审计分析报告翻译
审计学毕业论文外文文献及翻译--国际审计准则第910号：财务报表审阅
LNTU---Acc附录A国际审计准则第910号：财务报表审阅（一）引言1.本准则旨在为审计人员接受委托从事财务报表审阅的职业责任，以及出具审阅报告的格式和内容建立标准，提供指导。
2.本准则是针对财务报表审阅制定的。
然而，它也适用于审阅财务信息或其他信息的业务。
本准则要连同国际审计准则120号“国际审计准则框架”一并阅读。
其他国际审计准则的有关内容对审计人员运用这一谁则可以有所帮助。
审阅业务的目的3.财务报表审阅的目的是为了使审计人员能够表明，根据实施的程序(这些程序并不提供象在审计业务中所要求获取的所有证据)，是否存在审计人员注意到的，使得审计人员认为财务报表在所有重大方面没有按照指明的财务报告框架编制的情况(消极保证)。
审阅业务的一般原则4.审计人员应当遵循国际会计师联合会颁布的“职业会计师道德守则”。
统驭审计人员职业责任的道德原则是:(I)独立;(2)公正;(3)客观;(4)职业胜任能力及应有关注;(5)保密;(6)职业行为;(7)技术准则。
5.审计人员应当按照本准则执行审阅工作。
6.审计人员应当以职业怀疑的态度计划和执行审阅工作，以识别可能存在的导致财务报表重大错报的情况。
7.为了在审阅报告中发表消极保证的意见，审计人员应当主要通过查询和分析程序获取充分、适当的证据，形成结论。
审阅范围8．“审阅范围”是指为了实现审阅目的，在各种情况下认为必要的审阅程序。
执行财务报表审阅所要求的程序，由审计人员根据国际审计准则、有关专业团体、法律和法规的要求，以及审阅业务约定条件及报告要求确定。
适当的保证9.审阅业务提供了一个适当程度的保证，即审阅的信息不存在重大的错报，这是用消极保证的方式发表意见。
业务约定条款10.审计人员和客户应当就业务约定条款达成一致意见。
达成一致的条款应当记录在业务委托书或其他适当的类似合同中。
11.业务委托书有助于制定审阅工作计划。
审计人员致送记录委托关键条款的业务委托书，对客户和审计人员均有益处。
2023年英文审计报告
2023年英文审计报告English:In the 2023 audit report, we have conducted a comprehensive examination of the financial statements of the company for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our audit was performed in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. We also assessed the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion that the financial statements are free from material misstatement and fairly present the financial position of the company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).中文翻译:在2023年审计报告中，我们对截至2023年12月31日的公司财务报表进行了全面审查。
会计专业术语中英对照翻译
会计专业术语中英对照翻译1 AAA 美国会计学会2 Abacus 《算盘》杂志3 abacus 算盘4 Abandonment 废弃,报废;委付5 abandonment value 废弃价值6 abatement ①减免②冲销7 ability to service debt 偿债能力8 abnormal cost 异常成本9 abnormal spoilage 异常损耗10 above par 超过票面价值11 above the line 线上项目12 absolute amount 绝对数,绝对金额13 absolute endorsement 绝对背书14 absolute insolvency 绝对无力偿付15 absolute priority 绝对优先求偿权16 absolute value 绝对值17 absorb 摊配,转并18 absorption account 摊配账户,转并账户19 absorption costing 摊配成本计算法20 abstract 摘要表21 abuse 滥用职权22 abuse of tax shelter 滥用避税项目23 ACCA 特许公认会计师公会24 accelerated cost recovery system 加速成本收回制度25 accelerated depreciation method 加速折旧法,快速折旧法26 acceleration clause 加速偿付条款,提前偿付条款27 acceptance ①承兑②已承兑票据③验收28 acceptance bill 承兑票据29 acceptance register 承兑票据登记簿30 acceptance sampling 验收抽样31 access time 存取时间32 accommodation 融通33 accommodation bill 融通票据34 accommodation endorsement 融通背书35 account ①账户,会计科目②账簿,报表③账目,账项④记账36 accountability 经营责任,会计责任37 accountability unit 责任单位38 Accountancy 《会计》杂志39 accountancy 会计40 accountant 会计员,会计师41 accountant general 会计主任,总会计42 accounting in charge 主管会计师43 accountant,s legal liability 会计师的法律责任44 accountant,s report 会计师报告45 accountant,s responsibility 会计师职责46 account form 账户式,账式47 accounting ①会计②会计学48 accounting assumption 会计假定,会计假设49 accounting basis 会计基准,会计基本方法50 accounting changes 会计变更51 accounting concept 会计概念52 accounting control 会计控制53 accounting convention 会计常规,会计惯例54 accounting corporation 会计公司55 accounting cycle 会计循环56 accounting data 会计数据57 accounting doctrine 会计信条58 accounting document 会计凭证59 accounting elements 会计要素60 accounting entity 会计主体,会计个体61 accounting entry 会计分录62 accounting equation 会计等式63 accounting event 会计事项64 accounting exposure 会计暴露,会计暴露风险65 accounting firm 会计事务所66 Accounting Hall of Fame 会计名人堂67 accounting harmonization 会计协调化68 accounting identity 会计恒等式69 accounting income 会计收益70 accounting information 会计信息71 accounting information system 会计信息系统72 accounting internationalization 会计国际化73 accounting journals 会计杂志74 accounting legislation 会计法规75 accounting manual 会计手册76 accounting objective 会计目标77 accounting period 会计期78 accounting policies 会计政策79 accounting postulate 会计假设80 accounting practice 会计实务81 accounting principle 会计原则82 Accounting Principle Board 会计原则委员会83 accounting procedures 会计程序84 accounting profession 会计职业,会计专业85 accounting rate of return 会计收益率86 accounting records 会计记录,会计簿籍87 Accounting Review 《会计评论》88 accounting rules 会计规则89 Accounting Series Release 《会计公告文件》90 accounting service 会计服务91 accounting software 会计软件92 accounting standard 会计标准,会计准则93 accounting standardization 会计标准化94 Accounting Standards Board 会计准则委员会(英)95 Accounting Standards Committee 会计准则委员会(英)96 accounting system ①会计制度②会计系统97 accounting technique 会计技术98 accounting theory 会计理论99 accounting transaction 会计业务,会计账务100 Accounting Trend and Techniques 《会计趋势和会计技术》101 accounting unit 会计单位102 accounting valuation 会计计价103 accounting year 会计年度104 accounts 会计账簿,会计报表105 account sales 承销清单,承销报告单106 accounts payable 应付账款107 accounts receivable 应收账款108 accounts receivable aging schedule 应收账款账龄分析表109 accounts receivable assigned 已转让应收账款110 accounts receivable collection period 应收账款收款期111 accounts receivable discounted 已贴现应收账款112 accounts receivable financing 应收账款筹资,应收账款融资113 accounts receivable management 应收账款管理114 accounts receivable turnover 应收账款周转率,应收账款周转次数115 accretion 增殖116 accrual basis accounting 应计制会计,权责发生制会计117 accrued asset 应计资产118 accrued expense 应计费用119 accrued liability 应计负债120 accrued revenue 应计收入121 accumulated depreciation 累计折旧122 accumulated dividend 累计股利123 accumulated earnings tax 累积盈余税,累积收益税124 accumulation 累积,累计125 acid test ratio 酸性试验比率126 acquired company 被盘购公司,被兼并公司127 acquisition 购置,盘购128 acquisition accounting 盘购会计129 acquisition cost 购置成本130 acquisition decision 购置决策131 acquisition excess 盘购超支132 acquisition surplus 盘购盈余133 across-the-board 全面调整134 ACT 预交公司税135 act 法案,法规136 action 起诉,诉讼137 active account 活动账户138 active assets 活动资产139 activity 业务活动,作业140 activity account 作业账户141 activity accounting 作业会计142 activity ratio 业务活动比率143 activity variance 业务活动量差异144 act of bankruptcy 破产法145 act of company 公司法146 act of God 天灾,不可抗力147 actual capital 实际资本148 actual value 实际价值149 actual wage 实际工资150 added value 增值151 added value statement 增值表152 added value tax 增值税153 addition 增置,扩建154 additional depreciation 附加折旧,补提折旧155 additional paid-in capital 附加实缴资本156 additional tax 附加税157 adequate disclosure 充分披露158 adjunct account 附加账户159 adjustable-rate bond 可调整利率债券160 adjusted gross income 调整后收益总额,调整后所得总额161 adjusted trial balance 调整后试算表162 adjusting entry 调整分录163 adjustment 调整164 adjustment account 调整账户165 adjustment bond 调整债券166 administrative accounting 行政管理会计167 administrative budget 行政管理预算168 administrative expense 行政管理费用169 ADR 资产折旧年限幅度170 ad valorem tax 从价税171 advance 预付款,垫付款172 advance corporation tax 预交公司税173 advances from customers 预收客户款174 advance to suppliers 预付货款175 adventure 投机经营,短期经营176 adverse opinion 反面意见,否定意见177 adverse variance 不利差异,逆差178 advisory services 咨询服务179 affiliated company 联营公司180 affiliation 联营181 after closing trial balance 结账后试算表182 after cost 售后成本183 after date 出票后兑付184 after sight 见票后兑付185 after-tax 税后186 AGA 政府会计师联合会187 age 寿命,账龄,资产使用年限188 age allowance 年龄减免189 age analysis 账龄分析190 agency 代理,代理关系191 agency commission 代理佣金192 agency fund 代管基金193 agenda 议事日程,备忘录194 agent 代理商,代理人195 aggregate balance sheet 合并资产负债表196 aggregate income statement 合并损益表197 AGI 调整后收益总额,调整后所得总额198 aging of accounts receivable 应收账款账龄分析199 aging schedule 账龄表200 agio 贴水,折价201 agiotage 汇兑业务,兑换业务202 AGM 年度股东大会203 agreement 协议204 agreement of partnership 合伙协议205 AICPA 美国注册公共会计师协会206 AIS 会计信息系统207 all capital earnings rate 资本总额收益率208 all-inclusive income concept 总括收益概念209 allocation 分摊,分配210 allocation criteria 分配标准211 allotment ①分配,拨付②分配数,拨付数212 allowance ①备抵②折让③津贴213 allowance for bad debts 呆账备抵214 allowance for depreciation 折旧备抵账户215 allowance method 备抵法216 all-purpose financial statement 通用财务报表,通用会计报表217 alpha risk 阿尔法风险,第一种审计风险218 altered check 涂改支票219 alternative accounting methods 可选择性会计方法220 alternative proposals 替代方案,备选方案221 amalgamation 企业合并222 American Accounting Association 美国会计学会223 American depository receipts 美国银行证券存单,美国银行证券托存收据224 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants 美国注册会计师协会,美国注册公共会计师协会225 American option 美式期权226 American Stock Exchange 美国股票交易所227 amortization ①摊销②摊还228 amortized cost 摊余成本229 amount 金额,合计230 amount differ 金额不符231 amount due 到期金额232 amount of 1 dollar 1元的本利和233 analysis 分析234 analyst 分析师235 analytical review 分析性检查236 annual audit 年度审计237 annual closing 年度结账238 annual general meeting 年度股东大会239 annualize 按年折算240 annualized net present value 折算年度净现值241 annual report 年度报告242 annuity 年金243 annuity due 期初年金244 annuity in advance 预付年金245 annuity in arrears 迟付年金246 annuity method of depreciation 年金折旧法247 antedate 填早日期248 anticipation 预计,预列249 anti-dilution clause 防止稀释条款250 anti-pollution investment 消除污染投资251 anti-profiteering tax 反暴利税252 anti-tax avoidance 反避税253 anti-trust legislation 反拖拉斯立法254 A/P 应付账款255 APB 会计原则委员会256 APB Opinion 《会计原则委员会意见书》257 Application 申请,申请书258 applied overhead 已分配间接费用259 appraisal 估价260 appraisal capital 评估资本261 appraisal surplus 估价盈余262 appraiser 估价员,估价师263 appreciation 增值264 appropriated retained earnings 已拨定留存收益,已指定用途留存收益265 appropriation 拨款,指拨经费266 appropriation account ①拨款账户②留存收益分配账户267 appropriation budget 拨款预算268 approval 核定,审批269 approved account 核定账户270 approved bond 核定债券271 A/R 应收账款272 arbitrage 套利,套汇273 arbitrage transaction 套利业务,套汇业务274 arbitration 仲裁,公断275 arithmetical error 算术误差276 arm,s-length price 正常价格,公正价格277 arm,s-length transaction 一臂之隔交易,正常交易278 ARR 会计收益率279 arrears ①拖欠,欠款②迟付280 arrestment 财产扣押281 Authur Anderson & Co. 约瑟•安德森会计师事务所,安达信会计师事务所282 article 文件条文,合同条款283 articles of incorporation 公司章程284 articles of partnership 合伙契约285 articulate 环接286 articulated concept 环接观念287 artificial intelligence 人工智能288 ASB 审计准则委员会289 ASE 美国股票交易所290 Asian Development Bank 亚洲开发银行291 Asian dollar 亚洲美元292 asking price 索价,卖方报价293 assessed value 估定价值294 assessment ①估定,查定②特别税捐,特别摊派税捐295 asset 资产296 asset cover 资产担保,资产保证297 asset depreciation range 资产折旧年限幅度298 asset-liability view 资产—负债观念299 asset quality 资产质量300 asset retirement 资产退役,资产报废301 asset revaluation 资产重估价302 asset stripping 资产剥离,资产拆卖303 asset structure 资产结构304 asset turnover 资产周转率305 asset valuation 资产计价306 assignment of accounts receivable 应收账款转让307 associated company 联属公司,附属公司308 Association of Government Accounting 政府会计师协会309 assumed liability 承担债务,承付债务310 AT 税后311 at cost 按成本312 at par 按票面额,平价313 at sight 见票兑付,即期兑付314 attached account 被查封账户315 attachment 扣押,查封316 attest 证明,验证317 attestation 证明书,鉴定书318 audit 审核,审计319 auditability 可审核性320 audit committee 审计委员会321 audit coverage 审计范围322 audited financial statement 审定财务报表,审定会计报表323 audit evidence 审计证据,审计凭证324 Audit Guides 《审计指南》325 auditing ①审计②审计学326 auditing procedure 审计程序327 auditing process 审计过程328 auditing standard 审计标准,审计准则329 Auditing Standards Board 审计准则委员会330 Auditor 审计员,审计师331 auditor general 审计主任,总审计332 auditor,s legal liability 审计师法律责任333 auditor,s opinion 审计师意见书334 auditor,s report 审计师报告,查账报告335 audit program 审计工作计划336 audit report 审计报告337 audit risk 审计风险338 audit sampling 审计抽样339 audit software 审计软件340 audit test 审计抽查341 audit trail 审计脉络,审计线索342 audit working paper 审计工作底稿343 authorized capital stock 核定股本,法定股本344 automated clearing house 自动票据交换所345 automated teller machine 自动取款机346 automatic transfer service 自动转账服务347 available asset 可用资产348 available inventory 可用存货349 average balance 平均余额350 average collection period 平均收款期351 average cost 平均成本352 average-cost method 平均成本法353 average inventory 平均存货,平均库存354 average life 平均寿命,平均使用年限355 average payment period (of accounts payable) 应付账款平均付款期356 average rate of return 平均收益率357 averages 股票价格平均指数358 avoidable cost 可避免成本359 back charge 欠费费用360 back date 倒填日期,填早日期361 backed bill 背书票据362 back-end load 后期负担363 backer ①票据担保人②财务支持人364 backlog depreciation 欠提折旧365 back order 欠交订货366 back pay 欠付工资367 back tax 欠交税款368 back-to-back credit 对开信用证369 back-to-back loan 对销贷款370 back wardation 倒价371 backward integration 逆向合并372 bad check 空头支票373 bad debt 呆账,呆账账户374 bad debt account 呆账账户375 bad debt expense 呆账费用376 bad debt ratio 呆账比率377 bad debt recovery 呆账收回378 bailment 寄销,寄托379 bailout 抽资380 bailout period 投资返还期381 balance ①余额②平衡382 balance budget 平衡预算383 balance due 结欠余额384 balance fund 平衡基金385 balance of account 账户余额386 balance of payment 国际收支差额387 balance of retained earnings 留存收益余额388 balance sheet 资产负债表389 balance sheet account 资产负债表账户390 balance sheet analysis 资产负债表分析391 balance sheet audit 资产负债表审计392 balance sheet date 结账日期393 balance sheet ratio 资产负债表比率394 balance sheet total 资产负债表总额395 balloon payment 漂浮式付款396 bank 银行397 bank(er,s) acceptance 银行承兑,银行承兑汇票398 bank balance 银行存款余额399 bankbook 存折400 bank charge 银行手续费401 bank checking account 银行支票账户,银行活期存款账户402 bank confirmation 银行证明信函403 bank credit 银行信用,银行信贷404 bank custody 银行保险库405 bank draft 银行汇票406 banker ①银行家②银行407 bank failure 银行倒闭408 bank loan 银行贷款409 bank overdraft 银行透支410 bank reconciliation statement 银行对账单,银行存款调节表411 bank reference 银行征信信函412 bank run 银行挤兑413 bankruptcy 破产414 bankruptcy act 破产法415 bankruptcy cost 破产成本416 bankruptcy court 破产法院417 bankruptcy prediction 破产判断418 Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 1978年破产改革法419 bank transfer 银行汇兑业务,银行转账业务420 bargain ①合同,谈判②廉价货421 bargain money 定金422 bargain purchase option 承租人优先购置权423 bargain renewed option 承租人优先续租权424 bargain sale 廉价销售425 barometers 经济晴雨表,经济指标426 barometers stock 晴雨表股票427 barter 以货易货428 barter transaction 易货业务429 base 基数430 base period 基期431 base price 基价432 base rate 基础利率433 base stock 基础存量434 BASIC 基础语言435 basic earnings per share 每股基础收益436 basis 基准437 basis of accounting 会计基准,会计方法438 basis of taxation 计税基准439 basis point 基点440 basket purchase 整套采购,总价采购441 batch costing 分批成本计算法442 batch processing 分批处理,分批数据处理443 B/D 过次页444 B/E 汇票445 BE analysis 损益分界分析,保本分析446 bear ①承担,负担②卖空者,空头447 bearer 持票人448 bearer bond 不记名债券449 bearer draft 不记名汇票450 bear interest 附息,负担利息451 bear market 熊市,下跌行情452 bear squeeze 榨空头453 beating the market 战胜股市454 before-separation cost 分离前成本455 before-tax income 税前收益456 Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code 基础语言,初学者通用符号指令语言457 beginning balance 期初余额458 beginning inventory 期初存货459 bellwether security 领头证券,龙头证券460 below par 低于票面价值461 below the line 线下项目462 beneficial interest 受益人权益463 beneficial owner 受益权人464 beneficiary 受益人,受款人,受赔人465 benefit ①效益,利益②福利金,津贴466 benefit-cost analysis 效益成本分析467 benefit-cost ratio 效益成本比率468 benefit fund 福利基金469 benefit in kind 实物福利470 benefit system 职工福利制度471 best-efforts agreement 证券尽力推销协议472 beta coefficient 贝塔系数473 beta risk 贝塔风险,第二种类型误差474 betterment 改造投资,改造工程投资475 B/F 余额承前476 Bias 偏差,偏向性477 bid ①买价②投标478 bid bond 投标保证金479 bid price ①买方出价,买价②投标价格480 big bath 巨额冲销481 Big Board 大证券交易所482 Big Five 五大会计师事务所483 bill ①汇票,票据②通知单,清单③账单,发货票484 billing 开发票,开账单485 billing clerk 开票员486 bill of entry 报关单487 bill of exchange 汇票488 bill of lading 提货单,提单489 bill of materials 用料单490 bill of sales 销货清单,卖据491 bills payable 应付票据492 bills receivable 应收票据493 B/L 提货单494 black market 黑市495 black money 黑钱496 blank bill of lading 不记名提货单497 blank check 空白支票498 blank endorsement 不记名背书499 blanket mortgage 总括抵押500 blanket order 总括订货单501 blanket price 总括价格502 blind entry 失实分录,未加说明的分录503 blind purchase 盲目采购504 blue-chip 蓝筹码股票,热门股票505 blue-sky laws 蓝天法,股票发行控制法506 board chairman 董事长507 board minutes 董事会会议记录508 board of directors 董事会509 board of trade 同业公会,商会510 bond ①债券②保证书,保证金③忠诚保证511 bond conversion 债券兑换512 bond discount 债券折价513 bonded goods 保税货物514 bonded warehouse 保税仓库515 bond financing 债券筹资516 bondholder 债券持有人517 bond indenture 债券信托契约,债券契约518 bonding company 忠诚担保公司519 bond issue cost 债券发行成本520 bond premium 债券溢价521 bond rating 评定债券等级522 bonds outstanding 流通在外债券,未偿付债券523 bonds payable 应付公司债券524 bond yield 债券收益率525 bonus 奖金,红利526 bonus issue 发行红利股527 book ①账簿②账面的③记账528 book audit 账簿审计529 book balance 账面余额530 book inventory 账面存货,账面盘存531 bookkeeper 簿记员,记账员532 bookkeeping ①簿记,记账②簿记学533 book of final entry 终结分录账簿534 book of orginal entry 原始分录账簿535 book profit 账面利润,账面盈利536 book rate of return 账面收益率537 books of accounts 账簿538 book value 账面价值539 book value per share 每股账面价值540 boot 补价541 borrowing 借贷,借款542 borrowing power 借款能力543 bottom line 损益表底线,最终财务成果544 B/R 应收票据545 branch 分支机构,分店546 branch accounting 分支机构会计,分店会计547 branch current account 分支机构往来账户,分店往来账户548 branch ledger 分支机构分类账549 brand name 牌号名称,商标名称550 breach of contract 违约,违反合同551 breach of trust 违反信托552 breakdown 分解,按细目分类553 break-even analysis 损益分界分析,损益平衡分析554 break-even chart 损益分界图表,损益平衡图表555 break-even point 损益分界点,损益平衡点556 break-up value 拆卖价值557 bribes and kickbacks 贿赂和回扣558 bridging loan 过渡性贷款559 British Accounting Association 英国会计学会560 broker 经纪人561 brokerage 经纪人佣金562 brought down 入次页,过次页563 brought forward 承前页564 budget 预算565 budgetary control 预算控制566 budget decision 预算决策567 bugeting 预算编制568 budget management 预算管理569 budget variance 预算差异570 buffer stock 保险库存,缓冲存货571 bull ①买空②买空者,多头572 bullion 金银块,金银条573 bull market 牛市,涨市574 burden 间接费用575 burden rate 间接费用率576 business ①商业,工商业②企业③经营,营业577 business accounting 企业会计578 business barometer 工商业指标579 business combination 企业合并580 business cycle 商业周期,商业循环581 business environment 企业环境582 business failure 经营失败583 business income 企业收益,营业收益584 business risk 经营风险,营业风险585 business segment 企业分部586 business transaction 企业交易,营业业务587 business trust 企业经营信托588 buy and hold decision 购入和持存决策589 buyer,s credit 买方信贷590 buying expense 进货费用591 buyout 收购股权,收购控制股权592 buy over 收买,贿赂593 bylaws 公司章程细则594 by-product 副产品595 CA 特许会计师596 cable transfer 电汇597 calculation 计算598 calculator 计算器599 calendar year 日历年度600 call ①期前偿还,期前兑回②催交股款③买方期权601 callable bond 可提前兑回债券602 callable preferred stock 可提前兑回优先股603 call loan 活期拆放贷款604 call option 股票购买期权605 call premium 提前兑回溢价606 call price 提前兑回价格607 call provision 提前兑回条款608 cancelable lease 可取消租约609 cancelled check 注销支票610 C & F 货价加运费611 C & I 货价加保险费612 capacity ①生产能力②偿债能力613 capacity cost 生产能力成本,经营能力成本614 capacity to borrow 借款能力615 capacity to contract 订约能力,订约资格616 capital 资本金,资本617 capital account 资本账户618 capital addition 资本增置619 capital allowance 资本减免620 capital and liabilities ratio 资本负债比率621 capital appreciation 资本升值622 capital asset 资本性资产623 capital asset pricing model 资本性资产计价模型624 capital authorized 额定资本,法定资本625 capital budget 资本预算626 capital cost 资本成本627 capital deficit 资本亏绌628 capital expenditure 资本支出629 capital gain 资本利得,资本收益630 capital impairment 资本减损631 capital intensive 资本密集632 capital investment 资本投资633 capital investment appraisal 资本投资评价634 capitalization 资本化635 capitalization of earnings 收益资本化636 capitalization of interest 利息资本化637 capitalized value 资本化价值638 capital lease 资本租赁639 capital leverage 资本杠杆作用640 capital loss 资本损失641 capital maintenance concept 资本保持概念,资本维护概念642 capital market 资本市场643 capital market line 资本市场贝塔风险线644 capital outlay 资本支出645 capital-output ratio 资本产值比率646 capital paid-in 实缴股本,投入股本647 capital rationing 资本分配648 capital reorganization 资本改组649 capital reserve 资本公积金650 capital return 资本收益率,投资回收率651 capital stock 股本652 capital stock outstanding 发行股本,流通在外股本653 capital stock premium 股本溢价654 capital stock subscriptions 认购股本655 capital structure 股本结构656 capital structure decision 资本结构决策657 capital surplus 资本盈余658 capital turnover 资本周转率659 capital verification 资本验证,验资660 CAPM 资本性资产计价模型661 carried interest 附带权益662 carry back 结转前期扣减,移前扣减663 carrying cost 置存成本,储存成本664 carrying value ①置存价值②抵押品价值665 carry over ①结转下期扣减,移后扣减②结转库存,滚存量666 CASB 成本会计准则委员会667 cash ①现金②兑现668 cashability 变现能力669 cash account 现金账户670 cash asset 现金资产671 cash audit 现金审计672 cash basis accounting 现金收付制会计,收付实现制会计673 cash bonus 现金红利674 cash break-even analysis 现金损益分界分析675 cash budget 现金预算676 cash cow 现金母牛677 cash deficit 现金亏绌678 cash disbursement journal 现金支出日记账679 cash discount 现金折扣680 cash dividend 现金股利681 cash equivalent 现金等价物682 cash equivalent value 现金等值683 cash flow ①现金流转②现金流量684 cash flow statement 现金流转表,现金流量表685 cash-flow to capital-expenditure ratio 现金流量对资本支出比率686 cash-flow to total-debt ratio 现金流量对负债总额比率687 cash forecast 现金预测688 cashier 出纳员689 cashier,s check 银行本票690 cash in transit 在途现金691 cash journal 现金日记账692 cash on delivery 货到付现693 cash on hand 库存现金694 cash position 现金状况,现金头寸695 cash receipts journal 现金收入日记账696 cash records 现金记录697 cash sale 现金销售698 cash shortages and overages 现金缺溢699 cash statement 现金报表700 cash turnover ratio 现金周转率701 cash with order 现金订货,订货现金702 casting 加总,合计703 casual audit 临时审计704 CBA 成本效益分析705 CCA 现时成本会计706 CD 存款单707 ceiling 最高限额708 ceiling price 最高限价709 central bank 中央银行710 centralization 集中经营,集权711 certainty 确定性712 certainty decision 确定性决策713 certainty equivalent 确定等值714 certainty equivalent coefficient 确定等值系数715 certificate of capital verification 验资证明书716 certificate of deposit 存款单717 certificate of incorporation 公司登记执照,公司注册证书718 certificate of indebtedness 借据719 certificate of protest 拒付证明书720 certified accountant 注册会计师721 certified check 保付支票722 certified data processor 注册数据处理师723 certified financial planners 注册财务计划师724 certified financial statement 已审核财务报表,已审核会计报表725 certified information system auditor 注册信息系统审计师726 certified internal auditor 注册内部审计师727 certified management accountant 注册管理会计师728 certified public accountant 注册公共会计师729 certifying officer 签付员730 chain discount 连锁折扣731 chain liquidation 连续清算732 chairman of the board of director 董事长733 chairman,s report 董事长报告734 change fund 找零备用金735 changing prices accounting 物价变动会计736 charge ①费用②借记,借项③赊账④留置权737 charge account 赊账,赊账账户738 charge and discharge statement 信托财产(或遗产)收支报表739 charge card 付款卡740 charge off 注销741 charge sale 赊销742 charter 执照,许可证743 chartered accountant 特许会计师744 chartered financial analyst 特许财务分析师745 charted financial consultant 特许财务咨询师,特许财务顾问746 chartist 图表分析专家747 chart of accounts 账户分类表,会计科目表748 chattel 动产749 chattel mortgage 动产抵押750 check ①支票②检查,核对751 check and balance system 制约平衡制度,制衡制度752 check cleaning 支票交换753 checking account 支票账户,活期存款账户754 check register 支票登记簿755 check verification 支票验证756 chief accountant 总会计,会计主任757 chief auditor 总审计,审计主任758 chief cashier 总出纳,出纳主任759 chief financial officer 财务总裁,财务总经理760 CHIPS 票据交换所银行内部支付系统761 chronological book 序时账簿762 CIF 到岸价格763 circularization 发函询证764 circulating asset 流动资产765 circulating capital 流动资本,流动资金766 claim 索赔767 classification of accounts 账户分类表768 classification of assets 资产分类769 classification of liabilities 负债分类770 classification of stockholders, equity 股东产权分类771 classified common stock 分类普通股772 classified trial balance 分类试算表773 claw back 追回税款774 clean ①不附带保留条件②不附其他单据③不附利息775 clean bill of exchange 光票汇票776 clean letter of credit 光票信用证777 clearance ①结关,报关②票据交换,清算③清仓778 clearance agent 报关结算代理商779 clearance sale 清仓减价销售780 clearing ①票据交换②结算781 clearing account ①暂记账户,过渡账户②票据交换往来账户782 clearing house 票据交换所783 clear-up cause 清理条款784 clerical error 笔误,记账错误785 clerk 办事员,职员786 client 客户,委托人787 closed account 已结账账户788 closed-end mutual fund 固定股份互助基金投资公司789 closely-held company 不公共招股公司790 closely-held corporation 不公共招股公司791 closing ①结账②收盘792 closing adjustment 结账调整,决算调整793 closing balance 期末余额794 closing date 结账日期,截止日期795 closing entry 结账分录796 closing price 收盘价格797 closing trial balance 结账试算表798 CM 贡献毛利,贡献毛益799 CMA 注册管理会计师800 CML 资本市场贝塔风险线801 COBOL 普通商业用语802 code ①代号,代码②法规,守则803 Code of Professional Ethics 《职业道德守则》804 coding 编码805 coding clerk 编码员806 coding of accounts 账户编码807 co-financing 共同融资808 coin 硬币809 coinsurance clause 共同保险条款810 collateral 抵押品,担保品811 collateral bond 抵押品担保债券,动产担保债券812 collateral loan 抵押品担保贷款813 collectibles 收藏物814 collection agency 收账代理商815 collection period 收款期816 collective policy 收账政策817 collusion 串通舞弊818 columnar journal 多栏式日记账819 combination 企业合并820 combined financial statement 合并财务报表,合并会计报表821 combined journal and ledger 合并日记分类账,日记总账822 comfort letter 安慰信函823 commercial bank 商业银行824 commercial bill 商业汇票825 commercial credit 商业信用826 commercial law 商法827 commercial paper ①商业票据②流通票据828 commission 佣金,手续费829 commitment ①承诺付款②承诺贷款830 commitment fee 承诺费831 commodity 商品,货物832 commodity exchange 商品交易所833 Common Business Oriented Language 普通商业语言834 common cost 共同成本835 common dollar 等值美元836 common-size statement 共同尺度报表837 common stock 普通股838 common stock equivalent 等同普通股839 Common Stock Index 普通股股票价格指数840 community of interest 共同权益,共同权益集团841 commuted value 折算价值842 company 公司843 company director 公司董事长844 company finance 公司财务845 company law 公司法846 company reserve 公司公积金847 company tax 公司税848 comparability 可比性849 comparative accounting 比较会计,比较会计学850 comparative statement 比较财务报表,比较会计报表851 compensating balance 补偿性存款额,存货抵销余额852 compensating errors 抵销性错误853 compensation ①报酬②补偿,赔偿854 compensatory stock option 补偿性购股权855 competitive bidding 竞争性投标856 compilation of financial statement 编辑财务报表,编辑会计报表857 complete audit 全部审计858 complete cycle costs 全部周期成本859 completed contract method 全部完工法860 complete transaction 完整经济业务861 complex capital structure 复杂资本结构862 complex information processing 复杂信息处理863 compliance audit 符合规章审计864 compliance test 符合规章抽查,符合性抽查865 composite break-even point 综合损益分界点866 composite depreciation 综合折旧867 composition 偿债协议,债务和解868 compound amount of 1 dollar 1元的复利终值,1元的本利和869 compound discount 复贴现,复折现870 compound entry 复合分录871 compound interest 复利872 compound interest method of depreciation 复利折旧法873 compound value 复利值874 comprehensive audit 综合审计875 comprehensive budget 综合预算876 comprehensive income 综合收益877 comptroller 审计长,主计长878 Comptroller General 总审计长879 compulsory audit 强制审计880 compulsory liquidation 强制清算881 COMPUSTAT 电子计算机会计数据库882 computed price 推算价格883 computer 电子计算机884 computer-aided audit 电子计算机辅助审计885 computer-aided financial management 电子计算机辅助财务管理886 computer conferencing 电子计算机会议887 computer fraud 电子计算机舞弊888 computerized accounting 电算会计化889 computer network 电子计算机网络,电子计算机互联网络890 computer software 电子计算机软件891 concealment 隐瞒,匿报892 concept 概念893 conceptual framework 概念构架,概念体系894 concern 企业,商号895 concession ①特许,特许权②折让,优惠896 condensed balance sheet 简明资产负债表897 condensed income statement 简明损益表898 conditional acceptance 附加条件承兑899 conditional bond 附条件债券900 confidential information 机密信息,机密资料901 confirmation letter 询证信函,查证信函902 confirmed letter of credit 保兑信用证903 confiscated goods 没收货物,充公货物904 confiscation 没收,充公905 conflict of interest 公私利益冲突,借公营私906 conglomerate combination 跨行业企业合并907 conglomerate company 跨行业公司,集团公司908 conglomerate financial statement 集团公司财务报表,集团公司会计报表909 conservatism ①保守性②稳健性910 consignment 寄销,寄托911 consignment account 寄销账户912 consistency 一致性913 consolidated financial statement 合并财务报表,合并会计报表914 consolidation 创立合并915 consolidation goodwill 合并商誉916 consortium 国际财团,国际银团917 consortium project 国际财团投资项目918 constant price 不变价格919 constant purchase power accounting 不变购买力会计920 constituent company 子公司,成员公司921 construction contract accounting 建筑合同会计。
2020考研英语词汇：audit的翻译解析
2020考研英语词汇：audit的翻译解析考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面为你精心准备了“2020考研英语词汇：audit的翻译解析”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取的考试资讯!2020考研英语词汇：audit的翻译解析audit是什么意思及用法名词稽核，查帐v.1.及物动词：稽核，旁听2.不及物动词：查账词形变化形容词auditable时态audited，auditing，audits英语解释a methodical examination or review of a condition or situationattend academic courses without getting creditexamine carefully for accuracy with the intent of verificationan inspection of the accounting procedures and recordsby a trained accountant or CPA例句Behind them, the door opened and Mr. Bell, the chief auditor, put his head into the room在他们背后，门开了，审计主任贝尔先生将头伸进屋来。
Therefore, persons outside the business, such as bankers, investors and government officials, attach great importance to the auditor's report.因此,企业外部的人们,如银行家、投资者和政府官员都把审计师的报告放在极其重要的位置。
"Floor levels in a large auditorium may include stalls, private boxes, dress circle, balcony or upper circle, and gallery."大型观众厅的几层楼座包括池座、包厢、花楼、阳台或上层和走廊。
会计方面专业术语的英文翻译
会计方面专业术语的英文翻译acceptance 承兑account 账户accountant 会计员accounting 会计accounting system 会计制度accounts payable 应付账款accounts receivable 应收账款accumulated profits 累积利益adjusting entry 调整记录adjustment 调整administration expense 管理费用advances 预付advertising expense 广告费agency 代理agent 代理人agreement 契约allotments 分配数allowance 津贴amalgamation 合并amortization 摊销amortized cost 应摊成本annuities 年金applied cost 已分配成本applied expense 已分配费用applied manufacturing expense 己分配制造费用 apportioned charge 摊派费用appreciation 涨价article of association 公司章程assessment 课税assets 资产attorney fee 律师费audit 审计auditor 审计员average 平均数average cost 平均成本bad debt 坏账balance 余额balance sheet 资产负债表bank account 银行账户bank balance 银行结存bank charge 银行手续费bank deposit 银行存款bank discount 银行贴现bank draft 银行汇票bank loan 银行借款bank overdraft 银行透支bankers acceptance 银行承兑bankruptcy 破产bearer 持票人beneficiary 受益人bequest 遗产bill 票据bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading 提单bills discounted 贴现票据bills payable 应付票据bills receivable 应收票据board of directors 董事会bonds 债券bonus 红利book value 账面价值bookkeeper 簿记员bookkeeping 簿记branch office general ledger 支店往来账户 broker 经纪人brought down 接前brought forward 接上页budget 预算by-product 副产品by-product sales 副产品销售capital 股本capital income 资本收益capital outlay 资本支出capital stock 股本capital stock certificate 股票carried down 移后carried forward 移下页cash 现金cash account 现金账户cash in bank 存银行现金cash on delivery 交货收款cash on hand 库存现金cash payment 现金支付cash purchase 现购cash sale 现沽cashier 出纳员cashiers check 本票certificate of deposit 存款单折certificate of indebtedness 借据certified check 保付支票certified public accountant 会计师 charges 费用charge for remittances 汇水手续费charter 营业执照chartered accountant 会计师chattles 动产check 支票checkbook stub 支票存根closed account 己结清账户closing 结算closing entries 结账纪录closing stock 期末存货closing the book 结账columnar journal 多栏日记账combination 联合commission 佣金commodity 商品common stock 普通股company 公司compensation 赔偿compound interest 复利consignee 承销人consignment 寄销consignor 寄销人consolidated balance sheet 合并资产负债表 consolidated profit and loss account 合并损益表 consolidation 合并construction cost 营建成本construction revenue 营建收入contract 合同control account 统制账户copyright 版权corporation 公司cost 成本cost accounting 成本会计cost of labour 劳工成本cost of production 生产成本cost of manufacture 制造成本cost of sales 销货成本cost price 成本价格credit 贷方credit note 收款通知单creditor 债权人crossed check 横线支票current account 往来活期账户current asset 流动资产current liability 流动负债current profit and loss 本期损益debit 借方debt 债务debtor 债务人deed 契据deferred assets 递延资产deferred liabilities 递延负债delivery 交货delivery expense 送货费delivery order 出货单demand draft 即期汇票demand note 即期票据demurrage charge 延期费deposit 存款deposit slip 存款单depreciation 折旧direct cost 直接成本direct labour 直接人工director 董事discount 折扣discount on purchase 进货折扣 discount on sale 销货折扣 dishonoured check 退票dissolution 解散dividend 股利dividend payable 应付股利 documentary bill 押汇汇票 documents 单据double entry bookkeeping 复式簿记 draft 汇票drawee 付款人drawer 出票人drawing 提款duplicate 副本duties and taxes 税捐earnings 业务收益endorser 背书人entertainment 交际费enterprise 企业equipment 设备estate 财产estimated cost 估计成本estimates 概算exchange 兑换exchange loss 兑换损失 expenditure 经费expense 费用extension 延期face value 票面价值factor 代理商fair value 公平价值financial statement 财务报表 financial year 财政年度finished goods 制成品finished parts 制成零件fixed asset 固定资产fixed cost 固定成本fixed deposit 定期存款fixed expense 固定费用foreman 工头franchise 专营权freight 运费funds 资金furniture and fixture 家俬及器具 gain 利益general expense 总务费用general ledger 总分类账goods 货物goods in transit 在运货物 goodwill 商誉government bonds 政府债券gross profit 毛利guarantee 保证guarantor 保证人idle time 停工时间import duty 进口税income 收入income tax 所得税income from joint venture 合营收益 income from sale of assets 出售资产收入 indirect cost 间接成本indirect expense 间接费用indirect labour 间接人工indorsement 背书installment 分期付款insurance 保险intangible asset 无形资产interest 利息interest rate 利率interest received 利息收入inter office account 内部往来intrinsic value 内在价值inventory 存货investment 投资investment income 投资收益invoice 发票item 项目job 工作job cost 工程成本joint venture 短期合伙journal 日记账labour 人工labour cost 人工成本land 土地lease 租约leasehold 租约ledger 分类账legal expense 律师费letter of credit 信用状liability 负债limited company 有限公司limited liability 有限负债limited partnership 有限合夥liquidation 清盘loan 借款long term liability 长期负债loss 损失loss on exchange 兑换损失machinery equipment 机器设备 manufacturing expense 制造费用 manufacturing cost 制造成本market price 市价materials 原村料material requisition 领料单medical fee 医药费merchandise 商品miscellaneous expense 杂项费用 mortgage 抵押mortgagee 承押人movable property 动产net amount 净额net asset 资产净额net income 净收入net loss 净亏损net profit 纯利net value 净值notes 票据notes payable 应付票据 notes receivable 应收票据 opening stock 期初存货 operating expense 营业费用 order 订单organization expense 开办费 original document 原始单据 outlay 支出output 产量overdraft 透支opening stock 期初存货 operating expense 营业费用 order 订单organization expense 开办费 original document 原始单据 outlay 支出output 产量overdraft 透支quotation 报价rate 比率raw material 原料rebate 回扣receipt 收据receivable 应收款recoup 补偿redemption 偿还refund 退款remittance 汇款rent 租金repair 修理费reserve 准备residual value 剩余价值 retailer 零售商returns 退货revenue 收入salary 薪金sales 销货sale return 销货退回sale discount 销货折扣 salvage 残值sample fee 样品scrap 废料scrap value 残余价值 securities 证券selling commission 销货佣金 selling expense 销货费用selling price 售价share capital 股份share certificate 股票 shareholder 股东short term loan 短期借款sole proprietorship 独资spare parts 配件standard cost 标准成本stock 存货stocktake 盘点stock sheet 存货表subsidies 补助金sundry expense 杂项费用 supporting document 附表surplus 盈余suspense account 暂记账户taxable profit 可徵税利润tax 税捐temporary payment 暂付款 temporary receipt 暂收款time deposit 定期存款total 合计total cost 总成本trade creditor 进货客户trade debtor 销货客户trademark 商标transaction 交易transfer 转账transfer voucher 转账传票 transportation 运输费travelling 差旅费trial balance 试算表trust 信托turnover 营业额unappropriated surplus 未分配盈余 unit cost 单位成本unlimited company 无限公司 unlimited liability 无限责任 unpaid dividend 未付股利 valuation 估价value 价值vendor 卖主voucher 传票wage rate 工资率wage 工资wage allocation sheet 工资分配表 warehouse receipt 仓库收据 welfare expense 褔利费wear and tear 秏损work order 工作通知单year end 年结Account 帐户Accounting system 会计系统American Accounting Association 美国会计协会American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会Audit 审计Balance sheet 资产负债表Bookkeepking 簿记Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测Certificate in Internal Auditing 内部审计证书 Certificate in Management Accounting 管理会计证书 Certificate Public Accountant注册会计师Cost accounting 成本会计External users 外部使用者Financial accounting 财务会计Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计准则委员会 Financial forecast 财务预测Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原则 General-purpose information 通用目的信息Government Accounting Office 政府会计办公室Income statement 损益表Institute of Internal Auditors 内部审计师协会Institute of Management Accountants 管理会计师协会 Integrity 整合性Internal auditing 内部审计Internal control structure 内部控制结构Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署Internal users 内部使用者Management accounting 管理会计Return of investment 投资回报Return on investment 投资报酬Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会 Statement of cash flow 现金流量表Statement of financial position 财务状况表Tax accounting 税务会计Accounting equation 会计等式Articulation 勾稽关系Assets 资产Business entity 企业个体Capital stock 股本Corporation 公司Cost principle 成本原则Creditor 债权人Deflation 通货紧缩Disclosure 批露Expenses 费用Financial statement 财务报表Financial activities 筹资活动Going-concern assumption 持续经营假设Inflation 通货膨涨Investing activities 投资活动Liabilities 负债Negative cash flow 负现金流量 Operating activities 经营活动Owner's equity 所有者权益Partnership 合伙企业Positive cash flow 正现金流量 Retained earning 留存利润Revenue 收入Sole proprietorship 独资企业 Solvency 清偿能力Stable-dollar assumption 稳定货币假设 Stockholders 股东Stockholders' equity 股东权益 Window dressing 门面粉饰。
ACCA F8 术语翻译
序号英语汉语1 ability to perform the work 能力履行工作2 acceptance procedures 承兑程序过程3 accountability 经管责任,问责性4 accounting estimate 会计估计5 accounts receivable listing 应收帐款挂牌6 accounts receivable 应收账款7 accruals listing 应计项目挂牌8 accruals 应计项目9 accuracy 准确性10 adverse opinion 否定意见11 aged analysis 年老的分析(法,学)研究12 agents 代理人13 agreed-upon procedures 约定审查业务14 analysis of errors 错误的分析(法,学)研究15 anomalous error 反常的错误16 appointment ethics 任命伦理学17 appointment 任命18 associated firms 联合的坚挺19 association of chartered certifiedaccounts(ACCA)特计的证(经执业的结社 (ACCA)20 assurance engagement 保证债务21 assurance 保证22 audit 审计,审核,核数23 audit acceptance 审计承兑24 audit approach 审计靠近25 audit committee 审计委员会,审计小组26 ahudit engagement 审计业务约定书27 audit evaluation 审计评价28 audit evidence 审计证据29 audit plan 审计计划30 audit program 审计程序31 audit report as a means of communication 审计报告如一个通讯方法32 audit report 审计报告33 audit risk 审计风险34 audit sampling 审计抽样35 audit staffing 审计工作人员36 audit timing 审计定时37 audit trail 审计线索38 auditing standards 审计准则39 auditors' duty of care 审计(查帐)员的抚养责任40 auditors' report 审计报告41 authority attached to ISAs 代理权附上到国际砂糖协定42 automated working papers 自动化了工作文件43 bad debts 坏账44 bank 银行45 bank reconciliation 银行对账单,余额调节表46 beneficial interests 受益权47 best value 最好的价值48 business risk 经营风险49 cadbury committee cadbury 委员会50 cash count 现金盘点51 cash system 兑现系统52 changes in nature of engagement 改变债务的性质上53 charges and commitments 费用和评论54 charities 宽大55 chinese walls chinese 墙壁56 chronology of an audit 一审计的年代表57 CIS application controls CIS 申请控制58 CIS environments stand-alone microcomputers CIS 环境单机微型计算器59 client screening 委托人甄别60 closely connected 接近地连接61 clubs 俱乐部62 communications between auditors and management 通讯在审计(查帐)员和经营之间63 communications on internal control 内部控制上的通讯64 companies act 公司法65 comparative financial statements 比较财务报表66 comparatives 比较的67 competence 能力68 compilation engagement 编辑债务69 completeness 完整性70 completion of the audit 审计的结束71 compliance with accounting regulations 符合～的作法会计规则72 computers assisted audit techniques (CAATs) 计算器援助的审计技术 (CAATs)73 confidence 信任74 confidentiality 保密性75 confirmation of accounts receivable 应收帐款的查证76 conflict of interest 利益冲突77 constructive obligation 建设的待付款78 contingent asset 或有资产79 contingent liability 或有负债80 control environment 控制环境81 control procedures 控制程序82 control risk 控制风险83 controversy 论战84 corporate governance 公司治理,公司管制85 corresponding figures 相应的计算86 cost of conversion 转换成本,加工成本87 cost 成本88 courtesy 优待89 creditors 债权人90 current audit files 本期审计档案91 database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理制度 (数据管理系统)92 date of report 报告的日期93 depreciation 折旧,贬值94 design of the sample 样品的设计95 detection risk 检查风险96 direct verification approach 直接核查法97 directional testing 方向的抽查98 directors' emoluments 董事酬金99 directors' serve contracts 董事服务合约100 disagreement with management 与经营的不一致101 disclaimer of opinion 拒绝表示意见102 distributions 分销,分派103 documentation of understanding and assessmentof control risk控制风险的协商和评定的文件编集104 documenting the audit process 证明审计程序105 due care 应有关注106 due skill and care 到期的技能和谨慎107 economy 经济108 education 教育109 effectiveness 效用,效果110 efficiency 效益,效率111 eligibility / ineligibility 合格 / 无被选资格112 emphasis of matter 物质的强调113 engagement economics 债务经济学114 engagement letter 业务约定书115 error 差错116 evaluating of results of audit procedures 审计手序的结果评估117 examinations 检查118 existence 存在性119 expectations 期望差距120 expected error 预期的错误121 experience 经验122 expert 专家123 external audit 独立审计124 external review reports 外部的评论报告125 fair 公正126 fee negotiation 费谈判127 final assessment of control risk 控制风险的确定评定128 final audit 期末审计129 financial statement assertions 财政报告宣称130 financial 财务131 finished goods 产成品132 flowcharts 流程图133 fraud and error 舞弊134 fraud 欺诈135 fundamental principles 基本原理136 general CIS controls 一般的 CIS 控制137 general reports to mangement 对 (牛犬等的)疥癣的一般报告138 going concern assumption 持续经营假设139 going concern 持续经营140 goods on sale or return 货物准许退货买卖141 goodwill 商誉142 governance 统治143 greenbury committee greenbury 委员会144 guidance for internal auditors 指导为内部审计员145 hampel committee hampel 委员会146 haphazard selection 随意选择147 hospitality 款待148 human resources 人力资源149 IAPS 1000 inter-bank confirmation procedures IAPS 1000 在中间- 银行查证程序过程150 IAPS 1001 CIS environments-stand-alonemicrocomputersIAPS 1001 CIS 环境-单机微型计算器151 IAPS 1002 CIS environments-on-line computersystemsIAPS 1002 CIS 环境-(与主机)联机计算器系统152 IAPS 1003 CIS environments-database systems IAPS 1003 CIS 环境- 数据库系统153 IAPS 1005 the special considerations in theaudit of small entities在小的个体审计中的 IAPS 1005 特别的考虑154 IAS 2 inventories 信息家电 2 库存155 IAS 10 events after the balance sheet date在平衡 sheeet 日期後面的信息家电 10 事件156 IFAC's code of ethics for professionalaccountantsIFAC's 道德准则为职业会计师157 income tax 所得税158 incoming auditors 收入审计(查帐)员159 independent estimate 独立的估计160 ineligible for appointment 无被选资格的为任命161 information technology 信息技术162 inherent risk 固有风险163 initial communication 签署通讯164 insurance 保险165 intangibles 无形166 integrity 完整性167 interim audit 中期审计168 internal auditing 内部审计169 internal auditors 内部审计师170 internal control evaluation questionnaires(ICEQs)内部控制评价调查表171 internal control questionnaires (ICQs) 内部控制调查表172 internal control system 内部控制系统173 internal review assignment 内部的评论转让174 international audit and assurance standardsboard (IAASB)国际的审计和保证标准登船 (IAASB)175 international auditing practice statements(IAPSs)国际的审计实务声明 (IAPSs)176 international federation of accountants (IFAC) 国际会计师联合会 (IFAC)177 inventory system 盘存制度178 inventory valuation 存货估价179 ISA 230 documentation 文件编制180 ISA 240 fraud and error 国际砂糖协定 240 欺诈和错误181 ISA 250 consideration of law and regulations 法和规则的国际砂糖协定 250 考虑182 Isa 260 communications of audit matters withthose charge governance审计物质的国际砂糖协定 260 通讯由于那些索价统治183 isa 300 planning isa 300 计划编制184 isa 310 knowledge of the business 企业的 isa 310 知识185 isa 320 audit materiality 审计重要性186 isa 400 accounting and internal control isa 400 会计和内部控制187 isa 402 audit considerations relating toentities using service organisations与正在使用的个体有关的 isa 402个审计考虑服务组织188 isa 500 audit evidence 审计证据189 isa 501 audit evidence-additionalconsiderations for specific itemsisa 501个审计证据- 补偿为特殊条款190 isa 510 external confirmations isa 510个外部的查证191 isa 520 analytical procedures 分析性程序192 isa 530 audit sampling 审计抽样193 isa 540 audit of accounting estimates 解释估计的 isa 540 审计194 isa 560 subsequent events 期后事项195 isa 580 management representations 管理当局声明书196 isa 610 considering the work of internalauditingisa 610 以内部审计的工作看来197 isa 620 using the work of an expert isa 620 使用专家的工作198 isa 700 auditors' report on financialstatements财务报表上的 isa 700 审计(查帐)员的报告199 isa 710 comparatives isa 710个比较的200 isa 720 other information in documentscontaining audited financial statementsisa 720 证券包含 audited 财务报表的其他信息201 isa 910 engagement to review financialstatementsisa 910 债务复阅财务报表202 isas and rss isas 和 rss203 joint monitoring unit 连接检验单位204 knowledge of the entity's business 个体的企业知识205 law and regulations 法和规则206 legal and regulations 法定权利和规则207 legal obligation 法定义务,法定责任208 levels of assurance 保险程度,保障水平209 liability 负债210 limitation on scope 审计范围限制211 limitation of audit 审计的提起诉讼的限期212 limitations of controls system 控制系统的提起诉讼的限期213 litigation and claims 诉讼和赔偿214 litigation 诉讼215 loans 借款,贷款216 long term liabilities 长期负债217 lowballing lowballing218 management 管理219 management integrity 经营完整220 management representation letter 管理当局声明书221 marketing 推销,营销,市场学222 material inconsistency 决定性的前后矛盾223 material misstatements of fact 重大误报224 materiality 重要性225 measurement 计量226 microcomputers 微型计算器227 modified reports 变更报告228 narrative notes 叙述证券229 nature 性质230 negative assurance 消极保证231 net realizable value 可实现净值232 non-current asset register 非本期的财产登记233 non-executive directors 非执行董事234 non-sampling risk 非抽样风险235 non-statutory audits 目标236 objectivity 客观性237 obligating event 负有责任事件238 obligatory disclosure 有拘束的揭示239 obtaining work 获得工作240 occurrence 出现241 on-line computer systems (与主机)联机计算器系统242 opening balances 期初余额243 operational audits 经营审计,作业审计244 operational work plans 操作上的工作计划245 opinion shopping 意见购物246 other information 其他的信息247 outsourcing internal audit 支援外包的内部核数248 overall review of financial statements 财务报表的包括一切的评论249 overdue fees 超储未付费250 overhead absorption 管理费用分配251 periodic plan 定期的计划252 permanent audit files 永久审计档案253 personal relationships 个人的亲属关系254 planning 计划编制255 population 抽样总体256 precision 精密257 preface to ISAs and RSs 国际砂糖协定的序文和债券附卖回交易258 preliminary assessment of control risk 控制风险的预备评定259 prepayments 预付款项260 presentation and disclosure 提示和揭示261 problems of accounting treatment 会计处理的问题262 procedural approach 程序上的靠近263 procedures 程序264 procedures after accepting nomination 程序过程在接受提名之后265 procurement 采购266 professional duty of confidentiality 保密的职业责任267 projection of errors 错误的规划268 provision 备抵,准备269 public duty 公共职责270 public interest 公众利益271 publicity 宣传272 purchase ledger 购货分类账273 purchases and expenses system 买和费用系统274 purchases cut-off 买截止275 put on enquiry 询价上的期货买卖276 qualified opinion 保留意见277 qualifying disclosure 合格揭示278 qualitative aspects of errors 错误的性质上的方面279 random selection 随机选择280 reasonable assurance 合理保证281 reassessing sampling risk 再评价抽样风险282 reliability 可靠性283 remuneration 报酬284 report to management 对经营的报告285 reporting 报告286 research and development costs 研究和开发成本287 reservation of title 保留288 reserves 准备,储备289 revenue and capital expenditure 岁入和资本支出290 review 评论291 review and capital expenditure 评论和资本支出292 review 评论293 review engagement 复阅债务294 rights 认股权295 rights and obligations 认股权和待付款296 rights to information 对信息的认股权297 risk and materiality 风险和重要性298 risk-based approach 以风险为基础的方式299 romalpa case romalpa 个案300 rotation of auditor appointments 审计(查帐)员任命的循环301 rules of professional conduct 职业道德守则302 sales cut-off 销售截止303 sales system 销售(货)制度304 sales tax 销售税,营业税305 sales 销售,销货306 sample size 样本量307 sampling risk 抽样风险308 sampling units 抽样单位309 schedule of unadjusted errors 未调整的错误表310 scope and objectives of internal audit 内部核数的范围和目标311 segregation of duties 职责划分312 service organization 服务组织313 significant fluctuations or unexpectedrelationships可重视的 (市价)波动或不能预料的亲属关系314 small entity 小的个体315 smaller entities 比较小的个体316 sole traders 个体营业者317 sources of knowledge 知识的根源318 specimen letter on internal control 内部控制上的样本证书319 stakeholders 赌款保存人320 standardised working papers 标准化工作文件321 statement 1:integrity,objectivity andindependence声明 1: 完整，客观性和独立322 statement 2:the professional duty of confidence 声明 2: 信任的职业责任323 statement 3: advertising ,publicity andobtaining professional work声明 3: 广告法(学) ，宣传和获得专业性工作324 statement 5:changes in professionalappointment声明 5: 在职业上的任命中的改变325 statistical sampling 统计抽样326 statutory audit 法定审计327 statutory books 法定卷册328 statutory duty 法定责任329 stewardship 总管的职务330 strategic plan 战略性计划331 stratification 分层332 subsequent events 期后事项333 substantive procedures 实词程序过程334 substantive tests 实质性测试335 sufficient appropriate audit evidence 充分的适当审计证据336 summarising errors summarising 错误337 sundry accruals 杂的应计项目338 supervision 监督339 supervisory and monitoring roles 监督的和检验角色340 suppliers' statements 供应商的声明341 system and internal controls 系统和内部的控制342 systematic selection 系统选择法343 systems-based approach 以系统为基础的方式344 tangible non-current assets 有形的非流动资产345 tendering 投标,清偿346 terms of the engagement 债务的条件347 tests of control 控制的证人348 the AGM 周年大会349 the board 委员会350 three Es 三 Es351 timing 定时352 tolerable error 可容忍误差353 trade accounts payable and purchases 贸易应付帐款和买354 trade accounts payable listing 贸易应付帐款挂牌355 training 培训356 treasury 国库,库房357 TRUE 真实358 turnbull committee turnbull 委员会359 ultra vires 越权360 uncertainty 不确定性361 undue dependence 未到(支付)期的未决362 unqualified audit report 无条件的审计报告363 unqualified report 无条件的报告364 using the knowledge 使用知识365 using the work of an expert 使用专家的工作366 valuation 计价，估价367 value for money 现金(交易)价格368 voluntary disclosure 自愿披露369 wages and salaries 工资，薪金370 wages system 工资系统371 work in progress 在产品372 working papers 工作底稿。
职位英语翻译
职位英文翻译Accounting Assistant会计助理Accounting Clerk记帐员Accounting Manager会计部经理Accounting Stall会计部职员Accounting Supervisor会计主管Administration Manager行政经理Administration Staff行政人员Administrative Assistant行政助理Administrative Clerk行政办事员Advertising Staff广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative航空公司定座员Airlines Staff航空公司职员Application Engineer应用工程师Assistant Manager副经理Bond Analyst证券分析员Bond Trader证券交易员Business Controller业务主任Business Manager业务经理Buyer采购员Cashier出纳员Chemical Engineer化学工程师Civil Engineer土木工程师Clerk/Receptionist职员／接待员Clerk Typist& Secretary文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer计算机工程师Computer Processing Operator计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager计算机系统部经理Copywriter广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager副总经理Economic Research Assistant经济研究助理Electrical Engineer电气工程师Engineering Technician工程技术员English Instructor/Teacher英语教师Export Sales Manager外销部经理Export Sales Staff外销部职员Financial Controller财务主任Financial Reporter财务报告人F.X.(Foreign Exchange)Clerk外汇部职员F.X. Settlement Clerk外汇部核算员Fund Manager财务经理General Auditor审计长General Manager/President总经理General Manager Assistant总经理助理General Manager‘s Secretary总经理秘书Hardware Engineer（计算机）硬件工程师Import Liaison Staff进口联络员Import Manager进口部经理Insurance Actuary保险公司理赔员International Sales Staff国际销售员Interpreter口语翻译Legal Adviser法律顾问Line Supervisor生产线主管Maintenance Engineer维修工程师Management Consultant管理顾问Manager经理Manager for Public Relations公关部经理Manufacturing Engineer制造工程师Manufacturing Worker生产员工Market Analyst市场分析员Market Development Manager市场开发部经理Marketing Manager市场销售部经理Marketing Staff市场销售员Marketing Assistant销售助理Marketing Executive销售主管Marketing Representative销售代表Marketing Representative Manager市场调研部经理Mechanical Engineer机械工程师Mining Engineer采矿工程师Music Teacher音乐教师Naval Architect造船工程师Office Assistant办公室助理Office Clerk职员Operational Manager业务经理Package Designer包装设计师Passenger Reservation Staff乘客票位预订员Personnel Clerk人事部职员Personnel Manager人事部经理Plant/Factory Manager厂长Postal Clerk邮政人员Private Secretary私人秘书Product Manager生产部经理Production Engineer产品工程师Professional Staff专业人员Programmer电脑程序设计师Project Staff（项目）策划人员Promotional Manager推销部经理Proof-reader校对员Purchasing Agent采购（进货）员Quality Control Engineer质量管理工程师Real Estate Staff房地产职员Recruitment Coordinator招聘协调人Regional Manger地区经理Research& Development Engineer研究开发工程师Restaurant Manager饭店经理Sale sand Planning Staff销售计划员Sales Assistant销售助理Sales Clerk店员、售货员Sales Coordinator销售协调人Sales Engineer销售工程师Sales Executive销售主管Sales Manager销售部经理Salesperson销售员Seller Representative销售代表Sales Supervisor销售监管School Registrar学校注册主任Secretarial Assistant秘书助理Secretary秘书Securities Custody Clerk保安人员Security Officer安全人员Senior Accountant高级会计Senior Consultant/Adviser高级顾问Senior Employee高级雇员Senior Secretary高级秘书Service Manager服务部经理Simultaneous Interpreter同声传译员Software Engineer（计算机）软件工程师Supervisor监管员Systems Adviser系统顾问Systems Engineer系统工程师Systems Operator系统操作员Technical Editor技术编辑Technical Translator技术翻译Technical Worker技术工人Telecommunication Executive电讯（电信）员Telephonist/Operator电话接线员、话务员Tourist Guide导游Trade Finance Executive贸易财务主管Trainee Manager培训部经理Translation Checker翻译核对员Translator翻译员Trust Banking Executive银行高级职员Typist打字员Word Processing Operator文字处理操作员人力资源部门：1.主管类：VP of human resources 人力总监human resources manager 人力资源经理HR assistant 人事助理executive recruiter 主管人员staffing manager 人力经理HR director 人力主管personnel supervisor 人事主任director of recruiting 招聘主管human resource specialist人力资源专家HR benefits analyst 人员价值分析HRIS analyst 人力资源系统分析员2.职责分类：薪资福利：payroll supervisor 工资管理人payroll and benefits administration工资福利管理wage and salary administration工资薪水管理benefits coordinator 员工福利协调员compensation analyst 薪酬分析员variable compensation 可变薪酬招聘及评估：recruiter 人力资源招聘人员recruitment and selection 招聘和甄选training and development培训与发展performance evaluation and review绩效评估和回顾employee orientation 雇员上岗引导career development 职业生涯发展job description design 工作描述设计管理及政策：human resources administration人力资源管理HR policies and procedures人力政策和程序HRIS 人力资源系统employment law 雇佣法labor relations 劳动关系labor laws 劳动法legal compliance 法律顾问disciplinary and grievance procedures雇员投诉及维持纪律之程序industrial safety programs产业安全保障human resources coordinator人力协调员personnel representative 员工代表employee relations 员工关系personnel administration 员工管理organizational development组织开发process reengineering 业务流程重组财务部门（Finance Professionals）：1.主管级别：VP of finance=CFO 财务总监international controller 国际监管assistant controller 监管助理portfolio manager 组合基金经理finance manager 财政经理payroll manager 工资经理financial assistant 财务助理director of investor relations投资者关系经理purchasing manager 采购经理2.职责分类：主要人员：staff accountant 人员会计师cost accountant 成本会计师CPA 注册会计师CFA 特许金融分析师MBA 工商管理硕士financial reporting analyst财政分析报告员financial analyst 财政分析员financial planner 财政预算员accounts payable clerk 应付帐款文员accounts receivable clerk应收帐款文员collections specialist 收款专员mutual fund analyst 共同基金分析员credit analyst 信用分析员payroll clerk 工资员工bookkeeper 档案管理员procurement specialist 采购专员general ledger 总帐会计管理及法规：GAAP公认会计准则benefits administration 利益管理portfolio management 投资组合管理P&L management 损益管理budget management 预算管理cash-flow management 现金流管理treasurer 资金调拨operating and working capital营运和流动资本fixed asset accounting 固定资产清算financial projections 财政支出business process re-engineering企业流程再造value-added analysis 附加价值分析risk management 风险处理auditing and compliance审记mergers and acquisitions购并与整合business valuations 商业评估trial balance 试算表financial statements 财务报表expense analysis 费用分析tax reporting 税报告tax planning 税计划payroll 薪资账册Bank reconciliations 银行调和cross-functional team leadership跨团队领导financial and strategic planning财务战略规划Hyperion 财务系统data warehouse reporting 数据库报告MS Excel 微软Excel软件SAP德国SAP软件公司spreadsheets 电子数据表行政部门（Administration/Support）：1.管理级别：office manager 办公室经理service manager 服务部经理administrative assistant 行政助理office assistant 办公室助理executive secretary 执行秘书secretary 秘书2.职责分类：主要员工：customer service representative客户服务代表data entry clerk 数据录入员general office clerk 办公室文员front desk receptionist 柜台接待人员switchboard operator 接线员mail room clerk 邮件收发员returns clerk 信息反馈员processing clerk 事件处理员executive assistant 执行售货员管理及职责分类：office support, 办公室支持customer support 客户支持event planning 活动策划meeting planning 会议策划scheduling 行程安排word processing 文档处理benefits administration 财务利益管理accounts payable 可付帐户accounts receivable 可接受帐户office management 办公室管理document preparation 文件准备inventory control 库存管理project management 计划管理shipping and distribution 运送和分配purchasing 购买facilities maintenance 设备维护vendor/contractor relations厂商/承包商关系presentations 自我介绍spreadsheets 电子数据表database management 数据库管理multiline phones 多线电话switchboards 电话接线Windows NT/98/95 微软Windows操作系统 NT/98/95MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access) 微软Office软件(Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access) 销售部门：1.主管级别：VP of sales 销售总监sales executive 销售经理sales engineer 销售工程师sales support manager 销售支持经理territory manager 地域经理district sales manager 地区销售经理regional sales manager 区域销售经理e-business sales manager电子商务经理channel sales manager 渠道销售经理director of sales 销售主管2.职责分类：主要人员：sales representative 销售代表sales professional 专业营销account manager 客户经理account executive 客户主任customer service 客户服务customer relations 客户关系client relations 客户关系territory sales representative地域销售代表investment representative投资代表manufacturer representative厂商代表medical sales representative医疗销售代表主要职责：outside sales 外部销售inside sales 内部销售technical sales 技术销售relationship selling 关系销售relationship sales 关系销售consultative sales 咨询式销售channel sales 渠道销售pharmaceutical sales 医药销售IT sales 信息销售territory expansion 地域扩展sales expansion 销售扩展solution selling 解决方案销售meeting and exceeding sales quotas满足和超过销售配额B2B/B2C 商家对商家/客户对客户relationship building 人际创建product marketing 产品市场negotiating and closing 谈判和完成交易lead generation 潜在顾客开发流程communication skills 交际技巧interpersonal skills 人际交往技巧new business development新业务拓展sales presentations 销售简报PowerPoint 微软办公软件-幻灯片技术质量专业用语QCC Quality Control Circle品質圈計劃執行檢查總結DCC delivery control center 交貨管制中心3C ：Computer 電腦類產品Consumer electronics 消費性電子產品Communication 通訊類產品3T STRATEGY：Time to market 及時切入生產Time to volume 及時大量生產Time to money 及時大量交貨FOUR CONTROL YSTEM 四大管制系統Engineering control system 工程管制系統Quality control system品質管制系統Manufacturing control system生產管制系統Management control system經營管制系統7S：Classification整理(sorting, organization)-seiriRegulation整頓(arrangement, tidiness)-seitonCleanliness清掃(sweeping, purity)-seisoConservation清洁(cleaning, cleanliness)-seiktsuCulture教養(discipline)-shitsuke在中国可能碰到的一些职位简称：1. GMD〈General Managing Director〉——总经理。
财务会计翻译专业术语
这是每章后面的词汇表，请各章译者按此词汇统一翻译专业术语。
有些词汇可能有多于一个常见的译文，请按照第一个译文翻译。
第一章p25Accounting 会计Annual report 年度报告Assets 资产Auditor’s report 审计报告Balance sheet 资产负债表Basic accounting equation 基本会计等式Certified Public Accountant (CPA) 注册会计师Common stock 普通股Comparative statements 比较报表Corporation 股份公司Dividends 股利Expenses 费用Income statement 收益表，利润表Liabilities 负债Management discussion and analysis (MD&A) 管理层讨论和分析Net income 净收益Net loss 净损失Notes to the financial statements 财务报表附注Partnership 合伙企业Retained earnings 留存收益Retained earnings statement 留存收益表Revenue 收入Sarbanes-Oxley Act 萨班斯－奥克斯利法案Sole proprietorship 独资企业Statement of cash flows 现金流量表Stockholders’ equity 股东权益第二章p74Classified balance sheet 分类资产负债表Comparability 可比性Conservatism 稳健性Consistency 一致性，一贯性Cost principle 成本原则Current assets 流动资产Current liabilities 流动负债Current ratio 流动比率Debt to total assets ratio 资产负债率，负债比率Earnings per share (EPS) 每股收益Economic entity assumption 经济主体假设，会计主体假设Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) 财务会计准则委员会Free cash flow 自由现金流量Full disclosure principle 充分披露原则Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 公认会计原则Going concern assumption 持续经营假设Intangible assets 无形资产International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) 国际会计准则理事会Liquidity 流动性，变现能力Liquidity ratios 流动性比率Long-term investments 长期投资Long-term liabilities (Long-term debt) 长期负债Materiality 重要性Monetary unit assumption 货币单位假设Operating cycle 营业周期Profitability ratios 获利能力比率Property, plant, and equipment 地产、厂场与设备Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) 上市公司会计监管委员会Ratio 比率Ratio analysis 比率分析Relevance 相关性Reliability 可靠性Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 证券交易委员会Solvency 偿债能力Solvency ratios 偿债能力比率Statement of stockholders’ equity 股东权益表Time period assumption 会计分期假设Working capital 营运资本第三章p133Account 账户Accounting information system 会计信息系统Accounting transactions 会计业务Charts of accounts 账户一览表Credit 贷方Debit 借方Double-entry system 复式记账法General journal 普通日记账General ledger 总分类账Journal 日记账Journalizing 编制分录Ledger 分类账Posting 过账T account T形账户Trial balance 试算表，试算平衡表第四章p195Accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制会计，应计制会计Accrued expenses 应计费用Accrued revenues 应计收入Adjusted trial balance 调整后试算表Adjusting entries 调整分录Book value 账面价值Cash-basis accounting 收付实现制会计，现金制会计Closing entries 结账分录Contra asset account 对销资产账户Depreciation 折旧Earnings management 盈余管理Fiscal year 会计年度Income Summary 收益汇总Matching Principle 配比原则Permanent accounts 永久性账户Post-closing trial balance 结账后试算表Prepaid expenses (Prepayments) 预付费用（预付款项）Quality of earnings 收益质量Revenue recognition principle 收入确认原则Reversing entry 转回分录Temporary accounts 临时性账户Time period assumption 会计分期假设Unearned revenues 未获收入Useful life 使用年限Worksheet 工作底稿第五章p249Contra revenue account 对销收入账户Cost of goods sold 销售成本Gross profit 毛利Gross profit rate 毛利率Net sales 销售净额Periodic inventory system 定期盘存制Perpetual inventory system 永续盘存制Profit margin ratio 净利润率Purchase allowance 购货折让Purchase discount 购货折扣Purchase invoice 购货发票Purchase return 购货退回Quality of earnings ratio 收益质量比率Sales discount 销售折扣Sales invoice 销售发票Sales returns and allowances 销售退回和折让Sales revenue 销售收入第六章p301Average-cost method 平均成本法Consigned goods 寄销品Current replacement cost 现行重置成本Days in inventory 存货周转天数Finished goods inventory 产成品存货First-in, first-out (FIFO) method 先进先出法FOB destination 到达地交货FOB shipping point 起运地交货Inventory turnover ratio 存货周转率Just-in-time (JIT) inventory 适时存货制Last-in, first-out (LIFO) method 后进先出法LIFO reserve 后进先出法储备Lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) 成本与市价孰低Raw materials 原材料Specific identification method 个别认定法，具体辨认法Weighted average unit cost 加权平均单位成本Work in process 在产品第七章pBank reconciliation 银行存款余额调节表Bank statement 银行对账单Bonding 忠诚保险契约Cash 现金Cash budget 现金预算Cash equivalents 现金等价物Deposits in transit 在途存款Electronic funds transfer, EFT 电子资金转账Fraud 舞弊Fraud triangle 舞弊三角Internal auditors 内部审计员Internal control 内部控制NSF check 存款不足支票Outstanding checks 未兑现支票Petty cash fund 零用现金Restricted cash 限制性现金Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, SOX 2002年萨班斯－奥克斯利法案Treasurer 出纳Voucher 付款凭单Voucher system 付款凭单制度第八章p410Accounts receivable应收账款Aging the accounts receivable 应收账款账龄分析Allowance method 备抵法Average collection period 平均收账期Bad debts expense 坏账费用Cash (net) realizable value 可变现价值（净值）Concentration of credit risk 信用风险集中Direct write-off method 直接注销法Dishonored note 拒付票据Factor 代理融通公司Maker 出票人Notes receivable 应收票据Payee 收款人Percentage of receivable basis 应收账款百分比Promissory note 本票，期票Receivables 应收款项Receivables turnover ratio 应收账款周转率Trade receivables 商业应收款第九章p463Accelerated-depreciation method 加速折旧法Additions and improvements 扩建和改良Amortization 摊销Asset turnover ratio 资产周转率Capital expenditures 资本支出Capital lease 资本租赁Cash equivalent price 现金等价物价格Copyright 版权Declining-balance method 余额递减法Depreciable cost 应折旧成本Depreciation 折旧Franchise 专营权Goodwill 商誉Impairment 减值Intangible assets 无形资产Lessee 承租人Lessor 出租人Licenses 特许权Operating lease 经营租赁Ordinary repairs 日常修理Patent 专利权Plant assets 厂场资产，固定资产Research and development costs 研究与开发成本Return on assets ratio 资产报酬率Revenue expenditures 收益支出Straight-line method 直线法Trademark (trade name) 商标权Units-of-activity method 产量法第十章p521Bond certificate 债券证书Bonds 债券Callable bonds 可赎回债券Capital lease 资本租赁Contingencies 或有事项Contractual (stated) interest rate 约定（设定）利率Convertible bonds 可转换债券Current liability 流动负债Discount (on a bond) 债券折价Effective-interest method of amortization 实际利息摊销法Effective-interest rate 实际利率Face value 面值Long-term liabilities 长期负债Market interest rate 市场利率Maturity date 到期日Mortgage note payable 应付抵押票据Notes payable 应付票据Off-balance-sheet financing 表外融资Operating lease 经营租赁Premium (on a bond) 债券溢价Present value 现值Secured bonds 有担保债券Straight-line method of amortization 直线摊销法Time value of money 货币时间价值Times interest earned ratio 利息保障倍数Unsecured bonds 无担保债券，信用债券第十一章p579Authorized stock 核定股份Cash dividend 现金股利Charter 公司章程Corporation 公司Cumulative dividend 累积股利Declaration date 股利宣告日Deficit 亏绌Dividend 股利Dividends in arrears 积欠股利Legal capital 法定资本No-par value stock 无面值股票Outstanding stock 发行在外股票Paid-in capital 实收资本Par value stock 有面值股票Payment date 股利支付日Payout ratio 股利分派率Preferred stock 优先股Privately held corporation 私人持股公司Publicly held corporation 公众持股公司Record date 股利登记日Retained earnings 留存收益Retained earnings restrictions 受限制留存收益Return on common stockholders’ equity ratio 普通股股东权益报酬率Stated value 设定价值Stock dividend 股票股利Stock split 股票分割Treasury stock 库存股票第十二章p633Cash debt coverage ratio 负债保障倍数Current cash debt coverage ratio 流动负债保障倍数Direct method 直接法Financing activities 筹资活动Free cash flow 自由现金流量Indirect method 间接法Investing activities 投资活动Operating activities 经营活动Product life cycle 产品寿命周期Statement of cash flow 现金流量表第十三章pAsset turnover ratio 资产周转率Available-for-sale securities 可出售证券Average collection period 平均收账期Cash debt coverage ratio 负债保障倍数Change in accounting principle 会计原则变更Comprehensive income 综合收益，全面收益Current cash debt coverage ratio 流动负债保障倍数Current ratio 流动比率Days in inventory 存货周转天数Debt to total assets ratio 资产负债率，负债比率Discontinued operations 终止经营Earnings per share 每股收益Extraordinary items 非常项目Free cash flow 自由现金流量Gross profit rate 毛利率Horizontal analysis 横向分析Inventory turnover ratio 存货周转率Leveraging 杠杆作用Liquidity ratios 流动性比率Payout ratio 股利分派率Price-earnings (P-E) ratio 市盈率Pro forma income 预计收益Profit margin ratio 净利润率Profitability ratios 获利能力比率Quality of earnings 收益质量Receivables turnover ratio 应收账款周转率Return on assets ratio 资产报酬率Return on common stockholders’ equity ratio 普通股股东权益报酬率Solvency ratios 偿债能力比率Sustainable income 持续经营收益Times interest earned ratio 利息保障倍数Trading on the equity 举债经营Trading securities 交易性证券Vertical analysis 纵向分析。
会计名词英文翻译
会计名词英文翻译期借款Short-term borrowing应付账款Accounts payable预计负债Projected liabilities预付账款Prepaid AccountsAAA 美国会计学会Abacus 《算盘》杂志abacus 算盘Abandonment 废弃,报废;委付abandonment value 废弃价值abatement ①减免②冲销ability to service debt 偿债能力abnormal cost 异常成本abnormal spoilage 异常损耗above par 超过票面价值above the line 线上项目absolute amount 绝对数,绝对金额absolute endorsement 绝对背书absolute insolvency 绝对无力偿付absolute priority 绝对优先求偿权absolute value 绝对值absorb 摊配,转并absorption account 摊配账户,转并账户absorption costing 摊配成本计算法abstract 摘要表abuse 滥用职权abuse of tax shelter 滥用避税项目ACCA 特许公认会计师公会accelerated cost recovery system 加速成本收回制度accelerated depreciation method 加速折旧法,快速折旧法acceleration clause 加速偿付条款,提前偿付条款acceptance ①承兑②已承兑票据③验收acceptance bill 承兑票据acceptance register 承兑票据登记簿acceptance sampling 验收抽样access time 存取时间accommodation 融通accommodation bill 融通票据accommodation endorsement 融通背书account ①账户,会计科目②账簿,报表③账目,账项④记账accountability 经营责任,会计责任accountability unit 责任单位Accountancy 《会计》杂志accountancy 会计accountant 会计员,会计师accountant general 会计主任,总会计accounting in charge 主管会计师accountant,s legal liability 会计师的法律责任accountant,s report 会计师报告accountant,s responsibility 会计师职责account form 账户式,账式accounting ①会计②会计学accounting assumption 会计假定,会计假设accounting basis 会计基准,会计基本方法accounting changes 会计变更accounting concept 会计概念accounting control 会计控制accounting convention 会计常规,会计惯例accounting corporation 会计公司accounting cycle 会计循环accounting data 会计数据accounting doctrine 会计信条accounting document 会计凭证accounting elements 会计要素accounting entity 会计主体,会计个体accounting entry 会计分录accounting equation 会计等式accounting event 会计事项accounting exposure 会计暴露,会计暴露风险accounting firm 会计事务所Accounting Hall of Fame 会计名人堂accounting harmonization 会计协调化accounting identity 会计恒等式accounting income 会计收益accounting information 会计信息accounting information system 会计信息系统accounting internationalization 会计国际化accounting journals 会计杂志accounting legislation 会计法规accounting manual 会计手册accounting objective 会计目标accounting period 会计期accounting policies 会计政策accounting postulate 会计假设accounting practice 会计实务accounting principle 会计原则Accounting Principle Board 会计原则委员会accounting procedures 会计程序accounting profession 会计职业,会计专业accounting rate of return 会计收益率accounting records 会计记录,会计簿籍Accounting Review 《会计评论》accounting rules 会计规则Accounting Series Release 《会计公告文件》accounting service 会计服务accounting software 会计软件accounting standard 会计标准,会计准则accounting standardization 会计标准化Accounting Standards Board 会计准则委员会(英) Accounting Standards Committee 会计准则委员会(英) accounting system ①会计制度②会计系统accounting technique 会计技术accounting theory 会计理论accounting transaction 会计业务,会计账务Accounting Trend and Techniques 《会计趋势和会计技术》accounting unit 会计单位accounting valuation 会计计价accounting year 会计年度accounts 会计账簿,会计报表account sales 承销清单,承销报告单accounts payable 应付账款accounts receivable 应收账款accounts receivable aging schedule 应收账款账龄分析表accounts receivable assigned 已转让应收账款accounts receivable collection period 应收账款收款期accounts receivable discounted 已贴现应收账款accounts receivable financing 应收账款筹资,应收账款融资accounts receivable management 应收账款管理accounts receivable turnover 应收账款周转率,应收账款周转次数accretion 增殖accrual basis accounting 应计制会计,权责发生制会计accrued asset 应计资产accrued expense 应计费用accrued liability 应计负债accrued revenue 应计收入accumulated depreciation 累计折旧accumulated dividend 累计股利accumulated earnings tax 累积盈余税,累积收益税accumulation 累积,累计acid test ratio 酸性试验比率acquired company 被盘购公司,被兼并公司acquisition 购置,盘购acquisition accounting 盘购会计acquisition cost 购置成本acquisition decision 购置决策acquisition excess 盘购超支acquisition surplus 盘购盈余across-the-board 全面调整ACT 预交公司税act 法案,法规action 起诉,诉讼active account 活动账户active assets 活动资产activity 业务活动,作业activity account 作业账户activity accounting 作业会计activity ratio 业务活动比率activity variance 业务活动量差异act of bankruptcy 破产法act of company 公司法act of God 天灾,不可抗力actual capital 实际资本actual value 实际价值actual wage 实际工资added value 增值added value statement 增值表added value tax 增值税addition 增置,扩建additional depreciation 附加折旧,补提折旧additional paid-in capital 附加实缴资本additional tax 附加税adequate disclosure 充分披露adjunct account 附加账户adjustable-rate bond 可调整利率债券adjusted gross income 调整后收益总额,调整后所得总额adjusted trial balance 调整后试算表adjusting entry 调整分录adjustment 调整adjustment account 调整账户adjustment bond 调整债券administrative accounting 行政管理会计administrative budget 行政管理预算administrative expense 行政管理费用ADR 资产折旧年限幅度ad valorem tax 从价税advance 预付款,垫付款advance corporation tax 预交公司税advances from customers 预收客户款advance to suppliers 预付货款adventure 投机经营,短期经营adverse opinion 反面意见,否定意见adverse variance 不利差异,逆差advisory services 咨询服务affiliated company 联营公司affiliation 联营after closing trial balance 结账后试算表after cost 售后成本after date 出票后兑付after sight 见票后兑付after-tax 税后AGA 政府会计师联合会age 寿命,账龄,资产使用年限age allowance 年龄减免age analysis 账龄分析agency 代理,代理关系agency commission 代理佣金agency fund 代管基金agenda 议事日程,备忘录agent 代理商,代理人aggregate balance sheet 合并资产负债表aggregate income statement 合并损益表AGI 调整后收益总额,调整后所得总额aging of accounts receivable 应收账款账龄分析aging schedule 账龄表agio 贴水,折价agiotage 汇兑业务,兑换业务AGM 年度股东大会agreement 协议agreement of partnership 合伙协议AICPA 美国注册公共会计师协会AIS 会计信息系统all capital earnings rate 资本总额收益率all-inclusive income concept 总括收益概念allocation 分摊,分配allocation criteria 分配标准allotment ①分配,拨付②分配数,拨付数allowance ①备抵②折让③津贴allowance for bad debts 呆账备抵allowance for depreciation 折旧备抵账户allowance method 备抵法all-purpose financial statement 通用财务报表,通用会计报表alpha risk 阿尔法风险,第一种审计风险altered check 涂改支票alternative accounting methods 可选择性会计方法alternative proposals 替代方案,备选方案amalgamation 企业合并American Accounting Association 美国会计学会American depository receipts 美国银行证券存单,美国银行证券托存收据American Institute of Certified Public Accountants 美国注册会计师协会,美国注册公共会计师协会American option 美式期权American Stock Exchange 美国股票交易所amortization ①摊销②摊还amortized cost 摊余成本amount 金额,合计amount differ 金额不符amount due 到期金额amount of 1 dollar 1元的本利和analysis 分析analyst 分析师analytical review 分析性检查annual audit 年度审计annual closing 年度结账annual general meeting 年度股东大会annualize 按年折算annualized net present value 折算年度净现值annual report 年度报告annuity 年金annuity due 期初年金annuity in advance 预付年金annuity in arrears 迟付年金annuity method of depreciation 年金折旧法antedate 填早日期anticipation 预计,预列anti-dilution clause 防止稀释条款anti-pollution investment 消除污染投资anti-profiteering tax 反暴利税anti-tax avoidance 反避税anti-trust legislation 反拖拉斯立法A/P 应付账款APB 会计原则委员会APB Opinion 《会计原则委员会意见书》Application 申请,申请书applied overhead 已分配间接费用appraisal 估价appraisal capital 评估资本appraisal surplus 估价盈余appraiser 估价员,估价师appreciation 增值appropriated retained earnings 已拨定留存收益,已指定用途留存收益appropriation 拨款,指拨经费appropriation account ①拨款账户②留存收益分配账户appropriation budget 拨款预算approval 核定,审批approved account 核定账户approved bond 核定债券A/R 应收账款arbitrage 套利,套汇arbitrage transaction 套利业务,套汇业务arbitration 仲裁,公断arithmetical error 算术误差arm,s-length price 正常价格,公正价格arm,s-length transaction 一臂之隔交易,正常交易ARR 会计收益率arrears ①拖欠,欠款②迟付arrestment 财产扣押Authur Anderson & Co. 约瑟•安德森会计师事务所,安达信会计师事务所article 文件条文,合同条款articles of incorporation 公司章程articles of partnership 合伙契约articulate 环接articulated concept 环接观念artificial intelligence 人工智能ASB 审计准则委员会ASE 美国股票交易所Asian Development Bank 亚洲开发银行Asian dollar 亚洲美元asking price 索价,卖方报价assessed value 估定价值assessment ①估定,查定②特别税捐,特别摊派税捐asset 资产asset cover 资产担保,资产保证asset depreciation range 资产折旧年限幅度asset-liability view 资产—负债观念asset quality 资产质量asset retirement 资产退役,资产报废asset revaluation 资产重估价asset stripping 资产剥离,资产拆卖asset structure 资产结构asset turnover 资产周转率asset valuation 资产计价assignment of accounts receivable 应收账款转让associated company 联属公司,附属公司Association of Government Accounting 政府会计师协会assumed liability 承担债务,承付债务AT 税后at cost 按成本at par 按票面额,平价at sight 见票兑付,即期兑付attached account 被查封账户attachment 扣押,查封attest 证明,验证attestation 证明书,鉴定书audit 审核,审计auditability 可审核性audit committee 审计委员会audit coverage 审计范围audited financial statement 审定财务报表,审定会计报表audit evidence 审计证据,审计凭证Audit Guides 《审计指南》auditing ①审计②审计学auditing procedure 审计程序auditing process 审计过程auditing standard 审计标准,审计准则Auditing Standards Board 审计准则委员会Auditor 审计员,审计师auditor general 审计主任,总审计auditor,s legal liability 审计师法律责任auditor,s opinion 审计师意见书auditor,s report 审计师报告,查账报告audit program 审计工作计划audit report 审计报告audit risk 审计风险audit sampling 审计抽样audit software 审计软件audit test 审计抽查audit trail 审计脉络,审计线索audit working paper 审计工作底稿authorized capital stock 核定股本,法定股本automated clearing house 自动票据交换所automated teller machine 自动取款机automatic transfer service 自动转账服务available asset 可用资产available inventory 可用存货average balance 平均余额average collection period 平均收款期average cost 平均成本average-cost method 平均成本法average inventory 平均存货,平均库存average life 平均寿命,平均使用年限average payment period (of accounts payable) 应付账款平均付款期average rate of return 平均收益率averages 股票价格平均指数avoidable cost 可避免成本back charge 欠费费用back date 倒填日期,填早日期backed bill 背书票据back-end load 后期负担backer ①票据担保人②财务支持人backlog depreciation 欠提折旧back order 欠交订货back pay 欠付工资back tax 欠交税款back-to-back credit 对开信用证back-to-back loan 对销贷款back wardation 倒价backward integration 逆向合并bad check 空头支票bad debt 呆账,呆账账户bad debt account 呆账账户bad debt expense 呆账费用bad debt ratio 呆账比率bad debt recovery 呆账收回bailment 寄销,寄托bailout 抽资bailout period 投资返还期balance ①余额②平衡balance budget 平衡预算balance due 结欠余额balance fund 平衡基金balance of account 账户余额balance of payment 国际收支差额balance of retained earnings 留存收益余额balance sheet 资产负债表balance sheet account 资产负债表账户balance sheet analysis 资产负债表分析balance sheet audit 资产负债表审计balance sheet date 结账日期balance sheet ratio 资产负债表比率balance sheet total 资产负债表总额balloon payment 漂浮式付款bank 银行bank(er,s) acceptance 银行承兑,银行承兑汇票bank balance 银行存款余额bankbook 存折bank charge 银行手续费bank checking account 银行支票账户,银行活期存款账户bank confirmation 银行证明信函bank credit 银行信用,银行信贷bank custody 银行保险库bank draft 银行汇票banker ①银行家②银行bank failure 银行倒闭bank loan 银行贷款bank overdraft 银行透支bank reconciliation statement 银行对账单,银行存款调节表bank reference 银行征信信函bank run 银行挤兑bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy act 破产法bankruptcy cost 破产成本bankruptcy court 破产法院bankruptcy prediction 破产判断Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 1978年破产改革法bank transfer 银行汇兑业务,银行转账业务bargain ①合同,谈判②廉价货bargain money 定金bargain purchase option 承租人优先购置权bargain renewed option 承租人优先续租权bargain sale 廉价销售barometers 经济晴雨表,经济指标barometers stock 晴雨表股票barter 以货易货barter transaction 易货业务base 基数base period 基期base price 基价base rate 基础利率base stock 基础存量BASIC 基础语言basic earnings per share 每股基础收益basis 基准basis of accounting 会计基准,会计方法basis of taxation 计税基准basis point 基点basket purchase 整套采购,总价采购batch costing 分批成本计算法batch processing 分批处理,分批数据处理B/D 过次页B/E 汇票BE analysis 损益分界分析,保本分析bear ①承担,负担②卖空者,空头bearer 持票人bearer bond 不记名债券bearer draft 不记名汇票bear interest 附息,负担利息bear market 熊市,下跌行情bear squeeze 榨空头beating the market 战胜股市before-separation cost 分离前成本before-tax income 税前收益Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code 基础语言,初学者通用符号指令语言beginning balance 期初余额beginning inventory 期初存货bellwether security 领头证券,龙头证券below par 低于票面价值below the line 线下项目beneficial interest 受益人权益beneficial owner 受益权人beneficiary 受益人,受款人,受赔人benefit ①效益,利益②福利金,津贴benefit-cost analysis 效益成本分析benefit-cost ratio 效益成本比率benefit fund 福利基金benefit in kind 实物福利benefit system 职工福利制度best-efforts agreement 证券尽力推销协议beta coefficient 贝塔系数beta risk 贝塔风险,第二种类型误差betterment 改造投资,改造工程投资B/F 余额承前Bias 偏差,偏向性bid ①买价②投标bid bond 投标保证金bid price ①买方出价,买价②投标价格big bath 巨额冲销Big Board 大证券交易所Big Five 五大会计师事务所bill ①汇票,票据②通知单,清单③账单,发货票billing 开发票,开账单billing clerk 开票员bill of entry 报关单bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading 提货单,提单bill of materials 用料单bill of sales 销货清单,卖据bills payable 应付票据bills receivable 应收票据B/L 提货单black market 黑市black money 黑钱blank bill of lading 不记名提货单blank check 空白支票blank endorsement 不记名背书blanket mortgage 总括抵押blanket order 总括订货单blanket price 总括价格blind entry 失实分录,未加说明的分录blind purchase 盲目采购blue-chip 蓝筹码股票,热门股票blue-sky laws 蓝天法,股票发行控制法board chairman 董事长board minutes 董事会会议记录board of directors 董事会board of trade 同业公会,商会bond ①债券②保证书,保证金③忠诚保证bond conversion 债券兑换bond discount 债券折价bonded goods 保税货物bonded warehouse 保税仓库bond financing 债券筹资bondholder 债券持有人bond indenture 债券信托契约,债券契约bonding company 忠诚担保公司bond issue cost 债券发行成本bond premium 债券溢价bond rating 评定债券等级bonds outstanding 流通在外债券,未偿付债券bonds payable 应付公司债券bond yield 债券收益率bonus 奖金,红利bonus issue 发行红利股book ①账簿②账面的③记账book audit 账簿审计book balance 账面余额book inventory 账面存货,账面盘存bookkeeper 簿记员,记账员bookkeeping ①簿记,记账②簿记学book of final entry 终结分录账簿book of orginal entry 原始分录账簿book profit 账面利润,账面盈利book rate of return 账面收益率books of accounts 账簿book value 账面价值book value per share 每股账面价值boot 补价borrowing 借贷,借款borrowing power 借款能力bottom line 损益表底线,最终财务成果B/R 应收票据branch 分支机构,分店branch accounting 分支机构会计,分店会计branch current account 分支机构往来账户,分店往来账户branch ledger 分支机构分类账brand name 牌号名称,商标名称breach of contract 违约,违反合同breach of trust 违反信托breakdown 分解,按细目分类break-even analysis 损益分界分析,损益平衡分析break-even chart 损益分界图表,损益平衡图表break-even point 损益分界点,损益平衡点break-up value 拆卖价值bribes and kickbacks 贿赂和回扣bridging loan 过渡性贷款British Accounting Association 英国会计学会broker 经纪人brokerage 经纪人佣金brought down 入次页,过次页brought forward 承前页budget 预算budgetary control 预算控制budget decision 预算决策bugeting 预算编制budget management 预算管理budget variance 预算差异buffer stock 保险库存,缓冲存货bull ①买空②买空者,多头bullion 金银块,金银条bull market 牛市,涨市burden 间接费用burden rate 间接费用率business ①商业,工商业②企业③经营,营业business accounting 企业会计business barometer 工商业指标business combination 企业合并business cycle 商业周期,商业循环business environment 企业环境business failure 经营失败business income 企业收益,营业收益business risk 经营风险,营业风险business segment 企业分部business transaction 企业交易,营业业务business trust 企业经营信托buy and hold decision 购入和持存决策buyer,s credit 买方信贷buying expense 进货费用buyout 收购股权,收购控制股权buy over 收买,贿赂bylaws 公司章程细则by-product 副产品CA 特许会计师cable transfer 电汇calculation 计算calculator 计算器calendar year 日历年度call ①期前偿还,期前兑回②催交股款③买方期权callable bond 可提前兑回债券callable preferred stock 可提前兑回优先股call loan 活期拆放贷款call option 股票购买期权call premium 提前兑回溢价call price 提前兑回价格call provision 提前兑回条款cancelable lease 可取消租约cancelled check 注销支票C & F 货价加运费C & I 货价加保险费capacity ①生产能力②偿债能力capacity cost 生产能力成本,经营能力成本capacity to borrow 借款能力capacity to contract 订约能力,订约资格capital 资本金,资本capital account 资本账户capital addition 资本增置capital allowance 资本减免capital and liabilities ratio 资本负债比率capital appreciation 资本升值capital asset 资本性资产capital asset pricing model 资本性资产计价模型capital authorized 额定资本,法定资本capital budget 资本预算capital cost 资本成本capital deficit 资本亏绌capital expenditure 资本支出capital gain 资本利得,资本收益capital impairment 资本减损capital intensive 资本密集capital investment 资本投资capital investment appraisal 资本投资评价capitalization 资本化capitalization of earnings 收益资本化capitalization of interest 利息资本化capitalized value 资本化价值capital lease 资本租赁capital leverage 资本杠杆作用capital loss 资本损失capital maintenance concept 资本保持概念,资本维护概念capital market 资本市场capital market line 资本市场贝塔风险线capital outlay 资本支出capital-output ratio 资本产值比率capital paid-in 实缴股本,投入股本。
商务英语翻译-U6词类转换翻译法
2. Don’t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.
不要恐惧那些想法可能比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聪 明的人。
3. Is Mr. Smith familiar with the performance of the laboratory equipment?
3.其它词类转译
5. He is the right man I’m looking for.
他正是我在找的人。
6. The unit of weight is the gram, that of length is the meter, and that of capacity is the liter.
1-①名词转译成动词 （n.---v. ）
英语中具有动作意义的动作意义的名词，汉译时往往可转化为 动词。
1. They went on strike in demand of a 40 percent wage increase. 他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。 2. Give me liberty or give me death.
服从命令是军人的天职。
3. Many Western people are religious.
很多西方人/西方人多数都是虔诚的教徒。
3.其它词类转译
1. You are a greater blockhead than I had supposed you to be. 你比我所想象得要傻得多（n.—adj.） 2. Our government shows great concern for the Chinese resident abroad. 我国政府十分关心海外华侨。 3. His address impressed me deeply. 他的讲话给我留下很深的印象。 4. From the front, back and both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemy. 我们在前后左右严密地监视敌人。
审计中的“黑话”
放飞机这个比较有名了，说白了就是在底稿上写自己没有做过的审计程序。
放飞机有时候是因为审计人员比较懒，做事情比较粗糙。
也有时候是因为项目负责人比较懒，定出来的审计程序不具有可操作性或者经济性，导致审计人员只能放飞机。
出Q和清Q出Q就是底稿在三级复核阶段复核人对底稿提出问题，作为底稿的编制人即项目小组的成员要回答这些问题即清Q。
某大的行话，后来就通用了。
意思就是senior/manager/partner在review paper的时候提出问题，出这些问题就是出Q。
出完Q要有人回答这些问题，这个过程叫做清Q。
在pwc这种问题叫做coaching notes，其实和Q没啥关联了。
不re不reasonable的简称。
审计程序中有一个程序或者方法叫做分析性复核，就是通过各种分析来判断财务数据的合理性。
当碰到有些结果看起来不合理的时候，我们就会说不re，因为这样说起来比较方便。
更广泛的话会引用到审计和客户之间的访谈和审计之间的交流里。
tie数字，不tie，tie不上中英结合的典范。
tie就是对数字的意思。
复式记账法会使得很多科目和交易会有勾稽关系，这也是审计用于检查账务处理正确性的理论基础。
所以检查勾稽关系的准确性就是一项标准的审计程序，为了说起来比较方便，就把tie单独拿出来来表示检查勾稽关系，后面加各种中文来丰富含义。
另外还有明细合计和总数核对，帐和报表核对，都会用tie来表示。
immaterial leave/额小不究审计人员最喜欢用的话，复核人员最讨厌的话。
审计和会计里面都会讲究重要性原则，当某个金额会影响到报表使用者的决策的时候，这个数字是重要的。
反之，则不重要。
这个不重要就用immaterial来表示。
实务中，当一些金额或者差异较小的时候，审计人员会非常开心的写上immaterial leave或者额小不究。
有时这个短语会被小朋友滥用。
Comfort中文翻译是审计信心，意思是你对于审计对象是真实公允的这一认定的确定程度。
会计学财务报表中英文对照外文翻译文献
会计学财务报表中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：中美财务报表的区别(1)财务报告内容构成上的区别1)美国的财务报告包括三个基本的财务报表，除此之外，典型的美国大公司财务报告还包括以下成分：股东权益、收益与综合收益、管理报告、独立审计报告、选取的5-10年数据的管理讨论与分析以及选取的季度数据。
2)我国财务报告不注重其解释，而美国在财务报告的内容、方法、多样性上都比较充分。
中国的评价部分包括会计报表和财务报表，财务报表是最主要的报表，它包括前述各项与账面不符的描述、财会政策与变化、财会评估的变化、会计差错等问题，资产负债表日期，关联方关系和交易活动等等，揭示方法是注意底部和旁注。
美国的财务范围在内容上比财务报表更加丰富，包括会计政策、技巧、添加特定项目的报告, 报告格式很难反映内容和商业环境等等，对违反一致性、可比性原则问题，评论也需要披露的，但也揭示了许多方面，比如旁注、底注、括号内、补充声明、时间表和信息分析报告。
(2)财务报表格式上的比较1)从资产负债表的格式来看，美国的资产负债表有账户类型和报告样式两项描述，而我国是使用固定的账户类型。
另外，我们的资产负债表在项目的使用上过于标准化，不能够很好的反映出特殊的商业项目或者不适用于特殊类型的企业。
而美国的资产负债表项目是多样化的，除此之外，财务会计准则也是建立在资产负债表中资产所有者投资和支出两项要素基础上的，这一点也是中国的财会准则中没有的。
2)从损益表格式的角度来看，美国采用的是多步式，损益表项目分为两部分，营业利润和非营业利润，但是意义不同。
我国的营业利润在范围上比美国的小，例如投资收益在美国是归类为营业利润的而在我国则不属于营业利润。
另外，我国的损益表项目较美国的更加规范和严格，美国校准损益表仅仅依赖于类别和项目。
报告收可以与销售收入及其他收入相联系，也可以和利息收益、租赁收入和单项投资收益相联系；在成本方面，并不是严格的划分为管理成本、财务成本、和市场成本，并且经常性销售费用、综合管理费用以及利息费用、净利息收益都要分别折旧。
信贷基本词汇英汉对照(1)-译国译民
信贷基本词汇英汉对照(1)-译国译民翻译公司2M method 2M法3M method 3M法A scores A值Accounting convention 会计惯例Accounting for acquisitions 购并的会计处理Accounting for debtors 应收账款核算Accounting for depreciation 折旧核算Accounting for foreign currencies 外汇核算Accounting for goodwill 商誉核算Accounting for stocks 存货核算Accounting policies 会计政策Accounting standards 会计准则Accruals concept 权责发生原则Achieving credit control 实现信用控制Acid test ratio 酸性测试比率Actual cash flow 实际现金流量Adjusting company profits 企业利润调整Advance payment guarantee 提前偿还保金Adverse trading 不利交易Advertising budget 广告预算Advising bank 通告银行Age analysis 账龄分析Aged debtors analysis 逾期账款分析Aged debtors’ exception report 逾期应收款的特殊报告Aged debtors’ exception report 逾期账款特别报告Aged debtors’ report逾期应收款报告Aged debtors’ report逾期账款报告All—monies clause 全额支付条款Amortization 摊销Analytical questionnaire 调查表分析Analytical skills 分析技巧Analyzing financial risk 财务风险分析Analyzing financial statements 财务报表分析Analyzing liquidity 流动性分析Analyzing profitability 盈利能力分析Analyzing working capital 营运资本分析Annual expenditure 年度支出Anticipating future income 预估未来收入Areas of financial ratios 财务比率分析的对象Articles of incorporation 合并条款Asian crisis 亚洲(金融)危机Assessing companies 企业评估Assessing country risk 国家风险评估Assessing credit risks 信用风险评估Assessing strategic power 战略地位评估Assessment of banks 银行的评估Asset conversion lending 资产转换贷款Asset protection lending 资产担保贷款Asset sale 资产出售Asset turnover 资产周转率Assets 资产Association of British Factors and Discounters 英国代理人与贴现商协会Auditor's report 审计报告Aval 物权担保Bad debt 坏账Bad debt level 坏账等级Bad debt risk 坏账风险Bad debts performance 坏账发生情况Bad loans 坏账Balance sheet 资产负债表Balance sheet structure 资产负债表结构Bank credit 银行信贷Bank failures 银行破产Bank loans．availability 银行贷款的可获得性Bank status reports 银行状况报告Bankruptcy 破产Bankruptcy code 破产法Bankruptcy petition 破产申请书Basle agreement 塞尔协议Basle Agreement 《巴塞尔协议》Behavioral scoring 行为评分Bill of exchange 汇票Bill of lading 提单BIS 国际清算银行BIS agreement 国际清算银行协定Blue chip 蓝筹股Bonds 债券Book receivables 账面应收账款Borrowing money 借人资金Borrowing proposition 借款申请Breakthrough products 创新产品Budgets 预算Building company profiles 勾画企业轮廓Bureaux (信用咨询)公司Business development loan 商业开发贷款Business failure 破产Business plan 经营计划Business risk 经营风险Buyer credits 买方信贷Buyer power 购买方力量Buyer risks 买方风险CAMPARI 优质贷款原则Canons of lending 贷款原则Capex 资本支出Capital adequacy 资本充足性Capital adequacy rules 资本充足性原则Capital commitments 资本承付款项Capital expenditure 资本支出Capital funding 资本融资Capital investment 资本投资Capital strength 资本实力Capital structure 资本结构Capitalization of interest 利息资本化Capitalizing development costs 研发费用资本化Capitalizing development expenditures 研发费用资本化Capitalizing interest costs 利息成本资本化Cascade effect 瀑布效应Cash assets 现金资产Cash collection targets 现金托收目标Cash cycle 现金循环周期Cash cycle ratios 现金循环周期比率Cash cycle times 现金循环周期时间Cash deposit 现金储蓄Cash flow adjustments 现金流调整Cash flow analysis 现金流量分析Cash flow crisis 现金流危机Cash flow cycle 现金流量周期Cash flow forecasts 现金流量预测Cash flow lending 现金流贷出Cash flow profile 现金流概况Cash flow projections 现金流预测Cash flow statements 现金流量表Cash flows 现金流量Cash position 现金头寸Cash positive JE现金流量Cash rich companies 现金充足的企业Cash surplus 现金盈余Cash tank 现金水槽Cash-in-advance 预付现金Categorized cash flow 现金流量分类CE 优质贷款原则CEO 首席执行官Chairman 董事长，总裁Chapter 11 rules 第十一章条款Charge 抵押Charged assets 抵押资产Chief executive officer 首席执行官Collateral security 抵押证券Collecting payments 收取付款Collection activity收款活动Collection cycle 收款环节Collection procedures 收款程序Collective credit risks 集合信用风险Comfortable liquidity positi9n 适当的流动性水平Commercial mortgage 商业抵押Commercial paper 商业票据Commission 佣金Commitment fees 承诺费Common stock 普通股Common stockholders 普通股股东Company and its industry 企业与所处行业Company assets 企业资产Company liabilities 企业负债Company loans 企业借款Competitive advantage 竞争优势Competitive forces 竞争力Competitive products 竞争产品Complaint procedures 申诉程序Computerized credit information 计算机化信用信息Computerized diaries 计算机化日志Confirmed letter of credit 承兑信用证Confirmed letters of credit 保兑信用证Confirming bank 确认银行Conservatism concept 谨慎原则Consistency concept 一贯性原则Consolidated accounts 合并报表Consolidated balance sheets 合并资产负债表Contingent liabilities 或有负债Continuing security clause 连续抵押条款Contractual payments 合同规定支出Control limits 控制限度Control of credit activities 信用活动控制Controlling credit 控制信贷Controlling credit risk 控制信用风险Corporate credit analysis 企业信用分析Corporate credit controller 企业信用控制人员Corporate credit risk analysis 企业信用风险分析Corporate customer 企业客户Corporate failure prediction models 企业破产预测模型Corporate lending 企业贷款Cost leadership 成本领先型Cost of sales 销售成本Costs 成本Country limit 国家限额Country risk 国家风险Court judgments 法院判决Covenant 贷款保证契约Covenants 保证契约Creative accounting 寻机性会计Credit analysis 信用分析Credit analysis of customers 客户信用分析Credit analysis of suppliers 供应商的信用分析Credit analysis on banks 银行信用分析Credit analysts 信用分析Credit assessment 信用评估Credit bureau reports 信用咨询公司报告Credit bureaux 信用机构Credit control 信贷控制Credit control activities 信贷控制活动Credit control performance reports 信贷控制绩效报告Credit controllers 信贷控制人员Credit cycle 信用循环Credit decisions 信贷决策Credit deterioration 信用恶化Credit exposure 信用敞口Credit granting process 授信程序Credit information 信用信息Credit information agency 信用信息机构Credit insurance 信贷保险Credit insurance advantages 信贷保险的优势Credit insurance brokers 信贷保险经纪人Credit insurance limitations 信贷保险的局限Credit limits 信贷限额Credit limits for currency blocs 货币集团国家信贷限额Credit limits for individual countries 国家信贷限额Credit management 信贷管理Credit managers 信贷经理Credit monitoring 信贷监控Credit notes 欠款单据Credit period 信用期Credit planning 信用计划Credit policy 信用政策Credit policy issues 信用政策发布Credit proposals 信用申请Credit protection 信贷保护Credit quality 信贷质量Credit rating 信用评级Credit rating agencies 信用评级机构Credit rating process 信用评级程序Credit rating system 信用评级系统Credit reference 信用咨询Credit reference agencies 信用评级机构Credit risk 信用风险Credit risk assessment 信用风险评估Credit risk exposure 信用风险敞口Credit risk insurance 信用风险保险Credit risk．individual customers 个体信用风险Credit risk：bank credit 信用风险：银行信用Credit risk：trade credit 信用风险：商业信用Credit scoring 信用风险评分Credit scoring model 信用评分模型Credit scoring system 信用评分系统Credit squeeze 信贷压缩Credit taken ratio 受信比率Credit terms 信贷条款Credit utilization reports 信贷利用报告Credit vetting 信用审查Credit watch 信用观察Credit worthiness 信誉Creditor days 应付账款天数Cross-default clause 交叉违约条款Currency risk 货币风险Current assets 流动资产Current debts 流动负债Current ratio requirement 流动比率要求Current ratios 流动比率Customer care 客户关注Customer credit ratings 客户信用评级Customer liaison 客户联络Customer risks 客户风险Cut-off scores 及格线Cycle of credit monitoring 信用监督循环Cyclical business 周期性行业Daily operating expenses 经营费用Day’s sales outstanding 收回应收账款的平均天数Debentures 债券Debt capital 债务资本Debt collection agency 债务托收机构Debt issuer 债券发行人Debt protection levels 债券保护级别Debt ratio 负债比率Debt securities 债券Debt service ratio 还债率Debtor days 应收账款天数Debtor's assets 债权人的资产Default 违约Deferred payments 延期付款Definition of leverage 财务杠杆率定义Deposit limits 储蓄限额Depositing money 储蓄资金Depreciation 折旧Depreciation policies 折旧政策Development budget 研发预算Differentiation 差别化Direct loss 直接损失Directors salaries 董事薪酬Discretionary cash flows 自决性现金流量Discretionary outflows 自决性现金流出Distribution costs 分销成本Dividend cover 股息保障倍数Dividend payout ratio 股息支付率Dividends 股利Documentary credit 跟单信用证DSO 应收账款的平均回收期Duration of credit risk 信用风险期Eastern bloc countries 东方集团国家EBITDA 扣除利息、税收、折旧和摊销之前的收益ECGD 出口信贷担保局Economic conditions 经济环境Economic cycles 经济周期Economic depression 经济萧条Economic growth 经济增长Economic risk 经济风险Electronic data interchange(EDI) 电子数据交换Environmental factors 环境因素Equity capital 权益资本Equity finance 权益融资Equity stake 股权EU countries 欧盟国家EU directives 欧盟法规EU law 欧盟法律Eurobonds 欧洲债券European parliament 欧洲议会European Union 欧盟Evergreen loan 常年贷款Exceptional item 例外项目Excessive capital commitments 过多的资本承付款项Exchange controls 外汇管制Exchange-control regulations 外汇管制条例Exhaust method 排空法Existing competitors 现有竞争对手Existing debt 未清偿债务Export credit agencies 出口信贷代理机构Export credit insurance 出口信贷保险Export factoring 出口代理Export sales 出口额Exports Credit Guarantee Department 出口信贷担保局Extending credit 信贷展期External agency 外部机构External assessment methods 外部评估方式External assessments 外部评估External information sources 外部信息来源Extraordinary items 非经常性项目Extras 附加条件Facility account 便利账户Factoring 代理Factoring debts 代理收账Factoring discounting 代理折扣Factors Chain International 国际代理连锁Failure prediction scores 财务恶化预测分值FASB (美国)财务会计准则委员会Faulty credit analysis 破产信用分析Fees 费用Finance，new business ventures 为新兴业务融资Finance，repay existing debt 为偿还现有债务融资Finance, working capital 为营运资金融资Financial assessment 财务评估Financial cash flows 融资性现金流量Financial collapse 财务危机。
审计外文文献翻译
AUDIT MARKET FAILUREBenedikt KoehlerThe auditing profession has called for the current regime of unlimited liability to be replaced with liability caps. The Department of Trade and Industry has tabled proposals to reform the structure of the market for audit services. These proposals fall short of meeting the demand for liability limitation but modify he current regime inasmuch as auditor liability, though uncapped, would be proportional to the damage caused by audit failure. This step is unlikely to reme dy audit market failure. This article argues the distortion of market ncentives in audit markets can be traced to government intervention and the re me dy lies in re placing government interve ntion with c ompetition.IntroductionProponents of audit lia bility reform argue that the c urre nt weight of obligations is untena ble. A re gime of unlimited lia bility, coupled with the doctrine of joint and se veral liability, implies that every c orporate insolvenc y can trigge r litiga tion by plaintiffs arguing tha t auditors are c ulpa ble for not spotting trouble in time. Worse, auditors can not only be he ld to acc ount by a compa ny’s mana ge me nt, but by third parties as well. Auditors feel tha t providing an a udit opinion in effect is ta nta mount to underwriting the solve ncy of their clients.The Ge neral Acc ounting Office (GAO) finds in a surve y of c orporate failures that auditors had qualified their opinion in only half of all cases. Therein lies the crux. Auditors attest whether a compa ny’s accounts are dra wn up in accordance with auditing standards. That is not the same thing as to vouc h for a company’s solve ncy. Auditors argue it is wrong to confla te audit failure and c orporate failure.In 1992 the Big Six US a uditors state d that without c hec ks to third-party litigation, it would only be a question of time until their number dwindled (Arthur Ande rsen et al., 1992). US le gisla tion passe d in 1995 se t hurdles for filing claims a nd for a while seeme d to ste m the tide of litigation. Yet the de mise of Arthur Andersen ga ve urge ncy to thecalls for a udit market reform. Auditors a ver that insolve ncies are a fact of life and the next major corporate c olla pse is like ly to start a nother round of musical c hairs in the audit sector. Another reduction in the number of auditors with global reach would contra vene the public interest in sta ble fina ncial markets.Not e veryone is c onvince d of the nee d to cap a uditor lia bility. EU Commissioner Frits Bolkestein, for exa mple, has little sympa thy for the auditing profession’s pleas. First, users of fina ncial accounts are reassure d by knowing a uditors back their attest with unlimited lia bility. Unlimited lia bility concentrates the mind. Sec ondly, argues Bolkeste in, the threat to a udit market struc ture is entirely self-inflicte d. Auditors pursue d a strategy of global growth by leve raging the re putation earne d in na tional marke ts. They could hardly c omplain that the threat of conta gion from partic ular markets might affect the entire operation. Bolkestein is but one of those who belie ve that cappin g claims against auditors is a cure worse tha n the disease (Bolkestein, 2003). Bolkestein ta bles two issues: one is market structure, the other is unlimited third-party lia bility.Market structureIn almost e very country, the Big Four a uditors enjoy a virtual monopoly in a uditing the large compa ny sector. The ga p separa ting the Big Four and the vast majority of a udit service providers is enormous. The auditing sector is marke d by a stark c ontrast betwee n four globa l firms accounting for the bulk of ind ustry re venue, and small firms with up to four pa rtners accounting for the bulk of industry numbers. The ga p see ms unbridgea ble. The question of ideal c ompany size in a uditing, and why there is little migra tion betwee n segments, is unse ttle d. George Stigler (1958) suggeste d segme nting a n industry into layers of compa nies of similar size and c omparing the ir returns on ca pital. Over time, firms will gravitate towards a size that maximises returns. Stigler’s ana lytical tools do not expla in the peculiar structure of the audit sector.We cannot be sure whether, in the audit sector, firm size can be divided into a continuous or ste pped c ontinuum. The firm-size dic hotomy in a uditing raises the question of whether la rge a nd sma ll firms are in the sa me market at all.Within the large-firm segme nt, howeve r, Ge orge Stigler’s forecast that compa nies gra vitate towa rds ideal c ompany size holds true. Sulliva n (2002) e xa mines the pricingstructure of the Big Eight firms before and after mergers a nd discovers price declines for large clie nts. Ba nker et al. (2003) find ta ngible productivity ga ins after audit firm mergers. At one end of the audit market spectrum, scale economies are real.Some proffer the working hypothesis that a uditing’s unlimite d lia bility re gime deters market e ntry. Thus, ending unlimite d lia bility would foster c onditions allowing smaller firms to scale-up opera tions. Once auditor lia bility is ca ppe d, according to this line of thinking, smaller firms would c ompete aga inst industry leaders a nd in due course break up the incumbe nt oligopoly.The Office of Fair Trading (2004) e xa mines this question and does not find the argument compelling. A c onnection betwee n audit lia bility re gimes and market struc ture is in a ny eve nt e mpirica lly unsubsta ntiate d. Three c ountries with ca ps on a uditor lia bility (Austria, Germa ny a nd Greece) are not known to ha ve conspicuously higher inte nsity of audit market c ompe tition for big clie nts. If the searc h for mea ns to improve audit markets has bee n unsuccessful, perha ps it would ma ke sense to look else where for polic y solutions. Argua bly, the proble ms of the a udit sector areinduced by government intervention.Unlimited third-party liabilityGovernments ha ve interve ned in a udit liability re gimes for over 150 years. The English Joint Stoc k Companies Act (1844) is the first insta nce of ma ndatory audit provision in legislation. The re mit of publicly ma ndated a udits in the UK a udits was exte nde d to banks in 1879 and to limite d liability c ompanies in 1900. In the Unite d States indepe ndent audits were voluntary until the 1934 Securities Exc ha nge Ac t. At that point auditors acquire d the function of ‘public wa tchdogs’.Before the 1934 Sec urities Exc hange Act (SEC Act) a uditors were only lia ble to the principals who hire d them. Third-party lia bility claims did not succee d in court. US Supre me Court Judge Benja min Cardozo, in his ruling in Ultra mares (1931), ring- fenced a uditors from ‘a lia bility in an indeterminate a mount for an indetermina te time to a n inde terminate class. The hazards of a business c onducte d on these terms are so extre me as to enkindle doubt whether a fla w ma y not exist in the implicating of a dutythat e xposes to these c onse quences.’The 1934 SEC Act did not hee dCardozo’s warning. The imposition of audits by public man date opene d the floodgates to the flow of third-party litigation that Ca rdoz o sought to seal off.The SEC Ac t ma de a uditors the target of lia bility claims file d by plaintiffs who read an a udit opinion as a seal of good house keeping. The tide of claims a nd se ttle me nts rose for severa l deca des and hit its high-wa ter mark by the 1990s. In the USA the 1995 Private Sec urities Litigation Reform Ac t curtaile d the scope for third-party la wsuits and brought a measure of re lief to the profession. Since then the twin corporate a nd a udit failures of Enron a nd Arthur Anderse n have once more brought the issue of audit market structure a nd lia bility to the fore. Authorities are looking for wa ys to improve market structure a nd entry c onditions. The following c omments sugge st as a re medy for the dysfunctional a udit market to re in bac k the re mit of government interve ntion.Market failure or regulatory failure?The 1934 SEC Ac t mandate d audits in the public interest. This ste p broade ne d the range of a uditors’contractual obligations. The SEC Ac t did not define what these liabilities were and it was left to the courts to interpret the m. The adde d lia bility to third parties c ha nge d the incentives of a udit market actors. Auditors are liable to the c ompany that hire d the m, and to third parties tha t did not. Companies pa y auditors, third parties do not. The impact of third-party litigation risk on a udit service pricing is not tra nsparent. Third-party litiga tion risk can be reflecte d in audit service contracts in three possiblewa ys. The first is that third-party litigation risk is priced into a udit c ontracts a nd compa nies foot the bill for free- riding parties. That mea ns compa nies overpa y. The second is that third-party litigation risk is not priced into a udit service c ontracts: in tha t case, auditors are underpaid. The third possibility is that c ompanies perceive auditor accounta bility to third-party liabilities as a be nefit to the mselves a nd are pre pared to reward this service. Researc h suggests this is the case. If so, this ha s some bearing on the issue of audit market reform. Companies in Spain, for e xa mple, report they c hoose a large a udit firm in the e xpectation that this will improve their cre dibility with business partners a broa d (Moizer et al., 2004). Another study rela te s the effect of a udit marketreform in Ca na da, where in 1994 le gislation ga ve certain large private compa nies a n exe mption from ma ndatory audits. Subseque ntly, a bout a quarter of all eligiblecompa nies re duced the e xte nt of audit services. Those that c onti nue d audit services at pre-reform le vels stated tha t the ir motivation was to maintain cre dibility with outside parties (Rennie et a l., 2001). Clearly, auditor third-party accounta bility is a ke ybenefit to c ompa nies.This finding has some bearing on reforms of audit regula tion. Compa nies that do not provide the information investors e xpect ha ve diffic ulty attracting investment. Over time, a company’s c os t of capital will signal whether the le vel of disclosure is right. The Ca na dia n experie nce shows c o mpanies choose the level of inde pende nt a udits that suit their nee ds. If compa nies are prepare d to hire auditors voluntarily, governments nee d not compe l the m.An objec tion a gainst a switch from ma ndatory to voluntary re porting might be tha t this would not make a differe nce. If private and public incentives overla p, outcomes in the market would be ide ntical. This objection overlooks tha t dropping government-ma nda ted a udits would allow flexibility in two respects. Both the le vel a nd the form of audit services could vary. Where re gulation dete rmines the level of a udit services, these ma y be overprovide d or underprovide d. An exa mple of each possibility follows.In Florida, regulation precludes some municipalities from putting their a udit contracts out to te nder. Re gulators wa nt municipalities to pic k their a uditor solely on quality. Restricte d and unrestric ted a udit markets in Florida allow c omparison of the effect on marke t outc omes. Munic ipa lities with bidding restrictions te nd to pa y more for audit services and to win more a wards for high standards of financ ial disclosure(Hac ke nbrac k et al., 2000). One might suspect that this is a case of gold plating. A case underprovision of audit services, on the other ha nd, beca me appare nt inGerma ny whe n corporations won the right to switc h from domestic to US acc ounting rules. DaimlerBe nz ava ile d itself of this opportunity. Eve n though itsrestated acc ounts showe d a loss rather tha n a profit,the compa ny’s post-restate me nt share price went up. This investor reaction is c onsiste nt with theexpectat ion that ca pital markets re wa rdincrease dtra nsparenc y (Le uz and Verrecchia, 2000; Myddelton, 2004).More over, imposing uniform accounting sta nda rds diminishes scope for the audit sector to develop varia nt disclosure for ms. Re gulatory competition in corporate governa nce is trie d a ndteste d in US fina ncial markets. An e xa mple is the highly sophisticate d fra me work for corpora tegovernance in the USA regarding domicile ofinc orporation. US c orporations are free to c hoose the ir domicile and over time realised that pic king the right location for incorporation gives an e dgein raising capital. Market discipline, rather tha n governme nt directives, creates incentives for choosing whe re to inc orporate. Similarly, giving compa nies an option to express a prefere nce for alternative accounting sta ndards would allow marke t forces to determine optima l reporting regimes (Sunder, 2002).The De partme nt of Trade a nd Industry’s proposa ls will not affec t the top-hea vy structure of the audit market. A more effective way to increase c ompe tition in a udit markets would be to re lease companies and auditors from the require me nt to c omply with guidelines impose d by governme nt. This step would e nd the distortion of ince ntives and re lease pote ntia l to ne gotiate a udit c ontracts that meet the re quire me nts ofcompa nies, a uditors a nd third parties.ReferencesArthur Anderse n, Coopers & Lybra nd, Deloitte Touc he, Ernst& Young, KPMG Peat Marwic k a nd Price Wa terhouse(1992) ‘The Lia bility Crisis in the Unite d Stat es: Impact on the Acc ounting Profession’, re printe d in Journa l of Acc ountanc y, 174, 19–23.Ba nker, R., H. Chang a nd R. Cunningham (2003) ‘The Public Accounting Industry Production Function’, Journal ofAccounting a nd Economics, 35, 255–281.Bolkestein, F. (2003) ‘Auditor Liability. An EU Perspective’,Address toBeac hcroft Wa nsborough Confere nce,24 Ma rch.Hac kenbrac k, K., K. Jense n and J. Pa yne (2000) ‘The Effect of a Bi dding Restriction on the Audit Services Market’,Journal of Acc ounting Research, 38, 355–374.Leuz, C. a nd R. Ve rrecchia (2000) ‘The Ec onomic Conse que nces of Increased Disclosure’, Journal of Accounting Researc h, 38, 91–136.Moizer, P., M. Bena u, C. Humphrey a nd A. Martinez (2004)‘The Corporate Ima ge of Auditors in a De veloping Audit Market wit hin the EU: The Ca se of Spa in’, Europea nAcc ounting Revie w, 13, 561–582.Myddelton, D. R. (2004) Unshac kling Accounta nts, London:Institute of Economic Affairs.Office of Fair Trading (2004) An Assessment of the Implications for Competition of a Ca p on Audito rs’ Lia bility (OFT 741),London: OFT.Re nnie, M., D. Senkow, R. Re nnie and J. Wa ng (2001) ‘The Audit Rete ntion Decision in the Face of Dere gulation: Evide nce from Large Private Ca nadian Corporations’,Auditing: A Journal of Practice and The ory, 20, 101–113.S tigler, G. (1958) ‘The Ec onomies of Scale’, Journal of La w andEc onomics, 1, 54 –71Sulliva n, M. (2002) ‘The Effect of the Big Eight Accounting Firm Mergers on the Market for Audit Services’, Journal of La w a nd Ec onomics, 45, 375–399.Sunder, S. (2002) ‘Re gulatory Compe tition a mong Acc ounting Sta ndards within and across InternationalBoundaries’, Journa l of Acc ounting and Public Polic y,21,219–234Benedikt Koehler works at the Fina ncial ServicesAuthority. This article is writte n in a personal ca pacity(bene diktkoehler@).。
会计英语1-14章术语翻译（仅供参考,不足之处望批评指正。）
Chapter 1 Accounting会计Accounting equation会计等式Assets资产Auditors审计师Balance sheet资产负债表Bookkeeping记账Business entity assumption会计主体原则Common stock普通股Corporation公司Cost principle成本原则Equity权益Ethics伦理Events事项Expanded accounting equation扩展的会计等式Expenses费用External transactions外部交易External users外部信息使用者Financial accounting财务会计FASB美国财务会计准则委员会Full disclosure principle充分披露原则GAAP公认会计原则Going-concern assumption持续经营原则Income statement损益表Internal transactions内部交易Internal users内部信息使用者IASB国际会计准则理事会Liabilities负债Managerial accounting管理会计Matching principle配比原则Monetary unit assumption货币单位原则Net income净收益Net loss净损失Owner ,Capital所有者名下的资本Owner investment所有者投资Owner withdrawals所有者提取Partnership合伙企业Proprietorship独资企业Recordkeeping记账Revenue recognition principle收入确认原则Revenues收入Sarbanes –Oxley Act《萨班斯—奥克斯利法案》SEC证劵交易委员会Shareholders股东Shares股份Sole proprietorship个人独资企业Statement of cash flows现金流量表Statement of owner’s equity所有者权益表Stock股票Stockholders股东Time period assumption会计分期原则Withdrawals提取Chapter 2 Account账户Account balance账户余额Balance column account三栏式账户Chart of accounts会计科目表Compound journal entry复合日记账分录Credit贷方Creditors债权人Debit借方Debtors债务人Double-entry accounting复式记账法General journal普通日记账General ledger总分类账Journal日记账Journalizing 登记日记账Ledger分类账Posting过账(PR) column过账索引栏Source documents原始凭证T-account T型账户Trial balance试算平衡表Unearned revenue预收收入Chapter 3 Accounting period会计期间Accrual basis accounting权责发生制会计Accrued expenses应计费用Accrued revenues应计收入Adjusted trial balance调整后试算平衡表Adjusting entry调整分录Annual financial statements年度财务报表Book value账面价值Cash basis accounting收付实现制会计Contra account备抵账户Depreciation折旧Fiscal year会计年度Interim financial statements中期财务报表Matching principle配比原则Natural business year自然营业年度Plant assets固定资产Prepaid expenses预付费用Straight-line depreciation method直线折旧法Time period assumption会计分期原则Unadjusted trial balance调整前的试算平衡表Unearned revenues 预收收入Chapter 4 Accounting cycle会计循环Classified balance sheet分类资产负债表Closing entries结账分录Closing process结账过程Current assets流动资产Current liabilities流动负债Income summary损益汇总账户Intangible assets无形资产Long-term investments长期投资Long-term liabilities长期负债Operating cycle营业周期Permanent accounts永久性账户Post-closing trial balance结账后试算平衡表Pro forma financial statements预测财务报表Temporary accounts临时性账户Unclassified balance sheet未分类资产负债表Working papers工作底稿Work sheet工作底表Chapter 5 Cash discount现金折扣Cost of goods sold商品销售成本Credit memorandum贷记通知单Credit period 信用期Credit terms信用条件Debit memorandum借记通知单Discount period折扣期EOM月末FOB交货点General and administrative expenses一般及行政管理费用Gross margin毛利Gross profit毛利Inventory存货List price价目表价格Merchandise 商品Merchandise inventory库存商品Merchandiser商业企业Multiple-step income statement多步式损益表Periodic inventory system定期盘存制Perpetual inventory system永续盘存制Purchase discount购货折扣Retailer零售商Sales discount销售折扣Selling expenses销售费用Shrinkage损耗Single-step income statement单步式损益表Supplementary records辅助记录Trade discount商业折扣Wholesaler批发商Chapter 6 A verage cost平均成本Conservatism constraint稳健性原则Consignee 收货人Consignor发货人Consistency concept一致性原则FIFO先进先出法Interim statements中期报告LIFO后进先出法LCM成本与市价孰低法Net realizable value可变现净值Specific identification个别认定法Weighted average加权平均法Chapter 7 Accounts payable ledger应付账款分类账Accounts receivable ledger应收账款分类账Cash disbursements journal现金支出日记账Cash receipts journal现金收入日记账Check register支票登记薄Columnar journal多栏式日记账Compatibility principle适应性原则Controlling account统驭账户Control principle控制原则Cost-benefit principle成本—收益原则Flexibility princ iple灵活性原则General journal普通日记账Internal controls内部控制Purchases journal购货日记账Relevance principle相关性原则Sales journal销售日记账Schedule of accounts payable应付账款明细表Schedule of accounts receivable应收账款明细表Special journal特种日记账Subsidiary ledger明细分类账Chapter 8 Bank reconciliation银行存款余额调节表Bank statement银行对账单Canceled checks注销支票Cash 现金Cash equivalents现金等价物Cash over and short现金溢缺Check支票Deposit ticket存款单Deposits in transit在途存款EFT电子资金转账Internal control system内部控制制度Liquid assets流动资产Liquidity偿债能力Outstanding checks未兑现支票Petty cash备用金Principles of internal control内部控制原则Sarbanes-Oxley Act《萨班斯—奥克斯利法案》Signature card印鉴卡V oucher 凭单V oucher system凭单制Chapter 9 Accounts receivable应收账款Aging of accounts receivable应收账款账龄分析Allowance for Doubtful Accounts呆帐准备金Allowance method备抵法Bad debts坏账Direct write-off method直接核销法Interest 利息Maker of the note出票人Matching principle配比原则Materiality constraint重要性约束Maturity date of a note票据到期日Payee of the note票据收款人Principal of a note票据的本金Promissory note票据Realizable value可变现价值Chapter 10 Accelerated depreciation method加速折旧法Amortization摊销Asset book value资产账面价值Betterments改良工程投资Capital expenditures资本支出Change in an accounting estimate会计估计变更Copyright版权Cost成本Declining-balance method余额递减法Depletion折耗Depreciation折旧Extraordinary repairs非常修理Franchises特许权Goodwill商誉Impairment减损Inadequacy生产能力不足Indefinite life不确定使用年限Intangible assets无形资产Land improvements土地改良物Lease租约Leasehold租赁权Leasehold improvements租赁资产改良Lessee承租人Lessor 出租人Licenses特许权Limited life有限使用年限MACRS修正后的加速成本回收制度Natural resources自然资源Obsolescence陈旧，过时Ordinary repairs日常维修Patent专利权Plant asset age固定资产寿命Plant assets固定资产Plant asset useful life固定资产使用年限Revenue expenditures收益性支出Salvage value残值Straight-line depreciation直线折旧法Trademark or trade (brand) name商标或品牌Units-of-production depreciation工作量法Useful life使用年限Chapter 11 Contingent liability或有负债Current liabilities流动负债Current portion of long-term debt一年内到期的长期负债Employee benefits员工福利Estimated liability估计负债（FICA）Taxes联邦社会保险税FUTA联邦失业税Gross pay薪资总额Known liabilities已知负债Long-term liabilities长期负债Merit rating考绩Net pay薪资净额Payroll deductions薪资扣款Short-term note payable短期应付票据SUTA州失业救济税Warranty保修Chapter 12Bond 债券Bond certificate债券证书Bond indenture债券契约Carrying (book) value of bonds债券账面价值Discount on bonds payable应付债券折旧Installment note分期付款期票Market rate市场利率Mortgage抵押权Pension plan养老金计划Premium on bonds债券溢价Par value of a bond债券面值Straight-line bond amortization债券利息直线摊销法Chapter 13(AFS) securities可供出售证劵Comprehensive income综合收益Consolidated financial statements合并财务报表Equity method权益法Equity securities with controlling influence具有控制权的权益类证劵Equity securities with significant influence具有重大影响力的权益类证劵(HTM) securities持有至到期证劵Long-term investments长期投资Parent母公司Short-term investments短期投资Subsidiary子公司Trading securities交易性证劵Unrealized gain (loss)未实现收益（损失）Chapter 14Appropriated retained earnings拨定留存收益Authorized stock核定股本Call price赎回价格Callable preferred stock可赎回优先股Capital stock股本Changes in accounting estimates会计估计变更Common stock普通股Convertible preferred stock可转换优先股Corporation股份制公司Cumulative preferred stock累积优先股Date of declaration股利宣告日Date of payment股利发放日Date of record股权登记日Discount on stock股票折旧Dividend in arrears积欠股利Financial leverage财务杠杆Large stock dividend大额股票股利Liquidating cash dividend清算性现金股利Market value per share每股市价Minimum legal capital最低法定资本Noncumulative preferred stock非累积优先股Nonparticipating preferred stock非参与式股票No-par value stock无面值股票Organization expenses组建费Paid-in capital实收资本Paid-in capital in excess of par value资本溢价Participating preferred stock参与式股票Par value面值Par value stock有面值股票Preemptive right优先认股权Preferred stock优先股Premium on stock股票溢价Prior period adjustments前期损益调整Proxy授权委托书Restricted retained earnings限定用途留存收益Retained earnings 留存收益Retained earnings deficit留存收益赤字Reverse stock split并股Small stock dividend小额股票股利Stated value stock设定价值股票Statement of stockholders’ equity股东权益表Stock dividend股票股利Stock options股票期权Stock split股票分割Stockholders’ equity股东权益Treasury stock库藏股教你如何用WORD文档(2012-06-27 192246)转载▼标签：杂谈1. 问：WORD 里边怎样设置每页不同的页眉？如何使不同的章节显示的页眉不同？答：分节，每节可以设置不同的页眉。
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英文审计报告(带中文翻译)
xx company limited
（a joint stock company incorporated in the xx with limited
liability）
we have audited the financial statements on pages 58 to 108 which
statements, and of whether the accounting policies are appropriate
to the company's circumstances, consistently applied and adequately
incorporation of the company） to xx and have been properly prepared
in accordance with the disclosure requirements of the hong kong
贵公司的董事负责编制真实与公平的财务报表。在编制该等真实与公平的财务报表时，董事必须选取并贯彻采用合适的会计政策。我们的责任乃根据我们审核工作的结果，对该等财务报表作出独立意见，并仅向贵公司全体股东报告我们的结论，及不作其它用途。我们并不就本报告的内容向任何其它人士负上责任或承担法律责任。
disclosed.
we planned and performed our audit so as to obtain all the
information and explanations which we considered necessary in order
for no other purpose. we do not assume responsibility towards or
办公室各部门英文翻译大集合
办公室各部门英文翻译大集合总公司：Head Office董事室: Director’s Office董事长室Chairman’s Office执行董事助理：The assistant ofthe executive director总经理室：General Manager Office （总经理室:GM）财务总监CFO=chief finanical officer开发部Development Dept.财务部Finance Dept.财务部经理Finance Dept。
Manager,人事行政部：The Personnel Administratio Department人事行政部Personnel & Admin Dept.秘书室Secretary Room策划部Planning Dept。
预算部Budget Dept。
市场部Marketing Dept.工程设计部Construction ＆Design Dept. 样品室Sample Room 会议室Meeting Room保卫室Safe—Guarder Room /Guard Room策划部主管Supervisor/Director of Planning Department传达室reception room食堂工作间Canteen workshop值班室Room on-duty质量安全部Quality Safety Department部门经理办公室：Section manager's office质量和安全部Quality ＆Safety Department商务接待室：Business anteroom会客室——Meeting Room发行部——Publish Dept。
技术部—-Technology Dept。
行政部—-Administration项目部-—Project Dept.设计部—-Design Dept。
上海翻译公司信用风险专业术语(1)
信用风险专业术语（1）-译国译民翻译公司SWOT分析(SWOT analysis) ——分析经营风险的方法。
即对企业的优势(strengths)、弱点(weaknesses)、机会(opportunities)、威胁(threats)列表分析。
Z值(Z Score)——指对企业财务状况、破产可能性的量化评估。
z值主要利用核心的财务指标进行评估，它是由企业破产预测模型得出。
Z值模型(Z score models)——用少量关键指标衡量企业破产风险的模型。
每一个z值模型都有自己的关键指标。
不同的z值模型适用于不同的行业和不同的国家。
巴塞尔协议(Basle Agreement)——由各国中央银行、国际清算银行成员签订的国际协议，主要是关于银行最小资本充足的要求。
它也被称为BIS规则(BIS rules)。
保兑信用证(Confi rmed Letter of Credit)——开出信用证的银行和第二家承兑的银行都承诺有条件地担保支付的信用证。
保留所有权的条款(Retention of Title Clause)——销售合同中注明，供应商在法律上拥有货物的所有权，直到顾客支付了货款的条款。
保证契约(Covenant)——借款人承诺遵循借款条约的书面文件，一旦借款人违背了契约书的规定，银行有权惩罚借款人。
本票(Promissory Note)——承诺在指定的日期支付约定金额的票据。
边际贷款(Marginal Lending)——新增贷款。
可以指对现有客户增加的贷款，也可指对新客户的贷款。
边际客户(Marginal Customer)——指额外的客户。
寻求成长机会的企业会尽力将产品销售给新客户，而且通常是不同种类的客户。
这些新增客户的信用风险可能比企业现有的客户要高。
财产转换贷款(Asset Conversion Loan)——用于短期融资的短期贷款，例如，季节性的筹集营运资金。
财务报告／财务报表(Financial reports／statements)——财务报告或财务报表是分析企业信用风险时的重要信息来源。
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审计报告翻译————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：23 最新审计报告中英文对照（转载） 审计报告中英对照 2008-12-27 13:38:21 阅读2557 评论5 字号：大中小 订阅山西**联合会计师事务所shanxi**unite accountant office审 计 报 告audit or’s report晋**审字（2007）第000**号 jin ** (2007) audit no.00****铸造有限公司：to **foundry co., ltd:我们审计了后附的**铸造有限公司（以下简称贵公司）财务报表，包括2006年12月31 日的资产负债表，2006年度的利润表以及财务报表附注。
2006 then ended, and a summary of significant accounting policiesand otherexplanatory notes.一、管理层对财务报表的责任1. management’s responsibility for the financial statements按照企业会计准则和《企业会计制度》的规定编制财务报表是贵公司管理层的责任。
这种责任包括：（1）设计、实施和维护与财务报表编制相关的内部控制，以使财务报表不存在由于舞弊或错误而导致的重大错报：（2）选择和运用恰当的会计政策：（3）作出合理的会计估计。
the management is responsible for the preparation and fairpresentation of thesefinancial statements in accordance with the accounting standards forbusiness enterprises and china accounting system for businessenterprises. this responsibility includes: (i) designing, implementingand maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fairpresentation of financial statements that are free from materialmisstatement, whether due to fraud or error; (ii) selecting and applyingappropriate accounting policies; and (iii) making accounting estimatesthat are reasonable in thecircumstances.二、注册会计师的责任2. auditor’s responsibility我们的责任是在实施审计工作的基础上对财务报表发表审计意见。
我们按照中国注册会计师审计准则的规定执行了审计工作。
中国注册会计师审计准则要求我们遵守职业道德规范，计划和实施审计工作以对财务报表是否不存在重大错报获取合理保证。
requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonableassurance whether thefinancial statements are free from material misstatement审计工作涉及实施审计程序，以获取有关财务报表金额和和披露的审计证据。
选择的审计程序取决于注册会计师的判断，包括对由于舞弊或错报导致的财务报表重大错报风险的评估。
在进行风险评估时，我们考虑与财务报表编制相关的内部控制，以设计恰当的审计程序，但目的并非对内部控制的有效性发表意见。
审计工作还包括评价管理层选用会计政策的恰当性和作出会计估计的合理性，以及评价财务报表的总体列报。
an audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidenceabout the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. theprocedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgment, including theassessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financialstatements, whether due to fraud or error. in making those risassessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the4 entity’s preparation an d fai presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures tha ar ppropriate in thecircumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. an audit als includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies use an hereasonableness of accounting estimates mad by management, as wel as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. 我们相信，我们获取的审计证据是充分、适当的，为发表审计意见提供了基础。
we believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate toprovide a basis for our audit opinion.三、审计意见3. opinion我们认为, 贵公司财务报表已经按照企业会计准则和《企业会计制度》的规定编制，在所有重大方面公允反映了贵公司2006年12月31 日的财务状况以及 2006年度的经营成果。
china accounting system for business enterprises.此报告中、英文各一份，两者若有差异，以中文为准。
the report was made by chinese and english. if the two files differ, the standard willbe chinese.山西**联合会计师事务所 中国注册会计师：shanxi ** unite accountant office certified publicaccountant:中国·太原 二○○七年七月十日shanxi, p.r.c. date: jul.10, 2007篇二：审计报告英译审计报告中英文对照样本编者按：为方便注册会计师执业，协会早在1996年就已通过会刊分期刊登了英文审计报告样本。
随着我国加入wto ，我国会计市场逐步与国际接轨，对注册会计师的外语水平有了更高的要求；另一方面，审计报告准则已做了修订，为满足我省注册会计师的执业需求，我们根据修订后的审计报告准则重新拟定了英文审计报告样本，供大家在执业时参考。
examples of audit report in english(审计报告英文样本)一、 无保留意见审计报告参考格式如下：审 计 报 告[2003]第8号abc 股份有限公司全体股东：我们审计了后附的abc 股份有限公司（以下简称abc 公司）20x2年12月31日的资产负债表以及20x2年度的利润表和现金流量表。
这些会计报表的编制是abc 公司管理当局的责任，我们的责任是在实施审计工作的基础上对这些会计报表发表意见。
我们按照中国注册会计师独立审计准则计划和实施审计工作，以合理确信会计报表是否不存在重大错报。
审计工作包括在抽查的基础上检查支持会计报表金额和披露的证据，评价管理当局在编制会计报表时采用的会计政策和作出的重大会计估计，以及评价会计报表的整体反映。
我们相信，我们的审计工作为发表意见提供了合理的基础。
我们认为，上述会计报表符合国家颁布的企业会计准则和《xx 会计制度》的规定，在所有重大方面公允反映了abc 公司20x2年12月31日的财务状况以及20x2年度的经营成果和现金流量。
xx 会计师事务所（盖章） 中国注册会计师：xxx （签名并盖章）5 中国，河北，石家庄 中国注册会计师：xxx （签名并盖章）2003年3月20日一、following is an example of an audit report containing anunqualified opinionaudit report[2003]n0.8we conducted our audit in accordance with the independent auditing standards for chinese certified public accountants. those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. an audit includesexamining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. an audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statementpresentation. we believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.in our opinion, the financial statements referred above are in accordance with the requirements of both the accounting standard for business enterprises and other relevant financial and accounting laws and regulations promulgated by the state,give a true and fair view of ( or are presented fairly, in all material respects, ) the financial position as of december 31, 2002 , and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended.certified public accountants(name and stamp of the firm)shijiazhuang, hebei, chinacertified public accountant: хххcertified public accountant: хххmarch 20, 2003二、保留意见的审计报告参考格式如下：审 计 报 告[2003]第8号abc 股份有限公司全体股东：我们审计了后附的abc 股份有限公司（以下简称abc 公司）20x2年12月31日的资产负债表以及20x2年度的利润表和现金流量表。