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机械工程英语第二版（叶邦彦陈统坚著）机械工程出版社课文翻译

Unit 1 材料的种类（1）材料的分类方法很多。

科学家常用的典型的方法是根据它们的状态分类：固体，液态或气态。

材料也分为有机（可再生）和无机材料（不可再生）。

（2）工业上，材料划分为工程材料或非工程材料。

工程材料用于制造和加工成零件的材料。

非工程材料是化学药品，燃料，润滑剂和其它用于制造又不用来加工成零件的材料。

（3）工程材料可进一步细分为：金属，陶瓷，复合材料，聚合材料，等。

Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金金属和金属合（4）金属有好的导电好导热性，很多金属有高的强度，高硬度和高的延展性。

象铁，钴，镍这些金属有磁性。

在非常低的温度下，一些金属和金属互化物变成超导体。

（5）合金和纯金属有什么区别？纯金属在元素周期表的特殊区域。

例如用于制造电线的铜和做锅和饮料罐的铝。

合金含有两种以上的金属元素。

改变金属元素的比例可以改变合金的性质。

例如，合金金属的不锈钢，是由铁，镍，和铬组成。

而黄金珠宝含有金镍合金。

（6）为什么要使用金属和合金？很多金属和合金有很高密度并用在要求质量与体积比高的的场合。

一些金属合金，象铝基合金，密度低，用在航空领域可以节省燃料。

很多合金有断裂韧度，可以承受冲击，且耐用。

金属有哪些重要属性？（7）【密度】质量除以体积叫做密度。

很多金属有相对高的密度,特别的，象聚合体。

高密度的材料常是原子量很大，象金或铅。

然而一些金属，像铝或镁密度低，就常常用在要求有金属特性而又要求低质量的场合。

（8）【断裂韧性】断裂韧度用来描述金属抗断裂的能力，特别的，当有裂纹时。

金属通常都有无关紧要的刻痕和凹坑，且有耐冲击性。

足球队员关注这一点当他确信面罩不会被击碎的时候。

（9）【塑形变形】塑性变形表述的是材料在断裂之前弯曲变形的能力。

作为工程师，我们通常设计材料使得能够在正常情况下不变形。

你不会想要一阵强烈的西风就把你的车刮得往东倾斜。

然而，有时，我们可以利用塑性变形。

汽车的承受极限就是在彻底破坏之前靠塑形变形来吸收能量。

机械外文翻译中英文

附录附录1英文原文Rolling Contact BearingsThe concern of a machine designer with ball and roller bearings is fivefold as follows:(a) life in relation to load; (b) stiffness,ie.deflections under load; (c) friction; (d) wear; (e) noise. For moderate loads and speeds the correct selection of a standard bearing on the basis of a load rating will become important where loads are high,although this is usually of less magnitude than that of the shafts or other components associated with the bearing. Where speeds are high special cooling arrangements become necessary which may increase fricitional drag. Wear is primarily associated with the introduction of contaminants,and sealing arrangements must be chosen with regard to the hostility of the environment.Because the high quality and low price of ball and roller bearing depends on quantity production,the task of the machine designer becomes one of selection rather than design. Rolling-contact bearings are generally made with steel which is through-hardened to about 900HV,although in many mechanisms special races are not provided and the interacting surfaces are hardened to about 600HV. It is not surprising that,owing to the high stresses involved,a predominant form of failure should be metal fatigue, and a good deal of work is based on accept values of life and it is general practice in bearing industry to define the load capacity of the bearing as that value below which 90 percent of a batch will exceed life of one million revolutions.Notwithstanding the fact that responsibility for basic design of ball and roller bearings rests with the bearing manufacturer, the machine designer must form a correct appreciation of the duty to be performed by the bearing and be concerned not only with bearing selection but with the conditions for correct installation.The fit of the bearing races onto the shaft or onto the housings is of critical importance because of their combined effect on the internal clearance of the bearing as well as preserving the desired degree of interference fit. Inadequate interference can induce serious trouble from fretting corrosion. The inner race is frequently located axially by against a shoulder. A radius at this point is essential for the avoidance of stress concentration and ball races are provided with a radius or chamfer to follow space for this.Where life is not the determining factor in design, it is usual to determine maximum loadingby the amount to which a bearing will deflect under load. Thus the concept of "static load-carrying capacity" is understood to mean the load that can be applied to a bearing, which is either stationary or subject to slight swiveling motions, without impairing its running qualities for subsequent rotational motion. This has been determined by practical experience as the load which when applied to a bearing results in a total deformation of 0.0025mm for a ball 25mm in diameter.The successful functioning of many bearings depends upon providing them with adequate protection against their environment, and in some circumstances the environment must be protected from lubricants or products of deterioration of the bearing design. Moreover, seals which are applied to moving parts for any purpose are of interest to tribologists because they are components of bearing systems and can only be designed satisfactorily on basis of the appropriate bearing theory.Notwithstanding their importance, the amount of research effort that has been devoted to the understanding of the behavior of seals has been small when compared with that devoted to other aspects of bearing technology.LathesLathes are widely used in industry to produce all kinds of machined parts. Some are general purpose machines, and others are used to perform highly specialized operations.Engine lathesEngine lathes, of course, are general-purpose machine used in production and maintenance shop all over the the world. Sized ranger from small bench models to huge heavy duty pieces of equipment. Many of the larger lathes come equipped with attachments not commonly found in the ordinary shop, such as automatic shop for the carriage.Tracer or Duplicating LathesThe tracer or duplicating lathe is designed o produce irregularly shaped parts automatically. The basic operation of this lathe is as fallows. A template of either a flat or three-dimensional shape is placed in a holder. A guide or pointer then moves along this shape and its movement controls that of the cutting tool. The duplication may include a square or tapered shoulder, grooves, tapers, and contours. Work such as motor shafts, spindles, pistons, rods, car axles, turbine shafts, and a variety of other objects can be turned using this type of lathe.Turret LathesWhen machining a complex workpiece on a general-purpose lathe, a great deal of time isspent changing and adjusting the several tools that are needed to complete the work. One of the first adaptations of the engine lathe which made it suitable to mass production was the addition of multi-tool in place of the tailstock. Although most turrets have six stations, some have as many as eight.High-production turret lathes are very complicated machines with a wide variety of power accessories. The principal feature of all turret lathes, however, is that the tools can perform a consecutive serials of operations in proper sequence. Once the tools have been set and adjusted, little skill is require to run out duplicate parts.Automatic Screw MachineScrew machines are similar in construction to turret lathes, except that their heads are designed to hold and feed long bars of stock. Otherwise, their is little different between them. Both are designed for multiple tooling, and both have adaptations for identical work. Originally, the turret lathe was designed as a chucking lathe for machining small casting, forgings, and irregularly shaped workpieces.The first screw machines were designed to feed bar stock and wire used in making small screw parts. Today, however, the turret lathe is frequently used with a collect attachment, and the automatic screw machine can be equipped with a chuck to hold castings.The single-spindle automatic screw machine, as its name implies, machines work on only one bar of stock at a time. A bar 16 to 20 feet long is feed through the headstock spindle and is held firmly by a collect. The machining operations are done by cutting tools mounted on the cross slide. When the machine is in operation, the spindle and the stock are rotated at selected speeds for different operations. If required, rapid reversal of spindle direction is also possible.In the single-spindle automatic screw machine, a specific length of stock is automatically fed through the spindle to a machining area. At this point, the turret and cross slide move into position and automatically perform whatever operations are required. After the machined piece is cut off, stock is again fed into the machining area and the entire cycle is repeated.Multiple-spindle automatic screw machines have from four to eight spindles located around a spindle carrier. Long bars of stock, supported at the rear of the machine,pass though these hollow spindles and are gripped by collects. With the single spindle machines, the turret indexes around the spindle. When one tool on the turret is working, the others are not. With a multiple spindle machine, however, the spindle itself index. Thus the bars of stock are carried to the various end working and side working tools. Each tool operates in only one position, but tollsoperate simultaneously. Therefore, four to eight workpieces can be machined at the same time.Vertical Turret LathesA vertical turret is basically a turret lathe that has been stood on its headstock end. It is designed to perform a variety of turning operations. It consists of a turret, a revolving table, and a side head with a square turret for holding additional tools. Operations performed by any of the tools mounted on the turret or side head can be controlled through the use of stops.Machining CentersMany of today's more sophisticated lathes are called machining centers since they are capable of performing, in addition to the normal turning operations, certain milling and drilling operations. Basically, a machining center can be thought of as being a combination turret lathe and milling machine. Additional features are sometimes included by the versatility of their machines.Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control(NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:1.Electrical discharge machining.ser cutting.3. Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machines tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Masschusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S.Air force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve. Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools(APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC systems were vastly different from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. This instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem wad the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each programmed instructions had to be return through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part,it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate times. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than thepaper taps, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problem of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control(DNC)solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend o a host computer. When the lost computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.The development of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers(PNC)and microcomputer. These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control(CNC). With CNC, each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. It also allows programs to be developed off-line and download at the individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated with downtime of the host computer, but it introduced another known as data management. The same program might be loaded on ten different being solved by local area networks that connect microcomputer for better data management.CNC machine tool feed motion systems CNC machine tool feed motion systems, especially to the outline of the control of movement into the system, must be addressed to the movement into the position and velocity at the same time the realization of two aspects of automatic control, as compared with the general machine tools, require more feed system high positioning accuracy and good dynamic response.A typical closed-loop control of CNC machine tool feed system, usually by comparing the location of amplification unit, drive unit, mechanical transmission components, such as feedbackand testing of several parts. Here as mechanical gear-driven source refers to the movement of the rotary table into a linear motion of the entire mechanical transmission chain, including the deceleration device, turning the lead screw nut become mobile and vice-oriented components and so on. To ensure that the CNC machine tool feed drive system, precision, sensitivity and stability, the design of the mechanical parts of the general requirement is to eliminate the gap, reducing friction, reducing the movement of inertia to improve the transmission accuracy and stiffness. In addition, the feeding system load changes in the larger, demanding response characteristics, so for the stiffness, inertia matching the requirements are very high.Linear Roller GuidesIn order to meet these requirements, the use of CNC machine tools in general low-friction transmission vice, such as anti-friction sliding rail, rail rolling and hydrostatic guideways, ball screws, etc.; transmission components to ensure accuracy, the use of pre-rational, the form of a reasonable support to enhance the stiffness of transmission; deceleration than the best choice to improve the resolution of machine tools and systems converted to the driveshaft on the reduction of inertia; as far as possible the elimination of drive space and reduce dead-zone inverse error and improve displacement precision.Linear Roller Guides outstanding advantage is seamless, and can impose pre-compression. By the rail body, the slider, ball, cage, end caps and so on. Also known as linear rolling guide unit. Use a fixed guide body without moving parts, the slider fixed on the moving parts. When the slider moves along the rail body, ball and slider in the guide of the arc between the straight and through the rolling bed cover of Rolling Road, from the work load to non-work load, and then rolling back work load, constant circulation, so as to guide and move the slider between the rolling into a ball.附录2中文翻译滚动轴承对于球轴承和滚子轴承，一个机械设计人员应该考虑下面五个方面：（a)寿命与载荷关系；（b）刚度，也就是在载荷作用下的变形；（c）摩擦；（d）磨损；（e）噪声。

(完整版)机械电子专业英语翻译

Quality Control Fundamentals质量控制基本原理Quality质量Quality has become one of the most important consumer decision factors in the selection among competing products and services. The phenomenon is widespread, regardless of whether the consumer is an individual, an industrial organization, a retail store, a bank or financial institution, or a military defense program. Consequently, understanding and improving quality are key factors leading to business success, growth, and enhanced competitiveness. There is a substantial return on investment from improved quality and from successfully employing quality as an integral part of overall business strategy.质量是消费者在激烈的产品和服务竞争中进行选择的一个重要因素.不管这个消费者是个人、产业组织、零售店或防务工程,这个想象是普遍存在的.因此,关注并提升质量是取得成功、发展并强化竞争力的关键因素.投资质量的提升并把质量作为经营策略的主要部分将会得到极大地回报.We may define quality in many ways. Most people have a conceptual understanding of quality as relating to one or more desirable characteristics that a product or service should possess. Although this conceptual understanding is certainly a useful starting point, we will give a more precise and useful definition.我们对质量有很多种定义.许多人在观念上把质量理解为产品或服务拥有一个或更多满意的性能.尽管这种概念性理解是有效地,我们将给出更精确、有效地定义.Quality---- characteristic or property consisting of several well-defined technical and aesthetic, hence subjective, considerations; conformance to design (customer) requirement.质量-特性或性能中包含几种明确定义的技术的美学的,因此主观考虑；满足设计（顾客）需求.Quality control------detecting poor quality (nonconformance) in manufactured products and taking corrective action to eliminate i t.质量控制-检测在工业产品中检测不合格的质量（不合格品）并采取纠正措施去避免.The traditional definition of quality is based on the viewpoint that products and services must meet the requirement of those who use them. Therefore, Quality means fitness for use.传统的质量定义是产品或服务必须满足使用者的需求.因此,质量就是适用度There are two general aspects of fitness for use: quality of design and quality of conformance.适用度一般有两个方面:设计质量和一致性的质量。

机械设计专业术语的英语翻译1

机械设计专业术语的英语翻译1机械设计专业术语的英语翻译1 柔性自动化flexibleautomation 润滑油膜lubricantfilm润滑装置lubricationdevice润滑lubrication润滑剂lubricant三角形花键serrationspline三角形螺纹vthreadscrew三维凸轮three - dimensionalcamto stheorem 三心定理kennedy砂轮越程槽grindingwheelgroove砂漏hour glass少齿差行星传动planetarydrivewithsmallteethdifference设计方法学designmethodology设计变量designvariable设计约束designconstraints深沟球轴承deepgrooveballbearing生产阻力productiveresistance升程rise升距lift实际廓线camprofile十字滑块联轴器doubleslidercoupling oldham'scoupling矢量vector输出功outputwork输出构件outputlink输出机构outputmechanism输出力矩outputtorque输出轴outputshaft输入构件inputlink数学模型mathematicmodel实际啮合线actuallineofaction双滑块机构double - slidermechanism, ellipsograph双曲柄机构doublecrankmechanism双曲面齿轮hyperboloidgear双头螺柱studs双万向联轴节constant - velocityordoubleuniversaljoint 双摇杆机构doublerockermechanism双转块机构oldhamcoupling双列轴承doublerowbearing双向推力轴承double - directionthrustbearing松边slack side顺时针clockwise瞬心instantaneouscenter死点deadpoint四杆机构four - barlinkage速度velocity速度不均匀波动系数coefficientofspeedfluctuation速度波动speedfluctuation速度曲线velocitydiagram速度瞬心instantaneouscenterofvelocity塔轮steppulley踏板pedal台钳、虎钳vice太阳轮sungear弹性滑动elasticityslidingmotion弹性联轴器elasticcoupling flexiblecoupling弹性套柱销联轴器rubber - cushionedsleevebearingcoupling 套筒sleeve梯形螺纹acmethreadform特殊运动链specialkinematicchain特性characteristics替代机构equivalentmechanism调节modulation, regulation调心滚子轴承self - aligningrollerbearing调心球轴承self - aligningballbearing调心轴承self - aligningbearing调速speedgoverning调速电动机adjustablespeedmotors调速系统speedcontrolsystem调压调速variablevoltagecontrolGovernor regulator, governorFerromagnetic fluid seals ferrofluidseal Parking phase, stoppingphaseStopping dwellSynchronous belt Synchronousbelt Synchronous belt drive synchronousbeltdrive Convex body convexCam camCam reverse mechanism inversecammechanism Cam mechanism cam, CamMechanismCam profile camprofileCam profile drawing layoutofcamprofile Theoretical profile of cam pitchcurve Flange coupling flangecouplingAtlas and Atlas AtlasGraphical method graphicalmethodPushing distance riseThrust ball bearing thrustballbearing Thrust bearing thrustbearingCutter toolwithdrawalgrooveAnnealed annealGyroscope gyroscopeV band VbeltExternal force externalforceOuter ring outerringOutline size boundarydimensionUniversal coupling Hookscoupling universalcoupling External gear externalgearBending stress beadingstressBending moment bendingmomentWrist wristReciprocating reciprocatingmotionReciprocating seal reciprocatingsealDesign on-netdesign online, ONDInching screw mechanism differentialscrewmechanism Displacement displacementDisplacement curve displacementdiagramPose pose, positionandorientationStable operation stage, steadymotionperiodRobust design robustdesignWorm wormWorm drive mechanism WormgearingNumber of worm heads numberofthreadsDiameter coefficient of worm diametralquotient Worm and worm gear wormandwormgearWorm cam stepping mechanism wormcamintervalmechanism Worm rotation handsofwormWorm gear wormgearPower spring powerspringStepless speed change device steplessspeedchangesdevices Infinity infiniteTie crankarm, planetcarrierField balancing fieldbalancingRadial bearing radialbearingCentripetal force centrifugalforceRelative velocity relativevelocityRelative motion relativemotionRelative clearance relativegapQuadrant quadrantClay plasticineFine tooth thread finethreadsPin pinConsuming consumptionPinion pinionPath minordiameterRubber spring balataspringModified trapezoidal acceleration motion law modifiedtrapezoidalaccelerationmotionCorrection of motion law of sinusoidal accelerationmodifiedsineaccelerationmotionHelical gear HelicalGearCross key, hook head wedge key taperkeyLeakage leakageHarmonic gear harmonicgearHarmonic drive harmonicdrivingHarmonic generator harmonicgeneratorEquivalent spur gear of helical gear equivalentspurgearofthehelicalgearMandrel spindleTravel speed variation factorcoefficientoftravelspeedvariationTravel speed ratio coefficient 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matrix JacobimatrixRocker rockerHydraulic transmission hydrodynamicdriveHydraulic coupler hydrauliccouplersLiquid spring liquidspringHydraulic stepless speed change hydraulicsteplessspeedchanges Hydraulic mechanism hydraulicmechanismGeneralized kinematic chain generalizedkinematicchainMoving follower reciprocatingfollowerMobile sub prismaticpair, slidingpairMobile joints prismaticjointMoving cam wedgecamProfit and loss work incrementordecrementworkStress amplitude stressamplitudeStress concentration stressconcentrationStress concentration factor factorofstressconcentration Stress diagram stressdiagramStress strain diagram stress-straindiagramOptimum design optimaldesignOilbottle cupI oilcanOil groove seal oilyditchsealHarmful resistance uselessresistanceBeneficial resistance usefulresistanceEffective pull effectivetensionEffective circumferential force effectivecircleforce Harmful resistance detrimentalresistanceCosine acceleration motion cosineaccelerationorsimpleharmonicmotionPreload preloadPrime mover primermoverRound belt roundbeltBelt drive roundbeltdriveArc tooth thickness circularthicknessCircular cylindrical worm hollowflankwormRounded radius filletradiusDisc friction clutch discfrictionclutchDisc brake discbrakePrime mover primemoverOriginal mechanism originalmechanismCircular gear circulargearCylindrical roller cylindricalrollerCylindrical roller bearings cylindricalrollerbearingCylindrical pair cylindricpairCylindrical cam stepping motion mechanism barrelcylindriccamCylindrical helical tension spring cylindroidhelical-coilextensionspringCylindrical helical torsion spring cylindroidhelical-coiltorsionspringCylindrical helical compression spring cylindroidhelical-coilcompressionspringCylindrical cam cylindricalcamCylindrical worm cylindricalwormCylindrical coordinate manipulator cylindricalcoordinatemanipulator Conical spiral torsion springconoidhelical-coilcompressionspringTapered roller taperedrollerTapered roller bearing taperedrollerbearingBevel gear mechanism bevelgearsTaper angle coneangleThe original drivinglinkBound constraintConstraint constraintconditionConstraint reaction force constrainingforceJump jerkJump curve jerkdiagramInversion of motion, kinematicinversionMotion scheme design kinematicpreceptdesign Kinematic analysis kinematicanalysisKinematic pair kinematicpairMoving component movinglinkKinematic diagram kinematicsketchKinematic chain kinematicchainMotion distortion undercuttingKinematic design kinematicdesignMotion cycle cycleofmotionKinematic synthesis kinematicsynthesisUneven coefficient of operation coefficientofvelocityfluctuationKinematic viscosity kenematicviscosityLoad loadLoad deformation curve load - DEFORMATIONCURVE Load deformation diagram load - deformationdiagram Narrow V band narrowVbeltFelt ring seal feltringsealThe generating method of generatingTensioning force tensionTensioner tensionpulleyVibration vibrationVibration torque shakingcoupleVibration frequency frequencyofvibration Amplitude amplitudeofvibrationTangent mechanism tangentmechanismForward kinematics directforwardkinematics Sinusoidal mechanism sinegenerator, scotchyoke Loom loomNormal stress and normal stress normalstress Brake brakeSpur gear SpurGearStraight bevel gear straightbevelgearRight triangle righttriangleCartesian coordinate manipulator CartesiancoordinatemanipulatorCoefficient of diameter diametralquotient Diameter series diameterseriesStraight profile hourglass worm gear hindleyworm Linear motion linearmotionStraight axis straightshaftMass massCentroid centerofmassExecution component executivelink workinglinkProduct of mass and diameter mass-radiusproduct Intelligent design, intelligentdesign, IDIntermediate plane mid-planeCenter distance centerdistanceVariation of center distance centerdistancechange Center wheel centralgearMedium diameter meandiameterTerminate the meshing point finalcontact, endofcontact Week Festival pitchPeriodic velocity fluctuation periodicspeedfluctuation Epicyclic gear train epicyclicgeartrainElbow mechanism togglemechanismAxis shaftBearing cap bearingcupBearing alloy bearingalloyBearing block bearingblockBearing height bearingheightBearing width bearingwidthBearing bore bearingborediameterBearing life bearinglifeBearing ring bearingringBearing outer diameter bearingoutsidediameterJournal JournalBush and bearing lining bearingbushShaft end retaining ring shaftendringCollar shaftcollarShoulder ShaftShoulderAxial angle shaftangleAxial axialdirectionAxial profile axialtoothprofileAxial equivalent dynamic load dynamicequivalentaxialload Axial equivalent static load staticequivalentaxialload Axial basic rated dynamic load basicdynamicaxialloadrating Axial basic rated static load basicstaticaxialloadrating Axial contact bearing axialcontactbearingAxial plane axialplaneAxial clearance axialinternalclearanceAxial load AxialLoadAxial load factor axialloadfactorAxial component axialthrustloadActive component, drivinglinkDriving gear drivinggearDriving pulley drivingpulleyRotating guide rod mechanism whitworthmechanismRevolute pair revoluteturningpairThe speed is swivelingspeed rotatingspeedRotating joint revolutejoint Rotating shaft revolvingshaftRotor rotorRotor balance balanceofrotor Assembly condition assemblycondition Bevel gear bevelgearCone top commonapexofconeCone distance conedistanceCone wheel bevelpulley bevelwheel。

机械工程专业英语教程(第2版)[施平主编][翻译]_lesson1

Basic Concept in MechanicsThe branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions , time , and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts , statics and dynamics , Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems , i.e. , those in which time is not a factor , and dynamics deals with systems which change with time .对运动、时间和作用力做出科学分析的分支称为力学。

它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。

静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在其中不考虑时间这个因素，动力学对随时间而变化的系统进行分析。

When a number of bodies are connected together to form a group or system , the forces of action and reaction between any two of the connecting bodies are called constraint forces . These forces constrain the bodies to behave in a specific manner . Forces external to this system of bodies are called applied forces .当一些物体连接在一起形成一个组合体或者系统时，任何两个相连接的物体之间的作用力和反作用力被称为约束力。

这些力约束着各个物体，使其处于特定的状态。

从外部施加到这个物体的系统的力被称为外力。

机械加工外文翻译

附录附录1英文原文Basic Machining Operations and Cutting TechnologyBasic Machining OperationsMachine tools have evolved from the early foot-powered lathes of the Egyptians and John Wilkinson's boring mill. They are designed to provide rigid support for both the work piece and the cutting tool and can precisely control their relative positions and the velocity of the tool with respect to the work piece. Basically, in metal cutting, a sharpened wedge-shaped tool removes a rather narrow strip of metal from the surface of a ductile work piece in the form of a severely deformed chip. The chip is a waste product that is considerably shorter than the work piece from which it came but with a corresponding increase in thickness of the uncut chip. The geometrical shape of work piece depends on the shape of the tool and its path during the machining operation.Most machining operations produce parts of differing geometry. If a rough cylindrical work piece revolves about a central axis and the tool penetrates beneath its surface and travels parallel to the center of rotation, a surface of revolution is produced, and the operation is called turning. If a hollow tube is machined on the inside in a similar manner, the operation is called boring. Producing an external conical surface uniformly varying diameter is called taper turning, if the tool point travels in a path of varying radius, a contoured surface like that of a bowling pin can be produced; or, if the piece is short enough and the support is sufficiently rigid, a contoured surface could be produced by feeding a shaped tool normal to the axis of rotation. Short tapered or cylindrical surfaces could also be contour formed.Flat or plane surfaces are frequently required. They can be generated by radial turning or facing, in which the tool point moves normal to the axis of rotation. In other cases, it is more convenient to hold the work piece steady and reciprocate the tool across it in a series of straight-line cuts with a crosswise feed increment before each cutting stroke. This operation is called planning and is carried out on a shaper. For larger pieces it is easier to keep the tool stationary and draw the work piece under it as in planning. The tool is fed at each reciprocation. Contoured surfaces can be produced by using shaped tools.Multiple-edged tools can also be used. Drilling uses a twin-edged fluted tool for holes with depths up to 5 to 10 times the drill diameter. Whether thedrill turns or the work piece rotates, relative motion between the cutting edge and the work piece is the important factor. In milling operations a rotary cutter with a number of cutting edges engages the work piece. Which moves slowly with respect to the cutter. Plane or contoured surfaces may be produced, depending on the geometry of the cutter and the type of feed. Horizontal or vertical axes of rotation may be used, and the feed of the work piece may be in any of the three coordinate directions.Basic Machine ToolsMachine tools are used to produce a part of a specified geometrical shape and precise I size by removing metal from a ductile material in the form of chips. The latter are a waste product and vary from long continuous ribbons of a ductile material such as steel, which are undesirable from a disposal point of view, to easily handled well-broken chips resulting from cast iron. Machine tools perform five basic metal-removal processes: I turning, planning, drilling, milling, and grinding. All other metal-removal processes are modifications of these five basic processes. For example, boring is internal turning; reaming, tapping, and counter boring modify drilled holes and are related to drilling; bobbing and gear cutting are fundamentally milling operations; hack sawing and broaching are a form of planning and honing; lapping, super finishing. Polishing and buffing are variants of grinding or abrasive removal operations. Therefore, there are only four types of basic machine tools, which use cutting tools of specific controllable geometry: 1. lathes, 2. planers, 3. drilling machines, and 4. milling machines. The grinding process forms chips, but the geometry of the abrasive grain is uncontrollable.The amount and rate of material removed by the various machining processes may be I large, as in heavy turning operations, or extremely small, as in lapping or super finishing operations where only the high spots of a surface are removed.A machine tool performs three major functions: 1. it rigidly supports the work piece or its holder and the cutting tool; 2. it provides relative motion between the work piece and the cutting tool; 3. it provides a range of feeds and speeds usually ranging from 4 to 32 choices in each case.Speed and Feeds in MachiningSpeeds, feeds, and depth of cut are the three major variables for economical machining. Other variables are the work and tool materials, coolant and geometry of the cutting tool. The rate of metal removal and power required for machining depend upon these variables.The depth of cut, feed, and cutting speed are machine settings that must be established in any metal-cutting operation. They all affect the forces, the power, and the rate of metal removal. They can be defined by comparing them to the needle and record of a phonograph. The cutting speed (V) is represented by the velocity of- the record surface relative to the needle in the tone arm at any instant. Feed is represented by the advance of the needle radially inward perrevolution, or is the difference in position between two adjacent grooves. The depth of cut is the penetration of the needle into the record or the depth of the grooves.Turning on Lathe CentersThe basic operations performed on an engine lathe are illustrated. Those operations performed on external surfaces with a single point cutting tool are called turning. Except for drilling, reaming, and lapping, the operations on internal surfaces are also performed by a single point cutting tool.All machining operations, including turning and boring, can be classified as roughing, finishing, or semi-finishing. The objective of a roughing operation is to remove the bulk of the material as rapidly and as efficiently as possible, while leaving a small amount of material on the work-piece for the finishing operation. Finishing operations are performed to obtain the final size, shape, and surface finish on the work piece. Sometimes a semi-finishing operation will precede the finishing operation to leave a small predetermined and uniform amount of stock on the work-piece to be removed by the finishing operation.Generally, longer work pieces are turned while supported on one or two lathe centers. Cone shaped holes, called center holes, which fit the lathe centers are drilled in the ends of the work piece-usually along the axis of the cylindrical part. The end of the work piece adjacent to the tail stock is always supported by a tail stock center, while the end near the head stock may be supported by a head stock center or held in a chuck. The head stock end of the work piece may be held in a four-jaw chuck, or in a type chuck. This method holds the work piece firmly and transfers the power to the work piece smoothly; the additional support to the work piece provided by the chuck lessens the tendency for chatter to occur when cutting. Precise results can be obtained with this method if care is taken to hold the work piece accurately in the chuck.Very precise results can be obtained by supporting the work piece between two centers. A lathe dog is clamped to the work piece; together they are driven by a driver plate mounted on the spindle nose. One end of the Work piece is mecained;then the work piece can be turned around in the lathe to machine the other end. The center holes in the work piece serve as precise locating surfaces as well as bearing surfaces to carry the weight of the work piece and to resist the cutting forces. After the work piece has been removed from the lathe for any reason, the center holes will accurately align the work piece back in the lathe or in another lathe, or in a cylindrical grinding machine. The work piece must never be held at the head stock end by both a chuck and a lathe center. While at first thought this seems like a quick method of aligning the work piece in the chuck, this must not be done because it is not possible to press evenly with the jaws against the work piece while it is also supported by the center. The alignment provided by the center will not be maintained and the pressure of the jaws may damage the center hole, the lathe center, andperhaps even the lathe spindle. Compensating or floating jaw chucks used almost exclusively on high production work provide an exception to the statements made above. These chucks are really work drivers and cannot be used for the same purpose as ordinary three or four-jaw chucks.While very large diameter work pieces are sometimes mounted on two centers, they are preferably held at the headstock end by faceplate jaws to obtain the smooth power transmission; moreover, large lathe dogs that are adequate to transmit the power not generally available, although they can be made as a special. Faceplate jaws are like chuck jaws except that they are mounted on a faceplate, which has less overhang from the spindle bearings than a large chuck would have.Introduction of MachiningMachining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported work piece.Low setup cost for small Quantities. Machining has two applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and press working, each specific shape to be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may he produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, by machining; to start with nearly any form of raw material, so tong as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore .machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or press working if a high quantity were to be produced.Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many parts are given their general shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in press worked parts may be machined following the press working operations.Primary Cutting ParametersThe basic tool-work relationship in cutting is adequately described by means of four factors: tool geometry, cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut.The cutting tool must be made of an appropriate material; it must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant. The tool s geometry characterized by planes and angles, must be correct for each cutting operation. Cutting speed is the rate at which the work surface passes by the cutting edge. It may be expressed in feet per minute.For efficient machining the cutting speed must be of a magnitude appropriate to the particular work-tool combination. In general, the harder the work material, the slower the speed.Feed is the rate at which the cutting tool advances into the work piece. "Where the work piece or the tool rotates, feed is measured in inches per revolution. When the tool or the work reciprocates, feed is measured in inches per stroke, Generally, feed varies inversely with cutting speed for otherwise similar conditions.The depth of cut, measured inches is the distance the tool is set into the work. It is the width of the chip in turning or the thickness of the chip in a rectilinear cut. In roughing operations, the depth of cut can be larger than for finishing operations.The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting TemperaturesIn metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and these results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, work piece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the work piece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and the cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in unreformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the work piece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed; however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the work piece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip m primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since ithas been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data.The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high -speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright &. Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel cutting tools. The technique is based on the metallographic examination of sectioned high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructure changes to thermal history.Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of work piece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructure changes arising from over tempering of the tempered martens tic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed -steel single point turning tools and twist drills.Wears of Cutting ToolDiscounting brittle fracture and edge chipping, which have already been dealt with, tool wear is basically of three types. Flank wear, crater wear, and notch wear. Flank wear occurs on both the major and the minor cutting edges. On the major cutting edge, which is responsible for bulk metal removal, these results in increased cutting forces and higher temperatures which if left unchecked can lead to vibration of the tool and work piece and a condition where efficient cutting can no longer take place. On the minor cutting edge, which determines work piece size and surface finish, flank wear can result in an oversized product which has poor surface finish. Under most practical cutting conditions, the tool will fail due to major flank wear before the minor flank wear is sufficiently large to result in the manufacture of an unacceptable component.Because of the stress distribution on the tool face, the frictional stress in the region of sliding contact between the chip and the face is at a maximum at the start of the sliding contact region and is zero at the end. Thus abrasive wear takes place in this region with more wear taking place adjacent to the seizure region than adjacent to the point at which the chip loses contact with the face. This result in localized pitting of the tool face some distance up the face which is usually referred to as catering and which normally has a section in the form of a circular arc. In many respects and for practical cutting conditions, crater wear is a less severe form of wear than flank wear and consequently flank wear is a more common tool failure criterion. However, since various authors have shown that the temperature on the face increases more rapidly with increasing cutting speed than the temperature on the flank, and since the rate of wear of any type is significantly affected by changes in temperature, crater wear usually occurs at high cutting speeds.At the end of the major flank wear land where the tool is in contact with the uncut work piece surface it is common for the flank wear to be more pronounced than along the rest of the wear land. This is because of localised effects such as a hardened layer on the uncut surface caused by work hardening introduced by a previous cut, an oxide scale, and localised high temperatures resulting from the edge effect. This localised wear is usually referred to as notch wear and occasionally is very severe. Although the presence of the notch will not significantly affect the cutting properties of the tool, the notch is often relatively deep and if cutting were to continue there would be a good chance that the tool would fracture.If any form of progressive wear allowed to continue, dramatically and the tool would fail catastrophically, i. e. the tool would be no longer capable of cutting and, at best, the work piece would be scrapped whilst, at worst, damage could be caused to the machine tool. For carbide cutting tools and for all types of wear, the tool is said to have reached the end of its useful life long before the onset of catastrophic failure. For high-speed-steel cutting tools, however, where the wear tends to be non-uniform it has been found that the most meaningful and reproducible results can be obtained when the wear is allowed to continue to the onset of catastrophic failure even though, of course, in practice a cutting time far less than that to failure would be used. The onset of catastrophic failure is characterized by one of several phenomena, the most common being a sudden increase in cutting force, the presence of burnished rings on the work piece, and a significant increase in the noise level.Mechanism of Surface Finish ProductionThere are basically five mechanisms which contribute to the production of a surface which have been machined. These are:(l) The basic geometry of the cutting process. In, for example, single point turning the tool will advance a constant distance axially per revolution of the workpiecc and the resultant surface will have on it, when viewed perpendicularly to the direction of tool feed motion, a series of cusps which will have a basic form which replicates the shape of the tool in cut.(2) The efficiency of the cutting operation. It has already been mentioned that cutting with unstable built-up-edges will produce a surface which contains hard built-up-edge fragments which will result in a degradation of the surface finish. It can also be demonstrated that cutting under adverse conditions such as apply when using large feeds small rake angles and low cutting speeds, besides producing conditions which lead to unstable built-up-edge production, the cutting process itself can become unstable and instead of continuous shear occurring in the shear zone, tearing takes place, discontinuous chips of uneven thickness are produced, and the resultant surface is poor. This situation is particularly noticeable when machining very ductile materials such as copper and aluminum.(3) The stability of the machine tool. Under some combinations of cutting conditions; work piece size, method of clamping ,and cutting tool rigidity relative to the machine tool structure, instability can be set up in the tool which causes it to vibrate. Under some conditions this vibration will reach and maintain steady amplitude whilst under other conditions the vibration will built up and unless cutting is stopped considerable damage to both the cutting tool and work piece may occur. This phenomenon is known as chatter and in axial turning is characterized by long pitch helical bands on the work piece surface and short pitch undulations on the transient machined surface.(4)The effectiveness of removing swarf. In discontinuous chip production machining, such as milling or turning of brittle materials, it is expected that the chip (swarf) will leave the cutting zone either under gravity or with the assistance of a jet of cutting fluid and that they will not influence the cut surface in any way. However, when continuous chip production is evident, unless steps are taken to control the swarf it is likely that it will impinge on the cut surface and mark it. Inevitably, this marking besides looking.(5)The effective clearance angle on the cutting tool. For certain geometries of minor cutting edge relief and clearance angles it is possible to cut on the major cutting edge and burnish on the minor cutting edge. This can produce a good surface finish but, of course, it is strictly a combination of metal cutting and metal forming and is not to be recommended as a practical cutting method. However, due to cutting tool wear, these conditions occasionally arise and lead to a marked change in the surface characteristics.Limits and TolerancesMachine parts are manufactured so they are interchangeable. In other words, each part of a machine or mechanism is made to a certain size and shape so will fit into any other machine or mechanism of the same type. To make the part interchangeable, each individual part must be made to a size that will fit the mating part in the correct way. It is not only impossible, but also impractical to make many parts to an exact size. This is because machines are not perfect, and the tools become worn. A slight variation from the exact size is always allowed. The amount of this variation depends on the kind of part being manufactured. For examples part might be made 6 in. long with a variation allowed of 0.003 (three-thousandths) in. above and below this size. Therefore, the part could be 5.997 to 6.003 in. and still be the correct size. These are known as the limits. The difference between upper and lower limits is called the tolerance.A tolerance is the total permissible variation in the size of a part.The basic size is that size from which limits of size arc derived by the application of allowances and tolerances.Sometimes the limit is allowed in only one direction. This is known as unilateral tolerance.Unilateral tolerancing is a system of dimensioning where the tolerance (that is variation) is shown in only one direction from the nominal size. Unilateral tolerancing allow the changing of tolerance on a hole or shaft without seriously affecting the fit.When the tolerance is in both directions from the basic size it is known as a bilateral tolerance (plus and minus).Bilateral tolerancing is a system of dimensioning where the tolerance (that is variation) is split and is shown on either side of the nominal size. Limit dimensioning is a system of dimensioning where only the maximum and minimum dimensions arc shown. Thus, the tolerance is the difference between these two dimensions.Surface Finishing and Dimensional ControlProducts that have been completed to their proper shape and size frequently require some type of surface finishing to enable them to satisfactorily fulfill their function. In some cases, it is necessary to improve the physical properties of the surface material for resistance to penetration or abrasion. In many manufacturing processes, the product surface is left with dirt .chips, grease, or other harmful material upon it. Assemblies that are made of different materials, or from the same materials processed in different manners, may require some special surface treatment to provide uniformity of appearance.Surface finishing may sometimes become an intermediate step processing. For instance, cleaning and polishing are usually essential before any kind of plating process. Some of the cleaning procedures are also used for improving surface smoothness on mating parts and for removing burrs and sharp corners, which might be harmful in later use. Another important need for surface finishing is for corrosion protection in a variety of: environments. The type of protection procedure will depend largely upon the anticipated exposure, with due consideration to the material being protected and the economic factors involved.Satisfying the above objectives necessitates the use of main surface-finishing methods that involve chemical change of the surface mechanical work affecting surface properties, cleaning by a variety of methods, and the application of protective coatings, organic and metallic.In the early days of engineering, the mating of parts was achieved by machining one part as nearly as possible to the required size, machining the mating part nearly to size, and then completing its machining, continually offering the other part to it, until the desired relationship was obtained. If it was inconvenient to offer one part to the other part during machining, the final work was done at the bench by a fitter, who scraped the mating parts until the desired fit was obtained, the fitter therefore being a 'fitter' in the literal sense. J It is obvious that the two parts would have to remain together, and m the event of one having to be replaced, the fitting would have to be done all over again. In these days, we expect to be able to purchase a replacement fora broken part, and for it to function correctly without the need for scraping and other fitting operations.When one part can be used 'off the shelf' to replace another of the same dimension and material specification, the parts are said to be interchangeable. A system of interchangeability usually lowers the production costs as there is no need for an expensive, 'fiddling' operation, and it benefits the customer in the event of the need to replace worn parts.Automatic Fixture DesignTraditional synchronous grippers for assembly equipment move parts to the gripper centre-line, assuring that the parts will be in a known position after they arc picked from a conveyor or nest. However, in some applications, forcing the part to the centre-line may damage cither the part or equipment. When the part is delicate and a small collision can result in scrap, when its location is fixed by a machine spindle or mould, or when tolerances are tight, it is preferable to make a gripper comply with the position of the part, rather than the other way around. For these tasks, Zaytran Inc. Of Elyria, Ohio, has created the GPN series of non- synchronous, compliant grippers. Because the force and synchronizations systems of the grippers are independent, the synchronization system can be replaced by a precision slide system without affecting gripper force. Gripper sizes range from 51b gripping force and 0.2 in. stroke to 40Glb gripping force and 6in stroke. GrippersProduction is characterized by batch-size becoming smaller and smaller and greater variety of products. Assembly, being the last production step, is particularly vulnerable to changes in schedules, batch-sizes, and product design. This situation is forcing many companies to put more effort into extensive rationalization and automation of assembly that was previouslyextensive rationalization and automation of assembly that was previously the case. Although the development of flexible fixtures fell quickly behind the development of flexible handling systems such as industrial robots, there are, nonetheless promising attempts to increase the flexibility of fixtures. The fact that fixtures are the essential product - specific investment of a production system intensifies the economic necessity to make the fixture system more flexible.Fixtures can be divided according to their flexibility into special fixtures, group fixtures, modular fixtures and highly flexible fixtures. Flexible fixtures are characterized by their high adaptability to different work pieces, and by low change-over time and expenditure.There are several steps required to generate a fixture, in which a work piece is fixed for a production task. The first step is to define the necessary position of the work piece in the fixture, based on the unmachined or base pan, and the working features. Following this, a combination of stability planes must be selected. These stability planes constitute the fixture configuration in which the work piece is fixed in the defined position, all the forces or torques are compensated,。

外文翻译---铁路系统接触网中集电板碳合金的含量对其与接触线磨影响

附录1 外文资料翻译A1.1 译文铁路系统接触网中集电板碳合金的含量对其与接触线磨影响本文主要是对发生在接触网中接触线和集电板之间磨损情况的研究，它们之间的磨损由机械和电气两个方面引起。

这方面的研究对设施的维修成本和受电弓与接触线的工作寿命有着密切的关系。

由于接触网中维修机车和基础设施方面的重要性，在过去几十年世界上一直对这个问题十分重视。

为了探讨机械和电气两方面引起的接触线和滑板之间的磨损，在米兰设计并安装了一种新型的测试装置。

一系列的实验测试已经完成，其中涉及了多种材料的集电板和在不同转速与电流强度的接触条件。

研究中涉及到了3kV直流线路所需要的各种不同结构的集电板。

研究中发现集电板中的铜和碳合金的不同含量对滑板与接触线的磨损有着很大的影响。

前言高速铁路运输系统的发展意味着对电能需求的增加，但是从目前通过受电弓在架空线（接触网）获取电能的水平来看，就需要受电弓集电板具有较高的工作性能。

这个问题不仅仅由于高速列车的原因，而且与线路的容量和货运列车的长期运行有关。

意大利铁路系统决定把所有的铜材料的集电板换为Kasperowski型，随后又把碳合金用于集电板，这些在线路材料方面的改进都是对3kv直流线路的挑战。

当接触线上的电流达到1000A以上时就会由于产生的机械热加重受电弓集电板的损坏。

众所周知，接触线和受电弓集电板的磨损主要取决于以下几个因素：接触线材料的类型，运行条件（滑动速度接触力电流强度等）以及它们之间是否发出电火花和电弧等。

在Klapas et al.和Becker的的著作中，对以上提到的决定线路磨损程度的各种原因以及它们之间的相互影响都有说明。

基于简单方便起见，在集电板和接触线之间产生的磨损可以分为两种：一种是由于机械摩擦引起的磨损，另外一种是由于电火花引起的磨损，这两者相互作用并影响。

特别是越来越多的磨损不仅和线路的电流强度有关，而且和弓网之间的接触压力有关，同时和火花强度有关的磨损也随着接触压力的增大而加重。

机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语课文翻译-Unit1-9

U 1The use of metals has always a key factor in the development of the social systems of man. Of the roughly ['rʌfl ɪ] 100 basic elements of which all matter is composed, about half are classified as metals.金属的开发利用在人类社会系统的发展中扮演了了重要的角色，世界的物质大概由100种基本元素构成，其中一半是金属元素。

The distinction[dɪ'stɪŋkʃən] between a metal and a nonmetal is not always clear cut. The most basic definition centers around the type of bonding existing between the atoms of the element, and around the characteristics [,kærəkt ə'ristiks] of certain of the electrons[ɪ'lɛk,trɑn] associated with these atoms.金属与非金属的区分不是十分的清晰，最重要（基本）的在于元素原子之间的连接形式以及和原子相关联的电子的确定特性。

in a more practical['præktikəl] way, however, a metal can be defined as an element which has a particular package of properties.然而，在更多的实践当中，金属定义为具有一种整体特性的元素。

机械外文翻译---故障的分析、尺寸的决定以及凸轮的分析和应用

附录1 中文翻译故障的分析、尺寸的决定以及凸轮的分析和应用前言介绍：作为一名设计工程师有必要知道零件如何发生和为什么会发生故障，以便通过进行最低限度的维修以保证机器的可靠性。

有时一次零件的故障或者失效可能是很严重的一件事情，比如，当一辆汽车正在高速行驶的时候，突然汽车的轮胎发生爆炸等。

另一方面，一个零件发生故障也可能只是一件微不足道的小事，只是给你造成了一点小麻烦。

一个例子是在一个汽车冷却系统里的暖气装置软管的松动。

后者发生的这次故障造成的结果通常只不过是一些暖气装置里冷却剂的损失，是一种很容易被发现并且被改正的情况。

能够被零件进行吸收的载荷是相当重要的。

一般说来，与静载重相比较，有两个相反方向的动载荷将会引起更大的问题，因此，疲劳强度必须被考虑。

另一个关键是材料是可延展性的还是脆性的。

例如，脆的材料被认为在存在疲劳的地方是不能够被使用的。

很多人错误的把一个零件发生故障或者失效理解成这样就意味着一个零件遭到了实际的物理破损。

无论如何，一名设计工程师必须从一个更广泛的范围来考虑和理解变形是究竟如何发生的。

一种具有延展性的材料，在破裂之前必将发生很大程度的变形。

发生了过度的变形，但并没有产生裂缝，也可能会引起一台机器出毛病，因为发生畸变的零件会干扰下一个零件的移动。

因此，每当它不能够再履行它要求达到的性能的时候，一个零件就都算是被毁坏了（即使它的表面没有被损毁）。

有时故障可能是由于两个两个相互搭配的零件之间的不正常的磨擦或者异常的振动引起的。

故障也可能是由一种叫蠕变的现象引起的，这种现象是指金属在高温下时一种材料的塑性流动。

此外，一个零件的实际形状可能会引起故障的发生。

例如，应力的集中可能就是由于轮廓的突然变化引起的，这一点也需要被考虑到。

当有用两个相反方向的动载荷，材料不具有很好的可延展性时，对应力考虑的评估就特别重要。

一般说来，设计工程师必须考虑故障可能发生的全部方式，包括如下一些方面：——压力——磨损——腐蚀——振动——环境破坏——固定设备松动在选择零件的大小与形状的时候，也必须考虑到一些可能会产生外部负载影响的空间因素，例如几何学间断性，为了达到要求的外形轮廓及使用相关的连接件，也会产生相应的残余应力。

机械词汇英语翻译(U-Z)

机械词汇的英语翻译（U-Z）u bend u 形管u bolt u 形螺栓u ir on 槽钢u piec e 双肘管u pipe u形管u tube u 形管u tube manometer u 形压力计uec m超声电解加工uedm 超声电火花加工ultimate analysis 元素分析ultimate load 极限负荷ultimate load design 极限载荷设计ultimate pr essur e极限压力ultimate str ength 极限强度ultimate str ess 极限应力ultimate vac uum 极限真空度ultr ac entrifuge 超离心机ultr ahigh pr essure 超高压ultr ahigh speed machining 超高速机械加工ultr ahigh strength steel 超高强度钢ultr ahigh vacuum 超高真空ultr alow electrode wear machining 超低损耗加工ultr am icr oscope 超高倍显微镜ultr aprecision machining 超精密加工ultr asoinc lapping 超声研磨ultr asonic atom izer 超声雾化器ultr asonic cleaning 超声波清洗ultr asonic drilling 超声钻法ultr asonic drilling mac hine超声波钻床ultr asonic edm超声电火花加工ultr asonic electr o dischar ge mac hining 超声电火花加工ultr asonic electr ochemical mac hining 超声电解加工ultr asonic flaw detector 超声波探伤仪ultr asonic flow meter 超声波量计ultr asonic gener ator 超声波振荡器超声波发生器ultr asonic inspection 超声波探伤法ultr asonic mac hine 超声波加工机ultr asonic mac hining 超声波加工ultr asonic metal for ming 超声塑性加工ultr asonic m icr oscope 超声波显微镜ultr asonic perfor ating mac hine 超声波钻床ultr asonic perfor ation 超声钻法ultr asonic slicing mac hine超声切片机床ultr asonic soldering 超声波针焊ultr asonic testing 超声波探伤法ultr asonic thic kness gage超声波测厚仪ultr asonic vibr ation c utting 超声振动切削ultr asonic wave超声波ultr asonic welding 超声波焊接ultr aviolet r adiation 紫外线辐射ultr aviolet r ays 紫外线unattended oper ation 无人值班的运行unbalanc e 不平衡unbalanc e indic ator 不均衡指示器unbalanc e moment 不平衡力矩unbalanc e toleranc e容许不平衡量unbalanc ed mass 不均衡质量unc oiler 展卷机undamped oscillation 非衰减振荡undamped vibration 非衰减振荡underc arriage 起落架underc ooling 过冷undercutting 根切underfeed furnac e 下部供燃料炉underfr ame 底架under ground gasific ation 地下气化under ground r ailway 地下铁道under ground water 地下水underload 欠载under shot wheel 下射水轮under size 筛下产品undervoltage relay 低电压继电器underwater c utting 水下切割underwater r obot 水中机扑;水下机扑underwater welding 水下焊接undulatory motion 波动unequal angle 不等边角钢unfinished bolt 毛螺栓unhooking 摘钩uniaxial str ess 单向应力unifor m acc eler ation 等加速度unifor m c ircular motion 等速圆周运动unifor m distribution 均匀分布unifor m flow 均匀流unifor m load 均匀负荷unifor m motion 等速运动unifor m movement 等速运动unifor m pr essur e 均匀压力unifor m sc ale 均匀标度unifor m velocity 等速度unifor m ity 均匀性unifor m ly acceler ated motion 等加速度运动unifor m ly distributed load 等分布荷重unifor m ly r etarded motion 匀减速运动union nut 联管螺帽unit 单位unit bor e system 基孔制unit built machine tool 组合机床unit c ell 单位晶格unit c ooler 冷却机组unit of measur ement 测量单位unit of toler anc e公差单位unit shaft system 基轴制unit type head 动力头unit vector 单位矢量universal c huc k 自动定心卡盘universal dividing head 万能分度头universal drilling machine 万能钻床universal gas c onstant 通用气体常数universal gr avitation 万有引力universal grinder 万能磨床universal industrial r obot 万能工业机扑universal j oint 万向接头universal j oint drive万向节传动universal j oint for k 万向节叉universal j oint shaft 万向节轴universal j oint yoke 万向节叉universal mac hine tool 通用机床universal measuring m icr osc ope万能测定显微镜universal miller 万能铣床universal milling mac hine万能铣床universal screw wrench 活动]扳手universal testing mac hine万能材料试验机universal tool and cutter grinder 万能工具磨床unloaded weight 空车重量unloader卸荷阀unloader valve 卸荷阀unloading 卸荷;卸载unloading valve 卸荷阀unmanned aircr aft 无人驾驶飞机unmanned factory 无人工厂unmanned manufactur e无人生产过程unmanned oper ation 无人值班的运行unmanned war ehouse无人仓库unrivet 起铆钉unsatur ated c ompound 不饱和化合物unsatur ated vapor 末饱和蒸汽unscr ew 松螺丝unscr ewing 拧下unsolder 拆开焊缝unsprung weight 弹簧下重量unstable equilibrium 不稳定平衡unstable state 不稳定状态unsteady flow 非定常流不稳定流unsteady heat conduction 不稳定导热up m illing 逆铣up stroke 上升冲程upc urrent 上升气流updr aft 上升气流upflow 上升气流upper dead center 上死点upper deviation 上偏差upper die 上模upper lim it 上限upper slide 上滑板upright drilling mac hine 立式钻床upset butt welding 电阻对焊接upset welding 电阻对焊接upsetter 锻头机upsetting 镦粗upsetting machine 锻头机upsetting test 镦粗试验uptake flue 上升烟道ur anium 铀ur anium enrichment 铀浓缩ur anium fuel 铀燃料ur anium hexafluoride六氟化铀ur anium oxide 氧化铀ur anium r eactor 铀反应堆urban bus 市区公共汽车urea r esin 尿素尸urgency stop 紧急停止uric acid 尿酸used air 废气used c ar 旧汽车used lubric ating oil 废油used sand 旧砂useful ener gy 有效能useful horsepower 有效功率useful load 有效负载useful wor k有效功user pr ogr am 用户程序user's manual 使用说瞄usf 超声塑性加工usl 超声研磨utility aircr aft 通用飞机utility boiler 动力锅炉utilization coefficient 利用率utilization factor 利用率uvc 超声振动切削v belt 三角皮带v belt drive 三角皮带传动v block v 形铁v block br ake 楔形闸v engine v 形发动机v gr oove br ake 楔形闸v guide v 形导轨v pulley 三角皮带轮v sec m 立式电解成形机v tail 蝶形尾部v thr ead 三角螺纹v type engine v型发动机v type tail v 形尾翼vacc um meter 真空计vac uum 真空vac uum annealing 真空退火vac uum arc fur nac e真空电弧炉vac uum bottle 热水瓶vac uum br ake 真空制动器vac uum c apper 真空封瓶器vac uum c apping machine 真空封瓶器vac uum c asting 真空铸造vac uum c ement 真空封泥vac uum c hamber 真空室vac uum c huc k 真空卡盘vac uum cleaner 吸尘器vac uum degassing 真空除气vac uum distillation 真空蒸馏vac uum drying 真空干燥vac uum evapor ation 真空蒸发;真空涂膜vac uum evapor ator 直空蒸发器;真空涂膜器vac uum filler 真空填充器vac uum filter 真空过滤机vac uum filtr ation 真空过滤vac uum for m ing 真空成形vac uum freeze drying 真空冷冻干燥vac uum freezing 真空冷冻vac uum fusion 真空熔化vac uum gauge 真空计vac uum gr ease 真空润滑脂vac uum gripper 真空钳子vac uum hose 真空软管vac uum ignition adva nc er 真空点火提前装置vac uum impr egnation 真空浸渍vac uum indic ator 真空计vac uum induction furnac e 真空感应炉vac uum lamp 真空灯vac uum lifting device 真空提升装置vac uum measur ement 真空测量vac uum measuring instrument 真空计vac uum melting 真空熔化vac uum metallizing 真空镀敷vac uum metallurgy 真空冶金vac uum molding 真空成形vac uum oil 真空油vac uum pac kaging machine 真空包装器vac uum pump 真空泵vac uum r efriger ating mac hine真空冷冻机vac uum r eservoir 真空罐vac uum seal 真空密封vac uum seamer 罐头折边封盖机vac uum sintering 真空烧结vac uum system 真空系统vac uum tank真空罐vac uum tec hnique 真空技术vac uum test 真空试验vac uum tight 真空密封的vac uum tr ap 真空阱vac uum tube 真空管vac uum tube r ectifier 真空整流vac uum tube voltmeter 真空管电压表value 值valve 阀valve ar m 阀杆valve body 阀体valve bonnet 阀盖valve box 阀箱valve c ase 阀箱valve c asing 阀箱valve c hest 阀室valve c oc k阀栓valve c over 阀盖valve diagr am 阀动图valve follower 气门挺杆valve gear 阀动装置valve grinding 磨阀valve guard 阀档板valve guide 阀导承valve head 气门头valve in head engine顶阀式发动机valve lap 阀重叠valve lever 阀杆valve lift 阀升程valve lift curve 阀升程图valve lift diagram 阀升程图valve lifter 气门挺杆valve lifter guide阀挺杆导承valve mec hanism阀动装置valve needle 阀针valve overlap 阀重叠valve plate 阀板valve port 阀口valve position 阀位valve push rod 推阀杆valve r oc ker ar m 气阀摇杆valve r oc ker ar m shaft 阀摇臂轴valve r oc ker br ac ket 阀摇臂轴托架valve r oc ker pedestal 阀摇臂轴托架valve r oc ker shaft 阀摇臂轴valve r od 阀杆valve seat 阀座valve seating 磨阀valve setting 阀蝶valve spring 阀弹簧valve stem 阀杆valve str oke 阀升程valve tappet 气门挺杆valve tappet clear anc e气门挺杆间隙valve tappet guide阀挺杆导承valve tim ing 阀定时valve tim ing gear 阀定时装置valveless engine 无气门式发动机van 箱式货车van der waals' equation 范德瓦耳斯方程vanadium钒vanadium steel 钒钢vane 叶片vane anemometer 翼式风速计vane c ompr essor 叶片式压缩机vane flowmeter 转子式量表vane motor 叶轮式油压马达vane pump 叶轮泵vane wheel 叶轮vaned diffuser 叶片式扩散器vaneless diffuser 无叶片式扩散器无导连的扩压器vapoize 蒸发vapor 蒸汽vapor cycle 蒸气循环vapor loc k 蒸汽汽塞vapor pr essur e 蒸汽压力vapor pump 蒸汽喷射泵vaporimeter 蒸气压力表vaporization 蒸发vaporizer 蒸发器vapour 蒸汽variable 变数variable acceler ation 可变加速度variable c apacitor 可变电容器variable c ondenser 可变电容器variable delivery pump 可变容积泵variable density wind tunnel 变密度风洞variable displacement motor 可变排量马达variable displacement pump 可变容积泵variable geometry wing 可变翼variable load 可变负荷variable mass 变质量variable pitch propeller 可掂螺旋桨variable r esistanc e 可变电阻variable r esistor 可变电阻器variable section 可变断面variable speed drive变速传动variable sweep aircraft 可变翼飞机variable sweep wing 可变翼variable voltage transfor mer 可变电压变压器variable wing air plane 可变翼飞机varianc e 方差varianc e analysis 方差分析varignon's theorem 范力农定理varistor 非线性电阻var nish 漆var nishing 涂漆varying str ess 变应力vaseline 凡士林vector 矢量vector analysis 向量分析vector diagr am 向量图vector field 向量场vector pr oduct 矢量积vee guide v 形导轨vee pulley 三角皮带轮vegetable oil 植物油vehicle 运载工具vehicle hoist 升车机velocimeter 速度计velocity 速度velocity c oefficient 速度系数velocity c urve 速度曲线velocity diagr am 速度图velocity distribution 速度分布velocity gr adient 速度梯度velocity head 速头velocity of blade叶片速度velocity of flow 临velocity of propagation of flame 火焰传播速度velocity of sound 声速velocity pic k up 速度传感器velocity potential 速度势velocity r ange 速度范围velocity r atio 传动比velocity selector 速度选择器velocity stage 速度级velocity triangle速度三角形velox boiler 韦洛克斯锅炉vena c ontr acta 射留缩vending mac hine 自动售货机veneer 单板veneer lathe 剥皮机vent 放气孔vent hole 放气孔vent valve 通气阀vent wire 通气针ventilating fan 通风机ventilation 换气ventilation flue 通风道ventilation installation 通风装置ventilation pipe 通风管ventilation plant 通风装置ventilation system通风系统ventilator 通风机venturi tube 文丘里管venturimeter 文氏管量计ver bal instruction 口头指示verific ation 检验ver nier 游标ver nier bevel protr actor 游标量角器ver nier c aliper 游标卡尺ver nier depth gage 游标深度卡尺ver nier dial 游标刻度盘ver nier engine 游标发动机ver nier gear tooth c aliper 游标齿厚规ver nier gear tooth gage游标齿厚规ver nier height gage高度规ver satile robot 万能机扑ver satility 万能性vertic al axis wind tur bine 竖轴风车vertic al boiler 立式锅炉vertic al broac hing mac hine 立式拉床vertic al compr essor 立式压缩机vertic al conveyor 立式输送机vertic al drilling mac hine立式钻床vertic al electr ochemical for m ing machine 立式电解成形机vertic al engine 立式发动机vertic al feed 垂直进给vertic al feed scr ew 垂直进给丝杠vertic al fin 垂直安定面vertic al forc e 垂直力vertic al gyrosc ope垂直陀螺仪vertic al jounal 枢轴vertic al journal 枢轴颈vertic al lathe 立式车床vertic al m illing head 立铣头vertic al m illing mac hine立式铣床vertic al proj ection 垂直投影vertic al pump 立式泵vertic al shaft 立轴vertic al shaft turbine 立轴式涡轮机vertic al slide 垂直滑板vertic al speed indicator 升降速度表vertic al spindle surfac e grinder 立轴平面磨床vertic al tail 垂直尾翼vertic al tail plane 水平安定面vertic al take off and landing 垂直起落vertic al take off and landing aircraft 垂直起落机vertic al tur bine立轴式涡轮机vertic al tur ning and boring m ill 立式车床vertic al turr et lathe立式转塔车床vertic al water tube boiler 立式水管锅炉vertic al welding 垂直焊very large scale integr ation 超大规模集成电路vessel 船vibr ating c hute 振动式滑槽vibr ating c ompactor 振动压实机vibr ating c onveyor 振动输送机vibr ating feeder 振动式给料机vibr ating mill 振动式磨矿机vibr ating motor 振动歧动机vibr ating plate 振动板vibr ating r eed fr equency meter 振簧式频率计vibr ating scr een 振动筛vibr ating sieve 振动筛vibr ating table 振动台vibr ating tamper 振动夯vibr ating trough 振动槽vibr ation 振动vibr ation absorber 振动阻尼器vibr ation acc eler ation 振动加速度vibr ation amplitude 振动振幅vibr ation analysis 振动分析vibr ation damper 减震器vibr ation damping 减振vibr ation engineering 振动工程vibr ation exc iter 振动发生器振动激励器vibr ation fr equency 频率vibr ation galvanometer 振动式检疗vibr ation gener ator 振动发生器振动激励器vibr ation isolation 振动绝缘vibr ation isolation material 隔振材料vibr ation level 振动级vibr ation mac hine 振动器振动机vibr ation measur ement 振动测定vibr ation meter 振动计vibr ation mode 振动方式vibr ation node 振动节点vibr ation period 振动周期vibr ation pic kup 振动传感器vibr ation pr oof 耐振的vibr ation r ec order 示振器振动显示器vibr ation r esistanc e抗振性vibr ation r oller 振动式碾压机vibr ation spectrum 振动谱vibr ation system 振动系统vibr ation test 振动试验vibr ation tester 振动试验机vibr ation theory 振动理论vibr ator 振动器振子vibr ator motor 振动歧动机vibr atory c entrifuge振荡离心机vibr atory crusher 振动破碎机vibr atory feeder 振动式给料机vibr atory pile driver 振动打桩机vibr atory plate c ompactor 振动板压实机vibr atory tr ansport 振动运输vibr ograph 示振器振动显示器vibr oisolating material 隔振材料vibr ometer 振动计vibr om ill 振动式磨矿机vibr opacker 振动包装机vibr oscope 振动计vice 虎钳vice jaw 虎钳口vice scr ew 虎钳螺杆vicker s hardness 维氏硬度vicker s hardness tester 维氏硬度试验机video monitor 视频监视器video tape r ecor der 磁带录像机view 视图view finder 检影器取景器viewfinder 取景器vinegar 醋vinyl chloride 氯乙烯vinyl r esin 乙烯基尸virial c oefficient 维里系数virtual displac ement 虚位移virtual image 虚象virtual work 虚功visc oelastic body 粘弹体visc oelastic material 粘弹性材料visc oelastic model 粘弹性模型visc oelasticity 粘弹性visc ometer 粘度计visc ometry 粘度测定法visc oplastic material 粘塑性材料visc oplasticity 粘塑性visc osimetry 粘度测定法visc osity 粘性visc osity index 粘度指数visc osity index impr over 改善粘度添加剂visc osity tachometer 粘性转数计visc ous 粘滞的visc ous damper 粘性阻尼器visc ous damping 粘性衰减visc ous drag 粘性阻力visc ous fluid 粘性铃visc ous friction 粘性摩擦visc ous r esistanc e粘性阻力visibility 可贝度visible outline 外形线visible r ays 可见光线vision 视觉visual angle 视角visual chec king 肉眼检查visual exam ination 肉眼检查visual field 视野visual inspection 肉眼检查visual observation 目视观测visual sensor 视觉感受器vitrified bond 陶瓷结合剂vlsi 超大规模集成电路voic e rec ognition 语言识别void 空隙void ratio 空隙率voids 空隙率voigt model 沃伊特模型volatile c omponent 挥发分volatile c onstituent 挥发分volatile matter 挥发物volatile substanc e挥发物volatility 挥发性volatilization 挥发volt 伏特volt amper e c har acteristic 电压电霖性volta's pile 伏打电堆voltage 电压voltage contr ol 电压蝶voltage curr ent char acteristic 电压电霖性voltage divider 分压器voltage dr op 电压降voltage fluctuation 电压波动voltage limiter 电压限制器voltage r ating 额定电压voltage regulation 电压蝶voltage regulator 电压第器voltage stabilizer 电压稳定器稳压器voltaic c ell 伏打电池voltaic pile 伏打电堆voltammeter 电压电量计voltmeter 电压表volume 体积volume c ompressibility 体积压缩率volume elasticity 体积弹性volume flow r ate体积量volume forc e 体积力volume modulus 体积弹性模量volume r atio 容积比volume shrinkage体积收缩volumenometer 容积计volumeter 容积计volumetric efficiency 容积效率;充填系数volumetric expansion 体膨胀volumetric flowmeter 容积量计volute casing 蜗形壳volute housing 蜗形壳volute pump 螺旋泵volute spring 锥形弹簧vortex 涡流旋流vortex burner 涡两喷燃器vortex c hamber 涡良烧室vortex filament 涡吝vortex flow 涡流vortex gener ator 旋涡发生器vortex motion 涡了动vortex pump 涡动泵vortex str eet 涡练vortex tube 涡旋管vorticity 涡旋性vtol 垂直起落vtol aircraft 垂直起落机vtr 磁带录像机vulc anization 硫化vulc anized fiber 刚纸vulc anized rubber 硫化橡胶vulc anizing agent 硫化剂vulc anizing autoclave硫化锅vulc anizing pr ess 平板硫化机w type engine w 形发动机wage 工资wagon 货车wagon balanc e 轨道衡wagon stock 车辆线群wagon tipper 翻车机wake 伴流walking exc avator 步行挖掘机walking mac hine 跨步式机械walking r obot 步行机扑wall 壁wall br ac ket 壁支架wall cr ane 壁装起重机wall drilling mac hine墙装钻床wall jib cr ane 墙座旋臂起重机wall slewing cr ane 墙座旋臂起重机wall soc ket 壁灯灯座wall thic kness 壁厚wankel engine 汪克尔发动机warehouse 仓库warehousing system自动化仓库系统warm ing up 暖机warning 警报warning device 报警装置warning lamp 警报灯warning light 警报灯warning signal 警告信号warp knitting loom 经编机warp knitting mac hine经编机warper整经机warping machine 整经机warping winch 绞缆机washer垫圈washing 洗涤washing machine 洗涤机waste 废物waste disposal 废物处理waste disposer 垃圾粉碎机waste gas 废气waste heat 废热waste heat boiler 废热锅炉waste heat rec overy 废热利用waste iron 废铁waste oil 废油waste pipe 排水管waste r ec overy 废物利用waste steam 废蒸汽waste steam heating 废汽供暖waste utilization 废物利用waste water 废水watch 手表watch glass 表面皿watch oil 钟表油watch spring 表簧water absorbing c apacity 吸水能力water absorption 吸水酌water br ake 水力闸water c alorimeter 水热量计water circulation 水循环water clarific ation 水的净化water c olumn 水柱water c onsumption 水消费量water c ontent 含湿量water c ooled 水冷的water c ooled bearing 水冷轴承water c ooled cylinder 水冷式气缸water c ooled engine水冷发动机water c ooled valve水冷式阀water c ooler 水冷却器water c ooling 水冷却water equivalent 水当量water examination 水质检查water filter 滤水器water gage 水位指示器水位表water gas 水煤气water gas generator 水煤气发生器water glass 水玻璃water hammer 水力冲击water hardening 水淬water head 水头water hose 水龙带water inj ection 喷水water j ac ket 水套water j et 喷射水流喷水water j et pump 喷水泵water j et vac uum pump 水喷真空泵water level 水位water level r egulator 水位第器water line 吃水线water lubric ation 水润滑water meter 水量计water of c ondensation 凝结水water of crystallization 结晶水water paint 水性涂料water per meability 透水性water pipe 供水管water pollution 水污染water power 水能water pr essur e 水压water pr oof test 防水试验water pr oofness 水密性water pump 水泵water purific ation 水净water purifier 净水器water purifying plant 净水装置water quality 水质water quenc hing 水淬water r adiator 水散热器water r am 水冲伙水机water r ate 磨耗率water r esistanc e 抗水性water r esistant paint 防水涂料water r heostat 水变阻器water ring pump 水环泵water seal 水封water separator 脱水器水分离器water sluic e valve制水阀water softening 软水法water softening plant 软水装置water supply 供水water tank 水罐water tap 水龙头water tightness 水密性water tower 贮水塔water tr eatment 水处理water tube 水管water tube boiler 水管式锅炉water vapor 蒸汽water wheel 水轮watering c ar 犬汽车waterpr oof 水密的waterpr oof c anvas 防水布waterpr oof cloth 防水布waterpr oof paint 防水涂料watertight 水密的waterworks 自来水道watt 瓦特watt hour 瓦特小时watt hour meter 积算瓦特计watt meter 电力计watthour meter 累积瓦特计wattless c urrent 无功电流wattless power 无功功率wave 波wave dr ag 波阻wave ener gy 波能wave ener gy air tur bine波能空气透平wave equation 波动方程wave for m波形wave motion 波动wave pr opagation 波的传播wave r esistanc e波阻wave shape 波形wave surfac e 波面wavelength 波长waviness 波纹度wax 蜡wax paper 蜡纸wax patter n 蜡模waxing mac hine 涂蜡机we 旋转腐蚀weak mixtur e 稀混合气weak sand 瘦砂wear 磨耗wear and abrasion resistanc e耐磨性wear c ompensation 磨耗补偿wear lim it 磨损极限wear parts 磨损部件wear proof 耐磨的wear r esistanc e 耐磨性wear r esistant 耐磨的wear r esistant c ast ir on 耐磨铸铁wear test 磨损试验wear testing mac hine磨损试验机wear out parts 磨损部件weather r esistanc e抗气候性weathering 风化weaving 织造weaving mac hine织布机web 梁腹板weber 韦伯wedge 楔wedge brake 楔形闸wedge friction wheel 槽形摩擦轮wedge wire scr een 楔形丝筛wedm电火花线切割weeder 除草器weibull distribution 韦布尔分布weigh bar shaft 回动轴weigh shaft 回动轴weighing 秤量weighing machine 秤weight 法码weight distribution 重量分布weight per br ake horsepower 每马力重量weight per unit power 单位功率重量weight r atio 重量比weight r eduction 减轻重量weighted accumulator 重锤式蓄能器weighting function 加权函数weightless state失重状态weightlessness 无重力weights and measures 度量衡weir 溢吝weld 焊接weld bead 焊道weld cr ac k焊接裂缝weld metal 熔敷金属weld penetr ation 溶透weld pool 熔池weldability 可焊性weldability test 可焊性试验welded c onstr uction 焊接结构welded j oint 焊接连接welded pipe 焊管welded pipe line焊接管道welded tube 焊管welder 焊工welding 焊接welding apparatus 焊接机welding blowpipe气焊枪welding c able 电焊引线welding c urrent 焊接电流welding defect 焊接缺陷welding dinamo 电焊发电机welding distortion 焊接变形welding electr ode焊条welding equipment 焊接设备welding flame 焊接焰welding flux 焊药welding generator 电焊发电机welding gloves 焊工手套welding goggles 焊工护目镜welding head 焊头welding heat 焊接热welding helmet 焊工帽welding leads 电焊引线welding mac hine 焊接机welding oper ator 焊工welding powder 焊药welding proc ess 焊接法welding r obot 焊接机扑welding r od 电焊条welding sequenc e焊接程序welding shop 焊接车间welding str ess 焊接应力welding torch 气焊枪welding tr ansfor mer 焊接变压器weldless tube 无缝管well pump 井泵wet air 湿空气wet air pump 湿气泵wet and dry bulb ther mometer 干湿球湿度计wet bulb ther mometer 湿球温度表wet classifier 湿式分级机wet cleaner 湿式滤清器湿法清洗器wet grinding 湿磨法;湿式粉碎wet grinding m ill 湿磨机wet metallurgy 湿法冶金wet pr ecipitator 湿式收尘器湿式除尘器wet pr oc ess 湿法wet purification 湿法净化wet purifier 湿式滤清器湿法清洗器wet separ ator 湿式选矿机wet steam 湿蒸汽wetness 湿度wettability 湿润性wetted perimeter 湿润周wetted surfac e 浸湿面wetting 润湿whale factory ship 捕鲸加工船whale oil 鲸油whaleboat 捕鲸船wharf cr ane 码头起重机wheatstone bridge惠斯登电桥wheel 轮wheel and axle 轮轴wheel axle 轮轴wheel balanc er 车轮平衡试验机wheel base 轴距wheel br ake 轮闸wheel br aking cylinder 制动轮缸wheel c amber 前轮外倾角wheel c entr e 轮心wheel cr ane 轮胎起重机wheel cylinder 制动轮缸wheel disk 辐板wheel dr esser 砂轮修整装置wheel exc avator 轮式挖土机wheel flange 轮缘wheel grinding machine 车轮磨床wheel guard 砂轮罩wheel head 磨头wheel hub 轮毂wheel lathe 车轮车床wheel loader 轮式装载机wheel mounted cr ane 轮胎起重机wheel pr ess 轮压机wheel rim 轮箍wheel set 轮轴wheel slip 车轮滑转wheel spindle 轮轴wheel spindle stoc k磨头wheel spoke 轮辐wheel tr ac k轮距wheel tr ead 胎面wheel type tr actor 轮式拖拉机wheelbarrow 手推车wheeled tr actor 轮式拖拉机wheelhead 磨头whetstone 磨刀石whirl 涡流旋流whirl etc hing 旋转腐蚀whisker 金属须white heart malleable cast ir on 白心可锻铸铁white heat 白热white iron 白铸铁white metal 白合金white noise 白色噪声whitworth scr ew thr ead 惠氏螺纹whitworth thr ead 惠氏螺纹whole depth 齿全高whole number 整数wick lubric ation 油绳润滑wick lubric ator 灯心注油器油绳润滑器wick oiler 灯心注油器油绳润滑器widia 碳化钨硬质合金width 宽wien's displac ement law 维痘移定律winch 卷扬机wind box 风箱wind dir ection indic ator 风向指示器wind driven electric plant 风能动力装置wind energy 风能wind load 风荷重wind motor 风力发动机wind power plant 风力发电站wind power station 风力发电站wind pr essur e 风压wind r esistanc e 风阻力wind tunnel 风洞wind tunnel balanc e 风洞天平wind tunnel test 风洞试验winding 线圈;绕线winding dr um 卷筒winding machine 绕线机windlass 起锚绞盘windm ill 风车windrower 割晒机windshield 风挡windshield heater 除霜器windshield wiper 挡风玻璃刮水器wing 翼wing ar ea 机翼面积wing chor d 翼弦wing loading 机翼单位面积负荷wing profile 翼剖面wing pump 叶轮泵wing screw 蝶形螺钉wing section 翼截面wing span 翼展wing spar 横梁winged nut 翼螺帽winged screw 翼形螺钉winkler gas gener ator 文克勒煤气发生炉winkler gas pr oduc er 文克勒煤气发生炉wire 金属丝wire ar mor ed hose钢丝包皮软管wire brush 钢丝刷wire brushing 用钢丝刷清理wire cloth 筛网布wire cut edm 电火花线切割wire cut electro disc harge mac hine电火花线切割机wire cutting 电火花线切割wire cutting off mac hine 钢丝切断机wire dr awing 拉线wire dr awing benc h 拔丝机wire dr awing mac hine 拔丝机wire electrode 电极丝wire gage 线规wire gaze 金属丝网wire glass 络网玻璃wire m ill 线材轧机wire nail 销钉wire raising mac hine钢丝起绒机wire rod 线材wire rope 钢丝绳wire saw 钢丝锯wire scr een 金属丝网筛wire sieve 金属丝网筛wire spoke 钢丝轮辐wire stitc her 网器wire stitc hing mac hine网器wire str aightener 钢丝校正机wire str ain gage电阻丝应变仪wire weaving mac hine 金属线网织机wire wheel 钢丝辐轮wired glass 铁丝玻璃wireless c ompass 无线电罗盘wiring 配线wiring diagram 布线图wolframic acid 钨酸wood boring machine 木工钻床wood drilling mac hine 木工钻床wood fibr e 木质纤维wood file 木锉刀wood lathe 木工车床wood meal 木粉wood m illing mac hine木工铣床wood pattern 木模wood pattern maker 木模工wood pattern shop 制模车间wood pipe 木管wood planer 木刨床wood powder 木粉wood pulp grinder 木浆研磨机wood screw 木螺丝wood tar 木焦油wood working 木材加工wood working machine 木工机床wood working tool 木工工具wood's alloy 伍德合金wood's metal 伍德合金wooden 木制的wooden belt pulley 木皮带轮wooden hammer 木锤wooden pipe 木管wooden pole 木桩wooden ship 木船wooden tube 木管wooden vessel 木船woodr uff key 半圆键woodwor k 木制品woodwor king 木材加工woodwor king mac hine木工机床wool felt 毛毡wool spinning machine 毛纺机wool washing mac hine 洗毛机work 功work bench 工专work cycle 工总期work hardening 加工硬化work table 工专workability 可加工性workhead 工罪架working clear anc e工卒隙working conditions 工柞件working cylinder 工鬃working dr awing 工准working fluid 工族working gage 工卓规working load 工缀载working medium工组质working position 工谆置working pr essure 工坠力working principle 工篆理working station 工拙working stress 工爪力working stroke 工仔程working temper atur e 工茁度workpiece 工件workpiece headstoc k 工罪架works 厂workshop 车间workshop tr uc k修理车worm蜗杆worm c onveyor 螺旋输送器worm drive 蜗轮传动worm gear 蜗轮worm gear hob 蜗轮滚刀worm gear hobbing machine 蜗轮滚齿机worm gearing 蜗杆传动装置worm gear s 蜗杆传动装置worm grinder 蜗杆磨床worm milling mac hine 蜗杆铣床worm r educ er 蜗轮减速机worm shaft 蜗轴worm wheel 蜗轮worm wheel hobbing mac hine 蜗轮滚齿机wound r otor 绕线型转子wound r otor induction motor 绕线式电动机wound r otor type motor 绕线式电动机woven belt 帆布皮带wrapper 包装机wrapping angle 接触角wrapping mac hine包装机wrapping paper 包装纸wreck crane 救援起重机wrecker truc k 救险汽车wrench 扳手wrench j aws 板手钳口wrist pin 活塞销wrong oper ation 误动作wrought alloy 变形合金wrought aluminium alloy 变形铝合金wrought ir on 熟铁wrought steel 锻钢;熟钢x cross member x 形横梁x engine x形发动机x gear 修整齿轮x ray analysis x 射线分析x ray appar atus x 射线装置x ray defectoscopy x 射线检查x ray m icr oscope x 射线显微镜x ray photogr aph x 射线照片x ray spectr ometer x射线分光计x ray testing x 射线检查x rays x 射线x shaped x形的x shaped cr oss member x 形横梁x type x形的x type engine x 型发动机x y plotter x y 绘图机x zer o gear 零变位齿轮xenon 氙xenon lamp 氙灯xylene 二甲苯xylol 二甲苯y connection 星形连接y piece 分叉管y pipe 分叉管y type engine y 形发动机yac ht 快艇yag crystal 钇铝石榴石晶体yag laser 激光器yar d 编组站yarn 纱yarn twisting mac hine 捻丝机yarrow boiler 雅鲁式锅炉yaw angle 偏航角yawing 偏航yawing moment 偏航力矩yawmeter 偏航计yellow phosphor us 黄磷yield 收获率yield point 屈服点yield stress 屈服应力yoke 轭铁yoke end u 形夹yoked c onnecting r od 叉式连杆young's modulus 弹性模数yttrium alum inium gar net crystal 钇铝石榴石晶体yttrium alum inium gar net laser 激光器z axis z 轴z bar z 字钢z steel z 字钢zeolite 沸石zero adjustment 零点蝶zero gravity 无重力zero gravity state 失重状态zero point 零点zero point energy 零点能zero potential 零电位zero power reactor 零功率反应堆zero r etur n 原点归复zero setting 零位蝶zerol bevel gear 零度弧齿伞齿轮zigzag 之字形zigzag antenna 曲折天线zigzag riveting 交错铆接zinc 锌zinc alloy 锌合金zinc base alloy 锌基合金zinc bronze 锌青铜zincing 镀锌zipper 拉锁zircon 锆石zirconium 锆zone of combustion 燃烧带zone of preheating 预热区。

机械英语翻译

机械英语翻译机械英语翻译.txt .txt 你无法改变别人，但你可以改变自己；你无法改变天气，但你可以改变心情；你无法改变生命长度，但你可以拓展它的宽度。

第一单元情；你无法改变生命长度，但你可以拓展它的宽度。

第一单元Types of Materials材料的类型材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materialsby their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.材料可以按多种方法分类。

科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。

他们也把材料分为有机材料们也把材料分为有机材料((曾经有生命的曾经有生命的))和无机材料和无机材料((从未有生命的从未有生命的))。

For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials ornonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products.就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。

那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。

组成部分的就是工程材料。

Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product. 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。

机械专业毕业设计外文翻译1

本科毕业设计（本科毕业论文）外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：High-rise Tower Crane designed文献、资料来源：期刊（著作、网络等）文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2000.3.25院（部）：机电工程学院专业：机电工程及自动化High-rise Tower Crane designed under Turbulent Winds At present, construction of tower cranes is an important transport operations lifting equipment, tower crane accident the people's livelihood, major hazards, and is currently a large number of tower crane drivers although there are job permits, due to the lack of means to monitor and review the actual work of a serious violation . Strengthen the inspection and assessment is very important. Tower crane tipping the cause of the accident can be divided into two aspects: on the one hand, as a result of the management of tower cranes in place, illegal operation, illegal overloading inclined cable-stayed suspended widespread phenomenon; Second, because of the tower crane safety can not be found in time For example,Took place in the tower crane foundation tilt, micro-cracks appear critical weld, bolts loosening the case of failure to make timely inspection, maintenance, resulting in the continued use of tower cranes in the process of further deterioration of the potential defect, eventually leading to the tower crane tipping. The current limit of tower crane and the black box and can not be found to connect slewing tower and high-strength bolts loosening tightened after the phenomenon is not timely, not tower verticality of the axis line of the lateral-line real-time measurement, do not have to fight the anti-rotation vehicles, lifting bodies plummeted Meng Fang, hook hoists inclined cable is a timely reminder and record of the function, the wind can not be contained in the state of suspended operation to prevent tipping on the necessary tips on site there is a general phenomenon of the overloaded overturning of the whole security risks can not be accurately given a reminder and so on, all of which the lease on the tower crane, use, management problems,Through the use of tower crane anti-tipping monitor to be resolved. Tower crane anti-tipping Monitor is a new high-tech security monitoring equipment, and its principle for the use of machine vision technology and image processing technology to achieve the measurement of the tilt tower, tower crane on the work of state or non-working state of a variety of reasons angle of the tower caused by the critical state to achieve the alarm, prompt drivers to stop illegal operation, a computer chip at the same time on the work of the state of tower crane be recorded. Tower crane at least 1 day overload condition occurs, a maximum number of days to reach 23 overloading, the driver to operate the process of playing the anti-car, stop hanging urgency, such as cable-stayed suspended oblique phenomenon often, after verification and education, to avoid the possible occurrence of fatal accidents. Wind conditions in the anti-tipping is particularly important, tower cranes sometimes connected with the pin hole and pin do not meet design requirements, to connect high-strength bolts are not loose in time after the tightening of the phenomenon, through timely maintenance in time after the tightening of the phenomenon, through timely maintenance and remedial measures to ensure that the safe and reliable construction progress. Reduced lateral line tower vertical axis measuring the number of degrees,Observation tower angle driver to go to work and organize the data once a month to ensure that the lateral body axis vertical line to meet the requirements, do not have to every time and professionals must be completed by Theodolite tower vertical axismeasuring the lateral line, simplified the management link. Data logging function to ensure that responsibility for the accident that the scientific nature to improve the management of data records for the tower crane tower crane life prediction and diagnosis of steel structures intact state data provides a basis for scientific management and proactive prevention of possible accidents, the most important thing is, if the joint use of the black box can be easily and realistically meet the current provisions of the country's related industries. Tower crane safety management at the scene of great importance occurred in the construction process should be to repair damaged steel, usually have to do a good job in the steel tower crane maintenance work and found that damage to steel structures, we must rule out potential causes of accidents, to ensure safety in production carried out smoothly. Tower crane in the building construction has become essential to the construction of mechanical equipment, tower crane at the construction site in the management of safety in production is extremely important. A long time, people in the maintenance of tower crane, only to drive attention to the conservation and electrical equipment at the expense of inspection and repair of steel structures, to bring all kinds of construction accidents.Conclusion: The tower crane anti-tipping trial monitor to eliminate potential causes of accidents to provide accurate and timely information, the tower crane to ensure the smooth development of the leasing business, the decision is correct, and should further strengthen and standardize the use of the environment (including new staff training and development of data processing system, etc.).The first construction cranes were probably invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first 'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilised where the provision of power would be uneconomic.Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms – each tailored to a specific use. Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes,used for constructing high buildings, and the largest floating cranes, used to build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships.This article also covers lifting machines that do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but are generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.The crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6th century BC. The archaeological record shows that no later than c.515 BC distinctive cuttings for both lifting tongs and lewis irons begin to appear on stone blocks of Greek temples. Since these holes point at the use of a lifting device, and since they are to be found either above the center of gravity of the block, or in pairs equidistant from a point over the center of gravity, they are regarded by archaeologists as the positive evidence required for the existence of the crane.The introduction of the winch and pulley hoist soon lead to a widespread replacement of ramps as the main means of vertical motion. For the next two hundred years, Greek building sites witnessed a sharp drop in the weights handled, as the new lifting technique made the use of several smaller stones more practical than of fewer larger ones. In contrast to the archaic period with its tendency to ever-increasing block sizes, Greek temples of the classical age like the Parthenon invariably featured stone blocks weighing less than 15-20 tons. Also, the practice of erecting large monolithic columns was practically abandoned in favour of using several column drums.Although the exact circumstances of the shift from the ramp to the crane technology remain unclear, it has been argued that the volatile social and political conditions of Greece were more suitable to the employment of small, professional construction teams than of large bodies of unskilled labour, making the crane more preferable to the Greek polis than the more labour-intensive ramp which had been the norm in the autocratic societies of Egypt or Assyria.The first unequivocal literary evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appears in the Mechanical Problems (Mech. 18, 853a32-853b13) attributed to Aristotle (384-322 BC), but perhaps composed at a slightly later date. Around the same time, block sizes at Greek temples began to match their archaic predecessors again, indicating that the more sophisticated compound pulley must have found its way to Greek construction sites by then.During the High Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was reintroduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman Empire. The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota) reappears in archival literature in France about 1225, followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240. In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor cranes are documented for Utrecht in 1244, Antwerp in 1263, Brugge in 1288 and Hamburg in 1291, while in England the treadwheel is not recorded before 1331.Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic cathedrals. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly introduced machines like treadwheels or wheelbarrows did not completely replace more labor-intensive methods like ladders, hods and handbarrows. Rather, old and new machinery continued to coexist on medieval construction sites and harbors.Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by windlasses with radiating spokes, cranks and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a ship's wheel. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead-spots' in the lifting process flywheels are known to be in use as early as 1123.The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded, although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved. Alternatively, the medieval treadwheel may represent a deliberate reinvention of its Roman counterpart drawn from Vitruvius' De architectura which was available in many monastic libraries. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well, by the observation of the labor-saving qualities of the waterwheel with which early treadwheels shared many structural similarities.In contrast to modern cranes, medieval cranes and hoists - much like their counterparts in Greece and Rome - were primarily capable of a vertical lift, and not used to move loads for a considerable distance horizontally as well. Accordingly, lifting work was organized at the workplace in a different way than today. In building construction, for example, it is assumed that the crane lifted the stone blocks either from the bottom directly into place, or from a place opposite the centre of the wall from where it could deliver the blocks for two teams working at each end of the wall. Additionally, the crane master who usually gave orders at the treadwheel workers from outside the crane was able to manipulate the movement laterally by a small rope attached to the load. Slewing cranes which allowed a rotation of the load and were thus particularly suited for dockside work appeared as early as 1340. While ashlar blocks were directly lifted by sling, lewis or devil's clamp (German Teufelskralle), other objects were placed before in containers like pallets, baskets, wooden boxes or barrels.It is noteworthy that medieval cranes rarely featured ratchets or brakes to forestall the load from running backward.[25] This curious absence is explained by the high friction force exercised by medieval treadwheels which normally prevented the wheel from accelerating beyond control.目前，塔式起重机是建筑工程进行起重运输作业的重要设备，塔机事故关系国计民生、危害重大，而目前众多的塔机司机虽然有上岗证，由于缺少监督和复核手段，实际工作中违规严重。

外文文献翻译、中英文翻译--冷锻技术的发展现状与趋势

附录1:翻译（汉）冷锻技术的发展现状与趋势摘要：冷锻技术是一种精密塑性成形工艺，具有切削加工不可比拟的优点，广泛应用于各种机械产品关键零部件的制造。

本文从冷锻零件的形状、材料、工艺革新、生产率、数值模拟技术和数字化/智能化设计技术应用、以及优化技术几个方面综合论述了冷锻技术的发展现状与趋势。

关键词：冷锻，工艺/模具设计，数值模拟，基于知识的工艺设计，设计优化。

冷锻工艺是一种精密塑性成形技术，具有切削加工无可比拟的优点，如制品的机械性能好，生产率高和材料利用率高，特别适合于大批量生产，而且可以作为最终产品的制造方法（net-shape forming），在交通运输工具、航空航天和机床工业等行业具有广泛的应用。

当前汽车工业、摩托车工业和机床工业的飞速发展，为冷锻这一传统的技术的发展提供了原动力，例如，我国1999年摩托车的全国总产量就有1126万多辆，而根据2000年的初步估计，我国汽车的总需求量到2005年将达到330万辆，其中轿车130-140万辆，仅汽车行业的锻件需求在50-60万吨以上。

冷锻技术在我国的起步虽然不算太晚，但发展速度与发达国家有很大的差距。

到目前为止，我国生产的轿车上的冷锻件重量不足20Kg，相当于发达国家的一半，开发潜力很大。

加强冷锻技术开发与推广应用是我国目前的一项紧迫任务。

1、冷锻件的形状越来越复杂冷锻零件的形状越来越趋于复杂，由最初的阶梯轴、螺钉/螺母和导管等，发展到形状复杂的零件，如图1所示为不同尺寸的摩托车花键轴与花键套，花键轴的典型工艺为：正挤压杆部-镦粗中间头部分-挤压花键；花键套的主要工艺为：反挤压杯形件-冲底制成环型件-正挤压轴套。

如图2所示为汽车输出轴与输入轴，以及其他冷锻制品。

如图3所示为我国采用摆动碾压技术制成的各种汽车/摩托车用锥齿轮、螺旋锥齿轮和其他圆盘类零件，如图4所示为日本某公司生产的冷锻零件，图4所示的涡旋增压器，我国已经列入国家“十五”攻关项目。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译18Movax说明手册

附录三英文资料翻译及原文Movax说明手册目录SP 20 - SPH80中文V 1006031. 简介2. 液压系统及功能3. 安全指示和保修事项4. 操作前的基本检查165. 提伸桩至垂直位置6. 搬运桩7. 挖掘机斗杆力8. 液压系统空气的净化9. Movax和Movax II 的自动操控10. 手动打桩10. 手动打桩11. 实践训练错误！未定义书签。

12. 保修注意事项13. 可选零件14. 实用性建议15. SPH80型号中“锤击桩”命令的修改的介绍＝改变相位错误！未定义书签。

16. Movax SP W/SPH W型号的特别提示下夹桩爪液压缸垫片附录1Movax/挖掘机适配器附录21.简介独特性在于它的侧面性，侧面工作允许在其他同类产品无法工作的地方工作（如隧道、桥底下、动力线下与那些超过规定高度的地方）。

使用Movax 装置搬运一根12米长的桩甚至只须一台普通的挖掘机认真阅读这本手册, ,了解使用Movax 什么是允许和安全的. 本手册中您也可以从其他使用者的经验中找到有用的提示随着对Movax 的不断地研究和改进，它的性能提高了很多并将有更多的改进在订购Movax 的备件时请清楚序列号、类型和所有可能做了的变化. 这些确保你将获得正确的零配件。

自动装置的一些地方都有自己的系列号和版本号，当订购零件时，你也应该注意到。

为了安全的最大性能的发挥Movax 的优势，请注意指南中所有安全预防措施通过培训，操作证书作为一个单独的证明授予操作者。

倾斜油缸倾斜连接头液压集成块回转涡轮U 形架上夹桩爪下夹桩爪振动箱第3钳爪第4钳爪上夹桩爪油缸回转马达锁定油缸下夹桩爪油缸吸收橡胶块上夹桩爪油缸振动马达下夹桩爪油缸1.1 运输过程∙把电缆线B从显示器上拔出，因为在运输过程中，假如挖掘机接触电源线，驾驶室的电脑有可能被烧毁。

1.2在挖掘机/Movax/桩上焊接时∙焊接之前，关闭电脑和把电缆线B从监视器上拔出1.3连接器的保护∙拔出电缆后，保持连接器的清洁和防止显示器的电源线短路∙在拔出电缆前先关闭显示器∙当拔出电缆，保护好液压系统连接器及软管，防止污垢进入液压系统2. 液压系统功能介绍2.1 钳∙每个钳口同时动作∙振动时停止钳爪的动作∙在使用第四个钳爪时，请特别注意，它张开时其他的钳爪是停止的。

机械外文翻译--高速钻床的动力学分析

附录附录1：外文资料Kinematic and dynamic synthesis of a parallel kinematic high speeddrilling machineAbstractTypically, the term‘‘high speed drilling’’ is related to spindle capability of high cutting speeds. The suggested high speed drilling machine (HSDM) extends this term to include very fast and accurate point-to-point motions. The new HSDM is composed of a planar parallel mechanism with two linear motors as the inputs. The paper is focused on the kinematic and dynamic synthesis of this parallel kinematic machine (PKM). The kinematic synthesis introduces a new methodology of input motion planning for ideal drilling operation and accurate point-to-point positioning. The dynamic synthesis aims at reducing the input power of the PKM using a spring element.Keywords: Parallel kinematic machine; High speed drilling; Kinematic and dynamic synthesis1. IntroductionDuring the recent years, a large variety of PKMs were introduced by research institutes and by industries. Most, but not all, of these machines were based on the well-known Stewart platform [1] configuration. The advantages of these parallel structures are high nominal load to weight ratio, good positional accuracy and a rigid structure [2]. The main disadvantages of Stewart type PKMs are the small workspace relative to the overall size of the machine and relatively slow operation speed [3,4]. Workspace of a machine tool is defined as the volume where the tip of the tool can move and cut material. The design of a planar Stewart platform was mentioned in [5] as an affordable way of retrofitting non-CNC machines required for plastic moulds machining. The design of the PKM [5] allowed adjustable geometry that could have been optimally reconfigured for any prescribed path. Typically, changing the length of one or more links in a controlled sequence does the adjustment of PKM geometry.The application of the PKMs with ‘‘constant-length links’’ for the design of machine tools is less common than the type with ‘‘varying-length links’’. An excellent example of a ‘‘c onstant-length links’’ type of machine is shown in [6]. Renault-Automation Comau has built the machine named ‘‘Urane SX’’. The HSDM described herein utilizes a parallel mechanism with constant-length links.Drilling operations are well introduced in the literature [7]. An extensive experimental study of highspeed drilling operations for the automotive industry is reported in [8]. Data was collected fromhundreds controlled drilling experiments in order to specify the parameters required for quality drilling. Ideal drilling motions andguidelines for performing high quality drilling were presented in [9] through theoretical and experimental studies. In the synthesis of the suggested PKM, we follow the suggestions in [9].The detailed mechanical structures of the proposed new PKM were introduced in [10,11]. One possible configuration of the machine is shown in Fig. 1; it has large workspace, highspeed point-to-point motion and very high drilling speed. The parallel mechanism provides Y, and Z axes motions. The X axis motion is provided by the table. For achieving highspeed performance, two linear motors are used for drivingthe mechanism and a highspeed spindle is used for drilling. The purpose of this paper is to describe new kinematic and dynamic synthesis methods that are developed for improving the performance of the machine. Through input motion planning for drilling and point-to-point positioning, the machining error will be reduced and the quality of the finished holes can be greatly improved. By adding a well-tuned spring element to the PKM, the input power can be minimized so that the size the machine and the energy consumption can be reduced. Numerical simulations verify the correctness and effectiveness of the methods presented in this paper.2. Kinematic and dynamic equations of motion of the PKM moduleThe schematic diagram of the PKM module is shown in Fig. 2. In consistent with the machine tool conventions, the z-axis is along the direction of tool movement. The PKM module has two inputs (two linear motors) indicated as part 1 and part 6, and one output motion of the tool. The positioning and drilling motion of the PKM module in this application is characterized by (y axis motion for point-to-point positioning) and (z axis motion for drilling). Motion equations for both rigid body and elastic body PKM module are developed. The rigid body equations are used for the synthesis of input motion planning of drilling and input power reduction. The elastic body equations are used for residual vibration control after point-to-point positioning of the tool.2.1. Equations of motion of the PKM module with rigid linksUsing complex-number representation of mechanisms [12], the kinematic equations of the tool unit (indicated as part 3 which includes the platform, the spindle and the tool) are developed as follows. The displacement of the tool isandwhere b is the distance between point B and point C, r is the length of link AB (the lengths of link AB, CD and CE are equal). The velocity of the tool iswhereThe acceleration of the tool iswhereThe dynamic equations of the PKM module are developed using Lagrange’s equation of the second kind [13] as shown in Eq. (7).where T is the total kinetic energy of the system; and are the generalizedcoordinates and velocities; is the generalized force corresponding to . k is the number of the independent generalized coordinates of the system. Here, k=2, q1=y1 and q2=y6. After derivation, Eq. (7) can be expressed aswhere n is the number of the moving links; are mass and mass moment ofinertia of link i; are the coordinates of the center of mass of link i; hi is therotation angle of link i in the PKM module. The generalized force can be determined bywhere V is the potential energy and F’i are the nonpotential forces. For the drilling operation of the PKM module, we havewhere Fcut is the cutting force, F1 and F6 are the input forces exerted on the PKM by the linear motors. Eqs. (1) to (10) form the kinematic and dynamic equations of the PKM module with rigid links.2.2. Equations of motion of the PKM module with elastic linksThe dynamic differential equations of a compliant mechanism can be derived using the finite element method and take the form ofwhere [M], [C] and [K] are system mass, damping and stiffness matrix, respectively; {D} is the set of generalized coordinates representing the translation and rotation deformations at each element node in global coordinate system; {R} is the set ofgeneralized external forces corresponding to {D}; n is the number of the generalized coordinates (elastic degrees of freedom of the mechanism). In our FEA model, we use frame element shown in Fig. 3 in which EIe is the bending stiffness (E is the modulus of elasticity of the material, Ie is the moment of inertia), q is the material density, le isthe original length of the element. are nodal displacements expressed in local coordinate system(x, y). The mass matrix and stiffness matrix for the frame element will be 66 symmetric matrices which can be derived fromthe kinetic energy and strain energy expressions as Eqs. (12) and (13)where T is the kinetic energy and U is the strain energy of the element;are the linear 1 2 3 4 5 6 and angular deformations of the node at the element local coordinate system. Detailed derivations can be found in [14]. Typically, a compliant mechanism is discretized into many elements as in finite element analysis. Each element is associated with a mass and a stiffness matrix. Each element has its own local coordinate system. We combine the element mass and stiffness matrices of all elements and perform coordinate transformations necessary to transform the element local coordinate systemto global coordinate system. This gives the systemmass [M] and stiffness [K] matrices. Capturing the damping characteristics in a compliant systemis not so straightforward. Even though, in many applications, damping may be small but its effect on the systemstability and dynamic response, especially in the resonance region, can be significant. The damping matrix [C] can be written as a linear combination of the mass and stiffness matrices [15] to form the proportional damping [C] which is expressed aswhere a and b are two positive coefficients which are usually determined by experiment. An alternate method [16] of representing the damping matrix is expressing [C]asThe element of [C’] is defined as,where signKij=(Kij/|Kij|), Kij and Mij are the elements of [K] and [M], ζis the damping ratio of the material.The generalized force in a frame element is defined aswhere Fj and Mj are the jth external force and moment including the inertia force and moment on the element acting at (xj ,yj), and m is the number of the externalforces acting on the element. The element generalized forces,are then combined to formthe systemgeneralized force {R}. The second order ordinary differential equations of motion of the system, Eq. (11), can be directly integrated with a numerical method such as Runge-Kutta method. For the PKM we studied, each link was discreted as 15 frame elements. Both Matlab and ADAMS software are used for programming and solving these equations.3. Input motion planning for drillingSuppose we know the ideal motion function of the drilling tool. How to determine the input motor motion so that the ideal tool motion can be realized is critical for high quality drillings. The created explicit input motion function also provides the necessary information for machine controls. According to the study done in [9], the drilling process can be divided into three phases: entrance phase, middle phase, and exit phase. In order to increase the productivity and quality of the drilling, many operation constraints such as minimum tool life constraint, hole location error constraint, exit burr constraint, drill torsion breakage constraint, etc. must be considered and satisfied. Under these conditions, the feed velocity of the tool should be slow at the entrance phase to reduce the hole location errors. The tool velocity should also be slow at the exit phase to reduce the exit burr. At the middle phase, the tool drilling velocity should be fast and kept constant. The retraction of the tool after finishing the drilling should be done as quickly as possible to increase the productivity. Based on these considerations, we assume that the ideal drilling and retracting velocities of the tool are given by Eq. (17).where vT1 is the maximum drilling velocity, T1, T2,and T3 are the times corresponding to the entrance phase, the middle phase and the exit phase. vT2 is the maximum retracting velocity. T4, T5, and T6 are corresponding to accelerating,constant velocity, and decelerating times for retracting operation.is the cycle time for a single drilling. As a numerical example, suppose we drill a 25.4 mm (1 in) deep hole with Tc=0.4s, 0.3s for drilling, 0.1s for retracting.Set T1=T3 0.06s, T4=T6=0.03s. Under these con-ditions, vT1=106(mm/s), vT2=-363(mm/s). The graphical expression of the ideal tool motion is shown in Fig. 4. If the link length in PKM r=500 mm, the angleβ=53°at the starting point of drilling, the corresponding input motor velocity relative to the idealtool motion is shown in Fig. 5. Generally, the curve fitting method can be used to create the input motion function. But according to the shape of the curve shown in Fig. 5, we create the linear motor velocity function manually section by section as shown in Eq. (18).where vB=143.48mm/s, vC=165.77mm/s, vE=-557.36mm/s, vF=-499.44mm/s. When plotting the velocity curve with Eq. (18), no visual difference can be found with the curve shown in Fig. 5. Eq. (18) is composed of six parts with four cycloidal functions and two linear functions. If we control the two linear motors to have the same motion as described in Eq. (18), the drilling and retracting velocity of the tool will be almostthe same as shown in Fig. 4. The absolute errors between the ideal and real tool velocity are shown in Fig. 6, in which the maximum error is less than 8 mm/s, the relative error is less than 1.5%. At the start and the end positions of the drilling, theerrors are zero. These small absolute and relative errors illustrate the created input motion and are quite acceptable. The derived function is simple enough to be integrated into the control algorithmof the PKM.4. Input motion planning for point-to-point positioningIn order to achieve fast and accurate positioning operation in the whole drilling process, the input motion should be appropriately planned so that the residual vibration of the tool tip can be minimized. Conventionally the constant acceleration motion function is commonly used for driving the axes motions in machine tools. Although this kind of motion function is simple to be controlled, it may excite theelastic vibration of the systemdue to the sudden changes in acceleration. Take the same PKM module used in previous for example. A FEA model is built using ADMAS with frame elements. The positioning motion is the y-axis motion, which isrealized by the two linear motors moving in the same direction. Suppose the positioning distance between the two holes is 75mm, the constant acceleration is 3g(approximated as 30m/s² here). The input motion of the linear motors with constant acceleration and deceleration is shown in Fig. 7, in which the maximum velocity is 1500 mm/s, the positioning time is 0.1 s. Assuming the material damping ratio as 0.01, the residual vibration of the tool tip is shown in Fig. 8. In order to reduce the residual vibration and make the positioning motion smoother, a six order polynomial input motion function is built as Eq. (19)where the coeffcients ci are the design variables which have to be determined by minimizing the residual vibration of the tool tip. Selecting the boundary conditions as that when t=0, sin=0, vin=0, ain=0;and when t=Tp, sin=h, vin=0, ain=0, where Tp is the point-to-point positioning time,the first six coeffcients are resulted:Logically, set the optimization objective aswhere c6 is the independent design variable;is the maximum fluctuation of residual vibrations of the tool tip after the point-to-point positioning. Setand start the calculation from c6=0. The optimization results in c6=-10mm/s . Consequently, c5=7.5×10mm/s , c4 =-1.425×10mm/s , c3=8.5×10mm/s , c2=c1=c0=0. It can be seen that the optimization calculation brought the design variable c6 to the boundary. If further loosing the limit for c6, the objective will continue reduce in value, but the maximum value of acceleration of the input motion will become too big. The optimal input motions after the optimization are shown in Fig. 9. The corresponding residual vibration of the tool tip is shown in Fig. 10. It is seen from comparing Fig. 8 and Fig. 10 that the amplitude and tool tip residual vibration was reduced by 30 times after optimization. Smaller residual vibration will be very useful for increasing the positioning accuracy. It should be mentioned that only link elasticity is included in above calculation. The residual vibration after optimization will still be very small if the compliance from other sources such as bearings and drive systems caused it 10 times higher than the result shown in Fig. 10.5. Input power reduction by adding spring elementsReducing the input power is one of many considerations in machine tool design. For the PKM we studied,two linear motors are the input units which drive the PKM module to perform drilling and positioning operations. One factor to be considered in selecting a linear motor is its maximum required power. The input power of the PKM module is determined by the input forces multiplying the input velocities of the two linear motors. Omitting the friction in the joints, the input forces are determined frombalancing the drilling force and inertia forces of the links and the spindle unit. Adding an energy storage element such as a spring to the PKM may be possible to reduce the input power if the stiffness and the initial (free) length of the spring are selected properly. The reduction of the maximum input power results in smaller linear motors to drive the PKM module. This will in turn reduce the energy consumption and the size of the machine structure. A linear spring can be added in the middle of the two links as shown in Fig. 11(a). Or two torsional springs can be added at points B and C as shown in Fig. 11(b). The synthesis process is the same for the linear or torsional springs. We will take the linear spring as an example to illustrate the design process. The generalized force in Eq. (10) has the form ofwhere l0 and k are the initial length and the stiffness of the linear spring. The input power of the linear motors is determined byIn order to reduce the input power, we set the optimization objective as follows:where v is a vector of design variables including the length and the stiffness of thespring, . For the PKM module we studied, themass properties are listed in Table 1. The initial values of the design variables are setas . The domains for design variables are set as [lmin;lmax]=[400, 500 ]mm, [kmin; kmax]=[1,20 ]N/mm. The PKM module isdriven by the input motion function described as Eq. (18). Through minimizingand k=14.99 N/mm. The input powers of the linear motors with and without the optimized spring are shown in Fig. 12, in which the solid lines represents the input power without spring, the dotted lines represents the input power with the optimal spring. It can be seen from the result that the maximum input power of the right linear motor is reduced from 122.37 to 70.43 W. A 42.45% reduction is achieved. For the left linear motor, the maximum input power is reduced from 114.44 to 62.72 W. A 45.19% reduction is achieved. The effectiveness of the presented method by adding a spring element to reduce the input power of the machine is verified. Torsional springsmay be sued to reduce the inertial effect and the size of the spring attachment.6. ConclusionsThe paper presents a new type of high speed drilling machine based on a planarPKM module. The study introduces synthesis technology for planning the desirable motion functions of the PKM. The method allows both the point-to-point positioning motion and the up-and-down motion required for drilling operations. The result has shown that it is possible to reduce substantially the residual vibration of the tool tip by optimizing a polynomial motion function. Reducing residual vibration is critical when tool positioning requirement for the HSDM is in the range of several microns. By adding a ‘‘well-tuned’’ optimal spring to the structure, it was possible to reduce the required input power for driving the linear motors. The simulation has demonstrated that more than 40% reduction in the required input power is achieved relative to the structure without the spring. The reduction of required input power may allow choosing smaller motors and as a result reducing costs of hardware and operations.In order to better understand the properties of the HSDM and to complete its design, further study is required. It will include error analysis of the machine as well as the control strategies and control design of the system.7. AcknowledgementsThe authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the NSF Engineering Research Center for Reconfigurable Machining Systems (US NSF Grant EEC95-92125) at the University of Michigan and the valuable input fromthe Center’s industrial partners.中文翻译高速钻床的动力学分析摘要通常情况下，术语“高速钻床”就是指具有较高切削速率的钻床。

机械类翻译1

机械英语词汇组装、冲压、喷漆等专业词汇Assembly line组装线Layout布置图Conveyer流水线物料板Rivet table拉钉机Rivet gun拉钉枪Screw driver起子Electric screw driver电动起子Pneum atic screw driver气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA开箱检查fit together组装在一起fasten锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet栈板barcode条码barcode scanner条码扫描器fuse together熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME制造工程师MT制造生技cosmetic inspect外观检查inner parts inspect内部检查thumb screw大头螺丝lbs. inch镑、英寸EMI gasket导电条front plate前板rear plate后板chassis 基座bezel panel面板power button电源按键reset button重置键Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts塑胶件SOP制造作业程序material check list物料检查表work cell工作间trolley台车carton纸箱sub-line支线left fork叉车production departm ent生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |'plein?|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床driller铣床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |' ksi'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvem ent提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓name of a department部门名称administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单screwdriver holder起子插座pedal踩踏板stopper阻挡器flow board流水板hydraulic handjack油压板车forklift叉车pallet栈板glove(s)手套glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套thumb大拇指forefinger食指midfinger中指ring finger无名指little finger小指band-aid创可贴iudustrial alcohol工业酒精alcohol container沾湿台head of screwdriver起子头sweeper扫把mop拖把vaccum cleaner吸尘器rag 抹布garbage container灰箕garbage can垃圾箱garbage bag垃圾袋chain链条jack升降机production line流水线chain链条槽magnetizer加磁器lamp holder灯架to mop the floor拖地to clean the floor扫地to clean a table擦桌子air pipe 气管packaging tool打包机packaging打包missing part漏件wrong part错件excessive defects过多的缺陷critical defect极严重缺陷major defect主要缺陷minor defect次要缺陷not up to standard不合规格dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏大(小) cosmetic defect外观不良slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺丝滑头slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread滑手speckle斑点mildewed=moldy=mouldy发霉rust生锈deformation变形burr(金属)flash(塑件)毛边poor staking铆合不良excesssive gap间隙过大grease/oil stains油污inclusion杂质painting peel off脏污shrinking/shrinkage缩水mixed color杂色scratch划伤poor processing 制程不良poor incoming part事件不良fold of pakaging belt打包带折皱painting make-up补漆discoloration羿色water spots水渍polishing/surface processing表面处理exposed metal/bare metal金属裸露lack of painting烤漆不到位safety安全quality品质delivery deadline交货期cost成本engineering工程die repair模修enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects企划QC品管die worker模工production, to produce生产equipment设备to start a press开机stop/switch off a press关机classification整理regulation整顿cleanness清扫conservation清洁culture教养qualified products, up-to-grade products良品defective products, not up-to-grade products不良品waste废料board看板feeder送料机sliding rack滑料架defective product box不良品箱die change 换模to fix a die装模to take apart a die拆模to repair a die修模packing material包材basket蝴蝶竺plastic basket胶筐isolating plate baffle plate; barricade隔板carton box纸箱to pull and stretch拉深to put material in place, to cut material, to input落料to impose lines压线to compress, compressing压缩character die字模to feed, feeding送料transportation运输(be)qualfied, up to grade合格not up to grade, not qualified不合格material change, stock change材料变更feature change 特性变更evaluation评估prepare for, make preparations for 准备parameters参数rotating speed, revolution转速manufacture management制造管理abnormal handling异常处理production unit生产单位lots of production生产批量steel plate钢板roll material卷料manufacture procedure制程operation procedure作业流程to revise, modify修订to switch over to, switch---to throw--over switching over切换engineering, project difficulty工程瓶颈stage die工程模automation自动化to stake, staking, reviting铆合add lubricating oil加润滑油shut die架模shut height of a die架模高度analog-mode device类模器die lifter举模器argon welding氩焊vocabulary for stamping冲压常词汇stamping, press冲压punch press, dieing out press冲床uncoiler & strainghtener整平机feeder送料机rack, shelf, stack料架cylinder油缸robot机械手taker取料机conveyer belt输送带transmission rack输送架top stop上死点bottom stop下死点one stroke一行程inch寸动to continue, cont.连动to grip(material)吸料location lump, locating piece, block stop 定位块reset复位smoothly顺利dent压痕scratch刮伤deformation变形filings铁削to draw holes抽孔inquiry, search for查寻to stock, storage, in stock库存receive领取approval examine and verify审核processing, to process加工delivery, to deliver 交货to return delivenry to.to send delinery backto retrn of goods退货registration登记registration card登记卡to control管制to put forward and hand in提报safe stock安全库存acceptance = receive验收to notice通知application form for purchase请购单consume, consumption消耗to fill in填写abrasion磨损reverse angle = chamfer倒角character die字模to collect, to gather收集failure, trouble故障statistics统计demand and supply需求career card履历卡to take apart a die卸下模具to load a die装上模具to tight a bolt拧紧螺栓to looser a bolt拧松螺栓to move away a die plate移走模板easily damaged parts易损件standard parts标准件breaking.(be)broken,(be)cracked 断裂to lubricate润滑common vocabulary for die engineering 模具工程常用词汇die 模具figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲裁模progressive die, follow (-on)die连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合designing, to design设计design modification设计变化die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓docum ent folder文件夹file folder资料夹to put file in order整理资料spare tools location手工备品仓first count初盘人first check初盘复棹人second count 复盘人second check复盘复核人equipment设备waste materials废料work in progress product在制品casing = containerazation装箱quantity of physical invetory second count 复盘点数量quantity of customs count会计师盘,点数量the first page第一联filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查end-user/using unit(departm ent)使用单位summary of year-end physical inventory bills年终盘点截止单据汇总表bill name单据名称This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department)本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部)Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表blank and waste sheet NO.空白与作废单号plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点sample样品incoming material to be inspected进货待验description品名steel/rolled steel钢材material statistics sheet物料统计明细表meeting minutes会议记录meeting type 会别distribution departm ent分发单位location地点chairman主席present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheetPCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数。

《新职业英语》机电英语”Unit1-4课文翻译

《新职业英语》“机电英语”Unit1-4课文翻译第1单元reading A：蓝天模具——创造辉煌蓝天模具公司是中国最著名的挤压式模具生产厂家之一。

我们拥有TA 模具公司和TC 模具公司两家分公司、四个级别的模具和上百种产品组。

TA 模具公司建于1993 年，占地面积达30英亩，位于久负盛名的“模具之乡”和“塑料王国”之称的城市——浙江省宁波市。

2007 年，为了扩大企业进军世界市场，我们又新建一个TC 模具公司。

作为经验丰富的专业的模具生产商，我们已创立了一套独特而完整的挤压式集成系统模具制造理论。

我们在模具设计、热塑精密缓动控制、PVC 低发泡技术、WPC 原料配方、挤压成型操作技术等方面都处于领先地位。

我们研发的众多模具产品被广泛地用于建筑材料业、装饰业、包装等行业，包括日常生活用品。

我们致力于在各个领域创造辉煌。

为了达成这样的目标，我们与客户紧密合作，共同努力，以最具有竞争力的价格、最优的品质满足客户要求。

能够为客户提供专家支持与建议，并为客户选择或开发符合自身要求的高效的模具产品提供解决方案，我们感到很自豪。

我们的技术团队能够为您业务的各个阶段提供服务，并为客户提供现场操作培训，以使客户能够更有效地使用产品。

除此之外，我们不满足于现状，从未停止过前进的脚步，不断追求提高产品服务与质量。

由于我们有丰富的经验、先进的设备和高效的生产体系，我们的产品已出口40 多个国家和地区，包括欧洲、美洲、东南亚和中亚等。

我们将尽力为全球的客户提供中国最好的挤压式模具和全方位的技术支持。

我们愿和您携手共创灿烂美好的明天！第1单元reading B：建立商务关系建立商务关系是开发贸易关系的第一步。

由于业务增长和开拓在很大程度上有赖于业务关系的建立，因此，适当得体的贸易信函是至关重要的。

欲与对方通过信函建立业务联系时，一定要告诉对方你是如何得知对方信息以及你们的主要业务领域，然后陈述目的和需求，最后表达你们想与对方在未来建立合作的诚挚愿望。

机械专业英语1Special English for Mechanical Engineering

The course of
Special English for Mechanical Engineering
机械工程专业英语的特点
1. 单词特点
(1) 专业性词汇较多，且词形复杂，记忆难度大。
chrome-moly steel — 铬钼钢
antifriction bearing— 滚动轴承
epicyclic gear— 行星齿轮
A-frame A形架
V-slot V形槽 O-ring O形环
Y-connection Y形连接（星形连接） zigzag wave 锯齿形波
U-shaped magnet 马蹄形磁铁
V-belt 三角皮带
cabinet file 半圆锉
twist drill 麻花钻 X-ray X射线
机械工程专业英语的特点
slide-crank mechanism —曲柄滑块机构
detail drawing — 零件图
four-bar linkage —四连杆机构
构词法
（i）派生法-在一个词的前面或后面加上词缀来构成新词的方法。
前缀：一般词义变化，词性不变。
anti-反，防；如antiknock抗震的，，antinoise抗噪声的， dis-不，相反；如discharge放电 pre-预先，在前；如preheat预热，preamplifier前置放大器 semi-半：semiconductor半导体，semiautomatic半自动化的
laser
受激辐射式光频放大器镭射
（2）计量单位名称一般用音译。有些还可以进一步简化。
hertz 赫兹（频率）赫
newton 牛顿（力、重量）牛
pascal 帕斯卡（压力、强度）帕 watt 瓦特（功率）瓦

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译172工程机械液压系统常见故障分析及控制

附录1 专题工程机械液压系统常见故障分析及控制摘要：分析了工程机械液压系统的常见故障，并提出了有效的排除方法。

关键词：工程机械液压系统故障噪声振动空穴气泡1.1、系统产生噪声和振动机械噪声是由于零件之间发生接触、撞击和振动而引起的。

（1）回转体的不平衡在液压系统中，电动机、液压泵和液压马达都以高速回转，如果它们的转动部件不平衡，就会产生周期性的不平衡力，引起转轴的弯曲振动，因而产生噪声，这种振动传到油箱和管路时，发出很大的声响，为了控制这种噪声，应对转子进行精密的动平衡实验，并注意尽量避开共振区。

（2）电动机噪声电动机噪声主要是指机械噪声、通风噪声和电磁噪声。

机械噪声包括转子不平衡引起的低频噪声，轴承有缺陷和安装不合适而引起的高频噪声以及电动机支架与电动机之间共振所引起的噪声。

控制的方法是，轴承与电动机壳体和电动机轴配合要适当，过盈量不可过大或过小，电动机两端盖上的孔应同轴；轴承润滑要良好。

（3）联轴器引起噪声联轴器是液压泵与电动机之间的连接机构，如果电动机和液压泵不同轴以致联轴器偏斜，则将产生振动与噪声。

因此在安装时，两者应保持在最小范围内。

1.2产生流体噪声的原因及控制方法在液压系统中，流体噪声占相当大的比例。

这种噪声是由于油液的流速、压力的突然变化以及气穴等原因引起的。

（1）液压泵的流体噪声液压泵的流体噪声主要是由泵的压力、流量的周期性变化以及气穴现象引起的。

在液压泵的吸油和压油循环中，产生周期性的压力和流量变化，形成压力脉动，从而引起液压振动，并经出口向整个系统传播。

同时液压回路的管道和阀类将液压泵的压力反射，在回路中产生波动，使泵产生共振，发出噪声；另一方面，液压系统中(指开式回路)溶解了大约5%的空气。

当系统中的压力因某种原因而低于空气分离压时，其中溶解于油中的气体就迅速地大量分离出来，形成气泡，这些气泡遇到高压便被压破，产生较强的液压冲击。

对于前者的控制办法，设计时齿轮模数尽量取小，齿数尽量取多，缺载槽的形状和尺寸要合理，柱塞泵的柱塞个数应为奇数，最好为7～9个，并在进、排油配流盘上对称开上三角槽，以防柱塞泵的困油。

【机械类文献翻译】机械加工1

20届本科毕业论文（设计）相关中英文翻译资料资料题目：学生姓名：所在院系：所学专业：Machining TurningThe engine lathe,one of the oldest metal removal machines,has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes.Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic tracer lathes,turret lathes,and automatic screw machines.All the advantages of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal,and the use of form tools for finished on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator.In redesigning an experimental part for production,economical tolerances should be used.Turret LathesProduction machining equipment must be evaluated now,more than ever before,in terms of ability to repeat accurately and rapidly.Applying this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method,the turret lathe merits a high rating.In designing for low quantities such as100or200parts,it is most economical to use the turret lathe.In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turret lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.Automatic Screw MachinesGenerally,automatic screw machines fall into several categories;single-spindle automatics,multiple-spindle rapid,automatic chucking machines.Originally designed for rapid,automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts,the narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine.The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.Automatic Tracer LathesSince surface roughness depends greatly upon material turned,tooling,and feeds and speeds employed,minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracerlathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.In some cases,tolerances of±0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut.Groove width can be held to±0.0125mm on some parts.Bores and single-point finishes can be held to±0.0125mm.On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable,a minimum tolerance of±0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn.MillingWith the exceptions of turning and drilling,milling is undoubtedly the most widely used method of removing metal.Well suited and readily adapted to the economical production of any quantity of parts,the almost unlimited versatility of milling process merits the attention and consideration of designers seriously with the manufacture of their product.As in any other process,parts that have to be milled should be designed with economical tolerances that can be achieved in production mill.If the part is designed with tolerances finer than necessary,additional operations will have to be added to achieve these tolerances-and this will increase the cost of the part.GrindingGrinding is one of the most widely used methods of finishing parts to extremely close tolerances and fine surface finishes.Currently,there are grinders for almost every type of grinding machine required.Where processing costs are excessive, parts redesigned to worthwhile.For example,wherever possible the production economy of centerless grinding should be taken advantage of by proper design consideration.Although grinding is usually considered a finishing operation,it is often employed as a complete machining process on work which can be ground down from rough condition without being turned or otherwise machined.Thus many types of forgings and other parts are finished completely with the grinding wheel at appreciable savings of time and expense.Classes of grinding machines include the following:cylindrical grinders, centerless grinders,internal grinders,surface grinders,and tool expense.The cylindrical and centerless grinders or taper work;thus splines,shafts,and similar parts are ground on cylindrical machines either of the common-center type or the centerless machine.Thread grinders are used for grinding precision threads for thread gages,andthreads on precision parts where the concentricity between the diameter of the shaft and pitch diameter of thread must be held to close tolerances.The internal grinders are used for grinding of precision holes,cylinder bores, and similar operations where bores of all kinds are to be finished.The surface grinders are for finishing all kinds of flat work,or work with plain surfaces which may be operated upon either by the edge of a wheel or by the face of a grinding wheel.These machines may have reciprocating or rotating tables.机械加工金属切削机床中最早的一种是普通车床，当今仍有许多有用的特性。

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