英语二自学教程【课文翻译】
山东自考英语二课文翻译
Unit 1 Text AHow Difficult Is English? 英语有多难Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。
English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。
Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。
Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。
山东自考英语二课文原文及翻译(精选)
山东自考本科英语二课本原文及翻译Unit 1 Text AHow Difficult Is English? 英语有多难Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list.就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。
English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。
Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination.父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。
Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ?英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗?The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。
新版自考英语（二）课文及翻译atributetothedog
Unit 3 Text BA Tribute to the Dog狗的赞歌The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter whom he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith.一个人在世上最好的朋友可能背叛他，变成他的敌人。
他精心养育的儿女可能会忘恩负义。
那些和我们最亲近的人，那些我们信任，将自己的幸福和名誉托付给他们的人也许会背信弃义。
The money that a man has he may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it most. A man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our head s. The one absolutely, unselfish friend a man may have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is his dog.一个人拥有的钱财可能会失去。
自考英语二(新版)_原文及翻译_Unit_9_Facing_Life
Unit 9 Facing Life’s ChallengesA Famous Quote:The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.- Franklin Delano RooseveltFranklin Delano Roosevelt(1882-1945), the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), he led the nation out of the Great Depression and later into World War II. Before he died, he cleared the way for peace, including establishment of the United Nations. His presidency is widely regarded as one of the greatest in US history.Text A: 300 HurdlesPre-reading Questions:1. Have you ever done hurdles? What do you think of it?2. What kinds of difficulties and challenges have you ever met in your life?Life may give you negative, but don’t despair – it may just develop into a beautiful picture one day. This year, I realized my theory that I have on life. Life is like a 300m hurdle race. Since I run the 300m hurdles, I would know what the race is like.The first thing to any race is worrying about whether you are going to win or not. This relates to worrying about the petty things in life. Does it really matter if you win? Is it really going to be the end of the world? Or will you be upset if you lose and forget about it? In life we worry too much and live in the moment too little.Next is the lining up in our own individual lanes. We each start at different spots, but the race is still the same distance for everyone. This relates to our lives taking us to different places and putting us in different situations, but hopefully we will end up in the same place, but maybe at different times.Now comes the beginning of the race. We all try to keep up with everyone and pace ourselves with other people. This symbolizes that at times in everyone’s lives we worry about fitting in or being the same as other people, instead of worrying about being unique. If anyone were the same, the world would be incredibly boring.Now comes the first hurdle. This hurdle is the easiest to get over because you are not worn out from running. We all make it over this hurdle with ease. This symbolizes those obstacles in life that we struggle to get over, but wealways manage to do so. You can look at that hurdle in two ways: “I can’t make it over, I’m tired” or “I am one more hurdle closer to finishing this race.” This is an example of taking a negative situation and seeing something positive in it.The next part of the race is every hurdle between the first and the last one. These hurdles get tougher and tougher and you may feel as though you can’t go on. This happens a lot in life too. There may be a situation that arises where you feel as though you can’t make it and all you can think is giving up. You may fall over that “hurdle” or struggle getting over it, but somehow you find it in yourself to jump over it and move on with the race.Next is that last 100m of the race. You feel as though you just want to say, “No I can’t do this.” Again, you must find it in yourself that you can do it, and you must finish the race stronger than when you had started it.Now lastly is the last hurdle. This hurdle is the toughest out of all of them. In life we find ourselves falling and falling, and maybe getting too lost in our problems that we feel like we have been through enough and there’s no hope. That last hurdle symbolizes these situations. It’s one step close to the end of the race.Once you finish, you look back on it and you realize that you made it not by leaping, but step by step. “Yard by yard, life is very hard. But inch by inch, life can be a cinch.”All it takes is one step at a time, one hurdle at a time.第9课Text A300米跨栏生活也许会充满荆棘坎坷，但不要灰心绝望——也许有一天它便会勾勒出一幅美丽的画卷。
自考英语(二)教材翻译
自考英语(二)课文翻译Unit One What Is a Decision ?何为决策 ?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。
作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。
作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。
自考英语二课文翻译
第1课Text A批判性地阅读批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。
批判性阅读是积极阅读。
它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。
成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。
考虑写作背景。
你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。
无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。
质疑作者的论点。
不要轻信作品的表面意思。
在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。
找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。
另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。
与同主题文章进行比较。
查看该作者的文章与其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。
如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。
分析作者提出的假设。
假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。
很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。
一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。
鉴别文章出处。
鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。
例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。
此外还要确保出处具有相关性。
如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。
最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。
例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。
甄别作者可能带有的偏见。
有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。
作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。
阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。
也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。
成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。
第1课Text B自信的语言语言能影响我们的大脑。
自考00015英语(二)上册课文翻译综述
大学英语自学教程上册课文翻译第一课 Text A「课文译文」怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易,即使小孩也能做得到。
”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。
对他们来说,学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。
他们需要数百小时的学习与练习,即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
语言学习不同于其他学习。
许多人很聪明,在自己的领域很成功,但他们发现很难学好一门语言。
相反,一些人学习语言很成功,但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。
语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议:“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”,“每天练习说这种语言”,“与说这种语言的人住在一起”,“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”,“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”,“放松地去学习语言。
”然而,成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢语言学习研究表明,成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。
首先,成功的语言学习者独立学习。
他们不依赖书本和老师,而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。
他们不是等待老师来解释,而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。
他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论,从而做出正确的猜测。
如果猜错,他们就再猜一遍。
他们都努力从错误中学习。
成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。
因此,成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。
他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习,出错时请这些人纠正。
他们不失时机地进行交流,不怕重复所听到的话,也不怕说出离奇的话,他们不在乎出错,并乐于反复尝试。
当交流困难时,他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。
对他们来说,更重要的是学习用这种语言思考,而不是知道每个词的意思。
最后,成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。
他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。
他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。
他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易,因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。
你是什么样的语言学习者如果你是一位成功的语言学习者,那么你大概一直在独立地,主动地,目的明确地学习。
英语(二)自学教程Unit-1-Text-B-课文翻译详细解析
Eliminatethe word try from yourdictionaryand see how your life improves.
从你的字典里删除尝试这个词，看看你的生活是如何改善的。
“Can’t”
“不能”
This is another small word with a big impact. Itdisempowersus, makes us feel weak and helpless, and damages ourself-esteem.
即使是最小的单词也能对我们的潜意识产生最深的影响，这个潜意识就像一个孩子，我们不真的理解真正发生的事情和你想象的事情之间的区别.
Unit 1 The power of language
Itis eager toplease and willing tocarry outanycommandsthat you give it – whether you do thisknowinglyor not is entirelyup to you.
你相信语言会影响人们的思想吗？请给出一些例子。
Unit 1 The power of language
The Language ofConfidence
自信的语言
The language we useprogramsour brains.
我们使用的语言能够锻炼我们的大脑。
Masteringour language gives us a great degree ofmasteryover our lives and ourdestinies.
如果有人说，“我会试着那样做”，你就知道他们不会全身心投入，甚至可能根本不会这样做。
自考英语二(00015)Unit1-TextB 课文
command v. 命令，指挥；控制 n. 指挥，控制；司令部 commander 指挥官；司令官 commandment 戒律；法令 commandant 司令官，指挥官；军事学校的校长 eg. 他命令士兵们把大门关上。 He commanded the soldiers to shut the gate. knowingly adv. 故意地；机警地，狡黠地 近义词：intentionally knowing adj. 博学的；狡猾的；心照不宣的 n. 认知 eg. 我们不知道政府有没有故意或蓄意地掩盖事实。 We did not know that whether the government knowingly or consciously choose to cover the truth.
1. a great degree of 很大程度上的 eg. All these are valid reasons for a very great degree of freedom. 所有这些都是要求高度自由的合理原因。 2. mastery n. 掌握，掌控 eg.Science offers us total mastery over environment and over our destiny. 科学给了我们对环境自身命运很大的掌控权。 He doesn’t have mastery of the basic rules of grammar. 他没有掌握语法的基本规则。
自考综合英语二_上册_下册_课文翻译
綜合英語二上冊課文翻譯lesson1学校要是教给我们这12种本领就好了卡尔·萨根1.二战刚结束，我在纽约和新泽西的公立学校上了初中和高中。
现在想来似乎是很久远的事了。
学校的设施、教师的水平在当时的美国大大高于一般水准。
因而，那时的我可以说是受益匪浅。
我所学到的最重要的一点，就是要学的东西实在是太多，而我还没有学到的东西也太多。
有时候，我想那时要是能学点真正重要的东西，今天我会多么地心存感激。
在有些方面，当时的教育十分狭窄；关于拿破仑，在学校里我所学到的仅仅是美国从他手里买下路易斯安那。
（在一个约95％的居民不是美国人的星球上，学校当局认为只有美国历史才值得讲授。
）在拼写、语法、数学基础知识以及其他重要的学科的教授上，我的老师们做得相当不错。
但是还有许多其他的东西，我曾希望他们教授给我。
2.或许该教而没教的缺陷自那以后已经得以纠正。
照我看来似乎有许多东西（主要是态度问题、认识问题，而不是简单的对事实记忆的问题）学校应当教授——那些在以后的生活中真正有用的东西，即那些能使国家更强大、世界更美好，也能使人们更幸福的东西。
人类乐于学习。
这是我们人类比这个星球上其它物种做得好些的为数有限的几件事中的一件。
每个学生都应该经常体验一下说出“啊，原来是这么一回事！”时的感受——也就是你以往不懂的或是不知道自己不懂的事情，一下子变得豁然开朗时的感受。
3.下面就是我列出的方法:挑一件难事，从中学习4.希腊哲学家苏格拉底曾经说过这是人类最大的乐趣之一，确实也是如此。
与其涉足多门学科而略知一二，莫如选其一两个学科学深学透。
只要你对所选的课题感兴趣，只要你的研究不脱离课题本身更为广阔的人文环境，你的课题是什么并不重要。
教会你自己一个课题以后，你就会对教授你自己另一课题的能力更加充满信心。
你会逐渐发现你已获得了一种主要技能。
世界的变化日新月异，你必须在一生中不断地教授你自己。
但不要沉溺于你感兴趣的或你擅长的第一门学科而止步不前。
自考英语(二)教材课文翻译
自考英语(二)课文翻译Unit One What Is a Decision ?何为决策 ?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。
作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。
作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。
2021版自考英语二课文中英文对照
第1课Text AText A Critical ReadingCritical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.批判性地阅读批判性阅读合适于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。
批判性阅读是积极阅读。
它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。
成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。
Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than (=from) yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.考虑写作背景。
英语二自学教程【课文翻译】
参考译文/对话范例请朗读下面的对话，注意说话者提出建议的方式。
史蒂夫：嗨，珍妮，想不想这周末一起做点什么珍妮：当然了。
做什么呢史蒂夫：不知道。
你有什么想法吗珍妮：看电影怎么样史蒂夫：好主意。
看什么电影呢珍妮：那就看《机动部队4》吧。
史蒂夫：我不想看那部电影，我不喜欢看充满暴力的影片。
《疯狂的布朗医生》怎么样听说很有趣。
珍妮：好的。
就看这部吧！几点开始史蒂夫：8点在瑞克斯影院。
看电影之前我们吃点东西怎么样珍妮：当然了，好主意。
去新开的意大利餐馆梅开缇吧。
史蒂夫：太好了1 6点钟在那不见不散。
珍妮：好的。
6点钟梅开缇见。
再见。
史蒂夫：再见。
指导实践要求：给你的朋友提一些建议，告诉他们什么地方适合度假。
利用你自己的信息，也可以运用下面的提示。
你想去吗我们去好吗我们去吧。
我们为什么不去呀去怎么样好主意。
谢谢你，给了我那么多好的建议。
TextA读前问题：1．通常情况下，你是否会反对作者提出的观点你认为什么是积极阅读2．你希望作者就批判性阅读提出什么样的建议呢批判性阅读批判性阅读适用于非小说类文学写作，作者要么提出观点，要么陈述事实。
批判性阅读就是积极阅读，不仅仅要解决作者所说的话，还要对其提出质疑，进行评价，进而形成自己的独特的观点。
要想成为批判性读者，就要做到以下几点：考虑写作的语境。
你所阅读的文章，其作者的文化背景也许与你截然不同，抑或文章是以前写的，与你所处的时代也完全不同。
无论哪种情况，你都必须意识到你的价值观和态度与作者所述的价值观和态度是不同的，要充分考虑这些差异。
质疑作者提出的观点。
不要按照字面意思来理解文章的内容，在此之前，一定要搞清楚作者是否提供了足够的证据，证明他的观点是正确的。
查找事实、例证和统计数据，还要看看作者是否结合了各学术权威的著作。
对比该文章与相关话题的其他文章。
看一下文章是否与别人写的相关话题的文章一致，如果有不一致之处，就要仔细评价作者所提供的证据。
分析作者的假设。
假设就是作者为了提出观点而认为正确的东西。
英语二自学教程翻译
英语二自学教程翻译Self-study Tutorial for English IIIntroduction:English has become a global language, and its importance cannot be overstated. In an increasingly interconnected world, being proficient in English opens up a wide range of opportunities, whether for academic, professional, or personal reasons. However, many individuals find it challenging to learn a new language without guidance or a formal classroom setting. In this self-study tutorial for English II, we aim to provide learners with effective strategies and resources to enhance their English language skills.1. Set Clear Goals:Before embarking on any self-study journey, it is crucial to establish clear goals and objectives. Determine what you want to achieve with your English skills, such as improving speaking fluency, reading comprehension, or writing proficiency. Setting these goals will help you stay focused and motivated throughout the learning process.2. Develop a Study Plan:Create a study plan that suits your schedule and learning style. Allocate specific time slots for different language skills, such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In addition, include regular review sessions to consolidate your knowledge and track your progress. Make use of various study materials, such astextbooks, online resources, language apps, and podcasts, to make your study sessions diverse and engaging.3. Improve Vocabulary:Vocabulary is the foundation of language learning. Enhance your vocabulary by reading extensively, keeping a vocabulary journal, and practicing with flashcards. Also, explore vocabulary-building apps and online platforms that offer interactive exercises and quizzes. Aim to learn new words in context, understanding their meaning, pronunciation, and usage.4. Enhance Listening Skills:Understand native speakers better by practicing your listening skills. Listen to different English accents through podcasts, audiobooks, and watching movies or TV shows. Focus on identifying keywords, understanding the main ideas, and recognizing supporting details. Transcribe short audio clips, and then compare your transcription with the original script to improve accuracy and comprehension.5. Develop Reading Comprehension:Improve your reading skills by regularly reading English literature, newspapers, articles, and blogs. Take note of unfamiliar words and expressions, and look them up in a dictionary. Try to understand the author's main message and the supporting details. Summarize what you have read and discuss it with fellow language learners or a language exchange partner to enhance your understanding.6. Enhance Speaking Skills:Practice speaking English as much as possible. Engage in conversations with native speakers or join language exchange programs online. Participate in group discussions, debates, or presentations to improve your fluency and confidence. Focus on your pronunciation, intonation, and sentence structure, and seek feedback from others to identify areas of improvement.7. Refine Writing Skills:Enhance your writing skills by regularly practicing different types of writing, such as essays, emails, and reports. Pay attention to grammar, vocabulary usage, and sentence structure. Seek feedback on your writing from teachers, tutors, or language exchange partners to identify areas for improvement. Revise and edit your written work to refine your communication skills.8. Assess Your Progress:Regularly assess your progress to identify strengths and weaknesses. Take practice tests, use language proficiency tools, or self-assessment exercises to evaluate your language skills. Set aside time to review and practice areas where improvement is needed. Monitor your progress to stay motivated and readjust your study plan accordingly.Conclusion:This self-study tutorial for English II provides learners with valuable strategies to enhance their English language skills. By setting clear goals, developing a study plan, and focusing on vocabulary, listening, reading, speaking, and writing, learners can make significant progress in their language learning journey. Regular assessment and adjustment of the study plan will help learners stay motivated and continuously improve their English proficiency. Remember, consistent effort and dedication are key to achieving success in language learning.。
英语(二)自学教程Unit 1-Text A 课文翻译详细解析
Pre-reading Questions阅读前问题1. Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents?一。
你通常会质疑作者所代表的观点吗？What do you think is active reading你认为什么是主动阅读2. What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically?2。
你希望作者对批判性阅读有什么建议？Critical Reading批判性阅读Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement.批判性阅读适用于作者提出立场或试图发表声明的非小说写作。
Critical reading is active reading.批判性阅读是主动阅读。
It involves more than just inderstanding what an author is saying.它涉及的不仅仅是理解一个作者在说什么。
Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying.批判性阅读包括质疑和评价作者所说的话，并形成自己对作者所说的话的看法。
Hereare the things you should do to be a critical reader作为一个批判性的读者，你应该做以下几件事Consider the context of what is written.考虑一下所写内容的上下文。
自考00015英语(二)上册课文翻译综述
大学英语自学教程上册课文翻译第一课 Text A「课文译文」怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易,即使小孩也能做得到。
”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。
对他们来说,学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。
他们需要数百小时的学习与练习,即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
语言学习不同于其他学习。
许多人很聪明,在自己的领域很成功,但他们发现很难学好一门语言。
相反,一些人学习语言很成功,但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。
语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议:“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”,“每天练习说这种语言”,“与说这种语言的人住在一起”,“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”,“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”,“放松地去学习语言。
”然而,成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢语言学习研究表明,成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。
首先,成功的语言学习者独立学习。
他们不依赖书本和老师,而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。
他们不是等待老师来解释,而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。
他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论,从而做出正确的猜测。
如果猜错,他们就再猜一遍。
他们都努力从错误中学习。
成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。
因此,成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。
他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习,出错时请这些人纠正。
他们不失时机地进行交流,不怕重复所听到的话,也不怕说出离奇的话,他们不在乎出错,并乐于反复尝试。
当交流困难时,他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。
对他们来说,更重要的是学习用这种语言思考,而不是知道每个词的意思。
最后,成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。
他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。
他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。
他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易,因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。
你是什么样的语言学习者如果你是一位成功的语言学习者,那么你大概一直在独立地,主动地,目的明确地学习。
自考 英语(二)课文翻译及练习答案
第一部分 Text A & 第二部分 Text B第一部分 Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者决策是从可供挑选的行动方案中作出选择，目的在于确定并实现组织机构的目标或目的。
之所以要决策是因为存在问题，或是目标或目的不对，或某种东西妨碍目标或目的实现。
因此，决策过程对于管理人员非常重要。
管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有人甚至认为管理过程就是决策过程。
虽然决策者不能预测未来，但他们的许多决策要求他们必须考虑未来可能会发生的情况。
管理者必须对未来的事情作出最佳的猜测，并使偶然性尽可能少地发生。
但因为总是存在着未知情况，所以决策往往伴随着风险。
有时失误的决策带来的后果不很严重，但有时就会不堪设想。
选择就是从多种选项中进行取舍，没有选择，就没有决策。
决策本身就是一个选择的过程，许多决策有着很广的选择范围。
例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，可能会从多门课程中进行选择，对于管理者来说，每一个决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等方面的制约，这些制约存在于一个组织的各个部门里。
选项就是可供选择的种种可行的行动方案。
没有选项，就没有选择，因而也就没有决策。
如果看不到任何选项，这意味着还没有对问题进行彻底的研究。
例如，管理者有时会用“非此即彼”的方式处理问题，这是他们简化问题的方法。
这种简化问题的习惯常常使他们看不到其他的选项。
在管理这个层次上，制定决策包括：识别选项和缩小选项范围，其范围小到微乎其微，大到近乎无限。
决策者必须有某种方法来断定几种选项中的最佳选项，即哪个选项最有利于实现其组织的目标。
组织的目标是指该组织努力完成或达到的目标或现状。
由于个人(或组织)对于怎样实现其目标的方式都有不同的见解，最佳的选择就在于决策者了。
常常是一个组织的下属部门做出的决策对自己有利，而对上一级的部门来说，就不是较佳选择了。
这种增加部门的局部利益而减少其他部门的局部利益所作出的权衡，叫做局部优化。
自考英语阅读二课文与翻译
Text1.Doweneedextravitamins?Manypeoplebelievethattakingvitaminsupplementsisthebestsafeguardagainstthedangersofanincompletediet,butthisshouldbe①alastresort(最后手段)ratherthanawayoutofaproblem.Evenifthereisagenuineneedforextravitamins,thensoonerorlaterthequestionarises"whichone sdoIneed,howmuchofthem,andhowoften?"Thereisreallynosimpleanswertothisquestion.TheFoodStandardsCommittee(guardians②保护者ofourlawsonfoodpurity,labellingandadvertisingclamsanddescriptions)suggestintheirrecentreporttothegovernmentthatwedonotneedanyextravitamins.Theysaythattheyare"notnecessaryforahealthyindividualeatinganormaldiet".Whilstfewofuswouldchallengetheirauthorityonthesubjectofnutritionitis,perhaps,pertinenttoaskthequestion"howmanyofusarehealthy,andwhatisanormaldiet?"Thereisanelementofdoubtinmanymindsaboutthesetwoaspectsandtho ughfewpeoplearefamiliarwiththewording oftheFoodStandardsReporttheydowonderinstinctivelyiftheyareeatingtherightthings.Theblameforfaultyeatinghabit sisoftenplacedatthedooroftheubiquitous③（a.beingeverywhere,esp.atthesametime普遍存在的）junkandconveniencefoods.Aswehaveseen,someofthesearenotthecriminalstheyaremade outtobeWhitebreadisonlyslightlylessnutritiousthanbrownbreadandfrozen vegetablescanbealmostas"fresh"asfreshfood.Thereareveryfewfoodswhichcanreallybedescribedaspurerubbish.Manypre-packedgoodscontaintoomuchsugar andwewouldallbenefitbyavoidingthese,butmosttinned,processedanddriedfoodscontainusefulamountsoffat,protein,carbohydrate④（n.碳水化合物）,vitaminsandminerals.Theadditionofasmallamountoffruitorasidesaladtoconvenience foodssuchaspizzasorhamburgerscanturnasnackintoawell-balancedmeal.许多人认为，服用维生互补剂是防止出现饮食营养不均衡情况的最好防X办法，但这是解决这一问题的方法中最不可行的作法。