《2018 昆士兰产科与新生儿临床指南:新生儿黄疸》 重点内容(全文)

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新生儿黄疸

新生儿黄疸
• 2.黄疸有一定限度,其颜色不会呈金黄色。主要分布在面部及 躯干部,而小腿、前臂、手及足心常无明显的黄疸。若血测定 胆红素,足月儿在高峰期不超过12mg/ dl ,早产儿不超过15mg/ dl ;
• 3.足月儿在第2周末基本消退,早产儿一般在第3周内消退: • 4.小儿体温正常,食欲好,体重渐增,大便及尿色正常。
病理性黄疸特点
• 1.出现过早:足月儿在生后24小
• •
时以内,早产儿在48小时以内出现 黄疸;
2.黄疸程度较重:血清胆红素超 过同日龄正常儿平均值,或每日上 升超过85.5umo1/L(5mg/ dl );
3.进展快,即在一天内加深很多;
• 未结合胆红素浓度达到一定程 度时,会通过血脑屏障损害脑 细胞(常称核黄疸),引起死亡
变化等 • 光疗副作用:发热、腹泻、皮疹、青铜症、眼损害、睾丸损害等
护理措施
健康教育 • ①使家长了解病情,取得家长配合; • ②发生胆红素脑病者,注意后遗症的出现,给予康复治疗和护理; • ③若为母乳性黄疸,可继续母乳喂养,如吃母乳后仍出现黄疸, 可改为隔次母乳喂养逐步过渡到母乳喂养。若黄疸加重,患儿一般 情况差,可考虑暂停母喂养,黄疸消退后再恢复母乳喂养; • ④若为红细胞葡萄糖﹣6﹣磷酸脱氢酶( G -6- PD )缺陷者,需忌食蚕豆
护理措施
光疗后的护理 • 当血清胆红素≤10mg/ dL ,可停止光疗,妥善安置患儿,注意保
暖,做好记录,取下眼罩,检查眼部是否发生感染、充血,检查 患儿全身皮肤是否完好,可以适当涂抹 BB 油保湿 • 光疗箱消毒、备用
护理措施
并发症的观察 • 神经系统:嗜睡、吸吮力减弱、拒食和肌张力减退等 • 贫血的进展:口唇、甲床颜色、有无肝脾肿大,心率、血红蛋白

浅谈新生儿黄疸 王惠霞

浅谈新生儿黄疸 王惠霞

浅谈新生儿黄疸王惠霞发表时间:2018-11-19T15:43:29.280Z 来源:《航空军医》2018年16期作者:王惠霞[导读] 医学上把未满月(出生28天内)新生儿的黄疸,称之为新生儿黄疸(neonatal jaundice),新生儿黄疸是指新生儿时期。

(宁夏第五人民医院石炭井医院九竹社区卫生服务站)概述:医学上把未满月(出生28天内)新生儿的黄疸,称之为新生儿黄疸(neonatal jaundice),新生儿黄疸是指新生儿时期,由于胆红素代谢异常,引起血中胆红素水平升高,而出现以皮肤、黏膜及巩膜黄染为特征的病症,是新生儿中最常见的临床问题。

本病有生理性和病理性之分。

生理性黄疸是指单纯因胆红素代谢特点引起的暂时性黄疸,在出生后2~3天出现,4~6天达到高峰,7~10天消退,早产儿持续时间较长,除有轻微食欲不振外,无其他临床症状。

若生后24小时即出现黄疸,每日血清胆红素升高超过5mg/dl或每小时>0.5mg/dl;持续时间长,足月儿>2周,早产儿>4周仍不退,甚至继续加深加重或消退后重复出现或生后一周至数周内才开始出现黄疸,均为病理性黄疸。

一.病因1.生理性黄疸的病因1)与新生儿胆红素代谢特点有关,包括胆红素生成相对较多;2)肝细胞对胆红素的摄取能力不足;3)血浆白蛋白联结胆红素的能力差;胆红素排泄能力缺陷;肠肝循环增加。

因此60%足月儿和80%早产儿在生后第1周可出现肉眼可见的黄疸。

2.病理性黄疸病因1)胆红素生成过多因过多的红细胞的破坏及肠肝循环增加,使血清未结合胆红素升高。

常见的病因有:红细胞增多症、血管外溶血、同族免疫性溶血、感染、肠肝循环增加、红细胞酶缺陷、红细胞形态异常、血红蛋白病、维生素E缺乏和低锌血症等。

2)肝脏胆红素代谢障碍由于肝细胞摄取和结合胆红素的功能低下,使血清未结合胆红素升高。

常见的病因有:缺氧和感染、Crigler-Najjar综合征(先天性尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶缺乏)、Gilbert综合征(先天性非溶血性未结合胆红素增高症)、Lucey-Driscoll综合征(家族性暂时性新生儿黄疸)、药物(如磺胺、水杨酸盐、吲哚美辛、毛花苷丙等)、先天性甲状腺功能低下、垂体功能低下、21-三体综合征等。

新生儿簧疸

新生儿簧疸
新生儿黄疸
目录
• 新生儿黄疸概述 • 新生儿黄疸的治疗 • 新生儿黄疸的预防与护理 • 新生儿黄疸的并发症 • 新生儿黄疸的预防与控制
01 新生儿黄疸概述
定义与分类
定义
新生儿黄疸是由于胆红素代谢异常导致血液中胆红素水平升高,表现为皮肤、 巩膜等部位黄染。
分类
生理性黄疸和病理性黄疸。生理性黄疸通常在出生后2-3天出现,一周内自行消 退;病理性黄疸出现时间早、持续时间长、程度重,可能伴有其他症状。
控制措施
药物治疗
换血治疗
在医生的建议下,可以使用一些药物 来降低新生儿黄疸的症状,但需谨慎 使用,避免不良反应。
对于严重的新生儿黄疸,可能需要采 取换血治疗,以迅速降低胆红素水平 ,但需在医生的严格监控下进行。
光照治疗
光照治疗是一种常用的控制新生儿黄 疸的方法,通过特定波长的光照射宝 宝的皮肤,促进胆红素的代谢和排出 。
肝功能异常
总结词
新生儿黄疸可能导致肝功能异常,影响肝脏的正常功能。
详细描述
新生儿黄疸时,过量的胆红素会沉积在肝脏中,导致肝功能异常,可能出现黄疸、恶心、呕吐等症状 。
其他并发症
总结词
新生儿黄疸还可能引起其他并发症, 如肺炎、心脏疾病等。
详细描述
新生儿黄疸时,由于免疫功能低下, 容易感染其他疾病,如肺炎、心脏疾 病等。此外,还可能出现肠道问题, 影响营养吸收。
05 新生儿黄疸的预防与控制
预防措施
孕前保健
孕妇在怀孕期间应保持健康的生 活方式,包括合理饮食、适量运 动和避免吸烟和饮酒,以降低新
生儿黄疸的风险。
定期产检
孕妇应定期进行产前检查,以便及 时发现并处理可能导致新生儿黄疸 的高危因素。

新生儿黄疸,这些内容你可能不知道!

新生儿黄疸,这些内容你可能不知道!

新生儿黄疸,这些内容你可能不知道!发布时间:2021-05-26T08:03:40.648Z 来源:《健康世界》2021年3期作者:黄秋华[导读] 对于每一个即将来到世界上的宝宝,我们都希望她/他可以健康平安的降临,但是这其中却有不少宝宝刚刚落地就被一个健康问题所困扰,它就是新生儿黄疸。

我想对于新生儿黄疸大多数家长都不会感到陌生,这是一种新生儿常见疾病,据相关调查数据显示,在足月儿中,新生儿黄疸的发病率为60%,而早产儿的发病率则高达80%以上。

黄秋华中江县妇幼保健院四川德阳 618100对于每一个即将来到世界上的宝宝,我们都希望她/他可以健康平安的降临,但是这其中却有不少宝宝刚刚落地就被一个健康问题所困扰,它就是新生儿黄疸。

我想对于新生儿黄疸大多数家长都不会感到陌生,这是一种新生儿常见疾病,据相关调查数据显示,在足月儿中,新生儿黄疸的发病率为60%,而早产儿的发病率则高达80%以上。

虽说新生儿黄疸很常见,但是对于家长来讲,宝宝刚来到自己怀里没几天就要被送到暖箱中治疗,这是很难接受的一件事情。

还有一些父母对此会感到困惑,为什么同为新生儿黄疸,有些宝宝需要治疗,而有些宝宝不需要治疗呢?本文就是来为各位宝爸宝妈们解答疑惑的,下面就新生儿黄疸问题作者想和大家好好说道说道。

一、新生儿黄疸是什么?新生儿黄疸指的是新生儿时期,因胆红素代谢异常以致于血液中胆红素水平升高,从而诱发皮肤、黏膜、巩膜等部位出现以黄染为主要特征的疾病,该病是新生儿常见的临床问题之一,新生儿患病后可出现皮肤暗沉无光泽、便秘、心律不齐以及腹部肿胀等表现。

其实在我们每个人的血液中都含有少量的胆红素,但是与成年人相比,新生儿体内红细胞数量更多一些,寿命更短一些,再加上血红蛋白半衰期短等因素,则会造成新生儿体内胆红素生产过多的发生,另外,新生儿在出生以后即可拥有自主呼吸,并不需要大量的红细胞搬运氧气,而这些被破坏掉的红细胞则会释放血红素,最终被分解成为胆红素。

黄疸预防及治疗指南

黄疸预防及治疗指南

黄疸预防及治疗指南黄疸,又称黄疸病,是一种常见的疾病,特征是皮肤和黏膜出现黄色。

黄疸通常是由于胆红素在体内积累过多而引起的,而胆红素的积累则可能是由于肝脏功能异常、胆道阻塞或红细胞破坏过多等原因引起的。

黄疸的预防和治疗至关重要,下面将为大家介绍黄疸的预防和治疗指南。

黄疸的预防是非常重要的,尤其是对于新生儿来说。

新生儿黄疸是一种常见的疾病,主要是由于新生儿肝脏功能不完善导致胆红素无法正常代谢。

为了预防新生儿黄疸,以下几点是非常重要的:首先,母乳喂养是预防新生儿黄疸的重要措施之一。

母乳中含有丰富的酶和盐酸,可以促进胆红素的代谢和排泄,减少胆红素在体内的积累。

因此,建议新生儿尽早进行母乳喂养,并保证充足的母乳摄入量。

其次,控制新生儿的光照时间也是预防黄疸的重要措施。

光照可以促进皮肤中胆红素的转化和排泄,减少胆红素在体内的积累。

因此,建议新生儿每天进行适量的户外活动,增加阳光照射时间。

此外,新生儿黄疸的预防还包括定期进行体检和监测胆红素水平。

定期的体检可以及时发现新生儿黄疸的症状,及早采取措施。

监测胆红素水平可以帮助医生评估新生儿的黄疸程度,从而制定相应的治疗方案。

对于已经发生了黄疸的患者,及时的治疗也是非常重要的。

黄疸的治疗主要包括以下几个方面:首先,针对黄疸的原因进行治疗。

黄疸的原因可能是多种多样的,如肝脏功能异常、胆道阻塞等。

因此,在治疗黄疸时,首先需要明确黄疸的原因,并针对原因进行相应的治疗。

其次,对于黄疸患者来说,保持良好的生活习惯也是非常重要的。

合理的饮食结构和规律的作息时间可以帮助身体恢复正常功能,促进胆红素的代谢和排泄。

此外,黄疸患者还可以适当进行一些辅助治疗,如草药疗法、中医针灸等。

这些辅助治疗可以帮助患者缓解黄疸的症状,促进身体的康复。

总之,黄疸的预防和治疗是非常重要的,尤其是对于新生儿来说。

通过合理的预防措施和及时的治疗,可以有效地预防和治疗黄疸,减少其对身体的损害。

希望以上介绍的黄疸预防和治疗指南能对大家有所帮助。

新生儿黄疸健康教育资料-(含基本知识、治疗方案、预防措施)

新生儿黄疸健康教育资料-(含基本知识、治疗方案、预防措施)

新生儿黄疸健康教育资料(含基本知识、治疗方案、预防措施)新生儿黄疸是新生儿时期常见情况之一,是儿科医生每天都会遇到的问题。

大部分健康新生儿出生后可有暂时性高胆红素血症称为“生理性黄疸”,但也只有在新生儿期因血清胆红素浓度的增高特别是高未结合胆红素血症可直接威胁新生儿的生命,或造成严重的中枢神经系统后遗症,因此需要对新生儿黄疸引起足够重视。

1基本知识新生儿黄疸分为生理性和病理性黄疸。

生理性黄疸原因主要与新生儿胆红素代谢特点有关。

常因红细胞破坏过多导致肝细胞胆红素负荷增加、肝细胞摄取、结合、排泄胆红素的功能不足、新生儿肠腔内β-葡萄糖酸苷酶在pH偏碱情况下使结合胆红素分解重新变成未结合胆红素而通过肠道吸收进入血循环等因素出现黄疸。

尤其是在饥饿、缺氧、酸中毒、脱水、胎粪排出延迟、溶血性疾病颅内出血、等情况时黄疸加重。

生理性黄疸:由于新生儿胆红素代谢特点,约50-60%足月儿和80%以上早产儿于生后2-3天出现黄疸,4-5天达到高峰,足月儿在生后10-14天消退,早产儿在生后3-4周消退。

血清胆红素峰值足月儿不超过12.9mg/dl,早产儿不超过15mg/dl。

在黄疸出现期间新生儿一般情况良好。

病理性黄疸:有以下特点:1、黄疸于出生后24小时之内出现。

2、黄疸程度重,血清胆红素值,足月儿>12.9 mg/dl ,早产儿>15mg/dl。

3、血清胆红素值上升速度快,超过5 mg/dl。

4、直接胆红素>2 mg/dl。

5、黄疸持续时间延长:足月儿>3周,早产儿>4周。

6、黄疸退而复现,即黄疸在新生儿生理性黄疸消退后再次出现。

引起病理性黄疸病因很多,常见病因有:1、胆红素产生增加,多见于同族免疫性溶血(ABO和Rh血型不和溶血病):在地区因少数名族人群中Rh阴性血型者较多,因此发生Rh血型不合的溶血病较多,此类患儿黄疸出现早,程度重,进展快,伴随有肝脾肿大、贫血等症状,如不及时换血可导致死亡,即使存活易发生胆红素脑病而导致严重后遗症。

新生儿黄疸

新生儿黄疸
8 第
章 新生儿及新生儿疾病患儿的护理
Caring for Newborns
1
国国家家卫卫生生和和计计划划生生育育委委员员会会“ 供供本
《《儿儿科科护理理学学》》((第第66版版))
新生儿黄疸(NEONATAL JAUNDICE)
主编: 崔 焱 仰
2
学习目标
3
学习目标
理解 解释新生儿黄疸的发病机制
✓ 实施光照疗法和换血疗法,并做好相应护理 ✓ 遵医嘱给予白蛋白和酶诱导剂;纠正酸中毒 ✓ 合理安排补液计划
➢ 健康教育
24
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可编辑课件PPT
25
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17
治疗要点
➢ 产前治疗
✓ 孕妇血浆置换术 ✓ 宫内输血
➢ 新生儿治疗
✓ 换血疗法 ✓ 光照疗法 ✓ 纠正贫血及对症治疗
18
护理评估
健康史
Ø 患儿胎龄、分娩方式、Apgar评分、母婴血型、体重、喂养 及保暖等
Ø 询问患儿体温变化及大便颜色Fra bibliotek药物服用情况、有无诱发 物接触等
19
护理评估
身体状况
Ø 患儿的反应、精神状态、吸吮力、肌张力等 Ø 体温、呼吸、患儿皮肤黄染的部位和范围,有无感染灶,
《《儿儿科科护理理学学》》((第第66版版))
新生儿溶血病
(hemolytic disease of newborn,HDN)
主编: 崔 焱 仰
14
病因和发病机制
➢ ABO血型不合 ➢ Rh血型不合 ➢ 由于母体存在着与胎儿血型不相容的血型抗体(IgG),

《新生儿黄疸的护理》

《新生儿黄疸的护理》
时内静脉滴入;
精选课件
换血疗法
换血能有效地降低胆红素,换出已致敏的 红细胞和减轻贫血。但换血需要一定的条 件,亦可产生一些不良反应,故应严格掌 握指征。
精选课件
新生儿黄疸的并发症
胆红素脑病(核黄疸) 颅神经损伤
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新生儿黄疸的并发症
核黄疸:血中游离非结合胆红素浓度
过高,透过血脑屏障,使基底节处的神经 细胞黄染,使其发生严重的不可逆的损伤。
掌握新生儿黄疸的临床特点和治疗原则和 护理
了解新生儿胆红素代谢的特点及胆红素脑 病
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目录
定义 胆红素代谢特点(了解) 新生儿黄疸分类 新生儿黄疸的治疗 新生儿黄疸的并发症 新生儿高胆红素血症的预防及处理
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定义
新生儿时期因血中胆 红素水平升而高导致 皮肤、粘膜和巩膜出 现黄染的现象。
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光疗
设备和方法
✓ 主要有光疗箱、光疗灯和光疗毯等; ✓ 光疗箱以单面光160W、双面光320W为宜,双面光
优于单面光;上、下灯管距床面距离分别为40cm和 20cm; ✓ 光照时,婴儿双眼用黑色眼罩保护,以免损伤视网 膜,除会阴、肛门部用尿布遮盖外,其余均裸露; ✓ 照射时间以不超过3天为宜。
新生儿黄疸
Neonatal Jaundice
新生儿科
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新生儿黄疸
新生儿黄疸是新生儿时期的常见病,也是 新生儿疾病的重要组成部分,发病率高, 多于出生后1周出现,约占50%~75%。
新生儿黄疸是造成脑瘫发病率高的重要因 素。
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目的和要求
掌握新生儿生理性、病理性黄疸及高胆红 素血症
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核黄疸(多于生后4~7天出现症状)
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新生儿黄疸

新生儿黄疸

产前处理
羊水 L / S >2,提前分娩 宫内血浆置换 宫内输血 孕妇产前服鲁米那
预防(避免孕母被致敏)
Rh:Rh(-)产妇分娩Rh(+)胎儿后72 小时内肌注抗DIgG 300ug ABO:静脉注射人血丙种球蛋白(IVIG) 1克/ 公斤,生后24小时内用
新生儿高胆红素血症治疗
(重点掌握)
原则:降低血清胆红素 避免严重高胆红素血症及胆红素脑病
早产儿< 15.0mg/dl
每天胆红素上升<5mg/dl
早产儿>15mg/dl
直胆>2mg/dl 早产儿、低体重儿一旦出现黄
疸需严密监测,早期干预
黄疸持续时间 足月儿< 2周, 早产儿< 4周 黄疸迁延或进行性加剧 或退而复现
伴发症状
无,一般情况良好
有,必须及时正确处理
病理性黄疸的分类
• 按胆红素代谢途径分类
• 光疗副作用:皮疹,腹泻,发热,低血钙, 青铜症
光疗效果:24小时可降低胆红素3 — 5mg/dl
★换血疗法(最直接有效的方法)
原理:用双倍于新生儿个体的血量(150-180ml/kg) (1) 换出约60%的胆红素及抗体 (2) 换出约85%的致敏红细胞,抑制 溶血 (3) 纠正贫血
换 血 疗 法
注:括号内数值为mg/dl值,1 mg/dl=17.1mol/L
• 光源:兰光(波长425—475nm) 绿光(波长510—530nm)或日光 • 方法:单面光疗或双面光疗,光毯 • 光疗时间:一般24—72小时 • 注意事项:患儿戴眼罩,兜尿布 光疗箱温度、湿度 不显性失水增加 核黄素分解增加 注意灯管能量衰竭
ABO溶血病
母亲血型 婴儿血型 临床特点 O A或B 较Rh溶血病轻 发病与胎次无关 我国多见 以抗A或抗B常见

第二节 新生儿黄疸(Section 2 neonatal jaundice)

第二节 新生儿黄疸(Section 2 neonatal jaundice)

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------第二节新生儿黄疸(Section 2 neonataljaundice)第二节新生儿黄疸(Section 2 neonatal jaundice) Section 2 neonatal jaundice Jaundice is a common clinical symptom in neonatal period. Normal serum bilirubin content was 3.4 ~ 13.7 mu mol/L (0.2 ~ 0.8mg/dl). If more than 25.7 ~ 34.2 mu mol/L (1.5 ~ 2.0mg/dl), jaundice appeared. However, neonatal skin vessels are rich in blood vessels, and the color is red, and the serum bilirubin content reaches 51.3 ~ 68.4 mu mol/L (3 ~ 4mg/dl). The occurrence of jaundice in elder or adult is pathological phenomenon, the newborn is divided by reason and pathologic two kinds. In the case of neonatal jaundice, one of the following situations should be considered as pathological jaundice: the premature death of jaundice: within 24 hours of birth, jaundice occurs within 48 hours of premature birth; Levels of jaundice: serum bilirubin is more than the normal average of the same day, or rising more than 85.5 mu per day (5mg/dl). The jaundice lasted longer (more than two weeks in the foot, more than 3 weeks for premature infants), or the jaundice was reappeared. Jaundice is accompanied by other clinical symptoms, or serum combined with bilirubin is greater1 / 19than 25.7 mu mol/L (1.5mg/dl). The characteristics of neonatal bilirubin metabolism The occurrence of neonatal biologic jaundice is related to the characteristics of neonatal bilirubin metabolism. (a) bilirubin in produce relatively excessive fetal intrauterine hypoxia environment life, red blood cell number of relatively more, if the birth time delay of umbilical cord ligation or midwives to neonatal umbilical blood from the umbilical cord, the number of red blood cells more. Fetal red blood cells have a shorter life span (70 ~ 100 days), so there are more bilirubin levels. After birth, begin to use lung respiration, blood oxygen partial pressure rises, excessive red blood cell quickly destroys, make the blood central Africa combines bilirubin to add more. Adults produce about 65.0 mu of bilirubin per day (3.8mg/kg), and the neonatal daily bilirubin is approximately 145.4 mu mol/L (8.5 mg/kg), which is twice as high as that of adults, so the load of bilirubin in newborn liver is greater than that of adults. (2) the ability of bilirubin to connect with albumin is not sufficient for the transient period after birth, and there is an acid poisoning of the severity and severity, affecting the number of bilirubin and albumin connections. The low albumin in premature infant’s blood makes the binding of bilirubin---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ delay. (3) hepatic cell uptake of non-binding bilirubin was deficient in neonatal liver cells with a deficiency of Y protein and Z protein (only 5 ~ 20% of adults), which was gradually synthesized after the 5th day of life. These two kinds of protein with the combination of bilirubin intake, also transferred to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum for metabolic function, caused by a lack of Y and Z protein synthesis, affects the liver cells to a combination of bilirubin intake. (4) liver system development immature neonatal hepatic glucuronyl transferase and uracil nucleoside diphosphate sugar dehydrogenase (UDPG dehydrogenase) insufficient or inhibition, can’t combine the bilirubin into a combination of bilirubin, and the combination of bilirubin in the retention of blood and jaundice. Such enzymes start to increase around 1 week after birth, and premature babies are later. (5) the enterohepatic circulation increases the newborn’s first few days, and the normal flora of the intestinal tract has not been established, so the combination of bilirubin with bile enters the intestines can’t be reduced to fecal gallbladder; There are more other aspects of neonatal intestinal beta glucuronic acid glycosides enzyme, hydrolysis can be combined with bilirubin is a3 / 19combination of bilirubin, the latter is absorbed by the intestinal mucosa, via portal venous return to the liver, this is the characteristic of neonatal intestinal a hepatic circulation. The result is an increase in the burden of bilirubin in the liver, but not in the blood of bilirubin. Second, physiological jaundice The majority of newborns have yellow dye in the skin or/and mucosa 2 to 3 days after the birth, the whole body is in good condition, there is no other pathological conditions, and it lasts for about a week, which is called the physiological jaundice. (1) clinical manifestations Biologic jaundice is mostly born after the birth of two to three days, the 4th ~ 6th day is most obvious, the moon is more than 7 ~ 10 days after the birth, the premature infant can delay to the 3rd ~ 4 weeks. Jaundice is first seen in the face and neck, then can be all over the trunk and limbs, usually slightly yellow, the sclera may have light yellow dye, but the palm of the hand is not yellow. Except jaundice, Children’s health condition is good, without oth er clinical symptoms, urine color is normal. (2) laboratory inspection Normal neonatal umbilical cord blood bilirubin was up to about 51.3 mu mol/L (3mg/dl), which peaked at about 4 days after birth, generally not exceeding 171 ~ 205 mu mol/L (10 ~ 12mg/dl), and---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ the preterm infant was not more than 256.5 mu/L (15mg/dl), and gradually recovered. There was an indirect reaction to van den’s experiment. The bilirubin was negative in the urine, and the bile pigment increased. (3) common causes and treatment of delayed extinction The reasons for the emergence of rational jaundice are multifaceted and comprehensive, so its severity and regression time are often affected by the following factors. 1. Prenatal medication: a large amount of oxytocin or vitamin K used for prenatal use. 2. There are asphyxia, lack of oxygen in labor: due to breathing difficulties, lack of oxygen, on the one hand, increased acidosis, inhibit the glucuronic acid transferase activity the other aspects, has affected the bilirubin metabolism process;3. Bleeding during childbirth can increase the bilirubin;4. After cold, hunger, can free fatty acids and other organic anions, and combined with albumin, bilirubin competition and make the bilirubin free blood, delayed feeding, meconium discharge delay, im can increase the liver circulation, increase blood china-africa combined bilirubin. In order to prevent the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, the prenatal medication should be cautious, and the medicine can not be used5 / 19as far as possible; Intensive care during childbirth, so as to prevent fetal asphyxia and production injury; Take care to keep the newborn’s body warm and feed early. In the case of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, treatment with phototherapy, plasma or albumin can be applied in addition to the etiological treatment. Iii. Neonatal hepatitis For starts in a set of clinical Syndrome, Neonatal period mainly for obstructive jaundice, hepatomegaly, and liver function damage, because the cause is more, for each case is difficult to determine the exact reasons, reason often called Neonatal Hepatitis Syndrome (Neonatal Hepatitis Syndrome). (I) etiology It is mainly caused by viruses such as hepatitis b virus, cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, herpes simplex virus and intestinal virus. Toxoplasmosis, lyceum, syphilis, etc., are also one of the causes of the disease. (2) clinical features The onset is slow. Jaundice occurs within days and weeks after birth and lasts longer, with symptoms such as decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, and weight loss. The color of the stoolis lighter, but it can be gray, but sometimes shallow and deep. The urine is dark yellow. The liver is mild to moderate and slightly hard. The few spleen are also large. Toxic hepatitisis often infected with lesions and systemic poisoning. The---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ hepatitis caused by rubella virus and cytomegalovirus is often accompanied by congenital malformation or intrauterine growth disorder. The laboratory examined the increase of serum transaminase enzyme, the increase of bilirubin, with the combination of the increase of bilirubin, and the early change of the floccus in the floccus. The alpha-fetal protein was positive. Urinuria positive, urinuria can be positive or negative according to the degree of bile duct obstruction. To detect the surface antigen of hepatitis b virus, to collect the baby’s urine or the mother cervical spatula to find the giant cell inclusion body for the diagnosis of the etiology. (iii) treatment To protect liver treatment mainly, supply sufficient quantity of heat and vitamin. Disable drugs that are toxic to the liver. Patients with severe jaundice may use the anti-inflammatories of prednisone (2mg/kg/day) to reduce the obstruction of the bile duct, usually 4-8 weeks, to prevent other infections. The general cases can be used in qing dynasty. The etiology is clear, for the etiological treatment. Iv. Congenital biliary atresia (1) etiology The cause is unknown. It is generally believed that there is a connection with intrauterine virus infection, secondary obstruction of hepatic7 / 19hepatic ducts, and congenital biliary development. The intrahepatic bile duct, hepatic duct or bile duct can be blocked or undeveloped, and the gallbladder can be blocked or stunted.(2) clinical features 1 ~ 3 weeks after the occurrence of jaundice. And progressive aggravation. The feces can be greenish green, but soon after the birth of ash white. Severe cases of intestinal mucosal epithelial cells can seep through bilirubin, which can be stained pale yellow. The liver is enlarged and gradually hardened. Most of them have splenomegaly and the later ascites. The early disease appetite is still, the nutrition condition is mostly good; Late stage due to fat and fat-soluble vitamin absorption obstacle, the nature is gradually weak, but vitamin A, D, K deficiency causes dry eye disease, rickets and bleeding tendency. Laboratory tests, serum combined with bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase continued to increase. Early liver function is normal, late has abnormal change. Urinuria positive, urinuria negative. The condition can be used to be 99m technetium - IDA (acetanilide diacetate) imaging, and in 6 hours of the tracer, the intestines do not show a radioactive concentration, which supports the diagnosis of the disease. (iii) treatment Congenital biliary atresia should be used for surgical treatment within---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------3 months after birth. The most successful surgical success rate is the hepatic jejunostomy. However, the possibility and effect of the operation were different, and intrahepatic obstruction was difficult. 5. Hemolysis of newborn Newborns Hemolytic disease (Hemolytic diseaseof newborn) not because of the mother and the infant blood type refers to immunity hemolysis and kin. In China, the ABO blood group is not the majority, the Rh type is less, and other such as MN and Kell blood type system are rare. (1) etiology When fetal blood group antigen and which paternal inheritance from the mother is not at the same time, after entering the mother will stimulate maternal antibodies, can be through the placenta into the fetus, and fetal red blood cell antigen antibody reaction cause hemolysis. In the ABO system, there are more people with type O than type A and type B because of the O type person: A antigen is more resistant to the antigens than the B antigen, so the mother type, the foetus type A is more likely to get the disease. ABO hemolysis can occur in the first child, with the mother having been subjected to the antigenic stimulation of A and B substances in the natural world, and has been associated with anti-a or anti-b antibodies. Rh hemolytic disease of the immune antibody, can only be9 / 19produced by human blood cells as antigen stimulation and, if you did not enter the mother in childbirth fetal red blood cells, then in addition to having a history of blood transfusion rare first onset. Most people in China are Rh positive, so Rh hemolysis is rare in China. (2) clinical manifestations The severity of symptoms of the disease is significant, and the general ABO blood group is less than the Rh blood type. The disease often occurs within 24 hours or the next day jaundice, and rapidly aggravates. With jaundice, the disease of anemia, liver splenomegaly, and bilirubin brain disease occur. Rh is not a large number of hemolysis, and was born with severe anemia, which can lead to heart failure, systemic edema, and even stillbirth. (iii) diagnosis According to the clinical characteristics of jaundice and hemolytic anemia within 24 hours of birth, the diagnosis can be confirmed by combining mother, infant blood type identification and specific antibody examination. The study of serological examination and its clinical significance are shown in table 2-3. Table 2-3 hemolysis blood test project and clinical significance of neonatal hemolysis Blood serum neonatal serological examination results in the clinical significance of maternal serological examination Mother babies are directly---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ anti-human The globulin test was indirectly anti-human The globulin test free antibody was released check O A modified + release IgG anti-a + ABO hemolysis (anti-a) O B improvement + release IgG anti-b IgG anti-b + ABO hemolysis (anti-b) Rh - Rh + + + + anti-d antibody + Anti-e antibody + Anti-c antibody + anti - D antibody There are anti-e, not perfect antibodies There is an anti-c, incomplete antibody Rh hemolysis (anti-d) Rh hemolysis (anti-e) Rh hemolysis (anti-c) (iv) treatment Measures should be taken to reduce serum bilirubin concentration and correct anemia. Drug therapy and phototherapy are commonly used. Blood transfusion is necessary. 1. Medication The main objective is to reduce serum non-binding bilirubin and prevent bilirubin encephalopathy. Chinese and western medicine can be used jointly. (1) the western medicine The plasma or albumin supply is associated with bilirubin albumin, which reduces the non-binding bilirubin and prevents bilirubin encephalopathy. Plasma 25ml/subvenous injection (100ml of plasma containing albumin 3g, 1g albumin can bind to non-binding bilirubin 8.5 mg) or albumin lg/kg plus 25% glucose 10 ~ 20ml intravenous drip, 1 ~ 2 times per day. Noil [lack of some content here] 5g, 1.5g11 / 19yellow, yellow 3g. (1) wormwood decoction, 1.5g, gardenia 9g, rhubarb 3g, licorice 1.5g. This is the most important thing in the world. The above three parties can choose one of them, daily take 1 dose, cent to feed before feeding. There is also the application of intravenous injection, which is faster than oral administration. 2. Phototherapy (1) phototherapy principle of bilirubin can absorb light, under the action of light and oxygen, fat-soluble bilirubin oxidation becomes a kind of water-soluble product (light - oxidation bilirubin, namely double pyrrole), can from in vitro bile and urine, thereby reducing not combined with serum bilirubin concentrations. Bilirubin absorption band is 400 ~ 500 nm, especially in the 420 ~ 440 nm wavelength time decomposition, the strongest blue fluorescence wavelength peaks between 425 ~ 475 nm, so much the blue fluorescent lamp for treatment. In recent years, there have been reports that the effect of green light has been better than that of the laminator. The method of phototherapy and attention should be given to the children to sleep naked in the center of the blue light box. The light s ource is 50cm from the baby’s body table, and the two eyes and genitals are covered with black cover or black cloth. Week box temperature should be kept in 30 ~ 32 ℃, anal temperature---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ measuring 1 times per hour, keep the temperature between 36.5 ~ 37.2 ℃. Light time was determined acc ording to the etiology, severity, and serum bilirubin concentration, which can be continuously irradiated for 24 ~ 72 hours. Phototherapy has a weak effect on the combination of bilirubin. When serum is combined with bilirubin 64.8 mu mol/l (4mg/dl), transaminase and alkaline phosphatase are elevated, phototherapy of bilirubin accumulates, which can make the skin bronze, or bronze. Therefore, in combination with the combination of bilirubin, the disease of the main or liver function is not suitable for phototherapy. Blood transfusion The hematocyte and antibody were induced to prevent further hemolysis in blood exchange. Reduce serum non-binding bilirubin concentration and prevent the occurrence of bilirubin encephalopathy; Correct anemia and prevent heart failure. The hemolysis of the newborn has been confirmed in the blood exchange, and anemia, edema, hepatosplenomegaly and heart failure are at birth, and umbilical cord blood hemoglobin 120g/L. Umbilical cord blood bilirubin 59.84 ~ 68.4 mu mol/L (3.5 ~ 4mg/dl), or 6 hours after birth to 102.6 mu mol/L (6mg/dl), 12 hours to 205.2 mu mol/L (13mg/dl); The bilirubin had reached 307.8 to 342 mu mol/L13 / 19(18 ~ 20mg/dl), and the preterm neonatal bilirubin reached 273.6 mu mol/L (16mg/dl). There have been early bilirubin encephalopathy. The serum of the ABO hemolysis was selected by the serum of the serum with type AB plasma and mixed with O - type red blood cells. Rh hemolysis should have the ABO homotype (or O type), Rh negative hepatochemical blood. The source of blood should be new blood within 3 days. The amount of blood change and the usual amount of blood change was 85ml/kg, about twice the total blood of the baby. The blood volume was 10 ~ 20ml, and 10 ml of weight was taken. The speed should be even, about 10ml per minute. After changing blood can be phototherapy. To reduce or avoid another blood exchange. The operation of blood exchange is more complicated, which can cause complications such as infection, blood volume change and electrolyte disturbance. Severe anemia occurs in severe hemolysis within 2 months after birth, and should be reviewed with red blood cells and hemoglobin. If the hemoglobin 70g/L, the blood transfusion can be small. Mild anemia can be treated with oral iron. Breast milk jaundice (1) etiology Because breast milk contains more lipase and beta glucoalaldehyde, the former makes the unsaturated fatty acid in the milk increase, which inhibits the activity of the liver glucuronic acid---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ transferase. The latter can break down the ester bonds of bilirubin glucuronate. The combination of bilirubin and bilirubin was converted into non-conjugate bilirubin, which was easily reabsorbed in the small intestine, thus increasing the intestinal - hepatic circulation, resulting in jaundice in the combination of the increase of bilirubin in the blood. Identification of jaundice in neonatal period Disease jaundice It starts with jaundice Continuous time serum bilirubin jaundice type of the type of lint physiological Jaundice was two to three days after the birth, and it was not combined with bilirubin to increase the main hemolytic and hepatic cell sex without clinical symptoms The newborn Hemolysis is 24 hours after birth The inside or the next day Or longer non-binding bilirubin increases the main hemolytic anemia, hepatosplenic, maternal and infant blood type, and severe cases of bilirubin encephalopathy Breast milk sex Jaundice is 4 ~ 7 days after 2 months The left and right non-binding bilirubin were mainly asymptomatic The newborn Blood loss is 3 to 4 days after birth Or 1-2 weeks later Or longer early non-binding bilirubin increased mainly, late combined with bilirubin increased mainly hemolytic, late and15 / 19liver cell sexual infection symptoms G - 6 - PD is less than 2 to 4 days after birth and 12 weeks Longer non-binding bilirubin is mainly hemolytic anemia, and often causes the pathogenesis The newborn A few days after hepatitis Weeks or weeks A longer combination of bilirubin and hepatic cell jaundice and defecate color have dynamic changes, GPT is elevated, and the hormone retreats yellow congenital The biliary obstruction lasts 1 to 3 weeks High and unrecombined bilirubin increases obstructive sex and liver cell sex early general condition is good late occurrence biliary cirrhosis (2) clinical features The infants who were breastfed were jaundice from 4 to 7 days after birth, and the peak of 2 ~ 4 weeks (serum bilirubin could exceed 256.6 ~ 342.0 mu mol/L) and were generally in good condition without hemolysis or anemia. Jaundice generally lasts 3 ~ 4 weeks, the 2nd month gradually subsides, a few can extend to 10 weeks. During jaundice, the jaundice decreased significantly and the bilirubin decreased by 50 %. If you use breast feeding, jaundice may not appear again, even if it appears. (iii) treatment The serum bilirubin is rarely elevated enough to produce neurotoxic levels, so there is no need to stop breastfeeding. If serum bilirubin 256.6 mumol/L should be stopped for 2 ~ 4 days, artificial feeding---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ should be used instead. During the suspension of breast milk, the mother’s milk should be sucked out to maintain the milk secretion and ensure continued breastfeeding. In order to reduce the intestinal wall absorption of non-binding bilirubin, it can be taken by mouth 10% activated carbon solution 5ml, 1 time per hour; AGAR 125 ~ 250mg/time, 4 ~ 6 times per day. [attached] neonatal bilirubin encephalopathy Neonatal high blood not combined bilirubin occurs, free bilirubin through the blood brain barrier, deposition under basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus nucleus, nucleus, ventricle, caudate nucleus, the cerebellum and the medulla, the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, in areas such as the inhibition of brain tissue of oxygen utilization, lead to brain damage, said bilirubin encephalopathy. It used to be called nucleosis. 1. Factors affecting the onset of disease (a) when the blood-brain barrier is normal, it can restrict the bilirubin into the central nervous system and have a protective effect on brain tissue. When neonatal asphyxia, hypoxia, infection, acidosis, hunger, hypoglycemia, premature birth, and the application of certain drugs, can make the blood brain barrier permeability increase, or open the combination of bilirubin into brain17 / 19tissue and produce bilirubin encephalopathy. (2) the concentration of free bilirubin in blood refers to the non-binding bilirubin that has not been linked with albumin. The higher the concentration of non-binding bilirubin, the more free bilirubin, the more than a certain limit (307.8 ~ 342.0 mu mol/L is treated as the critical concentration, and the premature infant is lower), then the blood-brain barrier can be retreated into brain cells. The other aspect, When low plasma albumin levels, acidosis, reduce the amount of coupling the bilirubin and albumin, and have capture join in albumin and bilirubin competition sites material (such as fatty acid, salicylic acid salt, sulfa, new Ⅱ and cephalothin, penicillin drugs), can be free in the blood bilirubin concentration and serum bilirubin encephalopathy. 2. Clinical manifestations The clinical phase 4 of the disease occurred in the early stage of the neonatal period from 1 to 3, and the 4th period appeared after the neonatal period. (a) the warning period is characterized by lethargy, reduced absorption reflex and hypotension. The majority of jaundice suddenly deepened significantly. It took 12 to 24 hours. (2) the spasmodic period light person gazed at only two eyes, the paroxysmal muscle tension increased; The heavy hand clench fist, the---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ forearm, the Angle, sometimes the shrill cry. Lasts for about 12 ~ 24 hours. (3) the recovery period is mostly on the first weekend. First, the suction and response to the outside world gradually recover, and then the spasm gradually reduces and disappears. It took about 2 weeks. (4) the sequela period often occurs after 2 months or later. The expression is movement of limbs, eye movement disorder, deafness, mental retardation or tooth enamel dysplasia. Prevention and treatment For neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, comprehensive measures must be taken early in order to prevent the development of bilirubin encephalopathy. If you want to keep warm, correct hypoxia and acidosis, provide adequate nutrition. Avoid injecting high-permeability drugs, not using drugs that cause hemolysis or inhibit heparase. During the warning period, blood transfusion, phototherapy, infusion albumin and other measures were used to reduce the concentration of bilirubin in blood as soon as possible.19 / 19。

昆士兰产科与新生儿临床指南重点(全文)

昆士兰产科与新生儿临床指南重点(全文)

昆士兰产科与新生儿临床指南重点(全文)黄疸是新生儿最常见的疾病。

约60% 的足月儿及80%的早产儿在生后1 周内出现黄疸。

高胆红素血症需及时治疗,以免发生严重高胆红素血症所致脑损伤。

2018 年4 月,昆士兰卫生组织发布了《2018 昆士兰产科与新生儿临床指南:新生儿黄疸》[1]。

现介绍其要点如下。

一、新生儿高胆红素血症的危险因素1.母体危险因素:母亲血型为O 型血、RhD 阴性或其他Rh 抗体阴性(C/E/K 等);既往分娩的新生儿有病理性黄疸病史;母亲患妊娠期糖尿病,孕期血糖控制不佳;母亲为东亚人种或地中海人种;有遗传性溶血性疾病,如葡萄糖-6- 磷酸脱氢酶(glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD)缺乏症、遗传性球形红细胞增多症等的家族史者。

2. 新生儿危险因素:(1)喂养:在胆红素的肠肝循环过程中,小肠绒毛分泌的β- 葡萄糖醛酸酶可将结合胆红素转化为未结合胆红素。

母乳中的脂蛋白脂肪酶(水解酶)及游离脂肪酸可能抑制正常胆红素代谢,但机制尚不明确。

由于部分母亲母乳量偏少,新生儿入量不足,胎粪排出延迟,胆红素肠肝循环增加,最终导致新生儿高胆红素血症。

肠道菌群在胆红素的转化中起重要作用。

正常肠道菌群将结合胆红素转化成尿胆原及粪胆原,分别从尿液及粪便排出。

新生儿菌群定植延迟可致肠道胆红素升高。

(2)胆红素来源增多:主要病因包括①免疫性溶血,如ABO 或Rh 血型不合;②非免疫性溶血,如红细胞膜、酶缺陷等;③新生儿红细胞增多症;④头颅血肿。

(3)肠梗阻。

(4)其他:包括感染、早产(可导致肝酶活性下降)等。

男婴也是新生儿高胆红素血症的危险因素。

二、黄疸的病因生理性黄疸常出现于生后3~5 d,需注意及时识别病理性黄疸。

黄疸出现早(于生后24 h 内出现)是严重高胆红素血症的危险因素。

尤其是因溶血导致黄疸的新生儿,存在进展为急/ 慢性胆红素脑病的风险。

胎龄35~36 周早产儿在生后24 h 内出现黄疸的概率较大。

新生儿黄疸

新生儿黄疸

新生儿黄疸分类
生理性黄疸 单纯由于新生儿的胆红素代谢特点 所 至。 新生儿对胆红素的处理能力仅为成 人的1%~2%。 2 病理性黄疸 由于感染性疾病或非感染疾病引 起的胆红素代谢异常。
1
生理性黄疸的临床特点
1
生后 2~3天出现, 4~5天达高峰。
2
足月儿在2周内消退,早产儿可延 迟到3~4周。
病理性黄疸的临床特点
1 2
生后24小时内出现黄疸。
足月儿 血清胆红素浓度超过 221umol/L,(12.9mg/dl), 早产儿超过 257umol/L(15mg/dl)。
病理性黄疸的临床特点
3
血清胆红素浓度每日增加超过 85umol/L(5mg/dl)。 血清结合胆红素超过 34umol/L(2mg/dl).
静脉用人血丙球
高胆红素血症的治疗

2 光照疗法(phototherapy)
(1)光疗指征 体重<2.0kg婴儿,生后24小时开始光疗; 2.0~2.5kg为171umol/L (10mg/dl), >2.5kg 为222.3umol/L(13mg/dl); 若有酸中毒、缺氧、感染等疾病时,可 低于以上数值,开始光疗。
病理性黄疸 1/5
生后24小时内 每天增加 5mg/d1
黄疸程度
总胆红素
轻-中度,颜面躯干
足月儿<12.9mg/ dl 早产儿< 15.0mg/dl 每天胆红素上升<5mg/dl
中重度 、延及手心、足心
足月儿>12.9mg/dl 早产儿>15mg/dl 直胆>2mg/dl 早产儿、低体重儿一旦出现黄 疸需严密监测,早期干预
1 一般足月儿在生后2~5天出现;早产 儿常在7天左右出现。早产儿发病率多于 足月儿。 2 血清总胆红素 足月儿>340umol/L(20mg/dl), 早产儿 >257umol/L(15mg/dl), 极低出生体重儿 >171 umol/L(10mg/dl), 有发生胆红素脑 病可能。

临床医学专业基础知识:新生儿黄疸

临床医学专业基础知识:新生儿黄疸

临床医学专业基础知识:新生儿黄疸
(一)新生儿胆红素代谢特点
1.胆红素生成较多:新生儿每日生成胆红素约为成人的2倍多。

(1)红细胞数相对较多且破坏亦多。

(2)红细胞寿命比成人短20~40天。

(3)来自肝及组织内的血红素蛋白和骨髓中的无效造血的胆红素前体较多。

(4)血红素加氧酶在生后1~7天内含量高,使新生儿产生胆红素潜力大。

2.肝功能发育不成熟
(1)摄取胆红素功能差。

(2)形成结合胆红素功能差。

(3)排泄结合胆红素功能差。

3.肠肝循环特殊:饥饿、便秘、缺氧、酸中毒及颅内出血,常可使新生儿黄疸加重。

(二)生理性黄疸和病理性黄疸的鉴别
1.生理性黄疸:生后2~5天出现黄疸,一般情况良好,足月儿在14天内消退,早产儿3~4周消退。

血清胆红素水平足月儿一般205μmol/(12mg/dl),早产儿>257μmol/(15mg/dl);黄疸持续过久(足月儿>2周,早产儿>4周);黄疸退而复现;血清结合胆红素>25μmol/(1.5mg/dl)。

【例题1】生后24小时内出现的黄疸应首先考虑( )。

A.生理性黄疸
B.新生儿溶血病
C.母乳性黄疸
D.新生儿肝炎
E.胆道闭锁
【答案】B。

【例题2】为降低高胆红素血症,最有效的方法是( )。

A.蓝光照射
B.苯巴比妥口服
C.静滴白蛋白
D.应用皮质激素
E.静滴葡萄糖
【答案】A。

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《2018 昆士兰产科与新生儿临床指南:新生儿黄疸》重点内容(全文)黄疸是新生儿最常见的疾病。

约60% 的足月儿及80%的早产儿在生后1 周内出现黄疸。

高胆红素血症需及时治疗,以免发生严重高胆红素血症所致脑损伤。

2018 年4 月,昆士兰卫生组织发布了《2018 昆士兰产科与新生儿临床指南:新生儿黄疸》[1]。

现介绍其要点如下。

一、新生儿高胆红素血症的危险因素1. 母体危险因素:母亲血型为O 型血、RhD 阴性或其他Rh 抗体阴性(C/E/K 等);既往分娩的新生儿有病理性黄疸病史;母亲患妊娠期糖尿病,孕期血糖控制不佳;母亲为东亚人种或地中海人种;有遗传性溶血性疾病,如葡萄糖-6- 磷酸脱氢酶(glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD)缺乏症、遗传性球形红细胞增多症等的家族史者。

2. 新生儿危险因素:(1)喂养:在胆红素的肠肝循环过程中,小肠绒毛分泌的β- 葡萄糖醛酸酶可将结合胆红素转化为未结合胆红素。

母乳中的脂蛋白脂肪酶(水解酶)及游离脂肪酸可能抑制正常胆红素代谢,但机制尚不明确。

由于部分母亲母乳量偏少,新生儿入量不足,胎粪排出延迟,胆红素肠肝循环增加,最终导致新生儿高胆红素血症。

肠道菌群在胆红素的转化中起重要作用。

正常肠道菌群将结合胆红素转化成尿胆原及粪胆原,分别从尿液及粪便排出。

新生儿菌群定植延迟可致肠道胆红素升高。

(2)胆红素来源增多:主要病因包括①免疫性溶血,如ABO 或Rh 血型不合;②非免疫性溶血,如红细胞膜、酶缺陷等;③新生儿红细胞增多症;④头颅血肿。

(3)肠梗阻。

(4)其他:包括感染、早产(可导致肝酶活性下降)等。

男婴也是新生儿高胆红素血症的危险因素。

二、黄疸的病因生理性黄疸常出现于生后3~5 d,需注意及时识别病理性黄疸。

黄疸出现早(于生后24 h 内出现)是严重高胆红素血症的危险因素。

尤其是因溶血导致黄疸的新生儿,存在进展为急/ 慢性胆红素脑病的风险。

胎龄35~36 周早产儿在生后24 h 内出现黄疸的概率较大。

特别是当新生儿存在酸中毒、低氧、低体温、低白蛋白血症、感染,或母亲/ 新生儿应用了影响胆红素代谢的药物时,发生胆红素脑病的风更高。

表1 概括了病理性黄疸的病因。

黄疸消退延迟指足月儿生后14 d 和早产儿生后21 d 黄疸未消退。

黄疸消退延迟在母乳喂养的新生儿中更为常见。

15%~40% 的母乳喂养新生儿在生后2 周仍有黄疸,9% 的新生儿在生后4 周仍有黄疸。

黄疸消退延迟的病因见表2。

发生黄疸消退延迟者,需除外胆道闭锁等严重疾病。

三、黄疸的临床评估所有新生儿都应评估黄疸的危险因素,早期监测黄疸。

在生后72 h 内,每8~12 小时监测1 次黄疸情况。

评估内容如下。

1. 黄疸程度:新生儿皮肤黄染从头面部开始显现至全身,并按黄染出现的倒序消退。

肉眼观察到的黄疸程度可能与总胆红素水平不符,这可能与患儿皮肤颜色较深,或与患儿正在接受光疗有关。

2. 有无胆红素脑病:一旦患儿出现精神反应差、黄疸加重,需及时进行临床评估。

嗜睡、拒奶、尖叫、肌张力异常、角弓反张、惊厥等表现是发生胆红素脑病的危险信号。

3. 体重:新生儿生后1 周体重下降应在10% 以内,在生后第7~10 天恢复至出生体重。

4. 大小便:生后72 h 内,每天更换4~5 次湿尿裤是喂养量充足的表现。

生后96 h 内,可出现尿酸盐结晶;尿色加深提示高结合胆红素血症。

生后4 d 内,每日排便3~4 次;生后3 d 内,大便从胎便转化为黄色便;陶土样便则高度提示高结合胆红素血症。

一旦出现高结合胆红素血症表现,需测肝功能、凝血功能及血糖。

5. 评估胆红素水平:总胆红素范围根据新生儿生后小时龄而有所不同,可测经皮胆红素和/ 或血清总胆红素加以评估。

(1)经皮胆红素:适用于生后24 h 以上、胎龄>35 周新生儿(足月儿更为适用)。

以下情况不推荐测量经皮胆红素:黄疸消退延迟、高结合胆红素血症、正在接受光疗、已接受光疗、已接受换血疗法。

(2)血清总胆红素:是诊断新生儿高胆红素血症的金标准。

需监测总胆红素、结合胆红素和未结合胆红素。

参考新生儿黄疸小时胆红素列线图进行比对,依据新生儿胎龄、出生小时龄,在图表上描点。

生后24 h 内或胎龄<35 周的新生儿出现肉眼可见的黄疸,应立即检测血清胆红素水平,并且在治疗过程中动态监测。

6. 生后24 h 内黄疸的临床评估:生后24 h 内出现黄疸,需要紧急临床评估并治疗(尤其需除外新生儿溶血病)。

低于换血标准的患儿需要完善血总胆红素水平;完善血常规,评价是否有溶血或感染;查直接Coombs 试验。

核实患儿母亲ABO 及Rh 血型,是否存在血型抗体。

患儿出现以下情况时,完善如下检查:(1)血常规(必要时复测):精神反应差、生后24 h 内、有红细胞增多症风险(全身皮肤发红、胎儿生长受限、糖尿病母儿)、光疗疗效欠佳时。

(2)抗人球蛋白试验:母儿存在ABO、RhD血型不合(同时除外其他Rh 血型不合)。

(3)感染:①若存在脱水,完善电解质、尿素氮检查。

在新生儿感染时,完善C- 反应蛋白检查,提示感染和/ 或炎症反应(在感染初期可能存在假阴性)。

②在生后任何时间段,精神反应差的患儿应完善血培养、尿镜检及培养(泌尿系感染是黄疸消退延迟的潜在病因)。

③若患儿出现严重黄疸、结合胆红素升高、血小板减少,需完善其他先天感染,包括弓形虫、风疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、梅毒螺旋体等相关检查。

(4)代谢:若患儿精神反应差,黄疸严重,需除外半乳糖血症、酪氨酸血症。

(5)肝功能:监测白蛋白水平;先天感染、先天缺陷代谢病可能导致肝功能异常。

7. 黄疸消退延迟:当足月儿生后10~14 d、早产儿生后3 周黄疸仍持续时,需完善相关检查。

(1)黄疸消退延迟的最常见病因是母乳性黄疸,可见于约30% 的喂养充足的新生儿,新生儿体重增长良好,血清总胆红素在生后5~6 d 达高峰,但一般不超过200 μmol/L。

母乳性黄疸为自限性,黄疸一般在生后12 周消退,不建议中止母乳喂养。

(2)当新生儿黄疸消退延迟,且有进展趋势时,需要注意患儿喂养及体重增长情况,完善血清总胆红素、血常规、肝功能、甲状腺功能等检查。

(3)若黄疸消退后复现,则需进一步完善下列尿液检查:①尿常规及尿培养,明确有无泌尿系感染;②尿巨细胞病毒DNA 检测,除外巨细胞病毒感染;③其他:包括检测尿中还原糖,除外半乳糖血症;完善G6PD 缺乏症相关检查等。

对于精神反应差的患儿,需完善尿巨细胞病毒DNA检查外,应注意有无陶土样便;完善腹部B 超,除外肝外胆道疾病及感染导致的肝炎;完善血/ 尿代谢筛查。

(4)一些遗传性疾病可导致黄疸消退延迟:①G6PD 缺乏症;②葡萄糖醛酸转移酶缺陷;③红细胞膜异常:遗传性球形红细胞增多症、遗传性椭圆形红细胞增多症(可能伴有贫血、血红蛋白降低、网织红细胞升高;溶血;乳酸脱氢酶升高)。

四、黄疸的治疗黄疸治疗的核心原则为预防、识别、评估患儿发展为高胆红素血症的风险,给予光疗,必要时换血治疗。

诊疗高胆红素血症的依据包括:患儿胎龄、小时龄、出生体重,参照小时胆红素列线图评估血总胆红素/ 经皮胆红素水平。

除体重<1 000 g 的新生儿,当存在下列危险因素时(脓毒症、溶血病、酸中毒或新生儿窒息)时,参照光疗/ 换血曲线表中的虚线部分。

若新生儿生后超过12 h,总胆红素低于光疗曲线1~50 μmol/L,需在6~24 h 内复测。

光疗患儿需要每4~6 小时监测血清总胆红素水平,直到黄疸控制;此后每12~24 小时复测。

若患儿血清总胆红素水平超过换血水平,且在6 h 强光疗后无明显下降趋势,则需考虑换血治疗。

若出现胆红素脑病表现,需立即进行换血治疗。

1. 药物:高胆红素血症患儿使用以下药物时,需警惕这些药物与白蛋白竞争相关位点,干扰胆红素代谢途径,明显提高胆红素脑病风险。

这些药物主要包括地高辛、地西泮、水杨酸类、利尿剂(呋塞米、氢氯噻嗪)、头孢曲松、布洛芬、复方新诺明或其他磺胺类药物。

2. 营养:喂养困难导致能量摄入不足、脱水时,可使血清总胆红素升高。

此时需评价泌乳量是否不足,以及新生儿摄入母乳量是否不足。

推荐母乳喂养新生儿每日喂养8~12 次。

若母乳量不足,则鼓励配方奶粉喂养,保障入量及营养充足。

及时识别新生儿脱水、营养状况差等,并予补液。

3. 光疗:根据胎龄、生后小时龄、血清总胆红素水平,以及是否存在胆红素脑病风险,确定光疗指征。

先天性红细胞生成素卟啉症(或存在家族史)是光疗的禁忌证。

这是因为,卟啉是导致组织损伤的光敏剂,可导致严重水疱、光过敏等不良反应。

光疗的副作用及不足之处包括:(1)母亲必须与新生儿分开,母婴接触的时间减少,导致母乳喂养中断。

现代已可使用光导纤维或发光二极管毯,使新生儿在母亲怀中光疗。

若黄疸程度不重,可定时中断光疗,并予母乳喂养。

(2)光疗可能导致青铜症,停止光疗后可逐渐消退。

(3)光疗可能造成视网膜损伤。

(4)光疗使皮肤血流量增加,不显性失水增加。

(5)可能发生稀便。

(6)有形成紫癜、疱疹、色素痣的潜在风险。

越来越多的研究证明了家庭光疗的可行性。

家庭光疗一般适用于高未结合胆红素血症(总胆红素水平不高于治疗标准50 μmol/L 以上,结合胆红素不超过总胆红素10%,出生>24 h 的足月儿(出生体重>2 700 g)。

家庭光疗前签署知情同意书。

若新生儿于生后24 h 内出现黄疸,喂养差、嗜睡、体温不稳定,存在窒息、酸中毒、感染、肝功能异常时,则不能进行家庭光疗。

4. 换血疗法:目的是快速降低总胆红素水平。

对高危患儿进行强光疗能够减少换血概率。

换血疗法的适应证包括使用强光疗后,总胆红素仍然上升;超过换血标准;以及出现急性胆红素脑病表现。

应在新生儿重症监护病房及有资质的三级甲等医院实施换血操作。

换血的主要目的是降低胆红素水平,避免过多的未结合胆红素透过血脑屏障;除去导致溶血的致敏红细胞,降低血液抗体水平;纠正贫血。

换血的血液要求:采用O 型RhD 阴性血浆,或者无抗A、抗B 等导致溶血抗原的相关抗体血浆;巨细胞病毒阴性;辐照血。

换血量约160 ml/kg。

换血疗法的主要风险包括液体负荷量过大、感染、血小板减少、代谢紊乱(低血糖、低血钙、低血钾)、凝血功能障碍、空气栓塞、血栓形成、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎等。

换血结束后,应继续强光疗,并每2 小时监测血胆红素水平。

五、高未结合胆红素血症的并发症1. 急性/ 慢性胆红素脑病:未结合胆红素影响听觉传导通路、基底节、动眼神经核,导致急性/ 慢性胆红素脑病或核黄疸。

大体解剖中可见脑组织被未结合胆红素黄染。

基底节神经元坏死导致不可逆的神经损伤。

澳大利亚急性胆红素脑病的发病率为9.4/100 000。

(1)急性胆红素脑病:常发生于生后数天内,早期干预可减少严重神经损伤。

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