more class teaching.17.How did Open University come into being and what kind of role does it play in britain education?The idea of Open University was first proposed by the leader of the Labor Party Harold Wilson who declared that once his party won the election ,he would estabish a university of the air to provide educational oppotunities to a larger number of people who were not able to go to collage for one reason or another .succeeding in the 1964 election ,he put it into practice and named it as “Open University”.Open University ,with its great convenience ,high flexibility ,and low expenses,immediately attracted people of all trades to apply for this program and take the training courses in social science ,arts ,and mathmatics.Among the paticipants in open university ,nearly one third are actually not qualified to get enrolled in collage according to the traditional demand in britain.once the originally rigid requrement in diploma is removed ,these people have access to continue their studiesand thus become better equipped for job competition.18.What is impacts of thatcherism on the economic of Britain?Thatcherism's impact on the UK economy?Definition: Margaret thatcher came to power in the party after the emergence of a dominant ideology of the forces of the "new right".Positive impact: promoted the increase the employment rate in a decade or two years, reduces the rate of inflation, fundamentally promoted the prosperity of the economy. Negative effects: after the boom, the British economy in the financial crisisOverall tendency: economic inequality phenomenon more and more serious, resulting in the disparity, in terms of social status and other fields.She surrounded herself with sycophantic adviors and courtiers ,and was allowed to push through a number of completely potty laws like Poll Tax.Microsoft jas black in the 1980 s, when economic downturn in the UK and hughton thatcher, push forward the reform of privatization, including mass privatisation of state-owned industries and utilities, with an iron fist crackdown on the unions, and sweeping cuts in public spending and social welfare.Margaret thatcher administration advocates privatization, monetarism, deregulation, tax cuts, union power and praise creation wealth rather than redistribution, and reforming the welfare system, such as "the Keynesian" concept, with the ocean the other shore "reaganism" from afar: try to rely on the "small government, big market" for the economy. Supporters praised her bold and radical measures not only saved the British society, more think her privatisation measures can improve the overall competitiveness of UK business success, make its economic growth in developed countries in Europe and the United States after the 1980 s.In fact, in 1988, Britain's economy started to improve: the rate of inflation fell from 18% to8%, the employment rate increase, per capita income have improved, fiscal surplus, exports increased, actual economic growth rate of output per capita than the United States, Germany and France; And Britain's international standing, also began to rebound, one of the most famous example, beat Argentina than in the falklands war in 1982, nationalist or cheer "come back" the British empire.Chinese academy of social sciences researcher at the institute of European Tian Dewen for "first financial daily" said that Mrs Thatcher's approach over a period of time to the UK economy has very positive, but the tension isn't completely can be attributed to her reform, and debate in academia at present. During her administration, Britain's economic structure changed a lot, from the traditional industrial products trade transformation for the financial industry, the transformation is an important in the development of the thatcher period the UK economy background, Margaret thatcher did reform created relatively good conditions for Britain's economic transformation.And Margaret thatcher as "destroyer" britons argues that Britain's in recent years become more economic collapse, social unrest caused by polarization, and Margaret thatcher that mass privatisation, economic policies such as opposed to tax increases have close relationship.Tian Dewen also said privatisation really in a period is considered to improve the efficiency of the enterprise, but now a lot of debate about this issue, as the British railway privatisation came after a lot of problems, including the old equipment, service quality drop, because the private enterprise pursuit of immediate interests, more investment is insufficient, may cause considerable negative impacts.For a few years ago the financial tsunami, western countries, represented by America and Britain also began to generally think the free market theory is the concrete practice of the problem. "The pursuit of the free market is the capital benefit maximization, rather than the social benefit maximization" voice started to flash, and the London riots happened two years ago, is to let the world marvel at social rage "gentleman"."But anyway, Margaret thatcher as a character of time have a significant impact, she did these is definitely worth to remember, and now she's a set of economic ideology in the world bank and international monetary fund or play a leading role." Tian Dewen said, "thatcherism" until now have been accepted by most of the country's rulers, like the European Union and the United States, to curb inflation and maintain financial balance as the basis of all economic policy. Illustrations/Su Yi。
英语国家社会与文化学习重点
Key points:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom I and constituents1.Full name2.ConstituentsII.Effects of its imperial past1.Establishment of the commonwealth2. A multiracial nationIII.Differences in society1.Race difference2.Class difference3.Region differenceIV.Introduction to England1.Physical features2.History of invasionsV.Introduction to Scotland1.Physical features2.History3.Retaining strong Scottish identityVI.Introduction to Wales1.Physical features2. A history features campaighs for independence of UK Unit 2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom III.Features of Northern Ireland1.Population2.Geographical features3.Capital4.Often Called “Ulster”5.Social order6.EconomyII.Pursuits of Irish independence1.Background2.Home Rule Bill3.The Easter Rising of 19164.Important Figures5.ResultIII.Conflicts within Northern Ireland1.Reasons2.The troubles3.Attempts to dissolve conflictsUnit 3 The Government of the United KingdomI.Monarchy in history1.Origin2.Divine right of the King3.One short ousted period4.Magna CartaII.The history of Parliament1.Origin2.History3.Acquisition of powerIII.The birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet1.Birth of Cabinet2.Birth of Prime MinisterIV.The British government and Constitutionernment system2.The ConstitutionV.Parliament Today1.Functions2.Status3.InstitutionsUnit 4 Politics, Class and RaceI.General elections1.Why are they important?2.When do elections occur?3.Who can stand for election as an MP?4.What happens in an election?5.Formation of governmentII.The political Parties1.The Labour party2.The Conservative Party3.The Liberal DemocratsIII.Class1.Class-divisions2.Cultural differences3. A distinctive features of British class-system IV.Race1. A multiracial nation2.Influences of immigrationUnit 5 The UK EconomyI.Events in History1.Dominant in the 1880s2.Overtaken in 19003.Declince since 19454.Privatization in the 1980sII.The current UK economy1.Primary industry2.Secondary industries3.Tertiary industriesIII.Case study: the aerospace industry1.Status2.Major achievements3.Recent changesUnit 6 British LiteratureI.Early Writing1.Theme2.Beowulf3.Canterbury Tales4.The legend of King ArthurII.The 15th and 16th centuries1.Elizabethan Drama2.Christopher Marlowe3.William ShakespeareIII.The 17th century1.King James Bible2.Francis Bacon3.John MiltonIV.The 18th century1.Features2.Johnathan Swift3.Robert Burns4.Daniel DefoeV.The 19th century1.Romanticism2.Poetry3.NovelVI.The 20th century1.Modernism2.Postmodernism3.Joseph Conrad4.Virginia Woolf5. D.H. Lawrence6. E.M.FosterUnit 7 English Education SystemI.Purpose of Education1.To teach “the three R’s”2.To socialize childrenII.The relationship between education and social class1.Inequality in British education2.Good Education Guarantees a careerIII.The influence of the Church on schooling1.In the past2.At present3.ChangesIV.Major changes to British education system1.Involvement of government2.The 1994 Education Act3.Introduction of comprehensive schools4.“The Great Education Debate”5.National Curriculum in 1989V.The present education systemcation in the UK is compulsory2.State sector and private sector schools3.Schooling stages and examsVI.Higher education1.Fund2.Founding Time3.Open university4.Degree titlesUnit 8 British Foreign RelationsI.Britain then and now1.The end of British Empire2.Britain todayII.The foundations of Britain’s Foreign Policy1.Imperial history2.Geoplitical traitsIII.How foreign policy is made?1.The Prime Minister and Cabinet2.The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)3.The Ministry of Defense4.The Department of Trade and Industry5.The treasury6.Electorate7.Foreign relationsIV.Britain and international institutions1.A member of UN Security Council (UNSE)2. A member of European Union (EU)3. A member of CommonwealthV.Britain and the United States1.Special Relationship2.Ups and downsVI.Britain security and defense1.Britain’s defense power2.Britain’s defense policyUnit 9 The British MediaI.Popularity2.Newspapers3.RadioII.FunctionsIII.Newspapers1.Long history2.The role of newspapers3.Freedom of press4.National papersIV.The broadcast media (TV and Radio)1.Why is TV popular?2.British IV culture3.The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in BritainI.Sports1.Football2.Tennis3.Cricket4.Golf5.Horsy sportsII.Religious holidays1.Christmas2.Easter3.RamadanIII.National holidays1.The Queen’s birthdayIV.Holidays in England1.Bonfire Night (Guy Fawkes Night)V.Holidays in Northern Ireland1.The Orange March2.St Patrick’s DayVI.Holidays in Scotland1.Hogmanay2.The Burns Night3.HalloweenVII.Holidays in WalesVIII. 1.EistenddfodIrelandUnit 11 Land, People and HistoryI. The island of Ireland1.Location2.ConstituentsII. Geographynd2.Climate3.EnvironmentIII. Population1.Features2.The Great Famine3.EmigrationsIV. History1.The Celts2.The coming of Christianity3.Viking invasion4.English invasion5.Irish independenceUnit 12 Politics and EconomyI. Political system1.A representative democracy2.A RepublicII. Structure of Irish government1.President2.The Government3.ParliamentIII.The electoral system1.V oting in elections and referenda2.Electorate3.Proportional representationIV. The Civil service1.Neutrality2.Structure3.SelectionV. The Irish legal system1.The hierarchy of the Irish legal system2. Judges3. Check and balanceVI. Transformation of Irish economy1.In the past2.At present3.ReasonsVII.Ireland’s accession to the EU1.Economic benefits2.Social changesVIII.Ireland today1.Home-ownership2.Transportation3.Living standardsUnit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live NowI.Rapid social change1.Abolition of primogeniture2.Change of women’s lifestyle3.Dislocations of social wealthII.Differnces between Ireland and English1.Religionnguage3.Economy4.OpennessIII.Attitudes towards English1.Ambivalence2.Stereotypes from the EnglishIV.The Roman Catholic Church1.The Roman Catholic values2.The power of Roman Catholic Church3.Lose of power4.The difference between Catholics and Protestants V.The Family1.Changes in family life2.Reason for the changes3.Objectives of women’s movementVI.Pub culture1.What is a “pub”?2.Negative EffectVII.Work culture1.Work practices2.Trade Unionscation1.First-level schools2.Second-level schools3.V ocational schools4.Third-level educationUnit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Artsnguage1.Irish under political unrests2.Hiberno-EnglishII.Oral culture1.Features2.Origin3.Positive effectsIII.Literature1.The first Irish poem2.Nobel Prize winners for Literature3.Other important figuresIV.Music and Dance1.The Irish pipe2.Riverdance3.Irish harpV.Sports culture1.Soccer (football)2.Rugby football3.Cricket and tennis4.Hurling5.Golf6.Horse-racingVI.Science and Technology1.Distinguished figures2.Important societiesVII.The Irish identity in the world1.The Irish diaspora2.Attitudes towards other countriesAustraliaUnit 15 The Land and the People of the DreamingI.Natural of Features of the land1.Location2.Size3.Constituents4.Distinctive faunandscape6.Distinctive physical featuresII.The people1.The indigenous people2.The later settlersIII.Dreamtime and Dreaming1.What is “Dreamtime”?2.What is “the Dreaming”?IV.British colonization1.Terra Nullius2.Exploitation of the land3.The impact of colonization4.The policies of segregation and exclusion5.The policy of AssimilationUnit 16 Australia Culture LifeI.Protestantism1.Status2.Values3.Protestantism and CapitalismII.Anglicanism1.Status2.DeclineIII.Catholicism1.Status2.Reasons for its dominance3.Social rolesIV.Religion and rapid social change1. A consumerist society2. Fundamentalism3. SecularismV. Non-Christian religions1. Buddhism2. Islam3. Hinduism4.JudaismVI. Sport-an Australia religion1.Variants2.Sport figuresUnit 17 Work and Family LifeI.Australia as a penal colony1.Establishment of colonies2.Convict colonies3.“Free” coloniesII.Forms of families1.Formation of new families2.Convict partnerships3.Currency children4.“Free” familiesIII.Work in the penal colony1.Convict labour2.Emancipists3.Important figuresIV.From Convict Transportation to “Free” Migration1.Suspension of convict transportation2.“Free” Migrationernment-assisted migrationUnit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic SocietyI.Central value of the countryII.Political system1.The Washminster form of polity2.Three- tier system of government3.Two houses of the federal parliament4.The Governor-General5.The Prime Minister6.The pluralist form of governmentIII.Economy and politics1.What is Australia’s economy like?ernment involovement3.Dismantling of government involvementIV.Three political economic programmes1.Concept of the programmes2.Shift of focus in AustraliaUnit 19 Australia in the World TodayUnit 20 From Racism to MulticulturalismI.Immigration in history1.The 19th century2.White Australia Policy 19013.Post World War II period4.Multiculturalism from 19735.Migration TodayII.Struggle of the Aboriginality1.The relationships between the colonizers and the Peoples of the Dreaming2.The Aboriginal Protection Act of 19093.Day of Mourning and Protest4.The 1946 Stockmen’s Strike5.Strike of the Gurimdji people in the 1960s6.Freedom Rides in the 1960s7.The Mabo Decision8.The Wik Decision9.Social inequality todayIII. The history wars1.The rejection of the “dark side”2.Criticisms on this rejectionNew ZealandUnit 1 Land, People and HistoryI.Geography, land and enviroment1.Geography2.Weather3.Wildlife---- unique flora and faura4.Enviromental responsibilityII.The New Zealanders1.Populationnguage3.Human rights4.Standard of livingIII.Maoritanga1.Definition2.Legends about Maui3.Maori society4.Race relations5.Maori languageIV.History1.First settlers of the Islands2.European Navigators3.Maori and Pakeha4.The Post-war YearsUnit 2 Political System, Education and Economyernment1.The Constitution2.Parliament3.Election4.The Cabinet5.Public servants6.Reform7.The Ombudsman8.Local governmentcation1.Early childhood education2.Primary schools and secondary schools3.The Correspondence School4.State schools and private schools5.Special needs education6.Universities and polytechnicsIII.Economy1.Agriculture2.Forestry and fishing3.Energy4.Overseas tradeThe United States of AmericaUnit 3 American BeginningsI.What is an American?1. A new race2.Current situationII.Two Immigration Movements1.From Asia2.From Europe and AfricaIII.The Forces that led to the Modern Development of Europe1.The growth of capitalism2.The Renaissance3.The Religious ReformationIV.The Colonial Patterns1.The Settlement in Virginia2.Puritanism3.Catholic Maryland4.Quaker PennsylvaniaV.The American Revolution ( The War of Independence)1.The Causes2.The Eve3.The Process4.The Major Leaders (The Founding Fathers)5.The SignificanceUnit 4 The Political System in the United StatesI.The Articles of Confederation1.The background2.The reasons for its failureII.The making of the US Constitution1.The Constitutional Convention2.The ConstitutionIII.The three branches of the federal government1.Legislative brance2.Executive branch3.Judicial branchIV.Checks and balances1.The origin2.The purposeV.The Bill of Rights1.The components2.The purpose3.The contentsVI.Political parties1.The Democratic Party2.The Reppublican Party3.The electionUnit 5 American EconomyI.Industrial Revolution in America1.The backgournd2.The development3.Service industriesII.Free enterprise1.The significance2.Capital3.StockIII.The roots of affluence1.The land and the population2.Other factorsIV.American Agriculture1.The siginificance2.Agribusiness3.Migrant workers4.The success and problemsUnit 6 Religion in the United StatesI.American history and religious liberty1.American history2.Religious libertyII.The Three Faiths1.Protestants and different Protestant groups2.Catholics3.Judaism4.The relationsIII.Religious diversity1.Various religious groups2.The conflictsIV.Characteristics of American religious beliefs1.Three main characteristics2.The significance of religious beliefs.Unit 7 American LiteratureI.Post-Revolutionary period1.Washington Irving2.James Fenimore CooperII.Transcendentalishts1.Ralph Waldo Emerson2.Henry David ThoreanIII.Power of Imagination1.Edgar Allan Poe2.Nathaniel Hawthorne3.Herman MelvilleIV.New Vision of America1.Walt Whitman2.Leaves of GrassV.Reform and Liberation1.Harriet Beecher Stowe2.Uncle Tom’s CabinVI.Regionalism1.Mark Twain2.Emily DickinsonVII. A new wave1.The naturalists2.Other writersVIII.Sympathetic views of women writers1.Kate Chopin2.Willa CatherIX.Rebellious Spirit1.The writers2.The similarityX.The Modernists1.Ezra Pound2.T.S. EliotXI.The “Lost Generation”1.The background2.The writersXII.Harlem Renaissance1.The development2.The poetsXIII.New Drama1.Eugene O’Neil2.The major playsXIV.Depression Realism and Escapism1.John Steinbeck2.Margaret MitchellXV.Postwar voices and the “Beat Generation”1.African American writers2.American Jews3.In the theater4.The “Beat Generation”XVI.New American V oices1.Black wmen writers2.Chinese-American writersUnit 8 Education in the United Statescation in America today1.The goal2.Public schools and private schoolsII.Different education laws for different states 1.The similarities2.The differencesIII.Several levels of schooling1.Elementary school2.Secondary schoolcation in a new nation1.The influence of the Puritans2.The state and educationV.New development1.Equal education opportunities2.Strong demand for higher educationVI.Higher Education1.The requirements2.The complex system3.Varieties of colleges and universities4.Trends in degree programscation for all1.The Servicemen’s Reajustment Act2.Affirmative Action Programs3.Non-traditional studentsUnit 9 Social Movements of the 1960sI.The beginning1.Greensboro “Sit-in”2.Three kinds of social movementsII.About the social movements1.The causes2.The members3.What is a social movement ?III.The Civil Rights Movement1.The processanizations3.Direct Action Tactics4.ChangesIV.The Youth Movement/ Anti-War Movement1.Free Speech Movement2.“Counterculture”3.The Anti-War MovementV.Women’s Liberation Movement1.The beginning2.NOWUnit 10 Social Problems in the United StatesI.Racial problems1. A nation of immigrants2.Inequality in American society3.Discrimination against blacks4.The black “underclass”II.Poverty1.Current situation2.The consequencesIII.Drug Abuse1.Current situation2.Social costsIV.Crime1.The profile of a typical criminal2.Racial prejudice in the high rate of arrests3.White-collar crimesV.The abuse of power1.The abuse of power by government2.The abuse of power by corporationsUnit 11 American Way of Life: A Search for Credible Generalizations Unit 12 The Women’s Liberation Movement in AmericaUnit 13 Technology in AmericaI.DefinitionII.Early 19th Century1.Eli Whitney2.John H. Hall3.Cyrus H. McCormick4.The Stevens and transportation5.Samuel F. B. Morse6.Alexander Garden Bellte 19th Century1.Thomas Alva Edison2.Taylorism and FordismIV.Early 20th Century1.Reginald Fessenden2.Lee De Forest3.Further development of the radioV.Mid-20th century1.Radio shows2.Household technologieste 20th Century1.The Age of Visual Informationitary research and development used in peacetimeUnit 14 Post-WWII American Foreign PolicyI.The beginning of the Cold War1.Basic situation2.The Cold WarII.Arms race and the containment policy1.Arms race2.The containment policyIII.Engagement and expansion1.Basic situation2.The background3.The policyIV.Unilateralism and faith in military strength1.Unilateralism2.Sept.11 terrorist attack3.The strategy of preemption4.War on IraqUnit 15 Sports and Scenic Spots in AmericaI.Sports1.The American Football2.Baseball3.Baseketball4.Other sports activitiesII.Scenic spots1.The Grand Canyon2.The Southwest3.The Northwest4.The Rocky Mountains5.The Pacific Coast6.The Middle West7.Florida8.The Southeast9.The Northeast10.New York State11.Urban scenesUnit 16 American Popular Culture: Movies and MusicI.Jazz music1.The reasons for its popularity2.CharacteristicsII.Early New Orleans jazz1.Early jazz music2.BluesIII.Jazz in Chicago and New York in the 1920s1.Two styles2.The musiciansIV.The piano1.The history2.Ragtime music3.“Stride” pianoV.Boogie Woogie1.The development2.CharacteristicsCanadaUnit 17 The Country and Its PeopleI.Canada and the Canadian identity1.Canada2.The Canadian identityII.The regions of Canada1.Basic situation2.The north3.The west4.The prairies5.Central Canada6.The Altantic regionIII.History1.The First Nations2.European settlement3.The ConfederationIV.The origin of the word “Canada” and place names.1.The word “Canada”2.Place namesUnit 18 The Government and Politics in CanadaI.Historical background1.Canada’s political system2.Canadian system and American system3.Tolerance of different values and customsII.Structures of government1.Canada’s system of government2.The House of Commons and the SenateIII.The federal political scene1.National parties2.Regional partiesIV.Canadian prime ministers1.Pierre Trudeau2.Brian Mulroney3.Jean Chretien4.Similarities of the three leadersUnit 19 The Canadian MosaicI.Mosaic and multiculturalism1.Mosaic2.MulticulturalismII.The First Canadians1.The First Nations2.The Inuit3.The Metis4.Their situationIII.The settlers1.The base of Canada’s immigration policy2.The development3.ChangesIV.French Canadians1.Population distribution2.The problem3.The SolutionsUnit 20 The Canadian EconomyI.Three factors influencing Canadian economy1.Geography and population2.The United States3.Federal governmentsII.History1.The original patterns2.Changes3.Protectionism and free tradeernment intervenionismIII.The Canadian- US Free Trade Agreement1.The background2.The content3.Problems4.BenefitsIV.Three groups of industry1.Primary industries2.Secondary industries3.Tertiary industries4.ProportionV. Canada’s place in the World economyUnit 21 Canadian LiteratureI.The Literature of Survival1.Survival in Nature2.Cultural SurvivalII.Native Canadian MythologyIII.Early Colonial Literature1.Background2.An Era of ReportingIV.The Literature of Nation-Building1.Background2.The Era of Realism in Literature3.Writers and WorksV.Canada in the Ascendant1.The “Montreal Group” of Poets2.Ted Allan3.Literature in the French LanguageVI.Canadian Literature in the Modern World1.Main Features2.Writers and WorksUnit 22 Canada’s International RelationsI.Introduction1.Canada’s role in the world2.Canada as a “junior partner”3.Canada as a “middle power”II.Political Geography1.Geographical Influence2.Canada’s role in international Organizations3.Canada as a “middle power”III.Political Geography1.Geographical Influence2.Canada’s role in international Organizations IV.From Junior Partner to Middle Power1.Canada in “the vortex of European militarism”2.Conscription Crisis3.Canada’s golden age of international diplomacy V.Canada’s Military Commitments1.Involuntary Military Guarantees2.Independent foreign policy3.“Free rider”VI.Canadian-American Relations1.Close in relationship2.Defense Policy3.Economic interests4.DifferencesVII.Overseas Development Programs1.Attitude towards the Third World2.Peace and security promotion。
英国社会与文化知识1
British society and culture Ⅰ
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1. What does British Parliament consist of？ • The sovereign， the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Monarch has the prerogative to summon prorogue, and dissolve parliament.
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2. What are the components of British social welfare?
• Yet today, the problem of housing in Britain is still a major one and a focus of public concern. The house price of London is among the highest in the world.
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4.What is Thatcherism?
Thatcherism describes the conviction politics, economic and social policy, and political style of the British Conservative politician Margaret Thatcher, who was leader of her party from 1975 to 1990. It has also been used by some to describe the ideology and wider political culture of the British government while Thatcher was Prime Minister between May 1979 and November 1990. Thatcherism claims to promote low inflation, the small state and free markets through tight control of the money supply, privatization and constraints on the Labor movement. It is often compared with Reaganomics in the United States. Conviction politics： 理想政治（和实干政治对应） conservative 保守的 Reaganomics 里根经济政策（等于Reagan Economics）
英美社会与文化入门复习大纲
Book oneUnit 1Terms: 1、The Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁-撒克逊人：they were two groups of Germanic people who settled down in England from the 5th century.They were regarded as the ancestors the English and the founders of England.（P8）2、King Arthur亚瑟王：The ruler of England in the sixth century, the leader of the knights of the round table.Questions:Please illustrate three important invasions in British history and their influence:1;Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people a powerful culture originating in Central Europe.2;Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire,and England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.3;Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English:from the late 8th century on,raiders from Scandinavia,the ferocious rikings,threatened Britain's shores.Unit 2T: 1;The Easter rising(复活节）：in order to gain independence,different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces. one such activity was the Easter Rising whichtook place in 1916.The rebels occupied Dublin's Post office and forced the British to take it back by military force.2;The Home Rule Bill(自制法案）：Introduced in the house of Commons in 1912, the homestead act met with fierce opposition from Northern Ireland's unionists and conservatives. It was not signed into law by king George v until 1914.Q: What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?：The political problem is really complicate. You and me can not solve the problem by one word. The government is looking for the right solution at the same time. A political negotiation based on common interests and truce certainly would be the best and most pragmatic solution.Unit 3Terms:1; Magna Carta(大宪章）:In 1215, the great feudal lords of England and the church opposed some of king John's policies, forcing him to sign documents guaranteeing partial civil and political rights, limiting the king's powers. The magna carta is regarded as an important document to protect civil rights from the infringement of the crown.2；The Bill of Rights of 1689（权利法案）：A constitutional document passed by the British parliament that limited the powers of the king and established the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom.3；House of Lords（上议院）：The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the upper chamber of the two houses in the Parliament of the United Kingdom (UK). The House of Commons makes up the other half of Parliament. While the House of Commons is filled with elected officials, called Members of Parliament (MPs), the House of Lords is comprised of appointed or internally elected members. There are three types of members in the House of Lords: Life Peers, bishops, and hereditary Peers.Q:1; What are some of the characteristics of British constitutional monarchy?the monarchy (君主）is not the rule;Parliamentary (议会）control of state power;power separation and balance.2;What do you know about the cause of the English Revolution in 17th century?The civil War was in essence a capitalist rerocution because capitalism paved its way of development after the war.3;What functions does Parliament have?Fisrt,it passes laws. Second,it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Third,it srutinises government policy,administration and Eolpenditure. Fourth,it devotes the major issues of the day.Unit 6T:1; Elizabethan Drama(伊丽莎白戏剧）：The Elizabethan drama is one of the most popular assignments among students' documents. If you are stuck with writing or missing ideas, scroll down and find inspiration in the best samples. Elizabethan drama is quite a rare and popular topic for writing an essay, but it certainly is in our database.2；The Bronte sisters（勃朗特姐妹）：Charlotte, Emily and Anne were born in poverty and had to spend their childhood at a charity school. Charlotte's representative Jane eyre is an autobiographical novel, which frankly and passionately shapes the image of women whose natural desires conflict with society. Emily's wuthering heights, which depicts intense feelings of love and hate, has been hailed by some literary critics as the first social revolutionary novel.Q: 1、What are some features of Romantic literature?Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature's romantic period. The power of reason,which marked the 18th century. Perhaps the rather violent and ugly word about them drove 19th-century writers to a literary refuge. A:closeness to nature B:a love of folks culture,notable songs C:love a law into itself.2、What is Modernism and what is Postmodernism? Illustrate specific writers or their book as examples?Modernism:It refers to a form of literature machly written beforeWw2. It can be seen as reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism.Post modernism:after Ww2 can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.Example of modernism:Joseph Conrad,The Heart of DarknessExample of Postmodernism:John FowlesBook twoUnit 3T: 1;Puritanism(清教主义）：Puritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century. 2、The Declaration of Independence(独立宣言）：The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in the history of the United States. It was an official act taken by all 13 American colonies in declaring independence from British rule.People in the colonies were unhappy that they did not have a say in theirgovernment and still had to pay taxes. The Stamp Act of 1765 collected taxes on paper goods like legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards. In one act of protest, men dumped the cargo of a ship full of British tea into Boston Harbor in 1773; this is now called the Boston Tea Party. In 1775, the colonists went to war with Great Britain.Q: What were some of the causes of the American Revolution?1;potential source of conflict:increasing differences2;economic:British mercantilist policies vs the growth of American economy3;Fuse:in 1773,a group of patriots responded to the tea tax by staging the Boston Tea Party.Unit 4T: 1、A federal system(联邦制度）：A federal system of government is characterized by the constitutionally-mandated division of political authority between the national government and sub-national territories, such as states or provinces. While being under one central government, each sub-unit maintains a certain level of political autonomy to better serve its population.2、The making of the Constitution（美国宪法的制定）：The Constitution Of The United States, published during one of the most politicallydivisive years in memory, stands as a stark reminder that the United States has, since the beginning, been a deeply divided country politically, with strong opposing arguments on most political topics. The Constitution, in the years since its creation, has come to be recognized as one of history’s most significant political documents. As the supreme law of the United States, it delineates the national frame of government. What’s more, it’s a important part of the culture of America. It helps us better understand the young country with a history of only about two hundred years.3、The Bill of Rights（人权法案）：The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution are called the Bill of Rights .The 1st Amendment guarantees 4 basic rights or freedoms: The 2nd Amendment guarantees citizens the right to(1)freedom of religion keep weapons .(2) Freedom of speech and the press(3) Right to assembly(4) Right to appeal to the government for actionThe 3rd Amendment guarantees that soldiers won’t be quartered in private homes unless Congress approves it .The 4th Amendment guarantees the privacy of homes from illegal searches by government officials .The 9th Amendment permits the people to retain any rights not defined inthe Constitution .The 10th Amendment gives the states any powers not delegated to the federal government .Q: 1、Why did Articles of Confederation fail?Because the states didn't cooperate with the Congress or with each other.2、What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of U.S. government?Legislative branch (立法机构）：it's the only branch that can make federal laws.Executive（行政机构）：The chief executive is the president.1). often proposes legislation to Congress2). vote any bill passed by Congress3). influence public opinion regarding issues and legislation that he deems vitals.3、What are the two political parties in the United Stated?1).One is the Democratic Party,which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party,formed before 1800. The symbol of the partly is the donkey.2). The other is the Republican Party,which was formed in the 1850s,by people in the states of the North and west. Such as Abraham Lincoln.Unit7T: 1、Transcendentalists（先验论者）：Transcendentalism is a philosophythat says that our knowledge of reality comes from an analysis of our own thought processes, rather than from scientific evidence. According to the transcendentalist, if God exists, He can be found through human intuition. Transcendentalism is most commonly associated with a philosophical/religious view developed in the mid-1800s by a group of mainly Unitarian and agnostic intellectuals in New England, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.2、The naturalists（自然学派）：They were novelists who concentrated upon the grim aspects of reading and a deterministic view of life. They were linked with European naturalists such as French novelist Zola. The most representative naturalists in American literature were Stephen Grane,Theodore Dreiser,and Jack London.3、The Waste Land（荒原）：The Waste Land, long poem by T.S. Eliot, published in 1922, first in London in The Criterion (October), next in New York City in The Dial (November), and finally in book form, with footnotes by Eliot. The 433-line, five-part poem was dedicated to fellow poet Ezra Pound, who helped condense the original manuscript to nearly half its size. It was one of the most influential works of the 20th century. Q: 1、What is the main theme in American literature?The question of the American people has indeed been a drama of many parts. In one way or another,however,it has always been a" pursuit of happiness". American Literature is the continuous narrative of thatpursuit.2、Why is Walt Whitman considered one of the most important poets in America?1). Ventured beyond tradition froms to meet his need for more space to express the American spirit.2). as a prototype of the American3). celebrated a sweeping panorama of the American landscape and sang almost mystically of the rhythms of life uniting all citizens of the democracy.3、What are some of the major themes in novels written by the “Lost Generation”？The "Lost Generation"is a term used to describe the generation of young men and women who came to maturity in the 20s. Some of them fought in World War I. They shared the same sense of dislocation,rootlessness and disillusionment.Unit 8T: 1、The Service’s Readjustment Act（军人调整法案）：The American Legion designed the main features of what became the Serviceman’s Readjustment Act and pushed it through Congress. The bill unanimously passed both chambers of Congress in the spring of 1944. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed it into law on June 22, 1944, just days after the D-day invasion of Normandy.American Legion publicist Jack Cejnarcalled it "the GI Bill of Rights,”as it offered Federal aid to help veterans adjust to civilian life in the areas of hospitalization, purchase of homes and businesses, and especially, education. This act provided tuition, subsistence, books and supplies, equipment, and counseling services for veterans to continue their education in school or college.2、Affirmative Action Programs（赞助性行动计划）：Employee hiring and promotion policy that takes a proactive approach to removing prejudices against recruiting and promoting minorities, and other under-represented groups of the society.Q: 1;What is the goal of education in United States?Students can according to their own interests,choose to learn art history,natural science and son,this way of this education not only give students more free spare to learn different subjects but also give students enough time and freedom to think and experience some things such as help students evaluate and select individual strengths,interests,hobbies and future occupation.2; Discuss the similarities and differences in Britain, the United States concerning the goals of education.1).Similarities:both is to develop the student's abilities not jut Olylet students learn professional knowledge. It is an issue of common concern that students should learn how to learn and acquire the abilities of autonomous learning.2). Differences:in Britain is more rigorous (严格的）,their goal is to make university students can more strictly in their free time.in America,I think it can be described with only one word which is free the goal of the universities is making the students thoug Theht and research way more free.China:The goal pay more attention to the system on the basis of freedom.。
最新《英国社会文化》期末复习资料幻灯片课件
• The 1960s – a decade of young rebellious
young generation
• The 1970s – a decade of strikes and recession • The 1980s – a decade of Thatcherism • The 1990s – a decade of great expectation
A 1 Reform & Change Key Stages and Tests
• The Key Stages are age-related: KS 1 goes
up to age seven, KS 2 from seven to eleven, KS 3 from eleven to fourteen (preGCSE) and KS 4 from fourteen to sixteen (preparation for GCSE and equivalent vocational qualifications) -
A 3 Institution of Higher
Education
Oxford
• Oxford University. Legend has it that Oxford
University was founded by King Alfred in 872. A more likely scenario is that it grew out of efforts begun by Alfred to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory. There may have been a grammar school there in the 9th century. A grammar school was exactly what it sounds like; a place for teaching Latin grammar. The University as we know it actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of something that already existed. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew.
英国社会与文化期末总结
英国社会与文化期末总结Introduction:The United Kingdom, commonly known as Britain, is a country rich in history, diversity, and cultural heritage. Its society and culture have been shaped by centuries of influences, from ancient traditions to the modern-day globalized world. In this essay, we will explore various aspects of British society and culture, including history, politics, education, cuisine, sports, and the arts.1. Historical Background:The history of Britain is extensive, spanning over several centuries. From the Roman conquest in 43 AD to the Norman invasion in 1066, the country has witnessed numerous significant events, including the Magna Carta, the Industrial Revolution, and the decline of the British Empire. These historical milestones have played a vital role in shaping the British society and culture we know today.2. Political System:The British political system is known for its constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. The monarchy, headed by the reigning monarch, remains a symbolic position with limited political power. The Parliament, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, hold the legislative authority. Political parties, such as the Conservatives, Labour, and Liberal Democrats, participate in general elections and shape the political landscape.3. Education System:The British education system is highly regarded worldwide and is known for its excellence. Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 18. The system consists of primary schools, secondary schools, and further education colleges. Prestigious universities, such as Oxford and Cambridge, attract students from all around the world. The focus on academia, critical thinking, and research has contributed to the country's intellectual and scientific advancements.4. Cuisine and Dining Culture:British cuisine has evolved over the years, incorporating influences from other cultures due to British colonization and migration. Traditional dishes like fish and chips, roast beef, and shepherd's pie are still popular. However, multicultural societies have led to a diverse culinary landscape, with Indian curries, Chinese stir-fries, and Italian pasta becoming common choices. The British also have a rich tea-drinking culture, with afternoon tea being an iconic tradition.5. Sports and Recreation:Sports play a significant role in British culture. Football is the most popular sport, and the English Premier League attracts global attention. Cricket, rugby, tennis, and golf are also widely enjoyed. The Olympic Games, which originated in ancient Greece, have a strong following, and Britain has successfully hosted the games multiple times. Traditional games, such as darts, snooker, and horse racing, also contribute to the country's sporting heritage.6. Arts and Literature:Britain has a long-standing tradition in the arts and literature. From William Shakespeare's plays to the works of famous authors like Charles Dickens and Jane Austen, British literature has made significant contributions to world literature. The country is also known for its thriving theater scene, with famous theaters like the Globe Theatre and West End attracting both local and international audiences. Britain hosts world-renowned art museums, including the British Museum and the Tate Modern, housing prestigious collections.Conclusion:British society and culture are a culmination of its history, politics, education, cuisine, sports, and the arts. The country's rich heritage and diverse population have contributed to a unique cultural identity. Whether it is through its literature, sporting achievements, or culinary delights, Britain's influence can be seen worldwide. Understanding and appreciating British society and culture allows for greater cross-cultural awareness and enriches our understanding of the world.。
英国社会与文化期中考试复习稿
英国社会与文化期中考试复习稿Chapter 1: geographic viewName: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Northern IrelandMain land: Britain (England, Scotland, Wales)Meaning of Britain: either Great Britain or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandNational flag: Union Jack or Union Flag (Blue field with the red cross of Saint George edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick, which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew)England: London (capital), Oxford (a university center, Oxford University the world’s oldest university), Birmingham (2nd), Manchester (3rd; art, sport, entertaining center), Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool, Bristol, Nottingham, Leicester and Newcastle upon Tyne; mostly rolling lowland terrain with low hills and plains and a coastline cut into by bays, coves and estuariesScotland: northern; lowland in the south and east and highlands in the north and east; tradition and long history; Ben Nevis, UK’s highest mountain; the highest waterfall Easa’Chual Alui nn in the Highlands; main cities include Edinburgh (2nd, east, near the North Sea), Glasgow (1st, west, near Atlantic Ocean), Aberdeen (3rd, a transportation center) and Dundee; the best quality live in the worldWales: south, near the ocean with the eastern part next to England; mostly mountainous; the longest river Severn in its center; environment/culture/language total different; Cardiff (the capital city, youngest capital in Europe, 1st), Aberystwyth (near Cardigan Bay, a coastal town, another major cultural andeducational center); 1945, Wales National Library established Northern Ireland: known for violent conflicts; plains and hills with forests and lakes; two mountain ranges (the Mournes, the Sperrins); Lough Neagh (382 square kilometers) the largest freshwater lake in the UK, one of the largest in Europe; most hilly in Northern Ireland; capital of NI is Belfast (northeast corner); major industries ship and airplane constructions, telecommunication, technology and trading; Dublin, Londonderry, Galway, Cork, Limerick.Conurbations, Metropolises and citiesPhysical features of Britain: mountains, hills, rivers, lakes, valleysClimate: mild and temperate; four seasons; rainfall is greatest in the western and upland areas Relations Northern Ireland has with EnglandUnderstand the terms city, conurbation, and metropolis in BritainChapter 2: History and People1.Britain’s history of being invaded prior to the Norman conquest:The invaders included Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons and Vikings.2.The Romans 43 AD to 410 AD: in 55 BC roman general Julius Caesar invaded Britain. In 43 AD,the roman emperor Claudius sent 40,000 soldiers to invaded Britain, and conquered most of the country. Britain was part of the Roman Empire for almost 400 years. The Romans were good rulers. The remains of roman buildings can still be seen in Britain .They built road network and cities.3.The Anglo-Saxons 410 AD to 8th or 9th century: Afterroman army left, tribes from Denmark,northern Germany and northern Holland invaded. They were called the Anglo-Saxons, Angles, Saxons and Jutes. The Anglo-Saxons gradually converted to Christianity after St Augustine was sent from Rome in 597 AD. The Anglo-Saxons spoke a mutually intelligible language called old English.4.The Vikings 8th and 9th centuries to AD 1066: the Vikings were farmers and fierce pirate raiders.(In 865, a Great Army of Danish Vikings invaded England with fierce battles for several years and ended with the Vikings conquering all of northern, central and eastern England.)5.The Normans, since 1066 AD: in 1066, William, Duke of Normandy, found an excuse to invadeEngland and try to conquer it from the Anglo-Saxons. Then he became the new king of England and was now called William the conqueror. William and all his knights spoke French and made French the official language, but the English people spoke Anglo-Saxon, so they were both used in England. Then the English language gaining much in grammar and vocabulary and began to replace the language of the rulers. The English spoken in Britain and America today comes mostly from Anglo-Saxon, not French.6.Note each period’s historical significance and legacies.7.The Middle Ages1066 AD to AD 1485: the time between William the conqueror’s invasion in1066 and the first Tudor king in 1485 is called the Middle ages. The core of this period has been described as the “dark ages” because of the relative scarcity of reliable historical information or archaeological evidence.Magna Carta: Henry II, grandson of William the Conqueror,married Eleanor of Aquitaine, who brought more French land to Britain. King John, son of Henry II, went on very bad relation with the nobles, so they rebelled and forced him to sign Magna Carta in 1215. Magna Carta is Latin for great chapter, which defined that even the king had to obey the law.The Hundred Years War (1337-1453): in 1337, John’s great-great grandson, King Edward III, who already ruled a large part of France, entitled himself to be king of all of France as well as king of England. This caused a war between England and France that lasted on and off until 1453, and is called the Hundred Years War. At first the English won some famous battles. But when Joan of Arc started to lead the French armies in 1429 the tide turned, and when the war ended in 1453 the English had lost their French territory except for Calais on the coast.The War of the Roses (1455-1485): the civil war for the English crown. White rose, the badge of Yorkists, and their opponents the Lancastrians came to be symbolized by a red rose. Leaders of both sides were descended from King Edward III, and both sides declared their candidate should be king. The war ended in 1485 when the Yorkist king Richard III was defeated at the battle of Bosworth, and the Welshman Henry VII, the first of the Tudors, came to the throne of England. 8.The Renaissance (since Henry VII)Henry VIII, the son of Henry VII, made himself the head of a new church called the Anglican Church or the Church of England to get his divorce because the pope would not give him a divorce for fe ar of the powerful Roman emperor Charles V, the nephew of Henry’s wife, Catherine. Then he realized that foreign interference in English affairs had gone on too long and must be stopped forever. In seven years, he and his parliament destroyedthe feudal power of the Roman Catholic Church completely. Henry had six wives, one after another.Bloody Mary: Henry’s daughter by Catherine succeeded the crown as Queen Mary I. she persecuted Protestants, which earned her the name “Bloody Mary”Elizabeth I: Bloody Mar y didn’t have any children, so when she died in 1558, the second daughter of Henry VIII became the queen. Elizabeth I was one of the greatest monarchs and during her reign sailors went on explorations and the first colonies were founded in NorthAmerica. She was an Anglican. There were many great writers in her era such as William Shakespeare. In 1588 England defeated Spain and became a European power. She never married. The Stuart dynasty: after Elizabeth I died, her cousin, King James VI of Scotland succeeded her in 1603. He became King James I of England as well and was the first king of the whole of Great Britain.In 1605 Roman Catholics terrorists plotted to blow the King and parliament but were defeated. November 5th is the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot.The disagreements between king and parliament became worse in the reign of James’s son, King Charles I (since 1625).In 1642 the civil war broke out between king and parliament. Parliament won and cut off King Charles’s head in 1649. So Britain bec ame a republic and under the rule of Cromwell but he died in 1658. Then in 1660 Charles was restored as King Charles II (the Merry Monarch) and back to London.Glorious Revolution in 1688: Charles II had no surviving children by his wife so his brother became King James II. But he was a Roman Catholic so Parliament and people forced him toleave the country and replaced him by a King and Queen, William III and Mary II. Then a law was passed saying no Roman catholic could ever sit on the crown again.King James Bible: at the beginning of the reign of Stuart kings, James I of England (James VI of Scotland) authorized a new translation of the Bible, also known as the Authorized Version. This was also a major influence on English literature, language and thought for centuries to come. The Hanoverian Dynasty: after the death of William and Mary, Mary’s sister Anne became queen. Ann gave birth to 17 children but none of them lived for very long. So when Ann died the throne went to the ruler of Hanover in German, the great-grandson of king James I, George I, and his line was known as the Hanoverians.King George III, the great-grandson of George I, was forced to give the United States of America its independence in 1783.During the reign of the Hanoverian kings, the monarchy became weaker while parliament more powerful.The industrial revolution can be traced to as early as the 16th century, and the peak was in 19th century.Queen Victoria: Victoria became queen in 1837 when she was 18 and had reign for over 63 years till she died in 1901. During her reign, British Empire became the greatest trading empire, including a quarter of the world’s population. The British Empire came to include Canada, Australia, New Zealand and much of Africa and the Middle and Far East.During her reign, there were many movements to obtain greater rights for women. In 1882, the married women’s property act was passed which meant that women did not lose their right to their own property when they got married or divorced. But voting rights for women came in next century.Britain in the 20th century: Queen Victoria’s eldest son king Edward VII succeeded her and led to Edwardian era. In the First World War Britain was attacked by the German airships with bombs.After the First World War, working people who had begun fighting for rights in Queen Victoria’ reign became more determined. As a result the first Labor government came to power in 1924. Since the Conservative and Labor have been the two main political parties in Britain.In 1922 Southern Ireland separated from the United Kingdom and became a republic in 1949.In 1930s the Great Depression made lots of people become unemployed in Britain. Recovery from the Depression had only just begun when the Second World War took place. Winston Churchill, the prime minister from the conservative party led the people through the wartime.In 1947 India declared its independence and many countries of British Empire followed the example and became independent. However most of them choose to associate with Britain in an organization called the commonwealth. In 1973 Britain joined the European Union.1979-1990, Margaret Thatcher from the Conservative party became the Prime Minister of Britain. In 1997 tony Blair was elected.At the beginning of 20th century Britain was under the influence of Victoria attitudes and ideas but the First World War changed the British society. After the war there were 3 million casualties known as the “lost generation”, who felt their sacrifice was little regarded in Britain.After the Second World War women got higher socialposition and more rights.Britain had been invaded by many invaders before 1066. Who were the invaders, and what were the consequences of each invasion?In the 20th century, Britain experienced two world wars. What impact does each of the wars have on the British society?Chapter 3: literature and artsOld English literature: in Celtic language (the most famous: epic poem Beowulf)Medieval literature: poet Geoffrey Chaucer (The Canterbury Tales and Troilus and Criseyde), Jersey poet Wace founder of Jersey literatureRenaissance literature: sonnet introduced by Thomas Wyatt, the most important poets included Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney; the most important literary achievements drama; Shakespeare over 35 plays (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth)Reformation (translation of liturgy and Bible): The Anglican Book of Common Prayer, Authorized Version of the Bible, 1611; major poets of 17th century: John Donne and John Milton (religious epic Paradise Lost)18th century literature: novel rose, Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe; Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne and Tobias Smollett; most consider Irish fiction begins in the 18th century with Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels and Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield19th century literature: 1.Romanticism (William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought emotionalism and introspection); major Romantic poets included Lake Poets (WW, STC, Robert Southey); second generation romantic poets (LordByron, Percey Bysshe Shelley and John Keats); Jane Austen (Proud and Prejudice), Charles Dickens (Pickwick Papers, A Christmas Carol)2. The novel in the Victorian era (leading form): Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray, the realist novels of George Eliot, Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy (Jude the Obscure), Lewis Carroll; poetic figures: Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Matthew Arnold; playwright: Dion Boucicault, George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde (Celtic R evival begun by William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, John M. Synge, Sean O’Casey, James Joyce and others)20th century literature: Kipling’s imperialism; modernist writers: Woolf (the stream of consciousness, T o the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves), James Joyce (Ulysses), and Lawrence (Lady Chatterley’s Lover); leading poets in the middle and later 20th century included John Benjamin, Philip Larkin, Ted Hughes, and Seamus Heaney; drama (challenged by the Angry Young Men reflected by John Osbornes’s Look Back in Anger): Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot, Harold Pinter and Tom StoppardThe theatre: London (a capital of theatres), Royal National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company (the most famous acting troupe); theatre introduced from Europe by Romans and auditoriums; Shakespeare about 40 plays; Andrew Lloyd Webber’s CatMusic: popular music in the 60s: in far-ranging field heavy metal folk-rock and drum bass; opera, choral and classical orchestra pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations. 60s: Beatles, Rolling Stones, WhoVisual arts: painting (the Celtic high crosses, mural painting, stained glass); 18th century, painting school the first distinctly British style of painting; leading painter Turner (wild, almost abstract, landscapes, explored effects of light; influenced on impressionists), John Constable (more acceptable), and Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; major art movement at the beginning of the 20th century was vorticismFeatures characterizing each stage of the British Literature Factors contributing to a flowering of poetry, novel and drama in the 19th centuryChapter 4: government and political partiesBasic information: governmental model (a Constitutional Monarchy), branches of power (Executive, Legislative, Judicial branch) Major political parties (Labor Party, Conservative Party and Liberal Democrats)Monarchy: the power of the monarch (the Head of State, head of executive branch, part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander-in-chief of all armed forces, supreme governor of the established Church of England. Power limited, appoint a new Prime Minister, appoint the individual most likely to maintain the support of the House of Commons, appoint and dismiss Cabinet and other ministers on the Prime Minister’s advice, weekly audience with the PM, regularly with other members of the Cabinet. The prerogative to summon, prorogue, and dissolve Parliament, negotiate and ratify treaties, alliances, and international agreements, no Parliamentary approval required, accredit British High Commissioner and ambassadors, and receives diplomats from foreign states, all passports issued in her name; create all peerages, appoint members of the orders of chivalry, grants knighthoods and award other honors; appointarchbishops and bishops) and the symbolic role of the sovereign Sons inherit before daughters, elder before younger of the same sex, only Protestants may inherit the CrownMake-up of the parliament: the House of Commons (the center of parliamentary power), the House of Lords and the QueenFunctions of the parliament: pass laws, provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation, scrutinize government policy and administration, including proposal for expenditure; and debate the major issues of the day Practice of Common law:Prime Ministers (appoint and dismiss ministers, allocate functions among ministers, regular meeting with the Queen to inform her of the general business of the government, represent the UK at majorinternational events, recommend a number of appointments to the Queen, recommend certain civil appointment.): Margaret Thatcher and her successorsCabinet: 20 ministers appointed in by PM, take final decisions on all government policy, meet weekly, deal with defense and overseas policy, economic policy, home and social affairs, the environment, and local government.Since 1945 the traditional two-party system of government has been maintained.Relations between the government, the parliament and the political parties: leader of the winner party in an election (the Prime Minister) invited by the Sovereign to form a government which derives its authority and membership from Parliament, one party runs the government while the other contributes to the formulation of policy and legislationBritish Sovereign’s responsibilitiesHow two-system work in balancing political powerChapter 5: industry and economyFirst industrial Revolution (began with the introduction of steam power and powered machinery): time span (Late 18th century and early 19th century) and technological innovations (steam engine the most important first used for draining mines or driving mills, powered machinery, spinning jenny and new metal working technology, the organization of human labor in factories, creation of factory, machine tools)Causes of the Revolution (①outgrowth of social and institutional changes wrought by the end of feudalism②the enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution③the colonial expansion and development of international trade④creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital⑤the presence of a large domestic market)Transport (railways spread): 之前inland by navigable river and roads, with coastwise vessels to move heavy goods by sea. Railway or wagonways for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, canals cut for moving goods between towns and cities→之后improved. All major rivers made navigable to a great or lesser degree. Major roads radiated from London and help Royal Mail to reach the rest of the country. Heavy goods transported by means of broad wheeled carts hauled by teams of horses, light by smaller carts or by means of pack horses. Stage coaches transported people. The less wealthy walked. /horse-drawn public railways→steam-hauled public railways (began in Liverpool and Manchester and Stockton and Darlington Railways). Transportation by sea [Waterway, Roads, Wagonways, Railways] Social imp acts: ①child labor (1833 first law against childlabor, the Factory Act passed in England, under 9 not allowed to work, under 18 limited to 12 hours)②demands for mass political participation③ the public and private spheres overlapped, wife and husband began to separate Second industrial Revolution: 1780s to pre-WWI; Leading technological innovations: internal combustion engine, electricity, new materials and substances, communication technology; characterized by industrial mass production; marked by a transition of technological leadership from GB to the US and Germany; causes of industrialization①introduction of hydroelectric power generation ②the increasing availability of economic petroleum productsUK is the sixth largest economy by GDP (USA, Japan, PRC, Germany, France), the second largest financial economy next to the USACity of London: Core part of Greater London area, financial service center of the UK, over 500banks have headquarters or offices in the city, leading trader in Eurobonds, foreign exchange, global insurance, home of many international corporations: BT Group, Lloyds Banking Group, Standard Chartered, Unilever, etc.British sterling the fourth most frequently traded currency on the foreign exchange market, adopted by EU nations in 1999 Government has reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare programs. UK rich in coal, natural gas, oil reserves, wind power, wave power and tidal power. Services account for about 2/3 of GDP. North Sea oils a net hydrocarbon exporter +second largest producer of oil in Western Europe after Norway. Main crops are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits and vegetable (1/3 production devoted to arable crops).Livestock are cattle and sheep. UK is one of the world leading fishing nations. Many state enterprises nationalized have been privatized. UK is Europe’s leading b usiness center. London remains the largest center in the world for international financial services business, the international financial capital for the Euro.Evaluate British Industrial RevolutionThe IR divided the gender roles, and form “traditional family”. The impact the notion of “traditional family” has on social role of both genders?。
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Unit 11.The full name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2.The UK is made up of England , Scotland ,Wales and Northern Ireland.Q: What are the three most descriptive words you associate most with British people?Reserved ，modest ，humorousUnit 2信仰自由2. The executive power is in the hands of Prime Minister.3. Nicknames of the kings or queens: Mary Ⅰ,ElizabethⅠ,Richard Ⅰ,Edward Ⅰ,William ⅠMary Ⅰ--------- Bloody Mary （Because of the numbers of protestants executives）ElizabethⅠ----- Virgin Queen （Because she never married.）Richard Ⅰ-------the “lion heart”（Because he was famous for his exploits in the third Crusade.）Edward Ⅰ-------long shanks（because he had long legs）William Ⅰ-------the conqueror（he?was?the?victor?at?the?Battle?of?Hasting）Q: What are the queen’s state functions?①The Queen approves the appointment of Ministers and the formation of a cabinet.女王批准任命部长，并组建内阁②The Queen summons Parliament and introduces the session with a speech from theThrone in which she summarizes the government’s program.女王召唤议会并用一场演讲介绍政府计划③The Queen gives her assent to Bills before they become law.法案成为法律之前要得到女王的同意④The Queen concludes treaties and declares war , makes appointments to all offices ofState and Church , dismiss Parliament when the government has been defeated or hasreached the end of its term , and chooses a new Prime Minister.宣布战争⑤The Queen is informed and consulted on every aspect of national life.关心国民生活⑥The Queen signs documents and receives ambassadors and important visitors fromabroad.外交Unit 31.The constitution: statue laws, common laws and conventions.statue laws : passed by Parliamentcommon laws : be established through common practice in the courtsconventions : which are rules and practices which do not exist legally , but arenevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government.2.The parliament today consist s of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House ofCommons.3.Life peers: the Lords have been appointed by the sovereign , at the suggestion of the PrimeMinister.上议院由君主任命,在总理的建议4.MP:the member of Parliament who is elected by and represents an electoral district ofBritain known as a constituency.由选举产生的议会议员，代表英国的一个选区，被称为选区5.Political party: Conservative Party , Labor PartyConservative Party: Margaret Thatcher (the iron lady)Labor Party: Tony BlairUnit 6Q: How do students in Oxford and Cambridge study? What do you think of their method? Students at Oxford and Cambridge do not usually attend daily lectures and labs. Everyone studies either independently or in small groups guided by weekly sessions with a tutor. Tutors assign weekly essays or short projects to track student progress. After three years, all students take exams and write research papers. A faculty committee decides if they have learned enough to graduate.在牛津和剑桥的学生通常不参加日常的讲座和实验室。
每个人都在独立或小组的指导下，每周与导师指导的会议。
导师分配每周的论文或短的项目来跟踪学生的进步。
三年后，所有的学生参加考试和写研究论文。
由教师委员会决定他们是否能够毕业。
Unit 81.Two kinds of daily papers: the quality press质量新闻, the gutter press低级报刊.Q: What are the major difference between “the quality press” and “the gutter press”?①The quality press carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews and feature articles about high culture and will generally be read by a well-educated ,middle class audience.质量新闻进行更认真和深入的文章，特别是政治和社会的重要性。
他们还进行了高文化的评论和功能的文章，通常会被一个受过良好教育的中产阶级观众阅读②The gutter press deal in scandals and gossip, usually about famous people ,whether in politics, sports or entertainment, and carry lots of crime , sports and sensational human interest stories . The stories are short , easy to read and often rely more on opinion than fact.新闻报道中的丑闻和八卦新闻，通常是名人，无论是在政治、体育或娱乐，并进行大量的犯罪，体育和轰动的人类利益的故事。
故事很短，很容易阅读，往往比事实更依赖于意见。
2.BBC(P77)The British Broadcasting Corporation-more familiarly known as the BBC or even "the Beeb"-is Britain's main public service broadcaster. It was founded in1927 as a public service radio station, and later moved into TV. The BBC is funded by license fees and viewers must buy a license each year for their TV set. The international arm of the BBC is the BBC World Service , which broadcasts in English and 43 other languages throughout the world.英国国家广播公司俗称英国广播公司甚至“处理”是英国主要的公共服务广播。
它成立于1927年作为一种公共服务广播站，后来搬到电视。
英国广播公司是由许可费和观众的资金必须购买一个许可证，每年为他们的电视机。
英国广播公司的国际部门是英国广播公司的世界服务，它在世界各地的英语和其他43种语言广播Unit 13England: Guy Fawkes Day—November 5to celebrate the preservation of the British monarchy and ParliamentScotland: Hogmanay --- the New Year’s Eveto welcome the coming of the New YearBurns Supper—25th Januaryto celebrate their beloved national poet Robert BurnsNorthern England: St.Patrick’s Day----March 17to celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland.(The shamrock is a popular symbol to wear )Wales: the Eisteddfod---Augustto celebrate their culture and their languageQ: Is it all right for the Chinese people to observe western festival? Why or why not?Unit 14&15Key point：Famous writes and masterpieces1. Old English Literature: the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf盎格鲁-撒克逊《贝奥武夫》2. Middle English literature：Geoffrey Chaucer—The Canterbury Tales杰弗里-乔叟《坎特伯雷故事集》3. Elizabethan Drama①Christopher Marlow----Doctor Faustus 克里斯托弗-马娄《浮士德博士》②Ben Jonson本-琼生③William Shakespearetragedies : Romeo and Juliet , Julius Caesarcomedies :The Taming of the Shrew , The Templeshistory plays: Richard Ⅲ, Richard Ⅱ, Henry Ⅳ, Henry ⅤFour Great Tragedies: Hamlet , Othello , King Lear , MacbethFour Great Comedies: The Merchant of Venice , A Mid-summer Night’s Dream ,As you like it , Twelfth Night【Shakespeare】1)Shakespeare was born in 1564 and he wrote 38 plays and 154 sonners.2)His works look at common human themes, such as betrayal, murder, lust, power, ambition, love.3)To be , or not to be.《Hamlet》4. The 17th centuryFrancis Bacon –He was a public figure and statesman , rising to the high post of Lord Chancellor.John Milton-----the twin poems “ L’s Allegro ” , “ⅡPenseroso”约翰弥尔顿《快乐的人》《沉思的人》Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained《失乐园》，《复乐园》5. The 18th centuryJonathan Swift---Gulliver’s TravelsRobert Burns-----Holy Willie’s Prayer , To A Mouse , To A LouseDaniel Defoe-----Robinson Crusoe6. Romantic period [the first third of the 19th century]Romantic Poets:①William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge—Lyrical Ballads（romantic poetry’s Declaration of Independence）②Byron ,Shelley ,Keats ----brought the Romantic Movement to its heightByron—Don JuanShelley--Ode to the West Wind [If winter comes , can spring be far behind?]Keats---Ode to a Nightingale , Ode on a Grecian UrnNovelists:①Jane Austen------Sense and Sensibility , Pride and Prejudice , Emma , Northanger Abbeythe last of the 18th century novelists because of her crisp , controlled studies of manners②Charlotte ----Jane EyreEmily -------Wuthering HeightsAnne---------Agnes Grey （the least important of the three）Victorian Literature①William Makepeace Thackeray---Vanity Fair②Charles Dickens---David Copperfield , Oliver Twist , Great Expectations , A Tale of Two Cities③George Eliot------Middlemarch ,The Mill on the Floss , Silas Marner④Oscar Wilde------The Ballad of Reading Gaol ,The happy Prince , The Picture of Dorian Gray , Salome , The Important of Being Earnest⑤Thomas Hardy----The Return of the Native , Tess of the D's Urbervilles , Jude the Obscure7. The first half of 20th century (James Joyce)①William Butler Yeats----At the Hawk's Well（He helped found Dublin's Abbey Theatre .In 1923, he received the Nobel Prize for literature.）②George Bernard Shaw---Man and Superman , Major Barbara , Pygmalion ,Mrs. Warren's Profession（His Comic talents and immense output earn this brilliant Irishman the rank of leading English-Language playwright after Shakespeare.）③Joseph Conrad---Lord Jim , The Heart of DarknessA Room with a View , Howards End , A Passage To India⑤James Joyce-----Ulysses（He is regarded as one of the leading writers of modern times. He was the first to make major use of stream of consciousness—the free flow of language revealing one person's thoughts , feelings and memories.）Sons and Lovers（He felt that society forced too many rules on people and kept them from living a full, natural life.）⑦Virginia Woolf----The Waves⑧Katherine Mansfield----Bliss , The Garden Party。