高中英语语法 全英详解
高中英语语法大全(详细)
第一主题英语语法系统全解(一)第 1 章动词时态2-4楼第 2 章被动语态5-7楼第 3 章虚拟语气9-11楼第 4 章情态动词12-16楼第 5 章动词不定式17-20楼第 6 章动词的 ing 形式21-24楼第 7 章过去分词25-27楼第 8 章独立主格结构28-30 楼第 9 章名词性从句31-33 楼第10章定语从句35-40 楼第11章状语从句(一)40 -45 楼第11 章状语从句(二)第12 章直接引语和间接引语第13章倒装第14章强调第15章省略第16 章主谓一致动词时态--一般时第一章动词时态(一)在英语中,不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示,这就叫做动词的时态。
一、一般时一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。
A. 一般现在时1 .一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。
主语是第三人称单数时,动词后面要加-s 或 -es 。
“我’为开头做称呼的是第一人称‘你’怎么怎么样是第二人称‘他她它’是第三人称第三人称就是第三人称转述。
例:小兰对妈妈说:“我要出去玩了”第三人称:小兰对妈妈说,她要出去玩了。
第三人称,就是说是叙述性质的,没有人的语言,是旁白在记叙!以我的角度说,就是第一人称;以和你说的角度说,就是第二人称;站在事情外说事情,他怎么怎么样,那就是第三人称了They want good jobs.他们想要好的工作。
The coat matches the dress.外衣和裙子很相配。
This work does not satisfy me.这项工作我不满意。
Do you understand?你懂了吗 ?2.一般现在时的用法①一般现在时的基本用法a.表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态He always takes a walk after supper.晚饭后他总是散散步。
Everyone is in high spirits now.现在大家都情绪高涨。
高中英语重点语法知识点归纳解析
高中英语重点语法知识点归纳解析高中英语是一个重要的学科,其语法知识点在英语学习中起着重要作用。
语法知识点是学习英语的必要基础。
因此,在高中英语课程中,语法知识点的归纳解析是非常重要的。
本文将对高中英语重点语法知识点进行归纳解析。
一、动词的时态和语态1.动词的时态:动词的时态分为一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时。
2.动词的语态:动词的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。
二、名词的数和格1.名词的数:名词的数分为单数和复数。
2.名词的格:名词的格分为主格、宾格和所有格。
三、形容词和副词1.形容词:形容词作为修饰名词、代词或其他形容词的词语,可以表示人或事物的性质、状态和特点。
2.副词:副词作为修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句的词语,可以表示时间、地点、方式、程度、频率和目的等。
四、代词和介词1.代词:代词可以替代名词,省略重复的名词,并在一定的语法结构中起到一些特殊的作用。
2.介词:介词用于表示名词、代词和动词等成分与句子其他成分或它们之间关系的词语。
五、连词和从句1.连词:连词用于连接两个句子或短语,包括并列连词、转折连词、因果连词和附加连词等。
2.从句:从句是一个相对独立的句子,必须通过主句来表达其完整的语法含义。
六、定语从句和状语从句1.定语从句:定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句。
2.状语从句:状语从句是用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的从句。
七、虚拟语气和倒装句1.虚拟语气:虚拟语气是指用来表示不真实、与事实相反或未实现的语气。
2.倒装句:倒装句是按照与基本语序不同的顺序排列主谓语序列进行表达的句子。
综上所述,高中英语重点语法知识点的归纳解析具有重要意义,学生应充分掌握并实践应用,以达到英语学习的最佳效果。
高中英语语法总结大全完整版
高中英语语法大全词法第1章主谓一致一.概念:主谓一致是指:1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。
例如:There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
例如:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二.相关知识点精讲1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
例如:The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A. isB. wasC. areD. were答案 B. 注:先从时态上考虑。
这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除 A.,C。
本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。
后面的职务用and 相连。
这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如:There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
高中英语语法大全(详细)
第一主题英语语法系统全解(一)第1章动词时态 2-4楼第2章被动语态 5-7 楼第3章虚拟语气 9-11 楼第4章情态动词 12-16楼第5章动词不定式 17-20 楼第6章动词的ing形式 21-24楼第7章过去分词 25-27楼第8章独立主格结构 28-30楼第9章名词性从句 31-33楼第10章定语从句 35-40楼第11章状语从句(一) 40-45楼第11章状语从句(二)第12章直接引语和间接引语第13章倒装第14章强调第15章省略第16章主谓一致动词时态--一般时第一章动词时态(一)在英语中,不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示,这就叫做动词的时态。
一、一般时一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。
A.一般现在时1.一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。
主语是第三人称单数时,动词后面要加-s或-es。
“我’为开头做称呼的是第一人称‘你’怎么怎么样是第二人称‘他她它’是第三人称第三人称就是第三人称转述。
例:小兰对妈妈说:“我要出去玩了”第三人称:小兰对妈妈说,她要出去玩了。
第三人称,就是说是叙述性质的,没有人的语言,是旁白在记叙!以我的角度说,就是第一人称;以和你说的角度说,就是第二人称;站在事情外说事情,他怎么怎么样,那就是第三人称了They want good jobs.他们想要好的工作。
The coat matches the dress.外衣和裙子很相配。
This work does not satisfy me.这项工作我不满意。
Do you understand?你懂了吗?2.一般现在时的用法①一般现在时的基本用法a. 表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态He always takes a walk after supper.晚饭后他总是散散步。
Everyone is in high spirits now.现在大家都情绪高涨。
b. 表示客观事实或普遍真理The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东方升起在西方落下。
高中英语语法详解大全
(一)主语从句1.定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2.构成:关联词+简单句3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类:(1) 从属连词that。
如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。
(2) 从属连词whether。
如:Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如:What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
解释:1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。
常以it作形式主语的句型有:A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。
如:It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
高中英语八大语法全解析
高中英语八大语法的详细解析1.名词性从句:名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。
这些从句在句子中起名词的作用,可以担任主语、表语、宾语和同位语。
例如:“What he said is true.”(主语从句)“The problem is who we can get to replace her.”(表语从句)“I suggest that we should try again.”(宾语从句)“The news that we won the game is exciting.”(同位语从句)2.定语从句:定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句对先行词进行限制,非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充说明。
例如:“The book that I read is called ‘Harry Potter’.”(限制性定语从句)“The book, which I read last night, is called ‘Harry Potter’.”(非限制性定语从句)3.状语从句:状语从句包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句和让步状语从句。
这些从句在句子中起副词的作用,表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件或让步。
例如:“When it rains, I usually stay at home.”(时间状语从句)“I will go to the library, where my friend works.”(地点状语从句)“She failed in the exam because she didn’t study hard enough.”(原因状语从句)“We went for a walk to get some fresh air.”(目的状语从句)“He was late for school, so he couldn’t take the exam.”(结果状语从句)“If you study hard, you will pass the exam.”(条件状语从句)“Though he is poor, he is still happy.”(让步状语从句)4.主谓一致:主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语的数目和人称保持一致。
高中英语2025届高考语法复习句法知识讲解(主谓一致+动词时态+助动词)
高考英语语法复习句法知识讲解一、主谓一致在英文中,谓语的形式要与主语保持一致。
比如,你、我、他是学生,中文“是”字是一样的,只有主语不同。
英文的动词要根据主语不同而改变:I am,you are,he is。
主谓一致有三大原则:语法一致,意义一致,就近一致。
(一)语法一致名词是单数,谓语动词是单数。
不可数名词、集体名词、动词不定式、动名词等,谓语动词也用单数。
Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。
The team is playing well. 这个团队表现得很好。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
Swimming is good exercise. 游泳是一项很好的运动。
记住:绝大多数都用单数,只有明确的复数名词,谓语动词才用复数。
My parents are teachers. 我的父母都是老师。
The shoes are all right. 这些鞋子很合适。
鞋、裤子、眼镜,只能是复数,如果前面加上“一双”“一条”,后面的动词就是单数。
A pair of glasses is very expensive. 一副眼镜很贵。
要想搞清楚谓语用单数还是复数,一定要准确锁定主语。
All except me in my family are going to the park. 很显然,all才是真正的主语,所以是复数。
She as well as the other girls is reading a book. 在这里,She才是真正的主语,所以是单数。
"more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。
例如:More than one teacher gets the flowers."half of, the rest of, most of, all of, 百分数/分数+of +名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定。
高中英语语法讲解
高中英语语法讲解高中英语语法的知识点,让我们一个一个的展开学习。
下面是店铺给大家整理的高中英语语法,供大家参阅!高中英语语法:疑问句反意疑问句一.反意疑问句的分类:1.第一类反意疑问句由两部分组成, 前一部分作陈述; 后一部分提问, 起证实或反证作用, 或只表示疑问语调的作用, 其肯定或否定与前一部分相反. 这一类反意疑问句实际上不表示疑问, 也并不一定要求对方回答a. You haven’t done your homework, have you ?b. You will be away for long, won’t you ?2.第二类反意疑问句也由两部分组成, 前一部分作肯定的陈述, 用肯定形式, 后一部分提问也用肯定形式, 表示说话人对第一部分的陈述的真实性有所怀疑, 请对方加以证实a. He teaches English, does he ?二.应注意的问题:1.疑问部分的主语与陈述部分的主语的对应:①.陈述部分是there be结构时, 疑问部分用be(not) ther提问a. There is no doubt about it, is there ?b. There are hundreds of students on the playground, aren’t there ?②.陈述部分的主语是everyone, someone, anyone, no one等表示人的不定代词时, 疑问部分主语多用they, 也可用hea. Everyone knows his job, doesn’t he ? / Everyone knows their jobs, don’t they ?③.陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, something等表示物的不定代词时, 疑问部分的主语用it.a. Everything goes very well, doesn’t it ?④.陈述部分的主语是each时, 如果强调单个, 疑问部分的主语用单数代词; 如果强调全体, 疑问部分的主语用复数代词a. Each of the students has his own desk, does n’t he ?b. Each of the students passed the exam, didn’t they ?c. Each of the pens has a red cap, doesn’t it ?⑤.陈述部分的主语是不定式, 动名词, 词组或从句时, 疑问部分的主语用ita. To drive a car is not easy, is it ?b. Seeing is believing, isn’t it ?c. That you are leaving soon is true, isn’t it ?⑥.陈述部分的主语是this , that, these, those时, 疑问部分的主语要用it 或theya. This is very important, isn’t it ?b. These are the books you bought yesterday, aren’t they ?2.疑问部分的不完全动词与陈述部分的不完全动词的对应:①.陈述部分没有不完全动词(即谓语中只有实义动词)时, 疑问部分用do的某形式来提问a. He likes En glish very much, doesn’t he ?b. He went to the cinema last Sunday, didn’t he ?c. You have learned English for eight years, haven’t you ?②.陈述部分的谓语是used to do(过去经常)时, 疑问部分既可用used, 也可用did提问a. He used to live in London, usedn’t / didn’t he ?③.若在陈述部分将need / dare / have作为不完全动词使用, 则疑问部分仍用need / dare / have提问; 若在陈述部分将need / dare / have作为实义动词来用, 则疑问部分用do的某一形式提问a. We need to do it right now, don’t we ?b. We needn’t do it right now, need we ?c. You have finished your homework, haven’t you ?d. You have a compu ter of you own, don’t you ?④.陈述部分有must表示“一定是, 肯定是”的推测意义时, 疑问部分不用must提问, 而要根据must所表示的时间, 用do / be的某一形式来提问, 具体对应情况见下表:陈述部分谓语形式含义疑问部分用来提问的不完全动词must do / be一般情况或现在状态do, am / is / aremust be doing正在发生的情况am / is / aremust have done过去发生的情况dida. He must be a student in this school, isn’t he ?b. You must be tired, aren’t you ?c. They must be doing their lessons right now, aren’t they ?d. You must have met him at the party yesterday, didn’t you ?⑤.陈述部分有must表示“有必要”时, 疑问部分用needn’t提问a. You must go ho me right now, needn’t you ?3.其他问题:①.陈述部分谓语出现有否定词缀的动词时, 疑问部分仍用否定结构a. He is unfit for his office, isn’t he ?②.陈述部分含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时, 疑问部分要用肯定形式a. He hardly knows English, does he ?③.陈述部分的主语是I时, 疑问部分中否定常用aren’t I.a. I am your friend, aren’t I ?④.陈述部分是I ( don’t ) think / believe / suppose / expect that….(即“否定转移句”)时, 疑问部分要根据that引导的宾语从句来作a. I think he can finish the work, can’t he ?b. I don’t think he can finish the work, can he ?陈述部分谓语形式含义疑问部分用来提问的不完全动词must do / be一般情况或现在状态do, am / is / aremust be doing正在发生的情况am / is / aremust have done过去发生的情况dida. He must be a student in this school, isn’t he ?b. You must be tired, aren’t you ?c. They must be doing their lessons right now, aren’t they ?d. You must have met him at the party yesterday, didn’t you ?⑤.陈述部分有must表示“有必要”时, 疑问部分用needn’t提问a. You must go home right now, needn’t you ?3.其他问题:①.陈述部分谓语出现有否定词缀的动词时, 疑问部分仍用否定结构a. He is unfit for his office, isn’t he ?②.陈述部分含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时, 疑问部分要用肯定形式a. He hardly knows English, does he ?③.陈述部分的主语是I时, 疑问部分中否定常用aren’t I.a. I am your friend, aren’t I ?④.陈述部分是I ( don’t ) think / believe / suppose / expect that….(即“否定转移句”)时, 疑问部分要根据that引导的宾语从句来作a. I think he can finish the work, can’t he ?b. I don’t think he can finish the work, can he ?第二十章:直接引语与间接引语一.直接引语与间接引语的转换:1.直接引语是陈述句, 变成间接引语时将陈述句变成that引导的宾语从句a. Mary said, “ I arrived yesterday.” =Mary said that she had arrived the day before.b. Alice said, “ I’ve just got a letter from my father.” =Alice said that she had just got a letter from her father.2.直接引语是一般疑问句, 变成间接引语时, 把一般疑问句变成由if / whether引导的宾语从句, 同时将语序改成陈述语序, said变成asked, asked后没有间接宾语时, 要加一个间接宾语如me / him /her等a. Jane asked Tom, “ Have you finished writing the report ?” =Jane asked Tom if / whether he had finished writing the report.b. Jane asked Dick, “ Have you finished writing the report ?” =Jane asked Dick if / whether he had finished writing the report.3.直接引语是特殊疑问句, 变成间接引语时, 特殊疑问句变成由原疑问词引导的宾语从句, 同时变成陈述语序a. “What are you doing Jack ?” Mary asked. =Mary asked him what he was doing.b. They asked him, “ When do you harvest the wheat ?” =They asked him when he harvested the wheat.c. “When did you leave Shanghai ?” Peter a sked me. =Peter asked me when I left Shanghai.4.直接引语是祈使句, 变成间接引语时, 把祈使句变成一个不定式短语, 同时根据不同的口气选用适当的谓语动词, 构成ask / tell / order sb (not) to do sth.的结构a. “Don’t come late again.” he said. =He told me not to come late again.b. “Turn the oil over, please.” He s aid. =He asked me to turn the soil over.c. The farmer said, “ Don’t grow plants in the same placeyear after year.” =The farmer told me not to grow plants in the same place year after year.二.应注意的问题: 在直接引语变成间接引语时要注意以下问题1.人称代词, 物主代词要作相应的变化, 这方面的变化与汉语的习惯完全相同a. He said, “ I like it very much.” =He said that he liked it very much.b. He said, “ I have left my book in your room.” =He said he had left his book in my room.2.时态的变化: 如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时, 直接引语变成间接引语时, 从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化(见下表); 如果主句的谓语动词是现在时, 从句的时态无需变化直接引语间接引语一般现在时He said, “ I am afraid I can’t finish this work”一般过去时He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish that work现在进行时He said, “ I am using the knife.”过去进行时He said that he was using the knife.现在完成时She said, “ I have not heard from him since May.”过去完成时She said that she had not heard from him since May.一般过去时He said, “ I came to help you.”过去完成时He said that he had come to help me.过去完成时He said, “ I had finished my homework before supper.”过去完成时He said that he had finished his homework before supper.一般将来时Zhou Lan said, “ I will do it after class.”过去将来时Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.3.某些指示代词, 时间状语, 地点状语和动词要做相应的变化:直接引语间接引语this She said, “ I will come this morning.”thatShe said thatshe would go that morning.theseHe said, “ These books are mine.”thoseHe said that those books were his.nowHe said, “ It is nine o’clock now.”thenHe said that it was nine o’clock then.todayHe said, “ I haven’t seen her today.”that dayHe said that he hadn’t seen her that day.yesterdayShe said, “ I went there yesterday.”the day beforeShe said that she had gone there the day before.tomorrowShe said, “ I will go there tomorrow.”the next / following dayShe said that she would go there the next day.hereHe said, “ My sister was here three days ago.”thereHe said that his sister had been there three days before.comeShe said, “ I will come here this evening.”goShe said that she would go there that evening.agoHe said, “ I went there three days ago.”beforeHe said that he had gone there three days before.last ni ghtHe said, “ I saw the film last night.”the night beforeHe said that he had seen the film the night before.next weekHe said, “ The meeting will be held next week.”the next weekHe said that the meeting would be held the next week.4.直接引语如果是客观真理, 变为间接引语时, 时态不变, 如:a. He said, “ Light travels much faster than sound.” =He said that light travels much faster than sound.5.如果在当地转述, here不必改为there, come不必改为go, yesterday / tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变高中英语语法:主谓倒装一.总述: 参看“语法框架”中“前置与倒装”部分二.倒装主要用于以下情形之下:1.含有否定含义的连词或副词或词组(如: not, not only, never, little, seldom, hardly, hardly...when..., no sooner... than... , at no time, neither, nor, never before, not until等)位于句首时, 常用部分倒装的语序a. Not a single mistake did he make in the exam.b. Never shall I forget day when I was with her.c. Not only can he play the piano, but he also can write songs.d. Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.e. Little does she know what may happen.f. Seldom have I met her recently.g. Not until after the war did he return home.h. No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain heavily.not only...but also...连接两个主语时, not only即使是在句首, 也不用倒装语序a. Not only the students but also the teachers went there to listen to the lecture.2.由于主语太长或为了强调而将地点状语(多为介词短语)或表语前置时, 多用全部倒装的语序a. In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.b. Outside the classroom stood a boy.c. Behind the farmhouse was a big tree.d. On the blackboard were the words written in English: “Welcome to our class !”e. Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer.f. At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.3.only修饰的状语位于句首时, 用部分倒装的语序a. Only then did I realize that I was wrong.b. Only in this way can you learn it by heart.c. Only after the country was liberated in 1949 was he ableto live a happy life.4.有时为强调或表达生动, 将now, here, there, out, in, up, down, away等副词前置, 句子用全部倒装的语序a. Now comes your turn.b. Here comes the taxi.c. There goes the bell.d. Out rushed the school boys.e. Away flew the birds.f. Down came the rain.g. The door burst open and in rushed a stranger.在以上情况下, 当主语为代词时, 主谓不倒装a. There it is.b. Away he went.5.用于以so开头表示“也…”, 以neither / nor开头表示“也不…”的句型①.句型“so+不完全动词+主语”表示“也…”, 即上文所述的肯定情况对于本句的主语来说也是如此a. They went to the Summer Palace last Sunday. So did we.b. He has been to the Great Wall. So have I.②.句型“neither / nor+不完全动词+主语”表示“也不…”, 即上文所述的否定情况对于本句的主语来说也不如此a. I didn’t do my homework yesterday evening. Neither / Nor did he.b. The students are not in the classroom. Neither / Nor was the teacher.6.直接引语前置时, 如果主语是名词, 常用全部倒装的语序; 如果主语是代词, 往往不用倒装语序a. “You all did well in the exam.” said the teacher.b. “Who are you looking for?” she asked / asked Mary.c. “That is unfair !” shouted the man / he shouted.7.用于以were, had, should等词开头的虚拟条件句(参看“虚拟语气”部分)a. Had you asked me, I would have told you everything. =If you had asked me, I would have told you everything.b. Were he here, we would be able to solve the problem. =If he were here, we would be able to solve the problem.c. Should you change your mind, let me know. =If you should change your mind, let me know.8.在so…that…和such…as…的句型中, so / such前置时, 句子要用部分倒装的语序a. So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it. =The lake is so shallow that no fish can live in it.b. Such a good student was he that everyone liked him. =He was such a good student that everyone liked him.三.应注意的问题: 注意倒装句中的主谓一致问题. 因为在倒装句中, 主语不在句首, 因此首先要弄清句子的主语是什么, 再确定谓语的形式a. On the wall hangs a large picture.b. Here are some books about English language learning.c. Such were his words.a. There it is.b. Away he went.5.用于以so开头表示“也…”, 以neither / nor开头表示“也不…”的句型①.句型“so+不完全动词+主语”表示“也…”, 即上文所述的肯定情况对于本句的主语来说也是如此a. They went to the Summer Palace last Sunday. So did we.b. He has been to the Great Wall. So have I.②.句型“neither / nor+不完全动词+主语”表示“也不…”, 即上文所述的否定情况对于本句的主语来说也不如此a. I didn’t do my homework yesterday evening. Neither /Nor did he.b. The students are not in the classroom. Neither / Nor was the teacher.6.直接引语前置时, 如果主语是名词, 常用全部倒装的语序; 如果主语是代词, 往往不用倒装语序a. “You all did well in the exam.” said the teacher.b. “Who are you looking for?” she asked / asked Mary.c. “That is unfair !” shouted the man / he shouted.7.用于以were, had, should等词开头的虚拟条件句(参看“虚拟语气”部分)a. Had you asked me, I would have told you everything. =If you had asked me, I would have told you everything.b. Were he here, we would be able to solve the problem. =If he were here, we would be able to solve the problem.c. Should you change your mind, let me know. =If you should change your mind, let me know.8.在so…that…和such…as…的句型中, so / such前置时, 句子要用部分倒装的语序a. So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it. =The lake is so shallow that no fish can live in it.b. Such a good student was he that everyone liked him. =He was such a good student that everyone liked him.三.应注意的问题: 注意倒装句中的主谓一致问题. 因为在倒装句中, 主语不在句首, 因此首先要弄清句子的主语是什么, 再确定谓语的形式a. On the wall hangs a large picture.b. Here are some books about English language learning.c. Such were his words.高中英语语法:状语从句一.定义: 在句中作状语的从句就叫做状语从句二.分类: 状语从句包括以下八类1.时间状语从句: 由when, while, as, before, after, since, till / until, as soon as等引导a. I shall tell him the good news when he comes.2.原因状语从句: 由because, as, since, for等引导a. He didn’t hear me because he was listening to the radio.b. Since you are free today, you had better show me how to use the computer.3.地点状语从句: 由where等引导a. Please put the book where it was after you finish reading it.4.条件状语从句: 由if, unless等引导a. I will come to see you if I have time on Sunday.5.比较或方式状语从句: 由than, as, as if, as...as...等引导a. I know you do better than he does.b. The old worker runs very fast as if he were a young man.6.目的状语从句: 由so that, in order that等引导a. They set out early so that they could arrive at the station in good time.7.结果状语从句: 由so, so that, so / such...that...等引导a. They set out early so that they arrived at the station in good time.b. He finished his work so well that the boss praised him in public.8.让步状语从句: 由though / although, even if, whatever, whoever, whenever, no matter what / who等引导a. He is in very good health though he is old.b. They didn’t stop working even if it began to rain hard.三.应注意的问题:1.时间和条件状语从句中常用一般时代替将来时a. I will go and see a film if I have time tomorrow.b. I will tell the about it as soon as he comes back.c. He said he would go out for a walk when he finished his work.2.状语从句中可有省略: 在一个含有状语从句的复合句中, 如果主句和状语从句的主语相同, 或状语从句的主语是it, 并且状语从句的谓语含有be动词时, 可以将状语从句的主语和be一起省略掉a. As (she was ) a child, she began to learn English.b. If ( he was ) alive, he must be at least ninety years old.c. Although ( he was ) told to stop, he kept on working.d. If ( it is) necessary, ring me up.e. He didn’t say a single word until ( he was ) asked.3.as和than引导的比较状语从句中, 从句中和主句中相同的部分往往省略, 从句中只剩下比较对象a. He is a head taller than I ( am tall ).than之后的人称代词是主格或宾格时, 有时意思不同, 如:a. She likes the dog more than me.=She likes the dog more than she likes me.她喜欢狗比喜欢我更多b. She likes the dog more than I.=She likes the dog more than I like the god. 她比我更喜欢狗4.含有no sooner…than…和hardly / barely / scarcely …when…的句子相当于含有as soon as…引导的时间状语的句子. no sooner或hardly放在句首时, 主谓要部分倒装a. He had no sooner seen the policeman than he ran away. =No sooner had he seen the policeman than he ran away. =He ran away as soon as he saw the policemen.b. He had hardly sat down when the telephone rang. =Hardly had he sat down when the telephone rang. =The telephone rang as soon as he sat down.5.immediately, directly, instantly等词也可以作为连词引导时间状语从句, 相当于as soon as引导的时间状语a. I went to see him immediately I heard from him. =I went to see him as soon as I heard from him.6.the moment, the minute, the second引导时间状语从句, 相当于as soon as引导的时间状语a. He let out a cry the moment he saw the snake.=He let outa cry as soon as he saw the snake.7.each time, every time, any time, last time, next time, first time可以引导时间状语从句a. They shake hands with each other each time they meet.8.since引导的时间状语从句中, 若谓语动词是延续性动词或状态动词, 则其过去时表示动作的完成或状态的结束a. It is five years since he lived here. 他不住这里己有五年了a. They shake hands with each other each time they meet.8.since引导的时间状语从句中, 若谓语动词是延续性动词或状态动词, 则其过去时表示动作的完成或状态的结束a. It is five years since he lived here. 他不住这里己有五年了。
高中三年所有英语语法考点最全汇总 (1)
专题一定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语which 指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略)who 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语whom 指人在从句中作宾语whose 指人或物在从句中作定语as 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语but 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语注意:指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which 或 of which+the+名词2、as 的用法(1)常用于下列结构:such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as注意:the same…as 表示同一类,不同一个the same…that 表示同一个(2)as 与 which 的区别a、位置不同as 可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;which 只能放在主句后。
b、as 起连接作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。
Which 相当于并列句,可以用 and this 来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。
注意:as 常用于下列结构:as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用 which 代替 as。
c、在从句中作主语时,which 既可作系动词 be 的主语也可作实义动词的主语,而 as 只可作系动词 be 的主语。
二、只用 that 不用 which 的情况1、.先行词为 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one 等不定代词时2、先行词被 only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right 等修饰时.3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
五三高中英语语法全解
五三高中英语语法全解名词是英语中最基本的词类之一,用来表示人、事物、地点、抽象概念等。
名词可以做主语、宾语、定语、表语等。
1.可数名词可数名词表示单数或复数,可与数词或冠词连用。
例如:a book, two books2.不可数名词不可数名词指无法以单数或复数表示的事物。
它们可以用来表示一类事物或一种物质。
例如:water, music代词是用来代替名词的词类,用来避免重复,简化表达。
代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词等。
1.人称代词人称代词可以代替人或事物的称呼。
例如:I, you, he, she, it, they2.物主代词物主代词用来表示所属关系,代替名词的所有格形式。
例如:mine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs3.指示代词指示代词用来指示人或事物,有远指和近指之分。
例如:this, that, these, those形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、特征或状态。
1.形容词的用法形容词可作前置定语、后置定语、表语等。
例如:a beautiful girl, the book on the table2.比较级和最高级形容词可以通过在词尾加-er或-est来表示比较级和最高级。
例如:taller, tallest动词是表示人或事物的行为、动作、状态的词类。
动词可分为实义动词和系动词。
1.实义动词实义动词是指具体表示动作、行为或状态的动词。
例如:run, eat, sleep系动词用来连接主语和表语,表示主语的状态、特征等。
例如:be, seem, become副词是修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词类,用来表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。
1.副词的位置副词可放在句首、句中或句尾。
例如:Yesterday, I went tothe park. She dances beautifully.2.程度副词程度副词用来表示动作或状态的程度,可与形容词或副词连用。
高中英语语法讲解 pdf
高中英语语法讲解pdf一、名词的种类和名词的数1.名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。
2.普通名词又可分四类:(1)个体名词。
例如:cup,desk,student等。
(2)集体名词。
例如:family,team等。
(3)物质名词。
例如:rice,water,cotton等。
(4)抽象名词。
例如:happiness,music,sleep等。
3.个体名词和集体名词可以用数来计算,称为可数名词;物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数来计算,称为不可数名词。
二、冠词的种类和冠词的用法1.冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两种:(1)不定冠词a,an表示泛指,意为“一个”。
(2)定冠词the表示特指,意为“那个”。
2.a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前;the用在单数或复数名词前。
三、代词的种类和代词的用法1.代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词等种类。
人称代词又分为主格和宾格两种形式。
物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。
反身代词可以用作宾语或表语。
指示代词可分单数和复数两种形式。
不定代词指一些表示泛指、不定指的代词。
2.代词有人称、数、格的变化。
四、数词的种类和数词的用法1.数词可分为基数词和序数词两种。
2.基数词表示数量,序数词表示次序。
3.数词常用来表示数量、顺序和编号等。
五、介词的种类和介词的用法1.介词可分为简单介词、复合介词和短语介词三类。
2.介词常用来表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目的等。
3.介词后面一般接名词或代词作宾语,表示与其他事物的关系。
六、形容词的种类和形容词的用法1.形容词可分为描述性形容词和限定性形容词两类。
描述性形容词表示事物的性质和特征;限定性形容词用来修饰名词,表示所属关系。
2.形容词在句子中可以作定语、表语或补足语等成分。
修饰名词时放在名词之前,称为前置修饰语;作表语或补足语时放在名词之后,称为后置修饰语。
3.形容词可以比较级和最高级的形式出现,表示程度的差异。
高中英语语法(全英详解)
必修一语法点一:Be+v.ing表将来use the present continuous tense for future plans In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive(动词原形), and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future pl ans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans.Ex. ①we are going to Mexico next Sunday.②Are you coming to the cinema?③He is leaving for London in two hours.④We are spending next winter in Australia.Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc.扩展:What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let’s look at some more examples:“I’m going to play football on Saturday”You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you.“I’m playing football on Saturday”You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you.语法点二:Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语)Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words.Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used.1、declarative sentence陈述句①Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.He said, “I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much.②Change in tense: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tenseof reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.③Change in demonstrative pronoun指示代词, temporal adverbial时间状语, adverbial of place地点状语and verbs.Ps:(1)if the direct speech indicates objective truth, then there is no change in tense when it’sconverted to indirect speech.Ex. He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”→He said that light travels much faster than sound.(2) 如果在当地转述,here不必改成there,come不必改为go,如果在当天转述,yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
(精华版)高中英语语法讲解汇总
高中英语语法(精华版)目录高中英语语法总结大全之名词 (10)高中英语语法总结大全之名词 (10)名词概论 (10)其它名词复数的规则变化 (12)名词复数的不规则变化 (13)不可数名词量的表示 (14)定语名词的复数 (15)不同国家的人的单复数 (16)名词的格 (17)高中英语语法总结大全之代词 (18)人称代词的用法 (18)人称代词之主、宾格的替换 (19)代词的指代问题 (20)并列人称代词的排列顺序 (20)物主代词 (21)双重所有格 (22)反身代词 (22)相互代词 (24)指示代词 (25)疑问代词 (27)关系代词 (29)every, no, all, both,... (30)none, few, some, any,... (32)代词比较辩异one, that和it (34)one/another/the other (34)"the"的妙用 (35)anyone/any one;... (35)both, either, neither,... .. (36)many, much (37)few, little, a few,... .. (38)高中英语语法总结大全之冠词和数词 (39)不定冠词的用法 (39)定冠词的用法 (40)零冠词的用法 (41)冠词与形容词+名词结构 (43)冠词位置 (43)数词 (44)形容词及其用法 (46)以-ly结尾的形容词 (46)用形容词表示类别和整体 (47)多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 (47)副词及其基本用法 (49)兼有两种形式的副词 (50)形容词与副词的比较级 (51)as+形容词或副词原级+as (53)比较级形容词或副词+than (54)可修饰比较级的词 (55)many, old和far (56)the+最高级+比较范围 (56)和more有关的词组 (57)高中英语语法总结大全之动词 (58)动词 (58)系动词 (60)助动词be的用法 (63)助动词have的用法 (64)助动词do 的用法 (65)助动词shall和will的用法 (66)助动词should, would的用法 (66)短语动词 (67)非谓语动词 (68)高中英语语法总结大全之动词的时态 (69)一般现在时的用法 (69)一般过去时的用法 (70)used to/be used to (71)一般将来时 (72)be going to/will (73)be to和be going to (73)一般现在时表将来 (73)用现在进行时表示将来 (74)现在完成时 (74)比较过去时与现在完成时 (74)用于现在完成时的句型 (76)比较since和for (78)since的四种用法 (79)延续动词与瞬间动词 (79)过去完成时 (80)用一般过去时代替完成时 (82)将来完成时 (82)现在进行时 (82)不用进行时的动词 (83)过去进行时 (84)将来进行时 (85)一般现在时代替将来时 (86)一般现在时代替过去时 (86)一般现在时代替完成时 (87)一般现在时代替进行时 (87)现在进行时代替将来时 (87)时态一致 (88)时态与时间状语 (88)高中英语语法总结大全之动词的语态 (88)动词的语态 (88)let 的用法 (89)短语动词的被动语态 (90)表示"据说"或"相信"的词组 (90)不用被动语态的情况 (90)主动形式表示被动意义 (92)被动形式表示主动意义 (93)need/want/require/worth (93)高中英语语法总结大全之虚拟语气 (94)虚拟语气 (94)真实条件句 (94)非真实条件句 (95)混合条件句 (96)虚拟条件句的倒装 (97)特殊的虚拟语气词:should (98)wish的用法 (99)比较if only与only if (100)It is (high) time that (100)need"不必做"和"本不该做" (101)高中英语语法总结大全之情态动词 (101)情态动词的语法特征 (101)比较can 和be able to (102)比较may和might (103)比较have to和must (103)must表示推测 (104)表示推测的用法 (105)情态动词+have+过去分词 (106)should和ought to (107)had better表示最好 (107)would rather表示"宁愿" (107)will和would (108)情态动词的回答方式 (109)带to的情态动词 (110)比较need和dare (111)高中英语语法总结大全之动词不定式 (111)不定式作宾语 (111)不定式作补语 (113)不定式主语 (115)It's for sb/It's of sb (116)不定式作表语 (116)不定式作定语 (117)不定式作状语 (117)用作介词的to (118)省to 的动词不定式 (118)动词不定式的否定式 (119)不定式特殊句型too...to (121)不定式特殊句型so as to (121)不定式特殊句型Why not (122)不定式的时态和语态 (122)动名词与不定式 (123)高中英语语法总结大全之分词 (124)分词作定语 (124)分词作状语 (125)连词+分词(短语) (126)分词作补语 (126)分词作表语 (127)分词作插入语 (127)分词的时态 (127)分词的语态 (129)高中英语语法总结大全之独立主格 (129)独立主格 (129)With的复合结构 (130)高中英语语法总结大全之特殊词精讲 (132)stop doing/to do (132)forget doing/to do (133)remember doing/to do (133)regret doing/to do (134)cease doing/to do (134)try doing/to do (135)go on doing/to do (135)be afraid doing/to do (135)be interested doing/... (136)mean doing/to do (136)begin(start) doing/to do (137)感官动词 + doing/to do (137)高中英语语法总结大全之句子的种类 (138)句子的种类 (138)祈使句 (140)感叹句结构 (141)强调句结构 (143)用助动词进行强调 (144)反意疑问句 (144)高中英语语法总结大全之连词 (149)连词 (149)并列连词与并列结构 (149)比较and和or (151)表示选择的并列结构 (152)表示转折或对比 (152)表原因关系 (152)比较so和 such (153)高中英语语法总结大全之主谓一致 (154)主谓一致 (154)并列结构作主语谓语用复数 (154)主谓一致中的靠近原则 (155)谓语动词与前面的主语一致 (156)谓语需用单数 (156)指代意义决定谓语的单复数 (156)与后接名词或代词保持一致 (157)高中英语语法总结大全之名词性从句 (158)名词性从句 (158)引导名词性从句的连接词 (158)名词性that-从句 (159)名词性wh-从句 (161)if, whether引导的名词从句 (162)否定转移 (163)高中英语语法总结大全之状语从句 (164)地点状语从句 (164)方式状语从句 (164)原因状语从句 (166)目的状语从句 (166)结果状语从句 (167)条件状语从句 (167)让步状语从句 (168)比较while, when, as (170)比较until和till (170)表示"一...就..."的结构 (172)高中英语语法总结大全之定语从句 (172)定语从句 (172)关系代词引导的定语从句 (173)关系副词引导的定语从句 (174)判断关系代词与关系副词 (175)限制性和非限制性定语从句 (176)介词+关系词 (177)as, which非限定性定语从句 (177)先行词和关系词二合一 (179)what/whatever/that... .. (179)关系代词that的用法 (180)高中英语语法总结大全之倒装 (181)倒装句之全部倒装 (181)倒装句之部分倒装 (181)以否定词开头作部分倒装 (183)so, either, nor作部分倒装 (183)only在句首要倒装的情况 (184)as, though引导的倒装句 (184)其他部分倒装 (185)高中英语语法总结大全之名词词名词概论名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China 等。
(完整版)高中英语语法讲解不定式
高中英语语法讲解不定式(The Infinitive)定义:动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,既可以有自己的宾语和状语。
E.g. He want his students to read the book aloud.A.1不定式的构成(以动词do为例)主动形式被动形式一般式to do to be done完成式to have done to have been done进行式to be doing 无完成进行式to have been doing 无2不定式的意义不定式的一般式(to do )一般式表示的动作或状态,发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后My wish is to become a doctorHe seemed to be tired.She stopped to have a rest.不定式的被动式 (to be done)当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式.The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.I am going to Beijing, I have something to take to my parents, do you have something to be taken to your parents?如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时, 不定式表示动作正在进行,这时候不定式就要用进行式.(to be doing)They are said to be building another bridge across the street.They seemed to be talking about something important.When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.I’m glad to be working with you.如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前,就用完成式 (to have done) ;若是在此基础上的被动含义,就用完成被动式( to have been done).He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He thought it a pity not to have invited us.The assistant seemed to have been fired.He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.Einstein is said to have built up his theory when he was in his twenties.如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行的动作,就要用完成进行式.They are said to have been collecting folk song in Xinjiang.We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month.B. 用法:动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
英语重点词汇语法详解endeavour
英语重点词汇语法详解endeavourendeavour英[ɪnˈdevə]美[ɪnˈdevər]v.努力;尽力n.尝试;努力;事业;活动;勤奋复数:endeavours原形:endeavor第三人称单数:endeavours现在分词:endeavouring过去式:endeavoured过去分词:endeavoured英文释义:[uncountable, countable] (formal) an attempt to do something, especially something new or difficult【不可数,可数】(正式用语)尝试做某事,尤指新的或困难的事举个例子:1.We must always endeavour to improve our work.我们总要努力改进自己的工作。
ernments should endeavour to mitigate distress.政府应努力缓解贫困问题。
3.They could not do it, despite their best endeavours.他们尽了最大的努力,但还是做不成功。
4.Being a parent can be an almost life-long endeavour.父母几乎是一部终身奋斗史常用短语:endeavour to: 争取fixed endeavour: 固定努力量endeavour for: 尽力Key up an endeavour: 加紧努力one's own field of endeavour: 本职业务christian endeavour for china: 勉励会endeavour to perfect one's skill: 努力钻研技术词汇拓展:近义词n. undertaking, project, task, labor, activityv. try, seek, attempt, essay, assay解析attempt 较正式用词,侧重已经开始,且希望完成,但常隐含着不一定有预期的结果。
高中英语语法~最佳详尽版!
英语语法第一章英语动词的时态英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异英语的词类与汉语的不同。
汉语词类形态稳定,比如“书”这个字,“一本书”、“三本书”都一样,没有词形变化。
英语就不同了,book, books 仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。
有人说,学好英语就是学好动词,此言甚是。
同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在,表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式,这就是时态。
英语动词的形式英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。
因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。
英语的实义动词有以下五种形式:(1)动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。
主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。
(2)一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3)过去式:主要用于一般过去时。
(4)现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
(5)过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
这里提到的“语法规定的其他情况”我们在以后会详细介绍。
下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下:动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成,见下表:动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成,这是规则动词。
规不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式,需要个别记忆,同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则,即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。
如weep→ wept, sleep →slept, sweep →swept为了学习的方便,人们把时间分为四个阶段:“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”。
英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。
因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。
不同的时“时态”就是通过动词的形态变化,来表达动作发生的时间(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)及所处的状态(一般、进行、完成、完成进行)。
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必修一语法点一:Be+v.ing表将来use the present continuous tense for future plans In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive(动词原形), and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans.Ex. ①we are going to Mexico next Sunday.②Are you coming to the cinema?③He is leaving for London in two hours.④We are spending next winter in Australia.Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc.扩展:What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let’s look at some more examples:“I’m going to play football on Saturday”You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you.“I’m playing football on Saturday”You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you.语法点二:Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语)Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words.Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used.1、declarative sentence陈述句①Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.He said, “I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much.②Change in tense: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.③Change in demonstrative pronoun指示代词, temporal adverbial时间状语, adverbial of place 地点状语and verbs.Ps:(1)if the direct speech indicates objective truth, then there is no change in tense when it’s converted to indirect speech.Ex. He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”→He said that light travels much faster than sound.(2) 如果在当地转述,here不必改成there,come不必改为go,如果在当天转述,yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
2、imperative sentence祈使句Imperative sentences do not normally have an expressed subject. In order to change an imperative sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive. Note that instead of ‘said’ we use one of the following reporting verbs:Ask, Tell, Advise, command, request, order, forbid, decree, propose etc.If the imperative sentence is in negative form, then add ‘not’ in front of to-infinitive when convert the speech.Ex.①The hostess said to us, “Please sit down.”→The hostess asked us to sit down.②He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”→He told the boys to not to make so much noise.3、interrogative sentence疑问句Turn word order in interrogative sentence into that in declarative sentence, and use a full stop in the end. The subject, tense, adverbial etc have to change accordingly.(1)general question一般疑问句General questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the connective if or whether. The reporting verb say or said changes to ask or asked.Ex. He said, “Are you interested in English?”→He asked (me) if I was interested in English.(2)special questionSpecial questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the same interrogative.Ex. “What do you want?” he asked me.→He asked me what I wanted.语法点三:The Attributive Clause定语从句Attributive clause is a sentence that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun to make clear which person or thing we are talking about.Ex. The man who lives next to us sells vegetable.You must do everything that I do.In the two examples above, man and everything are called antecedents先行词. Who lives next to us and that I do are attributive clauses. Who and that are relative pronoun关系代词. The words to connect main clause and attributive clause are divided into two groups, they are relative pronouns, namely that, which, who, whom, whose, and relative adverbs, namely where, when, why.Relative pronouns: We use who and whom for people, and which for things. We use that for people or things.1.That, which, who2.WhoseWhose replaces a genitive noun名词所有格in an attributive clause. The antecedent can be thing or person.Ex. This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.The room whose window faces south is mine.3.When, where, whyFirst, when the antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv in the attributive clause, we will use “why”. Second, when the antecedent is about time, and it plays the role of an adv,“when” will be used. Third, when the antecedent is about place, playing the role of an adv of place, we will consider adopting where.必修二语法点一:(接定从讲)4.The restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clause.限制性和非限制性(1)Restrictive clauses limit the possible meaning of a preceding subject. They are usually not markedby pauses in speech, and they are not set off by commas in writing. Sometimes the relative pronoun which serves as an object in clause can be omitted.Ex. What is the name of the tall man who just came in?Beijing is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.He has found the book (that) he was looking for.(2)Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about a preceding subject, but they do not limit, orrestrict, the meaning of that subject. They are usually marked by brief pauses in speech and are usually set off by commas in writing. Relative cannot be omitted.Ex. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.Ps: ①In restrictive attributive clause, relative adverbs behind time or place sometimes can be omitted in spoken English.Ex. That was the year (when) I first went abroad.We need a place (where) we can stay for a few days.②Why clause can only modified ‘reason’ and it can be converted to ‘for which’. In spoken English, we can also use ‘that’ or just omit the relative.Ex. The reason (why/for which/that) I bought the roses is that Mary likes them.③‘How’cannot be used as relative adverbs. We use in which, that, or no relative to modify ‘way’.Ex. This is the way (how) I did it. (wrong)This is the way(in which/that) I did it. (correct)④the attributive clause can also be called as relative clause.语法点二:The passive voiceWe have learned the passive voice of the simple present tense and simple past tense.1.The simple future tense (use ask as an example)Ps: affirmative form; negative form; interrogative form2.The present perfect tense3.The present continuous tense4.Phrasal verb短语动词Normally, only transitive verbs can be used in passive voice, but with the addition of preposition or adverb to intransitive verbs, some phrasal verbs serve as transitive verbs, so they have passive voice too. Pay attention, we can’t miss any part of phrasal verb when we change it into passive voice.At last they put out the fire. →At last the fire was put out.They will put up a notice on the wall. →A notice will be put up on the wall.Have you sent for a doctor? →Has the doctor been sent for?Ps:必修三语法点一:modal verbs情态动词A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. They have to be used with infinitive.Can-could may-might shall-should will-would have to-had to must1.Can & couldThey can be used to indicate ability, permission, possibility, etc.Ps:Possibility:We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)We use could as the past tense of can:It could be very cold in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)We use could to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:If we don’t hurry we could be late. (=Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)We use could have to show that something is/was possible now or at some time in the past: It’s ten o’clock. They could have arrived now.Permission:We use?can?to ask for permission to do something or give permission; could is more formal and polite than can.2.May & mightPs: The negative forms are may not and might not.We use may:①when we are not sure about something:Jack may be coming to see us tomorrow.②to make polite requests:May I borrow the car tomorrow?③When we use may not for a refusal it is emphatic:You may not borrow the car until you can be more careful with it.We use might:①when we are not sure about something:I might see you tomorrow.It’s quite bright. It might not rain today.②As the past tense of may for requests:He asked if he might borrow the car.③For very polite requests:Might I ask you a question?3.Must & have toPs:Must①We use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that somepersonal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.). Its negative form is must not, but when we answer a must question, we use need not or don’t have to.②We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deductionbased upon some clear evidence or reason.Have toWe can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary. But must indicate the speaker’s subjective opinion, have to refers to objective one.4.Shall & should5.Will & would6.oughtOught to is a semi-modal verb because it is in some ways like a modal verb and in some ways like a main verb. For example, unlike modal verbs, it is followed by to, but like modal verbs, it does not change form for person. The negative is formed by adding ‘not’ after ought (ought not to).语法点二:Noun clausesA noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun. The object clause, the predicative clause, the subject clause, the appositive clause同位语从句.1.The objective clauseIt is a clause that functions like a noun object. It begins with conjunctions that, if, whether, conjunctional pronoun who, whose, what, which and conjunctional adverbs when, where, how, why, etc.2.The predicative clauseIt is a clause that functions as the predicative. It begins with conjunctions that, as if, whether, conjunctional pronoun who, what, which and conjunctional adverbs when, where, how, why, etc.3.Subject clauseIt is a clause that functions as the subject. It begins with conjunctions that, whether, conjunctional pronoun who, what, which and conjunctional adverbs when, where, how, why, etc.4.The appositive clauseIt’s a clause serves as the appositive to explain the preceding noun, which usually are fact, idea, news, promise etc. It begins with conjunction that, conjunctional adverb how, when, where, etc.必修四语法点一:Agreement between subject and verb主语和谓语动词的一致1.Subjects and verbs must agree in number and person.2.If two subjects are joined by ‘and’, they typically require a plural verb form.3.Do you use a singular or plural verb to match a collective noun such as team or staff? The answeris, it depends. If these nouns are acting as a unit, use a singular verb. If the sentence indicates more individuality, use a plural verb.My family is a large one.The family are sitting at the breakfast table.This group is having a meeting.Our group are reading the newspapers.4.When indefinite pronoun like anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everything, someone,somebody, something, no one, nobody, nothing, each, the other, etc serves as the subject, use a singular verb.Is anybody going to tell him the news?There is nobody in the house.Everything is ready.5.Pronoun ‘none’ and ‘neither’ can use either singular verb or plural verb and it depends on speaker’sintention. But when ‘none’ and ‘neither’ stand for uncountable noun, they are considered as singular; when neither functions as an adjective to modify a singular noun, the predicate verb should be singular.6.The verb in an ‘or’, ‘either…or’, ‘neither…nor’ or ‘not only…but also’ sentence agrees with thenoun or pronoun closest to it.Either you or Jane is to be sent to New Zealand.Neither he nor I have finished the experiment.7.In sentences beginning with here or there, the true subject follows the verb.There are four hurdles to jump.There is a high hurdle to jump.Here are the keys.8.Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by such words as with, along with, together with,as well as, like, except, besides, including, in addition to, etc. These words and phrases are not part of the subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb when the subject is singular.The teacher with two students was at the meeting.The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car.9.Plural nouns that indicates time, money, distance, weight is considered as a whole when they areused as the number of a unit, so the predicate verb should be singular.Sixty years is a long time.Ten dollars is enough for him.Three thousand miles is a long distance.语法点二:the verb -ing formSubject, object, predicative, attribute, object complement, adverbial语法三:构词法word formationpounding 合成2.Conversion 转化The characteristic of a certain word词性3.Derivation 派生Prefix前缀,suffix后缀,root词根Dis, un, in, im, non, mis, re, en, able, al, er, or, ess, less…必修五语法点一:verbsThe past participle语法点二:inversion倒装Inversion happens when we reverse (invert) the normal word order of a structure, most commonly the subject-verb word order. For example, a statement has the subject (s) before the verb (v).1.QuestionTo make question word order, we invert the subject and the verb, with an auxiliary (aux) or modal verb (m) before the subject (s)What do I need to take with me?2.There beThere are some flowers on the table.3.Direct speech, sometimes“Is it ready yet?” asked Hu Xin.4.Inversion can happen after ‘there, here, out, in, up, down, away, in front of, etc’ when it is as anadverb or prepositional phrase of place or direction. It is used for emphasis.Here comes the bus!Here’s your coffee.There goes the bell.5.When we use an adverb or conjunction with negative meaning (e.g. never, not, not only, little,seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly) in front position for emphasis, we invert the subject (s) and auxiliary (aux)/modal verb.Not only was there no electricity, but also no water.Never will he forget his first time to take a place.Hardly had I got out of the house when it began to rain.6.Only in front.Only then did I begin my work.Only in this way can you learn from your friends.7.So, neither, norMy sister enjoys travelling. So do I.I don’t know and nor do I care.8.So/such…that. So or such in front.So proud was he that he never listened to any advice.So absorbed was he in the novel that he did not notice his father at the door.9.In sentences for wish.Long live the People’s Republic of China!May you have a happy holiday!10.When ‘if’ is omitted in a subjunctive sentence.Should you need more information, please let me know. (=if you should need more information, please let me know.)Had Mark invited me, I would have been glad to come. (=If Mark had invited me, I would have been glad to come.)语法点三:省略Ellipsis选修6语法点一:the subjunctive mood虚拟语气In a sentence, the grammatical mood conveys the speaker’s attitude about the state of being of what the sentence describes.1.the indicative mood陈述语气The indicative mood is used to make factual statements, ask questions, or express opinions as if they were facts. Any verb tense may be deployed in the indicative mood.2.the imperative mood祈使语气A sentence in the imperative mood expresses commands or requests. It indicates that the speaker desires for the action expressed in the sentence to take place. In most imperative sentences, there’s an implied you.3.the subjunctive mood虚拟语气The subjunctive mood is the verb form used to express a wish, a suggestion, a command, or a condition that is contrary to fact.①‘If ’ in conditional clauses②In objective clause1)After ‘wish’Use past tense to indicate the condition at present, past perfect tense to indicate the condition in the past and would/could/might + infinitive to indicate condition in future.He wishes he could paint as well as a professional artist.I wish I had been with you yesterday.We wish the rain would stop2)After ‘would rather’Use past tense to indicate the conditions at present or in future and past perfect tense to indicate conditions in the past.I would rather you did it.I would rather you hadn’t told me the truth.3)After ‘demand, suggest, order, propose, request, command, insist’, etc.Use should + infinitive or just infinitive to express wish, suggestion, command, request, etc.Should can be omitted.John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies (should) be examined.They requested that the meeting be postponed.③The subjunctive mood can also be used in subject, predicate, appositive clauses and the predicateof the clauses is “should + infinitive” or just infinitive.It’s important that we (should) attend the meeting.It’s a pity that he (should) refuse our invitation.My advice is that she wait till next week.④the subjunctive mood can be used for wish, curse, prohibition, etc.Long live the unity of the Chinese people!God bless you!语法二:the use of “it”1.Pronoun it①To replace the things that have been mentioned before.My pen is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.②Replace demonstrative pronouns like this and that.A: Whose umbrella is that?B: It’s Mary’s.③Used as impersonal pronoun to indicate time, date, place, weather, temperature, distance etc.It’s a beautiful day.2.Introducer引导词①Used as dummy subject to replace the true subject in form of the infinitive, verb -ing form or clauses.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.It’s difficult to give up smoking.②Used as dummy object to replace the true object in form of the infinitive, verb -ing form or clauses.I think it best that you should do more exercise.He found it difficult to do homework.③We use it in cleft sentences. It emphases the subject or object of the main clause. It is (was) +stressed constituents + that (who/whom) + other constituents.It’s human activity that has caused this global warming.It was Jim Brown who/whom/that you should ask.选修七语法点一:verbsThe infinitive动词不定式1.Perfect infinitiveTo+ have + past participle2.Passive infinitiveTo + be + past participle3.When “to” is omitted in the infinitive in active voice, it must re-appear in passive voice.The passive -ing form语法点二:the attributive clauseSome conditions that which can’t be used in the attributive clause1.When antecedents are indefinite pronouns like ‘all, little, much, few, everything, anything,nothing, none’, etc, the relative pronoun can’t be which but that.All that I want is your voice.There is not much that can be done.2.When antecedents are modified by superlative adjectives形容词最高级, the relative pronouncan’t be which but that.This is the funniest film that I have ever seen.3.When antecedents are modified by ordinal number序数词, the relative pronoun can’t be whichbut that.This is the first time that we have met.4.When antecedents are modified by ‘the only, the very, the same, the right’, etc, the relativepronoun can’t be which but that.American audiences will see the same movie that was shown in Asia.5.When antecedents are modified by ‘all, every, any, much, little, few, no’, etc, the relative pronouncan’t be which but that.All the things that you told me are lies.6.When the main clause is a special question that starts with ‘which, who, what’, the relativepronoun can’t be which but that.Who is the girl (that is ) sitting by the lake?Which of those books (that are )on the table belong to you?选修八语法点一:verbsTenses语法点二:the appositive同位语An appositive is a noun, a noun phrase, or a noun clause which sits next to another noun(fact, idea, news, doubt, decision, possibility, assumption, question, etc) to rename it or to describe it in another way. It’s usually introduced by that, but sometimes what, why, whether, when, etc are ok.词性part of speech实词notional word虚词structural word派生词derivative [di'riv?tiv]复合词compound ? [?k?mpaund]专有名词proper noun集体名词collective noun系动词link verb助动词auxiliary verb [?:g'zilj?ri]情态动词modal verb不规则动词irregular verb使役动词causative verb感官动词verb of senses感叹词exclamation [.ekskl?'mei??n]人称代词personal pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun反身代词reflexive pronoun [ri'fleksiv]指示代词demonstrative pronoun [di'm?nstr?tiv]不定代词indefinite pronoun名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun [.?d?ik'taiv?l]不定冠词indefinite article基数词cardinal numeral序数词ordinal numeral原形base form名词性从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause宾语从句object clause主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession 原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition 简单句simple sentence陈述句declarative sentence [di'kl?r?tiv]一般疑问句general question特殊疑问句special question选择疑问句alternative question附加疑问句tag question反意疑问句disjunctive question [dis'dktiv] 存在句existential sentence [.egzis'ten??l]肯定句positive sentence否定句negative sentence祈使句imperative sentence省略句elliptical sentence [i'liptik?l]感叹句exclamatory sentence [ik'skl?m?t?ri] 句子成分members of sentences谓语predicate ['predikeit]直接宾语direct object间接宾语indirect object补语complement主补subject complement宾补object complement表语predicative定语attribute同位语appositive分词participle不定式infinitive [?n?f?n?t?v]所有格possessive case过去将来时past future tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense [k?n?t?nju?s]过去将来完成时past future perfect tense一般现在时simple present tense一般过去时simple past tense一般将来时simple future tense过去完成时past perfect tense现在完成时present perfect tense将来完成时future perfect tense现在进行时present continuous tense过去进行时past continuous tense将来进行时future continuous tense现在完成进行时present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时past perfect continuous tense 主动语态active voice被动语态passive voice虚拟语气subjunctive mood全部否定full negation局部否定partial negation全部倒装full inversion部分倒装partial inversion直接引语direct speech间接引语indirect speech主谓一致subject-predicate agreement就近原则principle of proximity意群sense group语音pronunciation / speech sound连读linking of sounds语调intonation升调rising tone降调falling tone同义词synonym反义词antonym记叙文narrative writing [?n?r?tiv]议论文argumentative writing ?[?ɑ:ɡju?ment?tiv]说明文expository writing [?k'sp?zit?ri]应用文practical writing逗号comma冒号colon [?k??l?n]分号semicolon问号question mark感叹号exclamation mark [?ekskl??me??n]连字号hyphen [?ha?f?n]引号quotation marks音标phonetic transcription元音vowel单元音single vowel双元音diphthong [?d?fθ??]辅音consonant清辅音voiceless consonant浊辅音voiced consonant 上唇upper?lip下唇lower?lip 齿龈alveolar?ridge [?l?vi?l?] 舌尖?tongue tip声带vocal?cords。