英语词汇学第一章

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英语词汇学-chapter 1

Chapter 11.1 What Is a WordBefore we attempt （尝试）any detailed discussion（具体讨论）, it is necessary to （有必要做什么）clarify（阐明澄清）some basic concepts（基本概念）concerning words and vocabulary. The term word（词语word）is an elusive（难以捉摸）notion（概念）, which demands（需要）careful consideration（关注）at the outset（开始）. The relation between sound and meaning,声音和意义之间的关系between sound and form, 声音和形式之间关系and between words and vocabulary 词语和词汇之间的关系requires （需要）some discussion as well（同样）. In addition, we shall consider（注意）a few commonly recognized criteria（共同规则，标准）for vocabulary classification（词汇分类）and study （研究）each class（每类）of words to some extent （一定程度上）in this chapter.（并且在本章一定程度上研究每类词语）1.1What is a word?This question has occupied(占据) the attention of linguists（语言学家）for ages. Although numerous（众多的，许多的）definitions （定义）have been suggested, none of them seem to be perfect. Scholars（学者）still do not agree on the definition of the word. When we talk about a word, we tend to（有...倾向用视觉角度去考虑）think in visual terms. In this line（在这个角度）a word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or combination（集合体）of sounds which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment （由一个人的发音器官自由的发出的）. According to semanticists （语义学者）, a word is a unit of meaning（一个词是一个意义单位）. Grammarians（语法学家）, however, insist that a word be a free form（自由形式）that can function（作用）in a sentence, etc. To sum up, the definition of a word comprises the following points:1)a minimal free form of a language;一个最小的自由形态2)A sound unity;一个发音的集合体3)A unit of meaning；一个意义单位4)A form that can function alone in a sentence.能独自影响句子的形式。

英语词汇学第一章

重点、难点讲解在我们做具体讨论之前，有必要弄清楚有关词和词汇的一些基本概念。

词是一个很模糊的概念，所以在讨论前要先仔细思考一番。

声音和意义的关系，声音与形式的关系，词与词汇的关系，也都需要讨论。

此外，本章我们还将对词汇分类的常用标准进行考察，并对个别词类作一些说明。

1．词的定义(What Is a Word)什么是词?这一问题长期受到语言学家的关注，虽然人们提出了很多的定义，但似乎没有一个看起来完美无缺，迄今为止，学者们也未能在词的定义这个问题上达成一致。

当我们谈论词时，我们往往从词的视觉角度来考虑。

按照这一思路词可以定义为横向书写或印刷在纸上的一组有意义的字母。

从口语的角度下定义，词是用人类发音器官有意识地发出来的一个或一个声音组合。

语义学家认为，词是一个意义单位。

语法学家则认为，词是一个自由形式可以在句子中起作用。

总的来说，词的定义包括下列几点：①是语言最小的自由形式；②是声音统一体；③是意义单位；④在句子中能独立起作用的形式。

由此，我们可以下这样一个定义：词是二门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。

无论是简单词，还是复杂词，都必须符合以上的定义标准。

Man和fine是两个简单词，但都有声音、意义和句法功能，都可以在句子中单独起作用，所以它们是词。

有些词结构复杂，如mis·for·tune和man·age·ment。

两个都是多音节词，在句子中能起“主语”、“宾语”和“表语”的作用。

虽然misfortune能再分成mis-和fortune，前缀mis-并不能独立成词。

同样，management也可以分为manage和-ment，-ment也不能自由使用。

Blackmail可以分为black和mail，这两个部分在句子中都可以单独使用，但汇合后的词义绝对不是两个词意义的叠加。

Black是一种颜色，与“白”相对，而mail的含义则是“邮件”。

词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件

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3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
.
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Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
6
What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by

《英语词汇学》

Lectures on English LexicologyMain Sections for the Lectures:Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1What Is a Word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.1.2 Sound and MeaningA word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world.This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to a certain thing with a cluster of sounds.In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.1.3 Sound and FormIt is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form.The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans.In spite of the differences, at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.1.4 VocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary.The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one million words.1.5 Classification of Words1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Non-basic V ocabularyBasic words have the following characteristics:1.All national character: they denote the most common things and phenomena ofthe world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.2.Stability: as these words denote the commonest things necessary to life, they arelikely to remain unchanged.3.Productivity:as they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, they caneach be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes4.Polysemy:words of this kind often possess more than one meaning becausemost of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.5.Collocability: most of these words enter quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings.“All national character” is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.Non-basic words include the following:1.Terminology（术语）: technical terms used in particular disciplines andacademic areas.2.Jargon（行话）: the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.3.Slang（俚语）4.Argot（黑话）5.Dialectal words（方言词语）6.Archaisms（古语）7.Neologisms（新词）1.5.2 Content Words and Functional WordsContent words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words（实义词）.They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denoteobjects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity, etc.Functional words do not have notions of their own.They are also called empty words.The chief function of these words is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences.They are known as form words.Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.Content words are numerous and the number is ever growing whereas the functional words which make up a small number of vocabulary, remain stable.However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words: words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language.Native words have two other features:1.Neutral in style: since native words denote the commonest things in humansociety, they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions, and at alltimes.Stylistically, native words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropriate in formal style.Frequent in use: Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing.The percentage of native words in use runs usually as high as 70 to 90 percent.Borrowed word: words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.The loan words can be classified into four classes:1.Denizens（同化词）are words borrowed early in the past and now are wellassimilated into the English language. eg: pork----porc(F) cup---cuppa(L)2.Aliens（非同化词）are borrowed words which have retained their originalpronunciation and spelling. eg: bazzar (per) intermesso( IT)3.Translation loans（译借词）4.Semantic loans（语义借词）Questions and Tasks on P20: 1—6Chapter 2: The Development of the English VocabularyThe English language is not the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles.A Historical Overview of the English vocabularyThe first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts.Their languages were dialects of still another branch of the Indo-European language family—Celtic（克尔特语）.The second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions.In 55-54 B.C., the Romans invaded the British Isles and were to occupy the land until about 410.When the Roman empire began to crumble, the Germanic tribes came in.they are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.2.2.1 Old English (450—1150)The Germanic tribes took permanent control of the land, which was to be called England (the land of Angles).Their language, historically known as Anglo-Saxon, dominated and almost totally blotted out the Celtic.People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words.It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.2.2.2 Middle English (1150--1500)Old English began to undergo a great change when the Normans invaded Englandfrom France in 1066.the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.Between 1250 and 1500 about 9,000 words of French origin poured into English.75 percent of them are still in use today.2.2.3 Modern English (1500—up to now)Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics.This is known in history as the Renaissance.In the mid-seventeenth century, England experienced the Bourgeois Revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power.Although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expansion, yet more words are created by means of word-formation.Growth of Present-day English VocabularyGenerally, there are three main sources of new words: the rapid development of modern science and technology; social, economic and political changes; the influence of other cultures and languages.Modes of Vocabulary DevelopmentModern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semanticchange, borrowing.1.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots, affixes and other elements.In modern times, creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.2.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet thenew need.3.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularlyin earlier times.Questions and Tasks on P33: 3, 4, 10Chapter 3: Word Formation IThough borrowing has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary, vocabulary is largely enriched on an internal basis.boys boy+schecking check+ingchairman chair+manMorphemes（词素）the smallest meaningful unit of language Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller unitswithout destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, e.g. boys---boy+-s indicates pluralitychecking---check+-ingdisappointment词是由一个或一个以上的词素构成的。

英语词汇学-第一章

What is a Chinese morpheme(语素) ?
语素是音义相结合的最小的语言单位。一般地说，一个语素就是一个音节，书面上就是一个汉字，有时侯还是一个词。但是音节是从语音学角度分析的结果，文字是书面记录的符号，语素则是语言中构词的基本成份，词是指音义相结合的能够独立运用的最小的语言单位。这四者角度不同，并不是一回事。 1、同一个汉字，可以代表不同的语素。汉字虽然相同，但读音不同：会议/会计汉字和读音都相同，但是词性不同：老人/老虎/老是捣乱汉字、读音和词性都相同，但是意义不同：公家/公牛 2、汉语的语素绝大多数是单音节的，但有时侯，一个汉字并不代表一个语素，只代表一个音节，也就是说，一个语素也可以是两个以上音节。连绵词：磅礴；口语词：尴尬；音译词：咖啡，奥林匹克 3、有时侯，一个汉字在不同场合，有的是语素，有的不是语素。马匹（语素）/马达（非语素）（邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001，P113-4）
2
Sound and meaning
Sound and meaning
This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary. There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. Lodwig and Barrett, 1973
Why the written form is not always similar to the oral form?
The development of the language letters from Romans for 46 sounds in English The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.

Lecture1《英语词汇学》第一章教案

Lecture1《英语词汇学》第一章教案Self IntroductionName: ZHENG JiaqinProfessional tile: Associate ProfessorAcademic degree: Bachelor?s degreeCellular phone: 135********E-mail:jiaqinzheng1966@/doc/9510006114.html, Ways of MarkingClassroom attendance20%Assignments 20%Final test60%Text Book:《现代英语词汇学概论》张韵斐主编,北京师范大学出版社，2004-10出版◆R eference books:1. 《现代英语词汇学》-新版(陆国强, 2002, 上海:上海外语教育出版社)2.《英语词汇学教程》（汪榕培，卢晓娟，1997,上海: 上海外语教育出版社）Leture 1讲授题目：1. A Brief Introduction to the Course---English Lexicology2. The Development ofEnglish Vocabulary所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》第1章计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对英语词汇学的研究对象、性质、特点以及英语语言的发展进程等基本知识有了一定的了解。

IntroductionWhat is linguistics?Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientificstudy of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which all human languages areconstructed and operate as systems of human communication.LEXICOLOGY1.The term lexicology contains two Greek morphemes: “lexikon”and “logie”; the former means “word or phrase”, while the latter “learning or the study of”.2. The literal meaning is the “science of the word”.3. It is the study of the signification/meaning and application/uses of words.4. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics inquiring into the origins and meanings of words ( WNWD-Webster?s New World Dictionary of the American Language ).THE FIVE SUB-BRANCHES OF LEXICOLOGY 1.Semantics: the study of the meanings of words and other parts of language.2.Etymology: studies the meanings, origin and history of individual words and their development.3. Historical lexicology: studies from a historical point of viewthe development of vocabulary4. Phraseology(成语学）: mainly deals with set expressionsand idioms.5. Lexicography: studies the writing and making ofdictionaries.English lexicologyEnglish lexicology deals with English words, their origin, meaning, morphological structures, semantic structures, sense relations , idioms, historical development, formation and usages.The Nature of English LexicologyEnglish lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and many usages examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved.THE AIMS OF THIS COURSEOffer an insight into the origin and development of the Englishvocabulary.Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COURSEDevelop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your wordpower (active vocabulary).Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words moreeffectively.Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately.Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizinglinguisticphenomena in your learning experiences.Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in languageprocessing as well as language production.TWO APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ENGLISHLEXICOLOGYA synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time,A diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time.There are two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. For example the word …wife? now means ……a married woman, esp. in relation to her husband??. This is the current meaning.It has an obsolete meaning …woman?, which is only preserved in midwife, housewife, Bathwife, etc. However if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. In this light, the word …wife? evolved from the old English … wif ?, meaning … woman?, but later it became specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning …a married woman?.TWO APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ENGLISHLEXICOLOGYModern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language (English words), but we need the diachronic approach as a supplement, for a knowledge ofhistorical development of the vocabulary will definitely be of great help to us in our language study.Questions and Tasks1. What is lexicology?2. What is the nature and scope of English lexicology?3. Why should a student of English study English lexicology?。

英语词汇学第一章复习资料

词汇elusive adj. 难懂的notion n. 见解，概念outset n.开端criteria n.标准，条件（criterion的复数linguist n. 语言学家horizontally adv. 水平地；地平地semanticists n. 语义学者vocal adj. 歌唱的；声音的，有声的comprise vt. 包含；由…组成syntactic adj. 句法的polysyllabic adj. 多音节的compel vt. 强迫compulsion n. 强制；强迫；强制力concealment n. 隐藏，隐蔽；隐匿处discreditable adj. 丢脸的；不名誉的；有损信用的；败坏名声的hence adv. 因此；今后symbolic adj. 象征的；符号的；使用符号的arbitrary adj. [数] 任意的；武断的；专制的conventional adj. 符合习俗的，传统的；常见的；惯例的cluster n. 群；簇；丛；串scribe n. 抄写员；作家deliberately adv. 故意地；谨慎地；慎重地haste n. 匆忙vertical adj. 垂直的alike adj.相似的sacred adj. 神的；神圣的assimilated 吸收dialect n. 方言accumulated adj. 累积的constitute vt. 组成，构成monosyllabic 单音节的undergoing vt. 经历suffice vt. 使满足illustration n. 说明endure vt. 忍耐instance n. 实例monosemous adj. 单义的mere adj. 仅仅的blunt adj. 钝的justify V 证明stylistically adv. 在文体上heterogeneity n. [生物] 异质性；[化学] 不均匀性；[化学] 多相性cosmopolitan adj. 世界性的reveal vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露n. 揭露；暴露；门侧，窗侧第一章一：1.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics,inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.词汇学算哪一门学科的分支（语言学）2.Lexicology:morphology（词法，词态学）,semantics,stylistics,etymology（语源学）,lexicography （词典学）词汇学和哪些重要学科建立了联系3.Diachronic approach(历时语言学),Synchronic approach(共时语言学)研究词汇的两大方法二：1.词的特点：1）a minimal free form of a language.2)a sound unity. 3) a unit of meaning . 4)a form that can function alone in a sentence什么是词：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.词的分类（按发音）：simple words(man),complex words(balckmail)3.sound and meaning:1) There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning2)The relationship between them is conventional and arbitrary (e.g.dog,girl)3)In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.(e.g.woman means ‗Frau‘ in German, ‗Femme‘ in French and ‗Funv‗in Chinese. ) .4) The same sound can denote different things.(knight,night)4.sound and formrelation:1)the written form is the written record of the oral form,so it should agree with the oral form. 2)with the development of the languages,more and more differences occur between the two.The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.(At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns)a). the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each s ound in the language. (more phonemes than letters)b). Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc). Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d). Borrowing of foreign language (e.g.stimulus(L),eureka(Gr)influenced by Romans,Pronunciation changed,early scribes,borrowing三.vocabulary:all the words四.分类：frequency:1.the basic word stock:1).all national character( national phenomena;names of plants,andanimals;action,size,stage,domain;human body andrelations;numerals, pronouns, preposition,conjection)2).productivity(root words,monosyllabic words e.g. foot)3).stability4).collocability (heart)5).polysemy(take)2.non-basic word stock:1.) terminology-technical terms2).jargon-specialized vocabulary in certain professions.3).slang -- substandard words often used in informal occasions4).argot –words used by sub-cultured groups5).dialectal words –only by speakers of the dialect6).archaisms –words no longer in common use or restricted in use7).neologism –newly created words with new meaningnotion:1.Content word (notional word) – denote clear notions. (numerous,growing)2.Functional word(empty/form word)-express the relationbetween words and sentences.(small,stable,do far more work of expression than content words. )origin:1.native words-are words brought to Britain in the 15thcentury by the German tribes特点1.) neutral in style (not stylistical specific )2.)frequent in use (in academic fields and science French, Latin or Greek are used)(usage 70-90%)2.Borrowed words (loan words, borrowing)- words taken over from foreign language. 80 %分四种（按同化程度和取得方式）1).Denizens –words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. (port from portus(L) shift, change, shirt, pork)2).Aliens –retained their original pronunciation and spelling(décor(F) emir, intermez, rowtow, bazaar, rajar, status quo)3).translation loans –formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on thepatterns taken from another language.a). Word translated according to the meaningb). Words translated according to the sound4). Semantic loans –their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpdream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent, sassy, cheeky。

英语词汇学chapter1 vocabulary

lexicology
lexic-
-ology
Lexicon lexis
vocabulary
eg. biology psychology …
Briefly, it is the “science of the word”, and a branch of linguistics dealing with vocabulary of a language.
• The main reasons (sources) for the frequent appearance of neologisms are three:
– Marked progress of science and technology – Socio-economic, political and cultural changes – The influence of other cultures and languages
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1.2.2 The growth of present-day English vocabulary
• The 19th and 20th centuries saw an unprecedented growth in scientific vocabulary as a consequence of the industrial revolution and the scientific exploration and discovery.
– The vocabulary of the Old English consisted mainly of Anglo-Saxon words, 85% of which was no longer in use now.

英语词汇学 chapter 1

1.1 Definition of a word
There has been no agreed definition to the term
“word”. The definition may have the following
versions:
① a minimal free form of a language;
② a sound unity;
③ a unit of meaning;
④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.
To sum up, we can say that “a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function”.
sight(视力)， site(场所)， cite(引证)
vain (陡然), vein(静脉)，vane(风向标)
1.3 Sound and Form
Form refers to the written form of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form. In other words, the sound should be similar to the form. This is true of English in its earliest stage, e. g. Old English.
too.
Numerous linguistic facts prove the opinion held by the Conventionalists is correct, whereas the thesis by the Naturalists can’t hold water.

英语词汇学第一章[文字可编辑]

? Invention, expansion, omission, justification, modernization, description
? 这几个都是词素变体。
? 请在以下单词前加前缀，使其具有“不” 的意思：
? Perfect, balance, mobile ? Responsible ? Logical ? Flexible, excusable ? im-, ir-, il- 都是in-的词素变体
? How much vocabulary should a Chinese student have?
? most frequently used coverage of reading materials
? 1,000
80.5%
? 2,000
89%
? 3,000
93%
? 4,000
95%
? 5,000
? English lexicology
– The study of English vocabulary
? Exercises:
– To be done after class
1.2 The Structure of English Words
? Lead-in
? What is a word?
– Cf: German 185,000 – French 100,000
? How much vocabulary did literary masters have?
– Shakespear: 24,000 – Milton: 16,000 – …… – English educated people: 25,000 √ – Chinese educated people: 5000

大学英语词汇学Chapter 1 English Lexicology--Introduction

• • • •
unilateral, bilateral, trilateral, multilateral monogamy, polygamy inflexible, imbalance, irrational, illegal download, copyright, mother wit(天生的智力）, green wealth • We summered in Qingdao last year.
0.2 Its re
English lexicology has close relations with other branches of linguistics, such as phonetics, grammar, stylistics, and so on. But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics and lexicography. Each of them has been established as a discipline in its own-right.
Morphology studies the structures or forms of words through the use of morpheme construct Etymology studies the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Semantics studies the meanings of words and sense relations: polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonomy, hyponmy, and semantic field

词汇学-chapter 1

2. The Development of Vocabulary 英语发展阶段 A. Old English (Anglo-Saxon Period) (449---1100) B. Middle English (1100---1500) C. Modern English (1500---present) 重点学习 changes after World War II Shakespeare: thou thee 1) progress of science and technology
• 区分区分China English: cadre • 从以上的例子看出，学习英语是一项从以上的例子看出，浩繁而又艰巨的工程，痛定思痛，浩繁而又艰巨的工程，痛定思痛，想学好英语必须从点滴做起，学好英语必须从点滴做起，又要兼顾方方面面，这其中首推词汇词汇。方方面面，这其中首推词汇。 • brick, money
比如: 比如 1) American English In the 1980s (TV) ---- present (test, meeting) British English----American English
• 由于美国综合国力强大促进了美语的地位和进一步推广反过来美语的发展也反作用于美国社会甚至全世界. 国社会甚至全世界 • colour---color • practice (v. n.) • rubber---eraser • queue---line trousers---pants underground---subway flat---apartment lift---elevator (escalator)
说明: 美语口语的一个典型误区: 说明美语口语的一个典型误区 -r • cold, so, meal, industrial--- horse, clear 2) Chinese 过去学汉语的人很少,现在出现汉语热现在出现汉语热,从过去学汉语的人很少现在出现汉语热从侧面反映中国综合实力和整体发展势头相当好. 相当好 (Rank 2) 过去大山一人代表,现在过去大山 (Mark Roswell)一人代表现在一人代表郝歌, 很多 (郝歌陆大伟等郝歌陆大伟等) Work hard to make Chinese the global language. (人, 范围就业人范围; 就业)

英语词汇学_完整版

English Lexicology
Qin jianping
Chapter one Language,
and Lexicology
Step 1
Linguistics
Discuss: What is lexicology and why do we need to study it? a. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words. It aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures, semantic structures, relations, formation and usages. It is a theoretically-oriented course as well as a practical course.
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 4
Step 2 The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics a. with phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds made in spoken, without speech sound, there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning. ( Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels: sounds level and meaning level.)

英语词汇学 Chapter1

7

English is a crazy language, full of wonders and attractions, thus making it an interesting subject as well as a useful one.
8
What is language?

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
Aims of the course:

Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations. Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
5

If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Why do people recite at a play, and play at a recital? Ship by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在独奏会上却要演奏：----（polysemy)一词多义

英语词汇学Chapter 01

• This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’ (Lodwig and Barrett, 1973)
1.2 Vocabulary The term ‘vocabulary’ is used in different senses. • (1) It can refer to the total number of the words in a language;
• (2) It can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period, e. g. Old English vocabulary, Middle English vocabulary and Modern English vocabulary;
• • • •
2) Stability（稳定性）（稳定性） 3) Productivity（能产性）（能产性） 4) Polysemy（多义性）（多义性） 5) Collocability（搭配性）（搭配性） (See PP 6-7)
e. g. • foot: footage, football, footpath, footer, footfall, footed, footloose, footling, footman, footbath, footing, footprint
• (1) The English alphabet was adห้องสมุดไป่ตู้pted from the Romans, and it does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.

英语词汇学第一章

English Lexicology
PowerPoint by Prof. Dun Zuchun E-mail:dunzchun@
Aims and significance of the course
I . The aims of the course
1. Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
2. What is vocabulary?
(further explanation)
All the words of a language
or all the words used in a period of time, in a certain field, by a typically group of people，or a person, etc.
The Requirements for this course
• • • • • Class attendance No Mobile phone Classroom discussion Fulfillment of the assignment Examination
Chapter I The basic concepts of words and vocabulary
Ⅱ . The significance of the course
1. Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary).
2. Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively. 3. Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately.