会计报告分析中英文对照外文翻译文献
会计专业外文文献及译文
外文文献及翻译题目:The Important Of Financial Risk 题目: 财务风险重要性分析The Important Of Financial RiskAbstract：This paper examines the determinants of equity price risk for a large sample of non-financial corporations in the United States from 1964 to 2008. We estimate both structural and reduced form models to examine the endogenous nature of corporate financial characteristics such as total debt, debt maturity, cash holdings, and dividend policy. We find that the observed levels of equity price risk are explained primarily by operating and asset characteristics such as firm age, size, asset tangibility, as well as operating cash flow levels and volatility. In contrast, implied measures of financial risk are generally low and more stable than debt-to-equity ratios. Our measures of financial risk have declined over the last 30 years even as measures of equity volatility (e.g. idiosyncratic risk) have tended to increase. Consequently, documented trends in equity price risk are more than fully accounted for by trends in the riskiness of firms’ assets. Taken together, the results suggest that the typical U.S. firm substantially reduces financial risk by carefully managing financial policies. As a result, residual financial risk now appears negligible relative to underlying economic risk for a typical non-financial firm.Keywords：Capital structure financial risk risk management corporate financeIntroductionThe financial crisis of 2008 has brought significant attention to the effects of financial leverage. There is no doubt that the high levels of debt financing by financial institutions and households significantly contributed to the crisis. Indeed, evidence indicates that excessive leverage orchestrated by major global banks (e.g., through the mortgage lending and collateralized debt obligations) and the so-called “shadow banking system” may be the underlying cause of the recent economic and financial dislocation. Less obvious is the role of financial leverage among nonfinancial firms. To date, problems in the U.S. non-financial sector have been minor compared to the distress in the financial sector despite the seizing of capital markets during the crisis. For example, non-financial bankruptcies have been limited given that the economic decline is the largest since the great depression of the 1930s. In fact, bankruptcy filings of non-financial firms have occurred mostly in U.S. industries (e.g., automotive manufacturing, newspapers, and real estate) that faced fundamental economic pressures prior to the financial crisis. This surprising fact begs the question,。
财务报表分析中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTSWe need to use financial ratios in analyzing financial statements.—— The analysis of comparative financial statements cannot be made really effective unless it takes the form of a study of relationships between items in the statements. It is of little value, for example, to know that, on a given date, the Smith Company has a cash balance of $1oooo. But suppose we know that this balance is only -IV per cent of all current liabilities whereas a year ago cash was 25 per cent of all current liabilities. Since the bankers for the company usually require a cash balance against bank lines, used or unused, of 20 per cent, we can see at once that the firm's cash condition is exhibiting a questionable tendency.We may make comparisons between items in the comparative financial statements as follows:1. Between items in the comparative balance sheeta) Between items in the balance sheet for one date, e.g., cash may be compared with current liabilitiesb) Between an item in the balance sheet for one date and the same item in the balance sheet for another date, e.g., cash today may be compared with cash a year agoc) Of ratios, or mathematical proportions, between two items in the balance sheet for one date and a like ratio in the balance sheet for another date, e.g., the ratio of cash to current liabilities today may be compared with a like ratio a year ago and the trend of cash condition noted2. Between items in the comparative statement of income and expensea) Between items in the statement for a given periodb) Between one item in this period's statement and the same item in last period's statementc) Of ratios between items in this period's statement and similar ratios in last period's statement3. Between items in the comparative balance sheet and items in the comparative statement of income and expensea) Between items in these statements for a given period, e.g., net profit for this year may be calculated as a percentage of net worth for this yearb) Of ratios between items in the two statements for a period of years, e.g., the ratio of net profit to net worth this year may-be compared with like ratios for last year, and for the years preceding thatOur comparative analysis will gain in significance if we take the foregoing comparisons or ratios and; in turn, compare them with:I. Such data as are absent from the comparative statements but are of importance in judging a concern's financial history and condition, for example, the stage of the business cycle2. Similar ratios derived from analysis of the comparative statements of competing concerns or of concerns in similar lines of business What financialratios are used in analyzing financial statements.- Comparative analysis of comparative financial statements may be expressed by mathematical ratios between the items compared, for example, a concern's cash position may be tested by dividing the item of cash by the total of current liability items and using the quotient to express the result of the test. Each ratio may be expressed in two ways, for example, the ratio of sales to fixed assets may be expressed as the ratio of fixed assets to sales. We shall express each ratio in such a way that increases from period to period will be favorable and decreases unfavorable to financial condition.We shall use the following financial ratios in analyzing comparative financial statements:I. Working-capital ratios1. The ratio of current assets to current liabilities2. The ratio of cash to total current liabilities3. The ratio of cash, salable securities, notes and accounts receivable to total current liabilities4. The ratio of sales to receivables, i.e., the turnover of receivables5. The ratio of cost of goods sold to merchandise inventory, i.e., the turnover of inventory6. The ratio of accounts receivable to notes receivable7. The ratio of receivables to inventory8. The ratio of net working capital to inventory9. The ratio of notes payable to accounts payableIO. The ratio of inventory to accounts payableII. Fixed and intangible capital ratios1. The ratio of sales to fixed assets, i.e., the turnover of fixed capital2. The ratio of sales to intangible assets, i.e., the turnover of intangibles3. The ratio of annual depreciation and obsolescence charges to the assetsagainst which depreciation is written off4. The ratio of net worth to fixed assetsIII. Capitalization ratios1. The ratio of net worth to debt.2. The ratio of capital stock to total capitalization .3. The ratio of fixed assets to funded debtIV. Income and expense ratios1. The ratio of net operating profit to sales2. The ratio of net operating profit to total capital3. The ratio of sales to operating costs and expenses4. The ratio of net profit to sales5. The ratio of net profit to net worth6. The ratio of sales to financial expenses7. The ratio of borrowed capital to capital costs8. The ratio of income on investments to investments9. The ratio of non-operating income to net operating profit10. The ratio of net operating profit to non-operating expense11. The ratio of net profit to capital stock12. The ratio of net profit reinvested to total net profit available for dividends on common stock13. The ratio of profit available for interest to interest expensesThis classification of financial ratios is permanent not exhaustive. -Other ratios may be used for purposes later indicated. Furthermore, some of the ratios reflect the efficiency with which a business has used its capital while others reflect efficiency in financing capital needs. The ratios of sales to receivables, inventory, fixed and intangible capital; the ratios of net operating profit to total capital and to sales; and the ratios of sales to operating costs and expenses reflect efficiency in the use of capital.' Most of the other ratios reflect financial efficiency.B. Technique of Financial Statement AnalysisAre the statements adequate in general?-Before attempting comparative analysis of given financial statements we wish to be sure that the statements are reasonably adequate for the purpose. They should, of course, be as complete as possible. They should also be of recent date. If not, their use must be limited to the period which they cover. Conclusions concerning 1923 conditions cannot safely be based upon 1921 statements.Does the comparative balance sheet reflect a seasonable situation? If so, it is important to know financial conditions at both the high and low points of the season. We must avoid unduly favorable judgment of the business at the low point when assets are very liquid and debt is low, and unduly unfavorable judgment at the high point when assets are less liquid and debt likely to be relatively high.Does the balance sheet for any date reflect the estimated financial condition after the sale of a proposed new issue of securities? If so, in order to ascertain the actual financial condition at that date it is necessary to subtract the amount of the security issue from net worth, if the. issue is of stock, or from liabilities, if bonds are to be sold. A like amount must also be subtracted from assets or liabilities depending upon how the estimated proceeds of the issue are reflected in the statement.Are the statements audited or unaudited? It is often said that audited statements, that is, complete audits rather than statements "rubber stamped" by certified public accountants, are desirable when they can be obtained. This is true, but the statement analyst should be certain that the given auditing film's reputation is beyond reproach.Is working-capital situation favorable ?-If the comparative statements to be analyzed are reasonably adequate for the purpose, the next step is to analyze the concern's working-capital trend and position. We may begin by ascertaining the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. This ratioaffords-a test of the concern's probable ability to pay current obligations without impairing its net working capital. It is, in part, a measure of ability to borrow additional working capital or to renew short-term loans without difficulty. The larger the excess of current assets over current liabilities the smaller the risk of loss to short-term creditors and the better the credit of the business, other things being equal. A ratio of two dollars of current assets to one dollar of current liabilities is the "rule-of-thumb" ratio generally considered satisfactory, assuming all current assets are conservatively valued and all current liabilities revealed.The rule-of-thumb current ratio is not a satisfactory test ofworking-capital position and trend. A current ratio of less than two dollars for one dollar may be adequate, or a current ratio of more than two dollars for one dollar may be inadequate. It depends, for one thing, upon the liquidity of the current assets.The liquidity of current assets varies with cash position.-The larger the proportion of current assets in the form of cash the more liquid are the current assets as a whole. Generally speaking, cash should equal at least 20 per cent of total current liabilities (divide cash by total current liabilities). Bankers typically require a concern to maintain bank balances equal to 20 per cent of credit lines whether used or unused. Open-credit lines are not shown on the balance sheet, hence the total of current liabilities (instead of notes payable to banks) is used in testing cash position. Like the two-for-one current ratio, the 20 per cent cash ratio is more or less a rule-of-thumb standard.The cash balance that will be satisfactory depends upon terms of sale, terms of purchase, and upon inventory turnover. A firm selling goods for cash will find cash inflow more nearly meeting cash outflow than will a firm selling goods on credit. A business which pays cash for all purchases will need more ready money than one which buys on long terms of credit. The more rapidly the inventory is sold the more nearly will cash inflow equal cash outflow, other things equal.Needs for cash balances will be affected by the stage of the business cycle. Heavy cash balances help to sustain bank credit and pay expenses when a period of liquidation and depression depletes working capital and brings a slump in sales. The greater the effects of changes in the cycle upon a given concern the more thought the financial executive will need to give to the size of his cash balances.Differences in financial policies between different concerns will affect the size of cash balances carried. One concern may deem it good policy to carry as many open-bank lines as it can get, while another may carry only enough lines to meet reasonably certain needs for loans. The cash balance of the first firm is likely to be much larger than that of the second firm.The liquidity of current assets varies with ability to meet "acid test."- Liquidity of current assets varies with the ratio of cash, salable securities, notes and accounts receivable (less adequate reserves for bad debts), to total current liabilities (divide the total of the first four items by total current liabilities). This is the so-called "acid test" of the liquidity of current condition. A ratio of I: I is considered satisfactory since current liabilities can readily be paid and creditors risk nothing on the uncertain values of merchandise inventory. A less than 1:1 ratio may be adequate if receivables are quickly collected and if inventory is readily and quickly sold, that is, if its turnover is rapid andif the risks of changes in price are small.The liquidity of current assets varies with liquidity of receivables. This may be ascertained by dividing annual sales by average receivables or by receivables at the close of the year unless at that date receivables do not represent the normal amount of credit extended to customers. Terms of sale must be considered in judging the turnover of receivables. For example, if sales for the year are $1,200,000 and average receivables amount to $100,000, the turnover of receivables is $1,200,000/$100,000=12. Now, if credit terms to customers are net in thirty days we can see that receivables are paid promptly.Consideration should also be given market conditions and the stage of the business cycle. Terms of credit are usually longer in farming sections than in industrial centers. Collections are good in prosperous times but slow in periods of crisis and liquidation.Trends in the liquidity of receivables will also be reflected in the ratio of accounts receivable to notes receivable, in cases where goods are typically sold on open account. A decline in this ratio may indicate a lowering of credit standards since notes receivable are usually given to close overdue open accounts. If possible, a schedule of receivables should be obtained showing those not due, due, and past due thirty, sixty, and ninety days. Such a, schedule is of value in showing the efficiency of credits and collections and in explaining the trend in turnover of receivables. The more rapid the turnover of receivables the smaller the risk of loss from bad debts; the greater the savings of interest on the capital invested in receivables, and the higher the profit on total capital, other things being equal.Author(s): C. O. Hardy and S. P. Meech译文：财务报表分析A.财务比率我们需要使用财务比率来分析财务报表，比较财务报表的分析方法不能真正有效的得出想要的结果，除非采取的是研究在报表中项目与项目之间关系的形式。
会计财务管理类外文文献翻译、外文翻译、中英文翻译
会计财务管理类外文文献翻译、外文翻译、中英文翻译外文翻译译文1并购的收益来源资本市场领域研究的另一个课题是收入的一般来源当收入只是别人非盈利成果时资本市场领域的研究人员还不能确认资产已被重新分配使之创造财富的盈利回升虽然金融经济学家不能合理解释为什么并购是别人的非盈利目标的成果但是研究人员推断这些合乎逻辑的假设值的目标收益不仅是重新通过并购得到的也是分配产生的结果一些研究者认为股东的利益是从债券持有人处得来的丹尼斯和麦康奈尔1986不支持这个意见另外一个观点是利润是从目标公司的资源税操作衍生而来的从学术上讲这个证据是存在的但不明确奥尔巴赫和雷苏斯1987推测在可能情况下税款这个因素占好处的20说明是足够重要的它将影响并购的决策吉尔森1988等人却发现众多有关税收优惠的定义问题交易成本和信息费复杂化的说法以及税前利润方面肯定是并购活动产生的原因或者说并购是公司实现税收优惠的最合适方法在一个几项研究中贾雷尔1988等人发现大部分的并购活动也不能归因于税收方面的原因施莱弗和萨默斯1988声称利润从并购产生因为新的董事会违反嵌入施莱弗和萨默斯1988声称利润从并购产生原因是新的董事会违反了公司与利益相关者群体的嵌入式就业条件链接并购目标公司管理不佳的表现研究是由施莱佛和维什尼1988审查的他们的研究表明公司还没有建立完善的管理机制来制止执行者开展的活动这个活动是不会为股东创造价值的此外莫克1988等分析这种敌意收购时声称收购发生的过快或者下属企业和管理当局不能尽快地减少相关程序或其他相匹配模型结果验证了这一事实有代理成本新股东们认为这一成本将能够被减少收购公司的负面影响提出为什么并购活动能够开始进行的问题鲁巴特肯1983提供了对这种有明显难度问题的一个可能解释他认为与并购有关的行政上的困难会消除潜在的利润他还断言在使用该方法可能不足以发现利润这与詹森1986并购投标人利润公司量化复杂性的观点一致其结论解释了在投标人利润匮乏的情况下并购活动仍然活跃的原因鲁巴特肯1983认为只有特定类型的并购战略才可能对购买公司的股东有好处除了这些论点罗尔1986在同意有效率的市场假说的同时声称在经验性地评估工作的目标和招标公司的集体价值后并购是不能令人信服他们没有办法估计投标人的假设因此他制定了傲慢自大假说的规定即并购的总利润是确定的罗尔1986换句话说管理层继续对目标公司超值估价这些结果显示金融界的研究人员是如何结合自由现金流假设代理理论以及效率市场的事件研究方法来解释并购活动的合理化的然而金融研究人员驳斥了金融经济学家中央假说以及一个市场公司控制权假设是约束经理的一个重要手段这一事件的研究是创造价值的量化的有效方法而股票市场则能够恰当地估价公司学者们使用现有的数据事件研究方法之外的其他方法提出有关并购的利润的特定减免索罗弗斯克莱福特和谢勒1987年二例如他们声称长期的结果通常显示相比国内市场标准并购目标执行一般高于行业平均水平的8％左右此外它们的财政收入表现既不增加也不减少与并购后相当这些研究人员不相信股市场总是有效-一个基本假设-提出对并购相比于金融学者提供的不同表现的解释谢勒1988推测由于股市并不总是能够正确估计股票价值一些企业将在任何特定时间被高估了这使他们能够购买其他公司但有些公司将被低估这是他们感兴趣的目标被高估的公司会研究可能的的目标公司了解他们是否有被低估导致其股价上升这个发现被低估的公司将被购买他们的新股票价格只是表达了一种市场调整企业在审查后没有低估的将不会被购买在被并购的目标中它们的股票价格可能回归到以前的水平作者托马斯施特劳布国籍德国出处并购频繁失败的原因原文1The Origins of earnings through MAsAnother of the capital market schools field of study is the origins of earnings in general When earnings are just the outcome of somebody elses disprofit the capital market schools researchers cannot confirm that assets have been redistributed so as to create wealth by picking up profitability However although financial economists cannot reasonably explain the gains in MA targets as somebody elses disprofitsresearchers deduce that it is logical to suppose that value is not just re-allocated through MAs but is producedSome researchers believe that shareholder profits come from bondholders lossesDennis and McConnel 1986 do not uphold this opinion An additional perspective is that profits are derived from tax manipulations of the target firms resources In the literature the evidence for this is however ambiguous Auerbach and Reishus 1987surmised that in possibly 20 of cases tax benefits are sufficiently important to affect the MA decision Gilson et al 1988 nevertheless found that a multitude of problems concerning definitions of tax benefits transaction costs and information costs complicate the claim that tax profits are definitely the reason for MA activitiesor that MAs are the most suitable method for companies to realize tax benefits In an evaluation of several studies Jarrell et al 1988 found that much of the MA activity could not be attributed to tax reasonsShleifer and Summers 1988 claim that profits are derived from MAs because a new board breaches the embedded employment conditions between the company and the stakeholder groups Studies that link MAs to poor target company management performance were examined by Shleifer and Vishny 1988c Their study shows that firms have not succeeded in establishing controls to prevent managers from carrying out activities that do not increase the stockholder valueMoreover Morck et als 1988 analysis of hostile takeovers claims that such takeovers take place in swiftly changing or declining businesses and in firms wherethe management is not able to minimize procedures fast enough or model other adaptations The results verify the fact that there are agency costs that the new hareholders think they will be able to decreaseThe negative consequences of MAs for the buying companies raise the question why MA activities are undertaken at all A number of potentialexplanations for this apparent puzzle are offered by Lubatkin 1983 who suggests that the administrative difficulties associated with MAs could erase potential profits His further assertion that the methods in use have possibly not been sufficient to uncover profits is consistent with Jensens 1986 argument of the complexity of quantifying profits for MA bidder companies As a concluding explanation for MAs permanence despite the lack of profits for the bidders Lubatkin 1983 suggests that just specific types of MA strategies might profit the buying companys shareholders Besides these arguments Roll 1986 while agreeing with the efficient market hypothesis claims that the empiric work that evaluates the target and bidding companies collective value after an MA is unconvincing no way related to the bidders supposition that their estimations are He consequently formulated the hubris hypothesis which states that MAs aggregate profits are in correct Roll1986 In other words managements continue to over valuate target firmsThese results demonstrate how the financial schools researchers combine the ypotheses of free cash flow a market for corporate control the agency theory and efficient markets with the event studies method to improve the rationalization in respect of MA activity However a number of financial researchers refute the financial economists central hypothesis as well as the hypothesis that a market for corporate control is a key instrument for disciplining managers that event studies are a valid method ofquantifying value creation and that the share market is capable of precisely valuing firmsScholars who use other methods than event studies of existing data make specific deductions with regard to MA profits Ravenscraft and Scherer 1987 b for example claim that long-term-based results usually reveal that MA targets perform above the industry average - at around 8 - compared to their home market standards Furthermore their financial income performances neither increased nor declined considerably after the MAThose researchers who do not believe that the share market is always efficient –a basic assumption - suggest different explanations for MA performance than the ones offered by financial scholars Scherer 1988 hypothesizes that because the stock market does not always properly value stock some firms will be overvalued at any given point in time enabling them to purchase other firms but some firms will be undervalued which renders them interesting targets Companies that are overvalued will examine possible target companies to find out if they have been underestimatedcausing their share price to increaseFirms that are discovered to be underestimated are purchased and their new share price simply expresses a market correction Firms that are not purchased after being examined were not underestimated and their share prices return to the level prior to their being possible MA targets AuthorProf Dr oec Thomas StraubNationalityGermanyOriginate from Reasons for Frequent failure in Mergers and Acquisitions译文2评价成功的客观标准客观的措施是建立在公开信息之上的容易获得信息是因为利用了外部信息的优点由于外部信息不受到答辩人的偏见基于外部数据就可以比较不同的研究成果同时外部信息也苦于缺乏差异如外部经济波动的影响工业企业的具体因素以及其他收购等具体因素或各种因素对结果影响很大从而限制了外部信息的解释力运用客观成功措施研究人员研究了使并购成功的两个方面战略上的成功和财务上的成功并购财务上的成功已经在不同的研究中被标准化最后创造价值是公司的核心目标因此在财务上价值创造的成功是并购成功的一个标准有两种在财务上成功的数据源已被用于确定兼并和收购成功股票的市场数据和公司的会计数据股市会响应公司合并和收购的公告这意味着股东估计将收购公司的创造价值或评估已收购公司的销毁价值如果他们希望收购能够增加收购公司的的价值创造股票价格将上涨如果他们希望收购能够摧毁收购公司的价值股票价格将下跌当然这只有与股票价格的发展无关的行业或特定的股票市场的发展可以考虑这些不相关的影响即所谓不正常的股市反应不同时期使用了前后公告例如阿格拉瓦尔1992等调查股市的影响公布在前其结果直到5年后才宣布其他的如哈布利安芬克尔斯坦1999测量5天的异常收益率在合并后的前5天然而这种假设是建立在能够正常地反应公布及预计并购的所有可能产生的影响之上的虽然长期收购具有捕捉长期发展的优势但是它们会受到合并后发生事件的影响阿格拉瓦尔1992等在765项收购研究中发现与去年同期研究相比收购的累积异常收益率在510％之间芬克尔斯坦1999则发现没有任何影响同样鲁巴特肯1987在439项有关公司收购的研究中发现没有重大的股票在不同的市场有时间效应18-64个月后的兼并与收购鲁巴特肯斯里尼瓦桑曼切尔特1997年也发现并购后的第2天第16天以及第56天无异常收益布赫纳1990调查的90个公司的股票的市场表现也认为是无相关联系的其结果表明收购没有使抽样公司的市场价值增加1990a 自己的译本在另一项研究中布赫纳1990发现封闭后12个月的平均异常收益率恢复到-10布赫纳 1990c300在对波士顿咨询集团2004的研究中作者发现在收购平均创造价值表现上大多数并购是失败的因为高风险活动所以这是异常现象但是如果一家公司从事很多兼并和收购就平均而言实际上是可能创造价值的根据有关财务执行情况的调查结果鲁巴特肯奥尼尔1987发现并购交易显着增加公司的非系统风险而减少系统性风险该系统风险下降是因为兼并和收购遵循一种产品或市场推广的目标这降低了系统行业在大多数情况下的市场风险但是非系统性风险取决于公司大力增加的特性一些公司在并购后表现得非常好但另外一些现象是并购后变得松散然后这大大增加了非系统性风险对股市信息使用相应的金融理论假设市场能够正确地估计公司的价值与战略根据这个假设收购将正确地评估股市从而代表其有潜在的价值衡量并购成功的与否在建立在合并前的会计数据和合并后的会计数据的基础之上的常用的尺度是资产回报股本息税前利润销售或收购公司的利润回报库斯维特1985在3500项大规模收购的研究中发现一年后公司获得了533的平均增长居留权库斯维特1985还认为一年后收购企业将增加340的市场回报同样布赫纳1990探讨了110项德国并购事件发现在并购交易3年后才能得到资本回报以及股本回报他发现平均而言收购公司会恶化财务性能作者弗洛里弗伦施国籍美国出处从社会角度看并购原文2Objective success measuresObjective measures are based on publicly available information The advantage of using external information is that the information is readily available As external information does not suffer from respondents biases it is possible to compare results from different studies based on external data At the same external information suffers from a lack of differentiation External effects such as economic fluctuations industry specific factors as well as firm specific factors such as other acquisitions or divestures strongly affect the result and thus limit the explanatory power of external informationUsing objective success measures researchers have studied the success of mergers and acquisitions in two different dimensions strategic success and financial success Financial success of mergers and acquisitions has been measured in many different studiesUltimately value creation is the core objective of firms Hence value creation respectively financial success is a usefulsuccess measure for mergers and acquisitions There are two different sources of data for financial success that have been used to identify success of mergers and acquisitions Stock market data and accounting data of firmsStock markets react to the announcement of mergers and acquisitions That means that stockholders evaluate the expected value creation or value destruction of acquisitions for acquiring firms and acquired firms If they expect that an acquisition creates value for the acquiring firm stock prices go up If they expect that an acquisition destroys value for the acquiring firm stock prices go down Of course only stock price developments that are unrelated to industry specific developments or stock market developments can be consideredThese unrelated effects are called abnormal stock market reactions Different time periods have been used before and after the announcement For example Agrawal et al 1992 investigate the stock market effect before the announcement until five years after the announcement Others such as Haleblian Finkelstein 1999 measure abnormal returns from 5 days prior to the merger until 5 days after the merger This however assumes that stock markets react correctly to an announcement and anticipate all possible effects of an MA While long periods have the advantage of capturing long-term developments of an acquisition they suffer from events happening after the mergerWhile Agrawal et al 1992 find in a study on 765 acquisitions that cumulative abnormal returns ofacquisitions are -10 over a 5-year period Haleblian Finkelstein 1999 find no effect Similarly Lubatkin 1987 finds in a study on 439 acquiring firms that there is no significant stock market effect at different points in time 18 – 64 months after the MAtransactionLubatkin Srinivasan Merchant 1997 also find overperiods of 2 16 56 days after an MA-announcement no abnormal returnsBühner 1990a investigates the stock market performance of 90 firms and finds that ummarized the results indicate that acquisitions do not yield increase of market value of the firms in the sample 1990a 45 own translation In another study Bühner 1990c finds an average abnormal rate of return of -10 twelve months after the closing Bühner 1990c300 In a study of The Boston Consulting Group 2004 the authors find that while the majority of mergers fail acquirers on the average create value This is curious insofar as the risk is seemingly high But if a firm engages in many mergers and acquisitions on the average it might actually create moneyConsistent with the findings about financial performance Lubatkin ONeill 1987 find that MA-transactions significantly increase the unsystematic risk of firms while the systematic risks decrease The systematic risk decreases because mergers and acquisitions that follow a product or market extension objective reduce the systematic industry respectively market risk in most cases However the unsystematic risk which depends on firm characteristics strongly increases becausesome firms perform very well after mergers and acquisitions and somesignificantly loose after mergers and acquisitions This howeverincreasesthe unsystematic risk stronglyThe use of stock market informationcorresponds to financial theories that assume that markets correctlyprice the value of a firm and its strategy According to this assumptionacquisitions will be evaluated correctly by stock marketsthereby representing the value potentialSuccess measures based on accounting data use premerger and postmerger accounting dataCommon measures are return on assets return onequity EBIT sales or profit of an acquiring firm Kusewitt 1985 findsin a large scale study on 3500 acquisitions that one year after anacquisition the average ROA of acquiring firms increased by 533 Kusewitt1985 also finds that the market return of acquiring firm increases by340 one year after the acquisition Similarly Bühner 1990a investigatesin a study on 110 German mergers and acquisitions the return on capitalas well as the return on equity 3 years after an MA transactionHe findsthat on the average acquiring companies have deteriorating financialperformanceAuthor Florian FrenschNationalityAmericaOriginate from The social Side of Mergers and Acquisitions。
会计英文文献及翻译
IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL COSTACCOUNTING IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZEDCOMPANIES1．ENVIRONMENTAL COST ACCOUNTING IN SMESSince its inception some 30 years ago, Environmental Cost Accounting (ECA) has reached a stage of development where individual ECA systems are separated from the core accounting system based an assessment of environmental costs with (see Fichter et al., 1997, Letmathe and Wagner , 2002).As environmental costs are commonly assessed as overhead costs, neither the older concepts of full costs accounting nor the relatively recent one of direct costing appear to represent an appropriate basis for the implementation of ECA. Similar to developments in conventional accounting, the theoretical and conceptual sphere of ECA has focused on process-based accounting since the 1990s (see Hallay and Pfriem, 1992, Fischer and Blasius, 1995, BMU/UBA, 1996, Heller et al., 1995, Letmathe, 1998, Spengler and H.hre, 1998).Taking available concepts of ECA into consideration, process-based concepts seem the best option regarding the establishment of ECA (see Heupel and Wendisch , 2002). These concepts, however, have to be continuously revised to ensure that they work well when applied in small and medium-sized companies.Based on the framework for Environmental Management Accounting presented in Burritt et al. (2002), our concept of ECA focuses on two main groups of environmentally related impacts. These are environmentally induced financial effects and company-related effects on environmental systems (see Burritt and Schaltegger, 2000, p.58). Each of these impacts relate to specific categories of financial and environmental information. The environmentally induced financial effects are represented by monetary environmental information and the effects on environmental systems are represented by physical environmental information. Conventional accounting deals with both – monetary as well as physical units – but does not focus on environmental impact as such. To arrive at a practical solution to the implementation of E CA in a company’s existing accounting system, and to comply with the problem of distinguishing between monetary and physical aspects, an integrated concept is required. As physical information is often the basis for the monetary information (e.g. kilograms of a raw material are the basis for the monetary valuation of raw material consumption), the integration of this information into the accounting system database is essential. From there, the generation of physical environmental and monetary (environmental) information would in many cases be feasible. For many companies, the priority would be monetary (environmental) information for use in for instance decisions regarding resource consumptions and investments. The use of ECA in small andmedium-sized enterprises (SME) is still relatively rare, so practical examples available in the literature are few and far between. One problem is that the definitions of SMEs vary between countries (see Kosmider, 1993 and Reinemann, 1999). In our work the criteria shown in Table 1 are used to describe small and medium-sized enterprises.Table 1. Criteria of small and medium-sized enterprisesNumber of employees TurnoverUp to 500employees Turnover up to EUR 50mManagement Organization- Owner-cum-entrepreneur -Divisional organization is rare- Varies from a patriarchal management -Short flow of information style in traditional companies and teamwork -Strong personal commitmentin start-up companies -Instruction and controlling with- Top-down planning in old companies direct personal contact- Delegation is rare- Low level of formality- High flexibilityFinance Personnel- family company -easy to survey number of employees- limited possibilities of financing -wide expertise-high satisfaction of employeesSupply chain Innovation-closely involved in local -high potential of innovationeconomic cycles in special fields- intense relationship with customersand suppliersKeeping these characteristics in mind, the chosen ECA approach should be easy to apply, should facilitate the handling of complex structures and at the same time be suited to the special needs of SMEs.Despite their size SMEs are increasingly implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems like SAP R/3, Oracle and Peoplesoft. ERP systems support business processes across organizational, temporal and geographical boundaries using one integrated database. The primary use of ERP systems is for planning and controlling production and administration processes of an enterprise. In SMEs however, they are often individually designed and thus not standardized making the integration of for instance software that supports ECA implementation problematic. Examples could be tools like the “eco-efficiency” approach of IMU (2003) or Umberto (2003) because these solutions work with the database of more comprehensive software solutions like SAP, Oracle, Navision or others. Umberto software for example (see Umberto, 2003) would require large investments and great background knowledge of ECA – which is not available in most SMEs.The ECA approach suggested in this chapter is based on an integrative solution –meaning that an individually developed database is used, and the ECA solution adopted draws on the existing cost accounting procedures in the company. In contrast to other ECA approaches, the aim was to create an accounting system that enables the companies to individually obtain the relevant cost information. The aim of the research was thus to find out what cost information is relevant for the company’s decision on environmental issues and how to obtain it.2．METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTING ECASetting up an ECA system requires a systematic procedure. The project thus developed a method for implementing ECA in the companies that participated in the project; this is shown in Figure 1. During the implementation of the project it proved convenient to form a core team assigned with corresponding tasks drawing on employees in various departments. Such a team should consist of one or two persons from the production department as well as two from accounting and corporate environmental issues, if available. Depending on the stage of the project and kind of inquiry being considered, additional corporate members may be added to the project team to respond to issues such as IT, logistics, warehousing etc.Phase 1: Production Process VisualizationAt the beginning, the project team must be briefed thoroughly on the current corporate situation and on the accounting situation. To this end, the existing corporate accounting structure and the related corporate information transfer should be analyzed thoroughly. Following the concept of an input/output analysis, how materials find their ways into and out of the company is assessed. The next step is to present the flow of material and goods discovered and assessed in a flow model. To ensure the completeness and integrity of such a systematic analysis, any input and output is to be taken into consideration. Only a detailed analysis of material and energy flows from the point they enter the company until they leave it as products, waste, waste water or emissions enables the company to detect cost-saving potentials that at later stages of the project may involve more efficient material use, advanced process reliability and overview, improved capacity loads, reduced waste disposal costs, better transparency of costs and more reliable assessment of legal issues. As a first approach, simplified corporate flow models, standardizedstand-alone models for supplier(s), warehouse and isolated production segments were established and only combined after completion. With such standard elements and prototypes defined, a company can readily develop an integrated flow model with production process(es), production lines or a production process as a whole. From the view of later adoption of the existing corporate accounting to ECA, such visualization helps detect, determine, assess and then separate primary from secondary processes. Phase 2: Modification of AccountingIn addition to the visualization of material and energy flows, modeling principal and peripheral corporate processes helps prevent problems involving too high shares of overhead costs on the net product result. The flow model allows processes to be determined directly or at least partially identified as cost drivers. This allows identifying and separating repetitive processing activity with comparably few options from those with more likely ones for potential improvement.By focusing on principal issues of corporate cost priorities and on those costs that have been assessed and assigned to their causes least appropriately so far, corporate procedures such as preparing bids, setting up production machinery, ordering (raw) material and related process parameters such as order positions, setting up cycles of machinery, and order items can be defined accurately. Putting several partial processes with their isolated costs into context allows principal processes to emerge; these form the basis of process-oriented accounting. Ultimately, the cost drivers of the processes assessed are the actual reference points for assigning and accounting overhead costs. The percentage surcharges on costs such as labor costs are replaced by process parameters measuring efficiency (see Foster and Gupta, 1990).Some corporate processes such as management, controlling and personnel remain inadequately assessed with cost drivers assigned to product-related cost accounting. Therefore, costs of the processes mentioned, irrelevant to the measure of production activity, have to be assessed and surcharged with a conventional percentage.At manufacturing companies participating in the project,computer-integrated manufacturing systems allow a more flexible and scope-oriented production (eco-monies of scope), whereas before only homogenous quantities (of products) could be produced under reasonable economic conditions (economies of scale). ECA inevitably prevents effects of allocation, complexity and digression and becomes a valuable controlling instrument where classical/conventional accounting arrangements systematically fail to facilitate proper decisions. Thus, individually adopted process-based accounting produces potentially valuable information for any kind of decision about internal processing or external sourcing (e.g. make-or-buy decisions).Phase 3: Harmonization of Corporate Data – Compiling and Acquisition On the way to a transparent and systematic information system, it is convenient to check core corporate information systems of procurement and logistics, production planning, and waste disposal with reference to their capability to provide the necessary precise figures for the determined material/energy flow model and for previously identified principal and peripheral processes. During the course of the project, a few modifications within existing information systems were, in most cases, sufficient to comply with these requirements; otherwise, a completely new softwaremodule would have had to be installed without prior analysis to satisfy the data requirements.Phase 4: Database conceptsWithin the concept of a transparent accounting system, process-based accounting can provide comprehensive and systematic information both on corporate material/ energy flows and so-called overhead costs. To deliver reliable figures over time, it is essential to integrate a permanent integration of the algorithms discussed above into the corporate information system(s). Such permanent integration and its practical use may be achieved by applying one of three software solutions (see Figure 2).For small companies with specific production processes, an integrated concept is best suited, i.e. conventional andenvironmental/process-oriented accounting merge together in one common system solution.For medium-sized companies, with already existing integrated production/ accounting platforms, an interface solution to such a system might be suitable. ECA, then, is set up as an independent software module outside the existing corporate ERP system and needs to be fed data continuously. By using identical conventions for inventory-data definitions within the ECA software, misinterpretation of data can be avoided.Phase 5: Training and CoachingFor the permanent use of ECA, continuous training of employees on all matters discussed remains essential. To achieve a long-term potential of improved efficiency, the users of ECA applications and systems must be able to continuously detect and integrate corporate process modifications and changes in order to integrate them into ECA and, later, to process them properly.。
财务报表分析中英文对照外文翻译文献
文献信息文献标题: The Need Of Financial Statement Analysis In A Firm or0 rgnization(企业或机构财务报表分析的必要性)国外作者: Suneetha G 文献出处:《International Journal of Science Engineering and Advancel Technology (.JSEAT)) 2017, 5(6): 731-735字数统计:2541单词,15110字符;中文4377汉字外文文献:The Need Of Financial Statement AnalysisIn A Firm Or An Orgnization Abstract Financial statement analysis play a dominate role in setting the frame watt of managerial decisions through analysis and interpretation of financial statement This paper discusses about financial , strength and weakness of the company by properly establishing relationship between the items of balance shed and profit and loss account. In order to judge the profitability and financial soundness of the company horizontal, and vertical analyze or done. The various technique used in analyzing financial statement included 'comparative statement, common size statement, trend analysis and ratio analysis. The results suggest that the ratio approach is a highly useful tool in financial statement analysis, especially when a set of ratios is used to evaluate a firm's performanceKey words: Financial statement analysis, to evaluate a firm's performance Comparative statement. Common size statement, trend analysis and ratio analysis1 Introductionhe basis for financial analysis planning and decision making is financiainformation/a business firm has to prepares its financial accounts viz.. balance sheet profit and loss account which provides useful financial information for the purpose of decision making Financial information is needed to predict. Compare and evaluate the fin's earnings ability. The formers statements viz. profit and loss account shows that operating activities of the concern and the later balance sheet depicts the balance value of the acquired assets and of liabilities at a particular point of time. However these statements don't disclose all of the necessary for ascertaining the financial strengths and weaknesses of an enterprise. it is necessary to analyze the data depicted n the financial statements. The finance manager has certain analytical tools which helps is financial analysis and planning. [Doron nissim, stephen h. Penman, (2003) Financialstatement Analysis of Leverage and How it Informs About Profitability and Price-to-book Ratios. Survey of Accounting Studies. Kluwer Academic PublishersAs per examine by Dissim. StephePenman' on Financia proclamation investigation of Leverage and how it illuminates about gainfulness and cost to book proportions, money related explanation examination that recognizes use that emerges in financing exercises from use that emerges in operations. The examination yields two utilizing conditions. one for getting to back operations and one for obtaining over the span of operations. This examination demonstrates that the budgetary explanation investigation clarifies cross-sectional contrasts in present and future rates of return and additionally cost to-snare proportions, which depend onexpected rates of profit for value. This investigation helps in understandorkins influence contrasts in productivity in the cross-areas. changes in future productivity from current benefit and legally binding working liabilities from evaluated liabilities Yating Van, HW. Chuang, (2010) Financial Ratio Adjustment Process: Evidence from Taiwan and North America, ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 43 (2010)0 Euro Journa Publishing Inc. 20102. Financial statements analysisprocess of identifying the financial strengths and weaknesses of a firm from the available accounting data and financial statements. The analysis is done by properly establishing the relationship between the items of balance sheet and profitnd loss account. The first task of the financial analyst is to determine the information relevant the decision under consideration from the total information contained in financial statement. The second step is to arrange information in a way to highlightsignificant relationships. The final step is interpretation and drawing of infed conclusions. Thus financial analysis is the process of selection, relating and evaluation of the accounting data or informationPurpose of financial statements analysis Financial statements analysis is the meaningful interpretation of 'financial statements for panics demanding financial information. It is not necessary for the proprietors alone. In general, the purpose of financial statements analysis is to aidmaking between the users of accounts To evaluate past performance and financial position To predict future performance Tools and techniques of financial analysis Comparative balance sheet common size balance shee Trend analysis Ratio analysis Comparative balance sheet Comparative financial statements is a statement of the financial position of a business so designed as to facilitate comparison of different accounting variables for drawing useful inferences. Financial statements of two or more business enter prices may be compared over period of years. This is known as inter firm comparison Financial statements of the particular business enter pries may be compared over two periods of years. This is known inter period comparisonCommon size statements It facilities the comparison of two or more business entities with a commonbase .in case of balance sheet, total assets or liabilities or capital can be taken ascommon base. These statements are called common measurements or components percentage or 100 percent statements. Since each statement is representated as a %ofthe total of 100 which in variably serves as the baseIn this manner the announcements arranged to draw out the proportion of every benefit of risk to the aggregate of the monetary record and the proportion of every thing of cost or incomes to net deals known as the basic size articulationsPattern investigation Even examination of money related explanations can likewise be completed by figuring pattern rates. Pattern rate expresses quite a long while's budgetary formation as far as a base year. The base year rises to 100 % with every single other year expressed in some rate of this baseProportion investigation Proportion investigation is the technique or process by which the relationship of things or gatherings of things in the budgetary proclamations are registered. decided and introduced. Proportion investigation is an endeavor to determine quantitative measures or aides concerning the money related wellbeing and benefit of the business nture. Proportion investigation can be utilized both in pattern and static examinationhere are a few proportions at the examiner yet the gathering of proportions he wouincline toward relies upon the reason and the destinations of the investigationBookkeeping proportions are viable apparatuses of examination; they are pointers of administrative and over all operational productivity. Proportions, when appropriately utilized are fit for giving valuable data. proportion examination characterized as the deliberate utilization of proportions to decipher the money related explanations with the goal that the qualities and shortcomings of a firm and in addition its chronicled execution and current monetary condition can be resolved the term proportion alludes to the numerical or quantitative connection between things factors this relationship can be communicated as (Fraction (2)Percentages (3)Proportion of numbers These option strategies for communicating things which are identified with eacstigation,examination. It ought to be seen that processing the proportion does not include data in the figures of benefit or deals. What the proportions do is that they uncover the relationship in a more important manner in order to empower us to reach inferences from th As indicated by look into by the Yating yang and 11. W. Chuang. on 'Monetary Ratio Adjustment Process: Evidence from Taiwan and North America. measurable legitimacy of the proportion strategy in monetary articulation examination is researched. The outcomes hence recommend that the proportion approach is a valuable instrument in monetary explanation investigation, particularly when an arrangement of proportions is utilized to assess an association's execution. The straightforwardness of this strategy additionally underpins the utilization of proportions in money related basic leadership3.Money related proportions in perspective of GAAGAAP is the arrangement of standard systems for recording business exchanges and detailing accounting report passages. The components of GAAP incorporatethings onetaryd. and how to ascertain exceptional offer estimations. The models fused into (MAP give general consistency in assumes that are thusly used to ascertain imperative money related proportions that financial specialists and investigators use to assess the organization. Indeed, even agreeable monetary records can be trying to unravel, yet without a framework characterizing every class of section, corporate money related articulations would be basically dark and uselessThere are seven fundamental rule that guide the foundation of the Generall Accepted Accounting Principles. The standards of normality, consistency, perpetuality and genuineness go towardsurging organizations to utilize the legitimate bookkeeping hones quarter after quarter in a decent confidence push to demonstrate the genuine money related state of the organization. None remuneration judiciousness and progression build up rules for how to set up a monetary record, by and large to report the budgetary status of the organization as it is without treatin resources in irregular ways that distort the operations of the organization just to balance different sections. The rule of periodicity basic implies that salary to be gotten extra time ought to be recorded as it is booked to be gotten, not in a singular amountThe brought together arrangement of bookkeeping in this manner has various advantages. Not exclusively does it give a specific level of straightforwardness into an organization's funds. it likewise makes for generally simple examinations between organizations. Subsequently, GAAPempowers venture by helping financial specialists pick shrewdly. GAAP gives America organizations preference over remote ones where financial specialists, unless they have a cozy comprehension of the business may have a great deal more trouble figuring the potential dangers and prizes of a venture. GAAP applies to U.S.-based enterprises just, however every other real nation has bookkeeping measures set up for their local organizations. Now and again remote bookkeeping is genuinely like U.S. GAAP, changing in just minor and fectively represented ways. In different cases, the models change fundamentally aking direct examinations questionable, best case scenarioAdvantages and Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis Financial ratio analysis is a useful tool for users of financial statement. It hasFocal pointselated proclamations It helps in contrasting organizations of various size and each other. It helps in drift examination which includes looking at a solitary organization over a period It highlights imperative data in basic frame rapidly. A client can judge an organization by simply taking a gander at few number as opposed to perusing of the entire monetary explanationsRestrictions Regardless of convenience, finance.ial proportion examination has a few burdens Some key faults of budgetary proportion examination areDifferent organizations work in various enterprises each having distinctive natural conditions, for example, control, showcase structure, and so on. Such factors curve so huge that a correlation of two organizations from various ventures may beecelvilFinancial bookkeeping data is influenced by assessments and presumptions Bookkeeping principles permit diverse bookkeeping arrangements, which disables likeness and subsequently proportion examination is less helpful in suchcircumstancesRatio investigation clarifies connections between past data while clients are more worried about present and future datThe investigation helps for breaking down the alteration procedure of moneelated proportionsmodel states three impacts which circular segment an association's interior impact, expansive impact, and key administration. It encourages(That a company's budgetary proportions reflect unforeseen changes in the business(2)Active endeavors to accomplish the coveted focus by administration and (3)An individual association's money related proportion developmentMonetary proclamations investigation is the way toward looking at connections among components of the organization's "bookkeeping articulations" or money related explanations (accounting report, salary articulation. proclamation of income and the announcement of held profit) and making correlations with pertinent data. It is a significant instrument utilized by financial specialists. leasers, monetary investigators proprietors. administrators and others in their basic leadership handle The most well known sorts of money related explanations examination curveHorizontal Analysis: monetary data are thought about for at least two years for a solitary organizationVertical anaery thing on a solitary monetary explanation is figured as a rate of an aggregate for a solitary organizationRatio Analysis: analyze things on a solitary budgetary articulation or look at the connections between things on two monetary proclamationsMoney related proportions examination is the most widely recognized type o budgetary explanations investigation. Monetary proportions delineate connections between various parts of an organization's operations and give relative measures of the company's conditions and execution. Monetary proportions may give intimationsand side effects of the money related condition and signs of potential issue regionsby and large holds no importance unless they are looked at against something else, as past execution, another organization/contender or industry normal. In this way, the proportions of firms in various enterprises, which confront distinctive conditions, are generally difficult to analyzeMoney related proportions can be a critical instrument for entrepreneurs and dministrators to gauge their advance toward achieving organization objectives, an toward contending with bigger organizations inside an industry; likewise, followin different proportions after some time is an intense approach to recognize patterns Proportion examination, when performed routinely after some time, can likewise give assistance independent ventures perceive and adjust to patterns influencing their operationsMoney related proportions are additionally utilized by financiers. Speculators and business experts to survey different traits of an organization's monetary quality or working outcomes, this is another motivation behind why entrepreneurs need to comprehend money related proportions in light of the fact that, all the time, a business' capacity to get financing or value financing will rely upon the organization's budgetary proportions. Money related proportions are ordered by the monetary part of he business which the proportion measures. Liquidity proportions look at the ccessibility of organization's money to pay obligation. Productivity proportions measure the organization's utilization of its benefits and control of its costs to create a satisfactory rate of return. Use proportions look at the organization's techniques for financing and measure its capacity to meet budgetary commitments. Productivity proportions measure how rapidly a firm changes over non-money resources for money resources. Market proportions measure financial specialist reaction to owning an organization's stock and furthermore the cost of issuing stockProportion Analysis is a type of Financial Statement Analysis that is utilized acquire a snappy sign of an association's money related execution in a few key territories. Proportion investigation is utilized to assess connections among money related proclamation things. The proportions are utilized to distinguish inclines after some time for one organization or to look at least two organizations at one point in ime. Money related explanation proportion investigation concentrates on three key parts of a business: liquidity, benefit, and dissolvability The proportions are sorted as Short-term Solvency Ratios, Debt MaRatios and Asset management Ratios. Productivity Ratios, and Market Value ratios Proportion Analysis as an instrument has a few vital elements. The information, which are given by budgetary proclamations. are promptly accessible. The calculation of proportions encourages the examination of firms which contrast in measure oportions can be utilized to contrast anassociation's money related execution and industry midpoints. What's more, proportions can be utilized as a part of a type of ttern investigation to recognize zones where execution has enhanced or crumbled after some time. Since Ratio Analysis depends on bookkeeping data, its adequacy is restricted by the bends which emerge in budgetary explanations because of such things as Historical Cost Accounting and swelling. Thusly, Ratio Analysis should just be utilized as an initial phase in money related examination, to get a snappy sign of an association's execution and to distinguish territories which should be explored further.中文译文:企业或机构财务报表分析的必要性摘要财务报表分析在制定管理决策框架方面起着主导作用,其方法是通过对财务报表进行分析和解释。
会计学财务报表中英文对照外文翻译文献
会计学财务报表中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：中美财务报表的区别(1)财务报告内容构成上的区别1)美国的财务报告包括三个基本的财务报表，除此之外，典型的美国大公司财务报告还包括以下成分：股东权益、收益与综合收益、管理报告、独立审计报告、选取的5-10年数据的管理讨论与分析以及选取的季度数据。
2)我国财务报告不注重其解释，而美国在财务报告的内容、方法、多样性上都比较充分。
中国的评价部分包括会计报表和财务报表，财务报表是最主要的报表，它包括前述各项与账面不符的描述、财会政策与变化、财会评估的变化、会计差错等问题，资产负债表日期，关联方关系和交易活动等等，揭示方法是注意底部和旁注。
美国的财务范围在内容上比财务报表更加丰富，包括会计政策、技巧、添加特定项目的报告, 报告格式很难反映内容和商业环境等等，对违反一致性、可比性原则问题，评论也需要披露的，但也揭示了许多方面，比如旁注、底注、括号内、补充声明、时间表和信息分析报告。
(2)财务报表格式上的比较1)从资产负债表的格式来看，美国的资产负债表有账户类型和报告样式两项描述，而我国是使用固定的账户类型。
另外，我们的资产负债表在项目的使用上过于标准化，不能够很好的反映出特殊的商业项目或者不适用于特殊类型的企业。
而美国的资产负债表项目是多样化的，除此之外，财务会计准则也是建立在资产负债表中资产所有者投资和支出两项要素基础上的，这一点也是中国的财会准则中没有的。
2)从损益表格式的角度来看，美国采用的是多步式，损益表项目分为两部分，营业利润和非营业利润，但是意义不同。
我国的营业利润在范围上比美国的小，例如投资收益在美国是归类为营业利润的而在我国则不属于营业利润。
另外，我国的损益表项目较美国的更加规范和严格，美国校准损益表仅仅依赖于类别和项目。
报告收可以与销售收入及其他收入相联系，也可以和利息收益、租赁收入和单项投资收益相联系；在成本方面，并不是严格的划分为管理成本、财务成本、和市场成本，并且经常性销售费用、综合管理费用以及利息费用、净利息收益都要分别折旧。
会计文献中英文对照
The Optimization Method of Financial Statements Based on Accounting Management Theory基于会计管理理论的财务报表的优化方法Abstract—This paper develops an approach to enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) was fundamentally flawed by fair value accounting and asset-impairment accounting. According to legal theory and accounting theory, accounting data must have legal evidence as its source document. The conventional “mixed attribute” accounting system should be replaced by a “segregated” system with historical cost and fair value being kept strictly apart in financial statements. The proposed optimizing method will significantly enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements.摘要——本文提供了一个方法，以提高财务报表的可靠性和实用性。
国际财务报告准则（IFRS）的根本缺陷是由公平价值核算和资产减值核算。
财务报表分析中英文对照外文翻译文献编辑
财务报表分析中英文对照外文翻译文献编辑Introduction:Financial statement analysis is an essential tool used by businesses and investors to evaluate the financial performance and position of a company. It involves the examination of financial statements such as the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement to assess the company's profitability, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency. In this document, we will provide a detailed analysis and translation of foreign literature related to financial statement analysis.1. Importance of Financial Statement Analysis:Financial statement analysis provides valuable insights into a company's financial health and helps stakeholders make informed decisions. It enables investors to assess the profitability and growth potential of a company before making investment decisions. Additionally, it helps creditors evaluate the creditworthiness and repayment capacity of a company before extending credit. Furthermore, financial statement analysis assists management in identifying areas of improvement and making strategic decisions to enhance the company's performance.2. Key Elements of Financial Statement Analysis:a) Balance Sheet Analysis:The balance sheet provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time. It presents the company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity. By analyzing the balance sheet, stakeholders can assess the company's liquidity, solvency, and financial stability.b) Income Statement Analysis:The income statement, also known as the profit and loss statement, presents the company's revenues, expenses, and net income over a specific period. It helps stakeholders evaluate the company's profitability, revenue growth, and cost management.c) Cash Flow Statement Analysis:The cash flow statement details the inflows and outflows of cash during a specific period. It provides insights into the company's operating, investing, and financing activities. By analyzing the cash flow statement, stakeholders can assess the company's ability to generate cash, meet its financial obligations, and fund its growth.3. Financial Ratios for Analysis:Financial ratios are essential tools used in financial statement analysis to assess a company's performance and compare it with industry benchmarks. Some commonly used financial ratios include:a) Liquidity Ratios:- Current Ratio: Measures a company's ability to meet short-term obligations.- Quick Ratio: Measures a company's ability to meet short-term obligations without relying on inventory.b) Solvency Ratios:- Debt-to-Equity Ratio: Measures the proportion of debt to equity in a company's capital structure.- Interest Coverage Ratio: Measures a company's ability to meet interest payments on its debt.c) Profitability Ratios:- Gross Profit Margin: Measures the profitability of a company's core operations.- Net Profit Margin: Measures the profitability of a company after all expenses, including taxes.d) Efficiency Ratios:- Inventory Turnover Ratio: Measures how quickly a company sells its inventory.- Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio: Measures how quickly a company collects cash from its customers.4. Translation of Foreign Literature:In this section, we will provide a translation of key points from foreign literature related to financial statement analysis. The literature emphasizes the importance of accurate financial reporting, the use of financial ratios for analysis, and the interpretation of financial statements to make informed decisions.Conclusion:Financial statement analysis is a crucial process for evaluating a company's financial performance and position. It provides valuable insights into a company's profitability, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency. By analyzing financial statements and using financial ratios, stakeholders can make informed decisions regarding investments, credit extension, and strategic planning. Accurate translation and understanding of foreign literature related to financial statement analysis can further enhance the effectiveness of this process.。
国际会计准则中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:译文（一）世界贸易的飞速发展和国际资本的快速流动将世界经济带入了全球化时代。
在这个时代, 任何一个国家要脱离世界贸易市场和资本市场谋求自身发展是非常困难的。
会计作为国际通用的商业语言, 在经济全球化过程中扮演着越来越重要的角色, 市场参与者也对其提出越来越高的要求。
随着市场经济体制的逐步建立和完善，有些国家加入世贸组织后国际化进程的加快，市场开放程度的进一步增强，市场经济发育过程中不可避免的各种财务问题的出现，迫切需要完善的会计准则加以规范。
然而，在会计准则制定过程中，有必要认真思考理清会计准则的概念，使制定的会计准则规范准确、方便操作、经济实用。
由于各国家的历史、环境、经济发展等方面的不同,导致目前世界所使用的会计准则在很多方面都存在着差异,这使得各国家之间的会计信息缺乏可比性,本国信息为外国家信息使用者所理解的成本较高,在很大程度上阻碍了世界国家间资本的自由流动。
近年来,许多国家的会计管理部门和国家性的会计、经济组织都致力于会计准则的思考和研究,力求制定出一套适于各个不同国家和经济环境下的规范一致的会计准则,以增强会计信息的可比性,减少国家各之间经济交往中信息转换的成本。
译文（二）会计准则就是会计管理活动所依据的原则, 会计准则总是以一定的社会经济背景为其存在基础, 也总是反映不同社会经济制度、法律制度以及人们习惯的某些特征, 因而不同国家的会计准则各有不同特点。
但是会计准则毕竟是经济发展对会计规范提出的客观要求。
它与社会经济发展水平和会计管理的基本要求是相适应的,因而,每个国家的会计准则必然具有某些共性:1. 规范性每个企业有着变化多端的经济业务,而不同行业的企业又有各自的特殊性。
而有了会计准则,会计人员在进行会计核算时就有了一个共同遵循的标准,各行各业的会计工作可在同一标准的基础上进行,从而使会计行为达到规范化,使得会计人员提供的会计信息具有广泛的一致性和可比性,大大提高了会计信息的质量。
会计学中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料外文翻译文献Title:Future of SME finance（Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and thereforeaccess to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the finance sector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems,etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more its “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more. Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to lending, bu t will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing it into EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will easethe burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs:•The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive, which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guaranteessystems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, which strengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating will also d epend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to ease transparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译题目：未来的中小企业融资背景：中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。
会计英文文献及翻译
IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL COSTACCOUNTING IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZEDCOMPANIES1．ENVIRONMENTAL COST ACCOUNTING IN SMESSince its inception some 30 years ago, Environmental Cost Accounting (ECA) has reached a stage of development where individual ECA systems are separated from the core accounting system based an assessment of environmental costs with (see Fichter et al., 1997, Letmathe and Wagner , 2002).As environmental costs are commonly assessed as overhead costs, neither the older concepts of full costs accounting nor the relatively recent one of direct costing appear to represent an appropriate basis for the implementation of ECA. Similar to developments in conventional accounting, the theoretical and conceptual sphere of ECA has focused on process-based accounting since the 1990s (see Hallay and Pfriem, 1992, Fischer and Blasius, 1995, BMU/UBA, 1996, Heller et al., 1995, Letmathe, 1998, Spengler and H.hre, 1998).Taking available concepts of ECA into consideration, process-based concepts seem the best option regarding the establishment of ECA (see Heupel and Wendisch , 2002). These concepts, however, have to be continuously revised to ensure that they work well when applied in small and medium-sized companies.Based on the framework for Environmental Management Accounting presented in Burritt et al. (2002), our concept of ECA focuses on two main groups of environmentally related impacts. These are environmentally induced financial effects and company-related effects on environmental systems (see Burritt and Schaltegger, 2000, p.58). Each of these impacts relate to specific categories of financial and environmental information. The environmentally induced financial effects are represented by monetary environmental information and the effects on environmental systems are represented by physical environmental information. Conventional accounting deals with both – monetary as well as physical units – but does not focus on environmental impact as such. To arrive at a practical solution to the implementation of E CA in a company’s existing accounting system, and to comply with the problem of distinguishing between monetary and physical aspects, an integrated concept is required. As physical information is often the basis for the monetary information (e.g. kilograms of a raw material are the basis for the monetary valuation of raw material consumption), the integration of this information into the accounting system database is essential. From there, the generation of physical environmental and monetary (environmental) information would in many cases be feasible. For many companies, the priority would be monetary (environmental) information for use in for instance decisions regarding resource consumptions and investments. The use of ECA in small andmedium-sized enterprises (SME) is still relatively rare, so practical examples available in the literature are few and far between. One problem is that the definitions of SMEs vary between countries (see Kosmider, 1993 and Reinemann, 1999). In our work the criteria shown in Table 1 are used to describe small and medium-sized enterprises.Table 1. Criteria of small and medium-sized enterprisesNumber of employees TurnoverUp to 500employees Turnover up to EUR 50mManagement Organization- Owner-cum-entrepreneur -Divisional organization is rare- Varies from a patriarchal management -Short flow of information style in traditional companies and teamwork -Strong personal commitmentin start-up companies -Instruction and controlling with- Top-down planning in old companies direct personal contact- Delegation is rare- Low level of formality- High flexibilityFinance Personnel- family company -easy to survey number of employees- limited possibilities of financing -wide expertise-high satisfaction of employeesSupply chain Innovation-closely involved in local -high potential of innovationeconomic cycles in special fields- intense relationship with customersand suppliersKeeping these characteristics in mind, the chosen ECA approach should be easy to apply, should facilitate the handling of complex structures and at the same time be suited to the special needs of SMEs.Despite their size SMEs are increasingly implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems like SAP R/3, Oracle and Peoplesoft. ERP systems support business processes across organizational, temporal and geographical boundaries using one integrated database. The primary use of ERP systems is for planning and controlling production and administration processes of an enterprise. In SMEs however, they are often individually designed and thus not standardized making the integration of for instance software that supports ECA implementation problematic. Examples could be tools like the “eco-efficiency” approach of IMU (2003) or Umberto (2003) because these solutions work with the database of more comprehensive software solutions like SAP, Oracle, Navision or others. Umberto software for example (see Umberto, 2003) would require large investments and great background knowledge of ECA – which is not available in most SMEs.The ECA approach suggested in this chapter is based on an integrative solution –meaning that an individually developed database is used, and the ECA solution adopted draws on the existing cost accounting procedures in the company. In contrast to other ECA approaches, the aim was to create an accounting system that enables the companies to individually obtain the relevant cost information. The aim of the research was thus to find out what cost information is relevant for the company’s decision on environmental issues and how to obtain it.2．METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTING ECASetting up an ECA system requires a systematic procedure. The project thus developed a method for implementing ECA in the companies that participated in the project; this is shown in Figure 1. During the implementation of the project it proved convenient to form a core team assigned with corresponding tasks drawing on employees in various departments. Such a team should consist of one or two persons from the production department as well as two from accounting and corporate environmental issues, if available. Depending on the stage of the project and kind of inquiry being considered, additional corporate members may be added to the project team to respond to issues such as IT, logistics, warehousing etc.Phase 1: Production Process VisualizationAt the beginning, the project team must be briefed thoroughly on the current corporate situation and on the accounting situation. To this end, the existing corporate accounting structure and the related corporate information transfer should be analyzed thoroughly. Following the concept of an input/output analysis, how materials find their ways into and out of the company is assessed. The next step is to present the flow of material and goods discovered and assessed in a flow model. To ensure the completeness and integrity of such a systematic analysis, any input and output is to be taken into consideration. Only a detailed analysis of material and energy flows from the point they enter the company until they leave it as products, waste, waste water or emissions enables the company to detect cost-saving potentials that at later stages of the project may involve more efficient material use, advanced process reliability and overview, improved capacity loads, reduced waste disposal costs, better transparency of costs and more reliable assessment of legal issues. As a first approach, simplified corporate flow models, standardizedstand-alone models for supplier(s), warehouse and isolated production segments were established and only combined after completion. With such standard elements and prototypes defined, a company can readily develop an integrated flow model with production process(es), production lines or a production process as a whole. From the view of later adoption of the existing corporate accounting to ECA, such visualization helps detect, determine, assess and then separate primary from secondary processes. Phase 2: Modification of AccountingIn addition to the visualization of material and energy flows, modeling principal and peripheral corporate processes helps prevent problems involving too high shares of overhead costs on the net product result. The flow model allows processes to be determined directly or at least partially identified as cost drivers. This allows identifying and separating repetitive processing activity with comparably few options from those with more likely ones for potential improvement.By focusing on principal issues of corporate cost priorities and on those costs that have been assessed and assigned to their causes least appropriately so far, corporate procedures such as preparing bids, setting up production machinery, ordering (raw) material and related process parameters such as order positions, setting up cycles of machinery, and order items can be defined accurately. Putting several partial processes with their isolated costs into context allows principal processes to emerge; these form the basis of process-oriented accounting. Ultimately, the cost drivers of the processes assessed are the actual reference points for assigning and accounting overhead costs. The percentage surcharges on costs such as labor costs are replaced by process parameters measuring efficiency (see Foster and Gupta, 1990).Some corporate processes such as management, controlling and personnel remain inadequately assessed with cost drivers assigned to product-related cost accounting. Therefore, costs of the processes mentioned, irrelevant to the measure of production activity, have to be assessed and surcharged with a conventional percentage.At manufacturing companies participating in the project,computer-integrated manufacturing systems allow a more flexible and scope-oriented production (eco-monies of scope), whereas before only homogenous quantities (of products) could be produced under reasonable economic conditions (economies of scale). ECA inevitably prevents effects of allocation, complexity and digression and becomes a valuable controlling instrument where classical/conventional accounting arrangements systematically fail to facilitate proper decisions. Thus, individually adopted process-based accounting produces potentially valuable information for any kind of decision about internal processing or external sourcing (e.g. make-or-buy decisions).Phase 3: Harmonization of Corporate Data – Compiling and Acquisition On the way to a transparent and systematic information system, it is convenient to check core corporate information systems of procurement and logistics, production planning, and waste disposal with reference to their capability to provide the necessary precise figures for the determined material/energy flow model and for previously identified principal and peripheral processes. During the course of the project, a few modifications within existing information systems were, in most cases, sufficient to comply with these requirements; otherwise, a completely new softwaremodule would have had to be installed without prior analysis to satisfy the data requirements.Phase 4: Database conceptsWithin the concept of a transparent accounting system, process-based accounting can provide comprehensive and systematic information both on corporate material/ energy flows and so-called overhead costs. To deliver reliable figures over time, it is essential to integrate a permanent integration of the algorithms discussed above into the corporate information system(s). Such permanent integration and its practical use may be achieved by applying one of three software solutions (see Figure 2).For small companies with specific production processes, an integrated concept is best suited, i.e. conventional andenvironmental/process-oriented accounting merge together in one common system solution.For medium-sized companies, with already existing integrated production/ accounting platforms, an interface solution to such a system might be suitable. ECA, then, is set up as an independent software module outside the existing corporate ERP system and needs to be fed data continuously. By using identical conventions for inventory-data definitions within the ECA software, misinterpretation of data can be avoided.Phase 5: Training and CoachingFor the permanent use of ECA, continuous training of employees on all matters discussed remains essential. To achieve a long-term potential of improved efficiency, the users of ECA applications and systems must be able to continuously detect and integrate corporate process modifications and changes in order to integrate them into ECA and, later, to process them properly.。
会计英文文献及翻译
会计英文文献及翻译IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL COSTACCOUNTING IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZEDCOMPANIES1(ENVIRONMENTAL COST ACCOUNTING IN SMESSince its inception some 30 years ago, Environmental Cost Accounting (ECA) has reached a stage of development where individual ECA systemsare separated from the core accounting system based an assessment of environmental costs with (see Fichter et al., 1997, Letmathe and Wagner , 2002).As environmental costs are commonly assessed as overhead costs, neither the older concepts of full costs accounting nor the relatively recent one of direct costing appear to represent an appropriate basisfor the implementation of ECA. Similar to developments in conventional accounting, the theoretical and conceptual sphere of ECA has focused on process-based accounting since the 1990s (see Hallay and Pfriem, 1992, Fischer and Blasius, 1995, BMU/UBA, 1996, Heller et al., 1995, Letmathe, 1998, Spengler and H.hre, 1998).Taking available concepts of ECA into consideration, process-based concepts seem the best option regarding the establishment of ECA (see Heupel and Wendisch , 2002). These concepts, however, have to be continuously revised to ensure that they work well when applied in small and medium-sized companies.Based on the framework for Environmental Management Accounting presented in Burritt et al. (2002), our concept of ECA focuses on two main groups of environmentally related impacts. These areenvironmentally induced financial effects and company-related effects on environmental systems (see Burritt and Schaltegger, 2000, p.58). Each of these impacts relate to specific categories of financial and environmental information. The environmentally induced financial effects are represented by monetary environmental information and the effects on environmental systems are represented by physical environmental information. Conventional accounting deals with both – monetary as well as physical units – butdoes not focus on environmental impact as such. To arrive at a practical solution to the i mplementation of ECA in a company’s existing accounting system, and to comply with the problem of distinguishing between monetary and physical aspects, an integrated concept is required. As physical information is often the basis for the monetary information (e.g. kilograms of a raw material are the basis for the monetary valuation of raw material consumption), the integration of this information into the accounting system database is essential. From there, the generation of physical environmental and monetary (environmental) information would in many cases be feasible. For many companies, the priority would be monetary (environmental) information for use in for instance decisions regarding resource consumptions and investments. The use of ECA in small andmedium-sized enterprises (SME) is still relatively rare, sopractical examples available in the literature are few and far between. One problem is that the definitions of SMEs vary between countries (see Kosmider, 1993 and Reinemann, 1999). In our work the criteria shown in Table 1 are used to describe small and medium-sized enterprises.Table 1. Criteria of small and medium-sized enterprisesNumber of employees TurnoverUp to 500employees Turnover up to EUR 50mManagement Organization- Owner-cum-entrepreneur -Divisional organization is rare - Varies from a patriarchal management -Short flow of information style in traditional companies and teamwork -Strong personal commitment in start-up companies -Instruction and controlling with - Top-down planning in old companies direct personal contact - Delegation is rare - Low level of formality- High flexibilityPersonnel Finance- family company -easy to survey number of employees - limited possibilities of financing -wide expertisehigh satisfaction of employees -Supply chain Innovation-closely involved in local -high potential of innovationeconomic cycles in special fields- intense relationship with customersand suppliersKeeping these characteristics in mind, the chosen ECA approachshould be easy to apply, should facilitate the handling of complex structures and at the same time be suited to the special needs of SMEs.Despite their size SMEs are increasingly implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems like SAP R/3, Oracle and Peoplesoft. ERP systems support business processes across organizational, temporal and geographical boundaries using one integrated database. The primary use of ERP systems is for planning and controlling production and administration processes of an enterprise. In SMEs however, they are often individually designed and thus not standardized making the integration of for instance software that supports ECA implementation problematic. Examples could be tools like the “eco-efficiency” approach of IMU (2003) or Umberto (2003) because these solutions work with the database of more comprehensive software solutions like SAP, Oracle, Navision or others. Umberto software for example (see Umberto, 2003) would require large investments and great background knowledge of ECA – which is not available in most SMEs.The ECA approach suggested in this chapter is based on anintegrative solution – meaning that an individually developed database is used, and the ECA solution adopted draws on the existing cost accounting procedures in the company. In contrast to other ECA approaches, the aim was to create an accounting system that enables the companies to individually obtain the relevant cost information. The aimof the research was thus to find out what cost information is relevantfor the company’s decision on environmental issues and how to obtain it.(METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTING ECA 2Setting up an ECA system requires a systematic procedure. Theproject thus developed a method for implementing ECA in the companiesthat participated in the project; this is shown in Figure 1. During the implementation of the project it proved convenient to form a core team assigned with corresponding tasks drawing on employees in various departments. Such a team should consist of one or two persons from the production department as well as two from accounting and corporate environmental issues, if available. Depending on the stage of theproject and kind of inquiry being considered, additional corporate members may be added to the project team to respond to issues such as IT, logistics, warehousing etc. Phase 1: Production Process Visualization At the beginning, the project team must be briefed thoroughly on the current corporate situation and on the accounting situation. To this end, the existing corporate accounting structure and the related corporate information transfer should be analyzed thoroughly. Following theconcept of an input/output analysis, how materials find their ways into and out of the company is assessed. The next step is to present the flow of material and goods discovered and assessed in a flow model. To ensure the completeness and integrity of such a systematic analysis, any input and output is to be taken into consideration. Only a detailed analysisof material and energy flows from the point they enter the company untilthey leave it as products, waste, waste water or emissions enables the company to detect cost-saving potentials that at later stages of the project may involve more efficient material use, advanced process reliability and overview, improved capacity loads, reduced waste disposal costs, better transparency of costs and more reliable assessment of legal issues. As a first approach, simplified corporate flow models, standardized stand-alone models for supplier(s), warehouse and isolated production segments were established and only combined after completion. With such standard elements and prototypes defined, a company can readily develop an integrated flow model with production process(es), production lines or a production process as a whole. From the view of later adoption of the existing corporate accounting to ECA, such visualization helps detect, determine, assess and then separate primary from secondary processes. Phase 2: Modification of Accounting In addition to the visualization of material and energy flows, modeling principal and peripheral corporate processes helps prevent problems involving too high shares of overhead costs on the net product result. The flow model allows processes to be determined directly or at least partially identified as cost drivers. This allows identifying and separating repetitive processing activity with comparably few options from those with more likely ones for potential improvement.By focusing on principal issues of corporate cost priorities and on those costs that have been assessed and assigned to their causes least appropriately so far, corporate procedures such as preparing bids,setting up production machinery, ordering (raw) material and related process parameters such as order positions, setting up cycles of machinery, and order items can be defined accurately. Putting several partial processes with their isolated costs into context allowsprincipal processes to emerge; these form the basis of process-oriented accounting. Ultimately, the cost drivers of the processes assessed are the actual reference points for assigning and accounting overhead costs. The percentage surcharges on costs such as labor costs are replaced by process parameters measuring efficiency (see Foster and Gupta, 1990).Some corporate processes such as management, controlling and personnel remain inadequately assessed with cost drivers assigned to product-related cost accounting. Therefore, costs of the processes mentioned, irrelevant to the measure of production activity, have to be assessed and surcharged with a conventional percentage.At manufacturing companies participating in the project,computer-integrated manufacturing systems allow a more flexible and scope-oriented production (eco-monies of scope), whereas before only homogenous quantities (of products) could be produced under reasonable economic conditions (economies of scale). ECA inevitably preventseffects of allocation, complexity and digression and becomes a valuable controlling instrument where classical/conventional accounting arrangements systematically fail to facilitate proper decisions. Thus, individually adopted process-based accounting produces potentiallyvaluable information for any kind of decision about internal processing or external sourcing (e.g. make-or-buy decisions).Phase 3: Harmonization of Corporate Data – Compiling andAcquisitionOn the way to a transparent and systematic information system, it is convenient to check core corporate information systems of procurement and logistics, production planning, and waste disposal with reference to their capability to provide the necessary precise figures for the determined material/energy flow model and for previously identified principal and peripheral processes. During the course of the project, a few modifications within existing information systems were, in most cases, sufficient to comply with these requirements; otherwise, a completely new softwaremodule would have had to be installed without prior analysis to satisfy the data requirements.Phase 4: Database conceptsWithin the concept of a transparent accounting system, process-based can provide comprehensive and systematic information both on accountingcorporate material/ energy flows and so-called overhead costs. To deliver reliable figures over time, it is essential to integrate a permanent integration of the algorithms discussed above into the corporate information system(s). Such permanent integration and itspractical use may be achieved by applying one of three softwaresolutions (see Figure 2).For small companies with specific production processes, anintegrated concept is best suited, i.e. conventional and environmental/process-oriented accounting merge together in one common system solution.For medium-sized companies, with already existing integrated production/ accounting platforms, an interface solution to such a system might be suitable. ECA, then, is set up as an independent software module outside the existing corporate ERP system and needs to be fed data continuously. By using identical conventions for inventory-data definitions within the ECA software, misinterpretation of data can be avoided.Phase 5: Training and CoachingFor the permanent use of ECA, continuous training of employees onall matters discussed remains essential. To achieve a long-termpotential of improved efficiency, the users of ECA applications and systems must be able to continuously detect and integrate corporate process modifications and changes in order to integrate them into ECA and, later, to process them properly.中小企业环境成本会计的实施一、中小企业的环境成本会计自从成立三十年以来，环境成本会计已经发展到一定阶段，环境会计成本体系已经从以环境成本评估为基础的会计制度核心中分离出来。
(完整word版)财务报表分析外文文献及翻译
Review of accounting studies,2003,16（8)：531—560 Financial Statement Analysis of Leverage and How It Informs About Protability and Price-to-Book RatiosDoron Nissim，Stephen。
PenmanAbstractThis paper presents a financial statement analysis that distinguishes leverage that arises in financing activities from leverage that arises in operations. The analysis yields two leveraging equations，one for borrowing to finance operations and one for borrowing in the course of operations。
These leveraging equations describe how the two types of leverage affect book rates of return on equity。
An empirical analysis shows that the financial statement analysis explains cross-sectional differences in current and future rates of return as well as price-to—book ratios, which are based on expected rates of return on equity。
The paper therefore concludes that balance sheet line items for operating liabilities are priced differently than those dealing with financing liabilities。
财务报表分析中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTSWe need to use financial ratios in analyzing financial statements.—— The analysis of comparative financial statements cannot be made really effective unless it takes the form of a study of relationships between items in the statements. It is of little value, for example, to know that, on a given date, the Smith Company has a cash balance of $1oooo. But suppose we know that this balance is only -IV per cent of all current liabilities whereas a year ago cash was 25 per cent of all current liabilities. Since the bankers for the company usually require a cash balance against bank lines, used or unused, of 20 per cent, we can see at once that the firm's cash condition is exhibiting a questionable tendency.We may make comparisons between items in the comparative financial statements as follows:1. Between items in the comparative balance sheeta) Between items in the balance sheet for one date, e.g., cash may be compared with current liabilitiesb) Between an item in the balance sheet for one date and the same item in the balance sheet for another date, e.g., cash today may be compared with cash a year agoc) Of ratios, or mathematical proportions, between two items in the balance sheet for one date and a like ratio in the balance sheet for another date, e.g., the ratio of cash to current liabilities today may be compared with a like ratio a year ago and the trend of cash condition noted2. Between items in the comparative statement of income and expensea) Between items in the statement for a given periodb) Between one item in this period's statement and the same item in last period's statementc) Of ratios between items in this period's statement and similar ratios in last period's statement3. Between items in the comparative balance sheet and items in the comparative statement of income and expensea) Between items in these statements for a given period, e.g., net profit for this year may be calculated as a percentage of net worth for this yearb) Of ratios between items in the two statements for a period of years, e.g., the ratio of net profit to net worth this year may-be compared with like ratios for last year, and for the years preceding thatOur comparative analysis will gain in significance if we take the foregoing comparisons or ratios and; in turn, compare them with:I. Such data as are absent from the comparative statements but are of importance in judging a concern's financial history and condition, for example, the stage of the business cycle2. Similar ratios derived from analysis of the comparative statements of competing concerns or of concerns in similar lines of business What financialratios are used in analyzing financial statements.- Comparative analysis of comparative financial statements may be expressed by mathematical ratios between the items compared, for example, a concern's cash position may be tested by dividing the item of cash by the total of current liability items and using the quotient to express the result of the test. Each ratio may be expressed in two ways, for example, the ratio of sales to fixed assets may be expressed as the ratio of fixed assets to sales. We shall express each ratio in such a way that increases from period to period will be favorable and decreases unfavorable to financial condition.We shall use the following financial ratios in analyzing comparative financial statements:I. Working-capital ratios1. The ratio of current assets to current liabilities2. The ratio of cash to total current liabilities3. The ratio of cash, salable securities, notes and accounts receivable to total current liabilities4. The ratio of sales to receivables, i.e., the turnover of receivables5. The ratio of cost of goods sold to merchandise inventory, i.e., the turnover of inventory6. The ratio of accounts receivable to notes receivable7. The ratio of receivables to inventory8. The ratio of net working capital to inventory9. The ratio of notes payable to accounts payableIO. The ratio of inventory to accounts payableII. Fixed and intangible capital ratios1. The ratio of sales to fixed assets, i.e., the turnover of fixed capital2. The ratio of sales to intangible assets, i.e., the turnover of intangibles3. The ratio of annual depreciation and obsolescence charges to the assetsagainst which depreciation is written off4. The ratio of net worth to fixed assetsIII. Capitalization ratios1. The ratio of net worth to debt.2. The ratio of capital stock to total capitalization .3. The ratio of fixed assets to funded debtIV. Income and expense ratios1. The ratio of net operating profit to sales2. The ratio of net operating profit to total capital3. The ratio of sales to operating costs and expenses4. The ratio of net profit to sales5. The ratio of net profit to net worth6. The ratio of sales to financial expenses7. The ratio of borrowed capital to capital costs8. The ratio of income on investments to investments9. The ratio of non-operating income to net operating profit10. The ratio of net operating profit to non-operating expense11. The ratio of net profit to capital stock12. The ratio of net profit reinvested to total net profit available for dividends on common stock13. The ratio of profit available for interest to interest expensesThis classification of financial ratios is permanent not exhaustive. -Other ratios may be used for purposes later indicated. Furthermore, some of the ratios reflect the efficiency with which a business has used its capital while others reflect efficiency in financing capital needs. The ratios of sales to receivables, inventory, fixed and intangible capital; the ratios of net operating profit to total capital and to sales; and the ratios of sales to operating costs and expenses reflect efficiency in the use of capital.' Most of the other ratios reflect financial efficiency.B. Technique of Financial Statement AnalysisAre the statements adequate in general?-Before attempting comparative analysis of given financial statements we wish to be sure that the statements are reasonably adequate for the purpose. They should, of course, be as complete as possible. They should also be of recent date. If not, their use must be limited to the period which they cover. Conclusions concerning 1923 conditions cannot safely be based upon 1921 statements.Does the comparative balance sheet reflect a seasonable situation? If so, it is important to know financial conditions at both the high and low points of the season. We must avoid unduly favorable judgment of the business at the low point when assets are very liquid and debt is low, and unduly unfavorable judgment at the high point when assets are less liquid and debt likely to be relatively high.Does the balance sheet for any date reflect the estimated financial condition after the sale of a proposed new issue of securities? If so, in order to ascertain the actual financial condition at that date it is necessary to subtract the amount of the security issue from net worth, if the. issue is of stock, or from liabilities, if bonds are to be sold. A like amount must also be subtracted from assets or liabilities depending upon how the estimated proceeds of the issue are reflected in the statement.Are the statements audited or unaudited? It is often said that audited statements, that is, complete audits rather than statements "rubber stamped" by certified public accountants, are desirable when they can be obtained. This is true, but the statement analyst should be certain that the given auditing film's reputation is beyond reproach.Is working-capital situation favorable ?-If the comparative statements to be analyzed are reasonably adequate for the purpose, the next step is to analyze the concern's working-capital trend and position. We may begin by ascertaining the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. This ratioaffords-a test of the concern's probable ability to pay current obligations without impairing its net working capital. It is, in part, a measure of ability to borrow additional working capital or to renew short-term loans without difficulty. The larger the excess of current assets over current liabilities the smaller the risk of loss to short-term creditors and the better the credit of the business, other things being equal. A ratio of two dollars of current assets to one dollar of current liabilities is the "rule-of-thumb" ratio generally considered satisfactory, assuming all current assets are conservatively valued and all current liabilities revealed.The rule-of-thumb current ratio is not a satisfactory test ofworking-capital position and trend. A current ratio of less than two dollars for one dollar may be adequate, or a current ratio of more than two dollars for one dollar may be inadequate. It depends, for one thing, upon the liquidity of the current assets.The liquidity of current assets varies with cash position.-The larger the proportion of current assets in the form of cash the more liquid are the current assets as a whole. Generally speaking, cash should equal at least 20 per cent of total current liabilities (divide cash by total current liabilities). Bankers typically require a concern to maintain bank balances equal to 20 per cent of credit lines whether used or unused. Open-credit lines are not shown on the balance sheet, hence the total of current liabilities (instead of notes payable to banks) is used in testing cash position. Like the two-for-one current ratio, the 20 per cent cash ratio is more or less a rule-of-thumb standard.The cash balance that will be satisfactory depends upon terms of sale, terms of purchase, and upon inventory turnover. A firm selling goods for cash will find cash inflow more nearly meeting cash outflow than will a firm selling goods on credit. A business which pays cash for all purchases will need more ready money than one which buys on long terms of credit. The more rapidly the inventory is sold the more nearly will cash inflow equal cash outflow, other things equal.Needs for cash balances will be affected by the stage of the business cycle. Heavy cash balances help to sustain bank credit and pay expenses when a period of liquidation and depression depletes working capital and brings a slump in sales. The greater the effects of changes in the cycle upon a given concern the more thought the financial executive will need to give to the size of his cash balances.Differences in financial policies between different concerns will affect the size of cash balances carried. One concern may deem it good policy to carry as many open-bank lines as it can get, while another may carry only enough lines to meet reasonably certain needs for loans. The cash balance of the first firm is likely to be much larger than that of the second firm.The liquidity of current assets varies with ability to meet "acid test."- Liquidity of current assets varies with the ratio of cash, salable securities, notes and accounts receivable (less adequate reserves for bad debts), to total current liabilities (divide the total of the first four items by total current liabilities). This is the so-called "acid test" of the liquidity of current condition. A ratio of I: I is considered satisfactory since current liabilities can readily be paid and creditors risk nothing on the uncertain values of merchandise inventory. A less than 1:1 ratio may be adequate if receivables are quickly collected and if inventory is readily and quickly sold, that is, if its turnover is rapid andif the risks of changes in price are small.The liquidity of current assets varies with liquidity of receivables. This may be ascertained by dividing annual sales by average receivables or by receivables at the close of the year unless at that date receivables do not represent the normal amount of credit extended to customers. Terms of sale must be considered in judging the turnover of receivables. For example, if sales for the year are $1,200,000 and average receivables amount to $100,000, the turnover of receivables is $1,200,000/$100,000=12. Now, if credit terms to customers are net in thirty days we can see that receivables are paid promptly.Consideration should also be given market conditions and the stage of the business cycle. Terms of credit are usually longer in farming sections than in industrial centers. Collections are good in prosperous times but slow in periods of crisis and liquidation.Trends in the liquidity of receivables will also be reflected in the ratio of accounts receivable to notes receivable, in cases where goods are typically sold on open account. A decline in this ratio may indicate a lowering of credit standards since notes receivable are usually given to close overdue open accounts. If possible, a schedule of receivables should be obtained showing those not due, due, and past due thirty, sixty, and ninety days. Such a, schedule is of value in showing the efficiency of credits and collections and in explaining the trend in turnover of receivables. The more rapid the turnover of receivables the smaller the risk of loss from bad debts; the greater the savings of interest on the capital invested in receivables, and the higher the profit on total capital, other things being equal.Author(s): C. O. Hardy and S. P. Meech译文：财务报表分析A.财务比率我们需要使用财务比率来分析财务报表，比较财务报表的分析方法不能真正有效的得出想要的结果，除非采取的是研究在报表中项目与项目之间关系的形式。
关于会计的英文文献原文(带中文翻译)
The Optimization Method of Financial Statements Based on Accounting Management TheoryABSTRACTThis paper develops an approach to enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) was fundamentally flawed by fair value accounting and asset-impairment accounting. According to legal theory and accounting theory, accounting data must have legal evidence as its source document. The conventional “mixed attribute” accounting system should be re placed by a “segregated” system with historical cost and fair value being kept strictly apart in financial statements. The proposed optimizing method will significantly enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements.I.. INTRODUCTIONBased on international-accounting-convergence approach, the Ministry of Finance issued the Enterprise Accounting Standards in 2006 taking the International Financial Reporting Standards (hereinafter referred to as “the International Standards”) for reference. The Enterprise Accounting Standards carries out fair value accounting successfully, and spreads the sense that accounting should reflect market value objectively. The objective of accounting reformation following-up is to establish the accounting theory and methodology which not only use international advanced theory for reference, but also accord with the needs of China's socialist market economy construction. On the basis of a thorough evaluation of the achievements and limitations of International Standards, this paper puts forward a stand that to deepen accounting reformation and enhance the stability of accounting regulations.II. OPTIMIZA TION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SYSTEM: PARALLELING LISTING OF LEGAL FACTS AND FINANCIAL EXPECTA TIONAs an important management activity, accounting should make use of information systems based on classified statistics, and serve for both micro-economic management and macro-economic regulation at the same time. Optimization of financial statements system should try to take all aspects of the demands of the financial statements in both macro and micro level into account.Why do companies need to prepare financial statements? Whose demands should be considered while preparing financial statements? Those questions are basic issues we should consider on the optimization of financial statements. From the perspective of "public interests", reliability and legal evidence are required as qualitative characters, which is the origin of the traditional "historical cost accounting". From the perspective of "private interest", security investors and financial regulatory authoritieshope that financial statements reflect changes of market prices timely recording "objective" market conditions. This is the origin of "fair value accounting". Whether one set of financial statements can be compatible with these two different views and balance the public interest and private interest? To solve this problem, we design a new balance sheet and an income statement.From 1992 to 2006, a lot of new ideas and new perspectives are introduced into China's accounting practices from international accounting standards in a gradual manner during the accounting reform in China. These ideas and perspectives enriched the understanding of the financial statements in China. These achievements deserve our full assessment and should be fully affirmed. However, academia and standard-setters are also aware that International Standards are still in the process of developing .The purpose of proposing new formats of financial statements in this paper is to push forward the accounting reform into a deeper level on the basis of international convergence.III. THE PRACTICABILITY OF IMPROVING THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SYSTEMWhether the financial statements are able to maintain their stability? It is necessary to mobilize the initiatives of both supply-side and demand-side at the same time. We should consider whether financial statements could meet the demands of the macro-economic regulation and business administration, and whether they are popular with millions of accountants.Accountants are responsible for preparing financial statements and auditors are responsible for auditing. They will benefit from the implementation of the new financial statements.Firstly, for the accountants, under the isolated design of historical cost accounting and fair value accounting, their daily accounting practice is greatly simplified. Accounting process will not need assets impairment and fair value any longer. Accounting books will not record impairment and appreciation of assets any longer, for the historical cost accounting is comprehensively implemented. Fair value information will be recorded in accordance with assessment only at the balance sheet date and only in the annual financial statements. Historical cost accounting is more likely to be recognized by the tax authorities, which saves heavy workload of the tax adjustment. Accountants will not need to calculate the deferred income tax expense any longer, and the profit-after-tax in the solid line table is acknowledged by the Company Law, which solves the problem of determining the profit available for distribution.Accountants do not need to record the fair value information needed by security investors in the accounting books; instead, they only need to list the fair value information at the balance sheet date. In addition, because the data in the solid line table has legal credibility, so the legal risks of accountants can be well controlled. Secondly, the arbitrariness of the accounting process will be reduced, and the auditors’ review process will be greatly simplified. The independent auditors will not have to bear the considerable legal risk for the dotted-line table they audit, because the risk of fair value information has been prompted as "not supported by legalevidences". Accountants and auditors can quickly adapt to this financial statements system, without the need of training. In this way, they can save a lot of time to help companies to improve management efficiency. Surveys show that the above design of financial statements is popular with accountants and auditors. Since the workloads of accounting and auditing have been substantially reduced, therefore, the total expenses for auditing and evaluation will not exceed current level as well.In short, from the perspectives of both supply-side and demand-side, the improved financial statements are expected to enhance the usefulness of financial statements, without increase the burden of the supply-side.IV. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONSThe current rule of mixed presentation of fair value data and historical cost data could be improved. The core concept of fair value is to make financial statements reflect the fair value of assets and liabilities, so that we can subtract the fair value of liabilities from assets to obtain the net fair value.However, the current International Standards do not implement this concept, but try to partly transform the historical cost accounting, which leads to mixed using of impairment accounting and fair value accounting. China's accounting academic research has followed up step by step since 1980s, and now has already introduced a mixed-attributes model into corporate financial statements.By distinguishing legal facts from financial expectations, we can balance public interests and private interests and can redesign the financial statements system with enhancing management efficiency and implementing higher-level laws as main objective. By presenting fair value and historical cost in one set of financial statements at the same time, the statements will not only meet the needs of keeping books according to domestic laws, but also meet the demand from financial regulatory authorities and security investorsWe hope that practitioners and theorists offer advices and suggestions on the problem of improving the financial statements to build a financial statements system which not only meets the domestic needs, but also converges with the International Standards.基于会计管理理论的财务报表的优化方法摘要本文提供了一个方法，以提高财务报表的可靠性和实用性。
会计英文文献及翻译
IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL COSTACCOUNTING IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZEDCOMPANIES1．ENVIRONMENTAL COST ACCOUNTING IN SMESSince its inception some 30 years ago, Environmental Cost Accounting (ECA) has reached a stage of development where individual ECA systems are separated from the core accounting system based an assessment of environmental costs with (see Fichter et al., 1997, Letmathe and Wagner , 2002).As environmental costs are commonly assessed as overhead costs, neither the older concepts of full costs accounting nor the relatively recent one of direct costing appear to represent an appropriate basis for the implementation of ECA. Similar to developments in conventional accounting, the theoretical and conceptual sphere of ECA has focused on process-based accounting since the 1990s (see Hallay and Pfriem, 1992, Fischer and Blasius, 1995, BMU/UBA, 1996, Heller et al., 1995, Letmathe, 1998, Spengler and H.hre, 1998).Taking available concepts of ECA into consideration, process-based concepts seem the best option regarding the establishment of ECA (see Heupel and Wendisch , 2002). These concepts, however, have to be continuously revised to ensure that they work well when applied in small and medium-sized companies.Based on the framework for Environmental Management Accounting presented in Burritt et al. (2002), our concept of ECA focuses on two main groups of environmentally related impacts. These are environmentally induced financial effects and company-related effects on environmental systems (see Burritt and Schaltegger, 2000, p.58). Each of these impacts relate to specific categories of financial and environmental information. The environmentally induced financial effects are represented by monetary environmental information and the effects on environmental systems are represented by physical environmental information. Conventional accounting deals with both – monetary as well as physical units – but does not focus on environmental impact as such. To arrive at a practical solution to the implementation of E CA in a company’s existing accounting system, and to comply with the problem of distinguishing between monetary and physical aspects, an integrated concept is required. As physical information is often the basis for the monetary information (e.g. kilograms of a raw material are the basis for the monetary valuation of raw material consumption), the integration of this information into the accounting system database is essential. From there, the generation of physical environmental and monetary (environmental) information would in many cases be feasible. For many companies, the priority would be monetary (environmental) information for use in for instance decisions regarding resource consumptions and investments. The use of ECA in small andmedium-sized enterprises (SME) is still relatively rare, so practical examples available in the literature are few and far between. One problem is that the definitions of SMEs vary between countries (see Kosmider, 1993 and Reinemann, 1999). In our work the criteria shown in Table 1 are used to describe small and medium-sized enterprises.Table 1. Criteria of small and medium-sized enterprisesNumber of employees TurnoverUp to 500employees Turnover up to EUR 50m Management Organization- Owner-cum-entrepreneur -Divisional organization is rare- Varies from a patriarchal management -Short flow of information style in traditional companies and teamwork -Strong personal commitmentin start-up companies -Instruction and controlling with - Top-down planning in old companies direct personal contact- Delegation is rare- Low level of formality- High flexibilityFinance Personnel- family company -easy to survey number of employees- limited possibilities of financing -wide expertise-high satisfaction of employeesSupply chain Innovation-closely involved in local -high potential of innovation economic cycles in special fields- intense relationship with customersand suppliersKeeping these characteristics in mind, the chosen ECA approach should be easy to apply, should facilitate the handling of complex structures and at the same time be suited to the special needs of SMEs.Despite their size SMEs are increasingly implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems like SAP R/3, Oracle and Peoplesoft. ERP systems support business processes across organizational, temporal and geographical boundaries using one integrated database. The primary use of ERP systems is for planning and controlling production and administration processes of an enterprise. In SMEs however, they are often individually designed and thus not standardized making the integration of for instance software that supports ECA implementation problematic. Examples could be tools like the “eco-efficiency” approach of IMU (2003) or Umberto (2003) because these solutions work with the database of more comprehensive software solutions like SAP, Oracle, Navision or others. Umberto software for example (see Umberto, 2003) would require large investments and great background knowledge of ECA – which is not available in most SMEs.The ECA approach suggested in this chapter is based on an integrative solution – meaning that an individually developed database is used, and the ECA solution adopted draws on the existing cost accounting procedures in the company. In contrast to other ECA approaches, the aim was to create an accounting system that enables the companies to individually obtain the relevant cost information. The aim of the research was thus to find out what cost information is relevant for the company’s decision on environmental issues and how to obtain it.2．METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTING ECASetting up an ECA system requires a systematic procedure. The project thus developed a method for implementing ECA in the companies that participated in the project; this is shown in Figure 1. During the implementation of the project it proved convenient to form a core team assigned with corresponding tasks drawing on employees in various departments. Such a team should consist of one or two persons from the production department as well as two from accounting and corporate environmental issues, if available. Depending on the stage of the project and kind of inquiry being considered, additional corporate members may be added to the project team to respond to issues such as IT, logistics, warehousing etc.Phase 1: Production Process VisualizationAt the beginning, the project team must be briefed thoroughly on the current corporate situation and on the accounting situation. To this end, the existing corporate accounting structure and the related corporate information transfer should be analyzed thoroughly. Following the concept of an input/output analysis, how materials find their ways into and out of the company is assessed. The next step is to present the flow of material and goods discovered and assessed in a flow model. To ensure the completeness and integrity of such a systematic analysis, any input and output is to be taken into consideration. Only a detailed analysis of material and energy flows from the point they enter the company until they leave it as products, waste, waste water or emissions enables the company to detect cost-saving potentials that at later stages of the project may involve more efficient material use, advanced process reliability and overview, improved capacity loads, reduced waste disposal costs, better transparency of costs and more reliable assessment of legal issues. As a first approach, simplified corporate flow models, standardizedstand-alone models for supplier(s), warehouse and isolated production segments were established and only combined after completion. With such standard elements and prototypes defined, a company can readily develop an integrated flow model with production process(es), production lines or a production process as a whole. From the view of later adoption of the existing corporate accounting to ECA, such visualization helps detect, determine, assess and then separate primary from secondary processes. Phase 2: Modification of AccountingIn addition to the visualization of material and energy flows, modeling principal and peripheral corporate processes helps prevent problems involving too high shares of overhead costs on the net product result. The flow model allows processes to be determined directly or at least partially identified as cost drivers. This allows identifying and separating repetitive processing activity with comparably few options from those with more likely ones for potential improvement.By focusing on principal issues of corporate cost priorities and on those costs that have been assessed and assigned to their causes least appropriately so far, corporate procedures such as preparing bids, setting up production machinery, ordering (raw) material and related process parameters such as order positions, setting up cycles of machinery, and order items can be defined accurately. Putting several partial processes with their isolated costs into context allows principal processes to emerge; these form the basis of process-oriented accounting. Ultimately, the cost drivers of the processes assessed are the actual reference points for assigning and accounting overhead costs. The percentage surcharges on costs such as labor costs are replaced by process parameters measuring efficiency (see Foster and Gupta, 1990).Some corporate processes such as management, controlling and personnel remain inadequately assessed with cost drivers assigned to product-related cost accounting. Therefore, costs of the processes mentioned, irrelevant to the measure of production activity, have to be assessed and surcharged with a conventional percentage.At manufacturing companies participating in the project,computer-integrated manufacturing systems allow a more flexible and scope-oriented production (eco-monies of scope), whereas before only homogenous quantities (of products) could be produced under reasonable economic conditions (economies of scale). ECA inevitably prevents effects of allocation, complexity and digression and becomes a valuable controlling instrument where classical/conventional accounting arrangements systematically fail to facilitate proper decisions. Thus, individually adopted process-based accounting produces potentially valuable information for any kind of decision about internal processing or external sourcing (e.g. make-or-buy decisions).Phase 3: Harmonization of Corporate Data – Compiling and Acquisition On the way to a transparent and systematic information system, it is convenient to check core corporate information systems of procurement and logistics, production planning, and waste disposal with reference to their capability to provide the necessary precise figures for the determined material/energy flow model and for previously identified principal and peripheral processes. During the course of the project, a few modifications within existing information systems were, in most cases, sufficient to comply with these requirements; otherwise, a completely new softwaremodule would have had to be installed without prior analysis to satisfy the data requirements.Phase 4: Database conceptsWithin the concept of a transparent accounting system, process-based accounting can provide comprehensive and systematic information both on corporate material/ energy flows and so-called overhead costs. To deliver reliable figures over time, it is essential to integrate a permanent integration of the algorithms discussed above into the corporate information system(s). Such permanent integration and its practical use may be achieved by applying one of three software solutions (see Figure 2).For small companies with specific production processes, an integrated concept is best suited, i.e. conventional andenvironmental/process-oriented accounting merge together in one common system solution.For medium-sized companies, with already existing integrated production/ accounting platforms, an interface solution to such a system might be suitable. ECA, then, is set up as an independent software module outside the existing corporate ERP system and needs to be fed data continuously. By using identical conventions for inventory-data definitions within the ECA software, misinterpretation of data can be avoided.Phase 5: Training and CoachingFor the permanent use of ECA, continuous training of employees on all matters discussed remains essential. To achieve a long-term potential of improved efficiency, the users of ECA applications and systems must be able to continuously detect and integrate corporate process modifications and changes in order to integrate them into ECA and, later, to process them properly.中小企业环境成本会计的实施一、中小企业的环境成本会计自从成立三十年以来，环境成本会计已经发展到一定阶段，环境会计成本体系已经从以环境成本评估为基础的会计制度核心中分离出来。
会计专业外文文献翻译原文及译文
企业的社会责任：一种趋势和运动，但社会责任是什么，是为了什么？1企业社会责任（CSR ）已成为一个全球趋势，涉及企业，国家，国际组织和民间社会组织。
但这远远不能清楚CSR的主张，有什么真正的趋势，是从哪里开始，在哪里发展，谁是项目的主要行动者。
如果把它作为一种社会运动，我们必须要问：什么运动和谁执行？讨论有助于我们反思形成的趋势和如何管理某些特点来迅速和广泛地在全球各地进行扩展，并增加了以下体制变革,特别是对变化中国家之间、企业法人和民间社会组织关系之间的界限的作用。
企业社会责任的趋势在三个方面：作为一个管理框架，新的要求，地方企业;作为动员企业行为，以协助国家的发展援助;和作为管理趋势。
每一个这些画像表明，中心的某些行为，关系，驾驭团队和利益。
我的例子表明，没有人对这些意见似乎比别人更准确，而是，活动包括规范的不同利益、作用因素、起源和轨迹。
这些多重身份的趋势可以部分描述其成功以及它的争论，脆弱性和流动性。
许多公司现在有具体的计划和小节在其网站上处理企业社会责任。
在过去，软条例和指导网络，国际公认的规则一直是一种重要机制，作用在公司、国家和国家间组织的需求，例如，发布指导方针和条例的公司。
在这背景下，国际组织仍然是重要的行动者，他们正在寻求与跨国公司进行对话，而不是试图通过国家控制企业社会责任。
各国际组织不是对企业的社会责任监管机构;而他们却是监管和自我约束的倡议之间的经纪人的最合适人选。
对社会负责行为和监测这些行为的需求越来越多地以国家以外的这些组织为渠道，并强调赞成高比例的自律。
因此，我们看到了软法律(Morth, 2004)的出现，或者是Knill 和Lehmkuhl (2002) 所说的“被规管的自律”，和Moran (2002)所归纳的“精细”或“非正式”规章。
我更喜欢“软法律”和“软规章”的说法，因为他们并不总是非正式的。
软规章常常包括正式报告和统筹程序。
还有，从统筹和行政的观点来看，那些规章和精细还是相去甚远的。
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会计报告分析中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)分析会计信息披露模式加强企业社会责任摘要：企业社会责任(CSR)已经成为社会各界关注的焦点与压力的社会问题，因为我们都知道,会计报告和分析已成为加强企业社会责任的重要手段。
首先分析目前企业社会责任会计信息披露方面工作的现状和存在的问题的(CSRA)。
然后，提出外国可行的实践、内容、方法及未来的发展CSRA模式。
最后，构建适合中国企业社会责任信息披露的模式。
这个模式试图加强企业社会责任，促进中国企业的最终价值。
关键词：企业社会责任；会计信息披露；信息披露模式1、当前中国企业社会责任会计信息披露的现状及存在的问题随着我国经济建设的飞速发展，社会问题例如收入分配不公、日益增大的就业压力、资源浪费严重、环境恶化等日益突出。
特别是近年来，一些跨国公司要求中国企业在供应链环节中实施社会责任8000(SA8000)来加强中国企业的社会责任。
会计信息披露是一种加强企业社会责任的重要手段。
在中国，有关企业社会责任会计信息披露方面的研究始于1990年，但仍然没有比较完善的信息披露模式和系统的信息披露制度。
在实践中，一些公司试图披露社会责任信息。
但他们的内容不够完整、方式不够规范。
这使得无法通过企业社会责任会计信息披露来达到加强企业社会责任的目的。
我们可以看到，目前我国的社会责任会计信息披露模式研究还处在初级阶段，企业的社会责任会计信息披露还存在许多问题。
接下来会详细说明这个情况。
首先，企业披露的内容很不全面而且在不同企业之间差距较大。
现在很少有企业能全面披露社会责任信息。
许多公司只是说出自己对社会的贡献而不是不良社会影响。
此外，由于缺乏统一的标准，企业社会责任的内容差别很大。
在某种程度上大多数企业只是对企业社会责任信息披露敷衍了事以应对政策。
其次，企业社会责任会计信息披露方式单一。
目前，大多数公司仍然使用书面叙述而不是可量化的会计方法对企业进行社会责任信息披露。
换句话说，定性信息披露超过定量披露，非会计基础信息居于主导地位。
最后，企业缺乏进行社会责任会计信息披露的意识。
在实践中，企业社会责任信息通常由传统会计主体反映而不是基于社会责任相应的会计主体。
近几年，很少有公司组织专门编译《企业社会责任会计信息披露报告》除了一些跨国公司。
由于以上讨论的情况,，中国企业社会责任会计信息披露不能达到加强企业社会责任的目的。
为了实现这一目的，促进企业的价值，中国必须构建企业社会责任会计信息披露模式。
2、构建企业社会责任会计信息披露模式2. 1 信息披露的目标2. 1. 1 企业社会责任的目标为什么公司愿意花很高的成本去承担社会责任?一方面，履行企业社会责任能创造社会价值。
从社会学的视角看，公司不仅仅是一种“经济人”，而是一个“社会人”。
如果公司可以超越将微观利益最大化的传统目标，关心人在繁衍过程重点价值和强调对环境、消费者和社会的贡献，“负面外部性”这个在过程中产生的问题可以被解决，而且能实现社会福利最大化。
另一方面，履行企业社会责任可以促进企业的价值。
企业社会责任是制约公司，而是在市场经济条件下获得自由。
事实上，轴承公司社会责任成本很多，但是这也是展示企业素质和做免费广告宣传的完美方式。
自愿承担企业社会责任可以获得公众的信任，最后就可以实现持续发展。
2. 1. 2 企业社会责任信息披露的目标现在企业社会责任不仅能够创造社会价值也促进了企业的价值，所以企业积极承担社会责任和进行信息披露。
随着社会问题变得越来越明显，企业应该意识到企业社会责任这种自然效应将来自经营的社会义务，而不是由外部力量。
所以企业应不断加强履行企业社会责任的能力。
有效的会计信息披露模式是一种重要的手段来实现这个目标。
收入信息以及有关履行企业社会责任信息如环境、人力资源、产品服务、社会福利等应出示充分、清晰。
2. 2 信息披露的内容为了构建模式为中国企业社会责任会计信息披露，这种模式的内容首先要搞清楚。
2. 2. 1 国外的相关实践如今有关国家企业社会责任会计信息披露的内容无统一的国际标准。
尽管发达国家参与早期研究中关于企业社会责任的基本内容，国与国之间仍然差别较大因为他们的不同的国情。
例如，法国更关注有关员工福利的披露以及必须提交“社会资产负债表”；美国,信息披露注重环境方面的内容，特别强调土壤污染状况；英国更加注重人力资源的披露；德国给更强调企业对环境保护等。
在这方面具有代表性的就是有关社会投资组织国际研究。
许多研究人员指出企业社会责任报告应该披露以下10个项目的信息。
他们是环境性能、劳动权益、健康和安全操作、人权、社会经济发展和社会影响、公司治理、公司支付给政府、于利益相关者参与、供应链管理、企业规划和政策。
与此同时，他们认为在创作目录时也应考虑以下问题。
这些问题包括将度量标准和实质性的信息、及时性和有用地信息地披露给供应链监测、成本信息生产者和使用者，并分析和翻译为最终用户的信息。
尽管目前还没有统一的标准，国际研究和实践已经为企业社会责任会计信息披露的内容提供依据。
根据相关的国际研究，可以找出一些参考。
首先，信息披露的内容应该努力提高企业社会责任信息披露的质量。
第二，披露的内容应该努力增加信息的有用性。
第三,披露的内容应该创造学习机制，然后不断完善披露机制。
只有这样，才能加强企业社会责任。
2. 2. 2 中国实践模式选择我们需要在利用国外的相关实践明确中国企业社会责任会计信息披露的内容，与此同时也应关注中国的实际情况。
在摘要总结相关研究的基础上，我们认为，中国企业社会责任会计信息披露至少包括五个部分。
(1)经营收入所作出的贡献。
经营收入的重要前提表现为其他企业社会责任。
只有收入水平超过社会平均水平，企业才能使某些金融资源履行社会责任。
因此，经营收入的信息不仅是传统财务信息披露报告的的内容，更是企业社会责任会计的主要内容。
(2)对改善环境所做的贡献。
这里讨论的环境包括两种类型。
一是生态环境，一般公司经营要求利益最大化，但他们的经营活动中往往忽视了公共利益，破坏生态环境。
因此,有必要对企业负责制定有效措施,控制环境污染和维护生态平衡。
另一个是社会经济环境。
企业的发展靠他们的社会经济环境，所以企业应遵守商业道德进行严格地披露社会责任信息。
(3)对人力资源所作出的贡献。
知识经济时代使人力资源成为重要的因素。
投资人力资源不仅会给企业带来巨大的经济效益，也可以提高员工的素质和改善他们的生活条件。
因此,所作出的贡献人力资源是必要的，以履行社会责任。
公司应披露信息，开发、利用和保护的人力资源[5]。
(4)所作出的贡献，产品和服务。
产品和服务的质量是企业在激烈的市场竞争中要想获得成功最有力的武器。
所以公司应披露贡献自己的产品和服务，增加品牌知名度，树立了良好的企业形象。
(5)对社会福利所作出的贡献。
因为企业拥有和消费社会资源，企业有责任提供必要的捐款，帮助社会。
因此，企业应披露其对社会福利的贡献。
例如，发展公共交通、医疗卫生服务、社会保险、市政建设、景观作品和其它慈善；提供平等的就业机会，特别是给就业弱势群体如失业、少数民族、妇女、残疾人,纳税和其他社会收费的时间等。
2. 3 披露的方式2. 3. 1 国外的相关实践在西方,不同的国家和企业以不同的方式披露社会责任。
即使同一公司，它也许会用不同的方式披露内容。
通常，有三种方式用于披露社会责任。
(1)书面叙述。
作为最简单的方法，书面叙述主要利用书面记录来描述社会积极和消极的影响。
例如，在美国，有一些公司在年度报告中为披露社会责任提出书面的叙述。
(2)成本支出。
这种方法是使用列示成本支出项目反映成本支出的企业社会责任。
它通常会增加开支项目能获得成本数据报告的，它是最广泛应用的方式在环境责任。
(3)独立报告。
这种方法能反映内容的企业社会责任，可以量化货币。
但是这样也带来了一系列的问题，有时它也许不匹配成本效益原则。
2. 3. 2 中国的实践的选择根据国外实践和我国国情，中国企业应该用不同的方法，根据不同的公司规模加强企业社会责任。
(1)小部分中小企业可以用书面叙述披露他们的内容。
要求中小企业披露太多的生存和发展的主要问题这是不切实际的。
这主要有两个原因，中小企业利用这种方式来说明他们的企业社会责任信息披露。
一是他们承担社会责任限制，另一个是他们的会计人员的专业素质有限制，无法达到高披露要求。
因此，中小企业应该使用一些简单的方法来揭示企业影响社会。
一些非正式的风格或单词可以用来说明了影响企业的经营活动等社会环境的陈述，人力资源库存报告及其他特殊的书面报告。
(2)中型和部分大型企业可以在传统的财务报告添加一些社会责任信息的东西。
例如,使用的环保设施可以列示在资产部分，在污染治理上的未来支出可以列示负债部分。
在损益表中，也有一些东西可以单独设立，如环境控制消费、环境绿化费用，公共福利和捐赠支出等。
对于难以计数的信息，企业还需要进行书面表述。
(3)大型企业，特别是上市公司，应该进行独立的企业社会责任报告。
例如，企业社会责任的资产负债表可以用来反映数量和构成企业的资产和负债。
企业社会责任利润表可以用来反映帐户平衡和盈利的企业社会责任；企业社会责任现金流量表可以被应用于动态反映了现金和现金等价物的变化对企业社会责任的影响。
此外，公司可以附加声明，如社会影响力报告、附加值声明、比率分析声明等，能根据自己的特点设计出框架来声明。
2. 4 未来的创新模式企业社会责任会计信息披露模式建设是一个动态的过程，是一个持续改进的过程。
随着网络的不断创新网络和计算机技术，未来企业社会责任会计信息披露的模式应该朝电子化的方向不断发展。
目前，许多企业开始披露社会责任信息通过网络电子。
这种技术提供新的仪器加强企业社会责任。
首先，信息披露的方式已经信息化。
在网络的帮助下，企业可以在提供企业社会责任信息上变得更容易和快速。
例如，在有插入搜索功能网络企业社会责任报告中，用户只需要输入相关的词搜索相关企业社会责任信息即可获取相关信息。
其次，披露时间更充分。
在网络信息披露模式下到今年年底企业不必披露社会责任。
他们可以根据自己的披露条件和用户的需求恰到好处披露。
最后，呈现多种披露信息的方式。
例如，企业可以利用电脑模块来实现人机交互披露企业社会责任信息或使用各种图表更直观反映企业社会责任，或利用影像和声音等，从而使企业社会责任披露的界面更加美丽和人文。
3、结论面临庞大的国际市场的压力，左右为难的生态环境和对对自主创新的高要求，完善企业社会责任会计信息披露让中国企业必须建立加强企业社会责任和促进企业生存和发展是很有必要的。
首先在披露的内容上，企业应充分披露这些传统经营收入以及对提高环境、人力资源、产品服务、社会福利披露等。
其次在披露信息的方式上，企业应该根据自己的规模用不同的方法。