牛津译林版八年级英语下册各单元知识点归纳(Units1-8)
牛津译林版英语八下_Units1-8 短语背诵
8B Unit 1 Past and present1.不同时代的交通工具transport at different times2.对阳光镇非常了解know a lot about Sunshine Town/know Sunshine Town very well3.住在小镇的北部live in the northern part of the town4.结婚get married5.搬到两个街区之外move two blocks away6.把镇中心的一部分变成了一个新公园turn part of the town centre into a new park7.把垃圾倒进河里put the waste into the river8.干净多了much cleaner9.在某种程度上in some ways10.不时感到有点儿孤独feel a bit lonely from time to time11.在刚刚过去的那个世纪over the past century12.借一本关于星光镇的过去和现在的书borrow a book about Starlight Town’s past and present13.搬进新公寓move into new flats14.互相保持联系keep in touch with each other15.通过电子邮件交流communicate by email16.在小学时at primary school17.我自己on my own=by myself18.过去in the past19.在路的两旁on both sides of the road=on each/either side of the road20.在一些大的空地上in some large open space s21.过着舒适的生活enjoy a comfortable life22.它一个小时前还在碗里的。
2020-2021学年牛津译林版八年级英语下册单元重点词组、句型、语法汇总(Units1-8)
牛津译林版八年级英语下册单元重点词组、句型、语法汇总Unit 1 Past and present重点词组：used to do sth.过去常常做某事move house 搬家in the northern part of town 在小镇北部get/be married 结婚two blocks away 两个街区以外turn...into...把·····变成··..·..·put the waste into the river 向河里排放废物take action to do sth. 采取行动做某事improve the situation 改善这种情况in some ways 在某种程度上as often as before 像以前那样经常play cards and Chinese chess 打牌和下象棋feel a bit lonely 感觉有点孤独from time to time 不时，有时，偶尔take place 发生all one's life一生in the past 过去over the past century 在过去的一个世纪里living conditions 生活条件travel to and from...往返......return from...从......返回go abroad 出国at primary school 上小学时keep/stay in touch 保持联系communicate by email 通过电子邮件交流make sth. much easier 使某事容易／便捷得多get used to (doing)sth. 习惯于（做）某事on one's own 独自；独立enjoy a comfortable life 享受舒适的生活open space 开阔的空地重点句型：1.-Eddie, have you seen my food?埃迪，你看见我的食物了吗？-Yes. I've just eaten it.看见了。
译林牛津八年级下册知识点梳理
牛津初中英语8B unit1—unit8 知识点归纳8B Unit1【考点精讲】一、核心词汇1．past n．[考点点拨]past作名词，意为“过去”，其还可作介词和形容词，可用于如下情况：in the past（n．）在过去；half past(prep.)five 5点半；in the past(adj.)three years在过去的3年里。
如：When he walks past our desks, he always knocks ourbooks and pens off the desks.当他走过我们课桌的时候，他总是把我们的书本和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来。
The boy finished his homework with the help of his father in the past.这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下完成作业的。
2．present n．[考点点拨]present作名词，意为“现在，目前”。
At present＝at the moment＝right now 目前；其还可作形容词，your present job你目前的工作；present用作名词，还可表示“礼物”，a birthday present -份生日礼物。
如：He is washing his clothes at present.现在他正在洗衣服。
3．northern adj。
[考点点拨] 方位词：north-northern; west-western; south-southern; east-eastern。
如：in the north of China ＝ in the northern part of China在中国北部East China华东；North China华北The northern part of the city used to be sparsely populated, but has now become acultural centre.城北过去人口稀少，但现在成了文化中心。
牛津译林版八年级英语下册各单元知识点归纳(Units1-8)
11. 他们结婚 15 年了。 12. 这些鱼死了有一段时间了。 13. 在寒假第一天
at the end of the day watch the fireworks look bright and beautiful under the fireworks during your stay there ( 名词 ) stay at home (动词 ) Here?s one for you.
延续性动词表： 短暂性动词 leave borrow buy die get married [来源 学科网] join come back / return go out receive / get a letter / hear from open close begin/start stop / finish/ end move to get up wake up fall asleep catch a cold come / go / arrive/ reach / get to begin / start to do sth get to know put on break down get lost / lose one?s way get angry / excited get worried / interested become get used to doing sth
be asleep/ at / on
…
do sth know
wear be broken be lost
be angry/ excited be worried / interested
be
be used to doing sth
译林牛津八年级下册 8B知识点梳理
牛津初中英语8B unit1-unit8 知识点归纳8B Unit1【考点精讲】一、核心词汇1．past n．[考点点拨］past作名词，意为“过去”，其还可作介词和形容词，可用于如下情况:in the past （n．）在过去；half past(prep。
)five 5点半；in the past(adj。
)three years在过去的3年里。
如：When he walks past our desks，he always knocks ourbooks and pens off the desks。
当他走过我们课桌的时候,他总是把我们的书本和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来.The boy finished his homework with the help of his father in the past。
这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下完成作业的。
2．present n．［考点点拨］present作名词，意为“现在，目前".At present＝at the moment＝right now目前;其还可作形容词,your present job你目前的工作;present用作名词,还可表示“礼物",a birthday present —份生日礼物.如：He is washing his clothes at present.现在他正在洗衣服.3．northern adj。
［考点点拨］方位词：north-northern; west—western；south—southern；east—eastern。
如：in the north of China ＝in the northern part of China在中国北部East China华东;North China华北The northern part of the city used to be sparsely populated，but has now become a cultural centre. 城北过去人口稀少，但现在成了文化中心.4．pollution n．［考点点拨］常见短语：air pollution空气污染；noise pollution噪音污染;light pollution光污染。
译林牛津八年级下册 8B知识点梳理
牛津初中英语8B unit1—unit8 知识点归纳8B Unit1【考点精讲】一、核心词汇1．past n．［考点点拨] past作名词，意为“过去”,其还可作介词和形容词，可用于如下情况：in the past （n．)在过去;half past（prep。
）five 5点半；in the past（adj。
）three years在过去的3年里.如:When he walks past our desks，he always knocks ourbooks and pens off the desks。
当他走过我们课桌的时候,他总是把我们的书本和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来。
The boy finished his homework with the help of his father in the past.这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下完成作业的。
2．present n．［考点点拨］present作名词，意为“现在，目前".At present＝at the moment＝right now目前；其还可作形容词，your present job你目前的工作；present用作名词，还可表示“礼物",a birthday present -份生日礼物。
如：He is washing his clothes at present.现在他正在洗衣服.3．northern adj.[考点点拨］方位词：north—northern；west—western；south-southern；east-eastern.如: in the north of China ＝in the northern part of China在中国北部East China华东；North China华北The northern part of the city used to be sparsely populated，but has now become a cultural centre. 城北过去人口稀少，但现在成了文化中心。
牛津译林版八年级下册英语各单元语法知识点复习提纲(全面!)
牛津译林版八年级下册英语各单元语法知识点复习提纲Unit1 Past and present一、同步知识梳理知识点1：past and present(P6)（1）pastn. 过去，以前；in the past 在过去adj. 过去的，以前的；in the past few years 在过去的几年里prep. 经过walk past the post office走过邮局【例句】In the past, there was no underground in Nanjing.Let’s not make the past mistakes.When I walk past the post office, I see a bird flying over the tree.（2）presentadj.现在的; 目前的; 出席的n.现在; 礼物; at present 现在；a present for you=a gift for you给你的礼物vt.介绍; 出现; 提出; 赠送;【例句】Everyone can be present ed a present at present.知识点2：You’ve changed, Eddie. You used to share food with me.(P6) 你变了。
你以前跟我分享食物的。
（1）change: vt./vi. 改变，变更; change into变成n.变化，改变; change(s) to ...的变化【例句】Great changes to Nanjing have taken place.（2）use n.用途; 使用能力; 运用头脑（或身体）的能力;vt.用，使用; 行使，【常用短语】①used to (do sth.) “过去常常(做某事)”批注：否定形式：didn’t use to / usedn’t to①get/be used to(doing sth. )“习惯于(做某事)【例句】He used to go fishing every Saturday. But since he changed his job, he’s barely(几乎不) had a chance. He thinks he’ll never be used to this busy lifestyle.【拓展】useful adj. 有用的；useless adj. 无用的知识点3：I first lived in the northern part of the town with my parents.(P8)【例句】Beijing is in the northern part of China.批注：注意in the north与in the northern part of 的同义句转换。
牛津译林版八年级英语下册Unit1-Unit 8 全册词汇、语法知识点梳理
牛津译林版八年级英语下册Unit1-Unit 8 全册词汇、语法知识点梳理将下列词组或短语英汉互译。
1. get married _________2. used to ____________3. from time to time _____4. such as ___________5. 把……变成_________6. 在某种程度上；在某些方面____7. 一生______8. 保持联系_______9. the capital of ... _________10. a couple of _____________11. at high speed ________12. on the way __________13. 在……的末尾_________14. 出差_________________15. 习惯于；适应于_________16. 顺便问一下___________将下列句子翻译成英语。
1. 他过去经常去河里游泳。
___________________________________2. 我已经习惯了在这里生活。
___________________________________3. 我哥哥不在家，他去图书馆了。
___________________________________4. 他们离开上海一年了。
___________________________________5. 我保证你会喜欢我的礼物的。
___________________________________考点一：现在完成时的基本用法现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态，或已完成但对现在有一定影响的动作。
它的结构是“主语+have / has+ 动词过去分词+其他”。
常和already、ever、just、never、recently、yet 等副词以及since 和for 引导的时间状语连用。
考点二：动词的过去分词的变化规律大多数动词的过去分词变化形式与动词的过去式相同。
Units 1-8重要短语归纳2022-2023学年牛津译林版英语八年级下册
Unit 1 Past and presentWelcome to the unit1. past and present 过去和现在2. in the bowl 在碗里3. an hour ago 一小时前4. —Have you seen my food? 你见过我的食物吗？—Yes, I’ve just eaten it. 是的，我刚把它吃了。
5. used to share food with me 过去常常和我分享食物6. be so kind to me 对我那么好7. transport at different times 不同时代的交通工具8. by bike/ bus/ underground/ car/ taxi/ coach/ train/ plane骑自行车/乘公交车/地铁/汽车/出租车/长途汽车/火车/飞机9. Why didn’t you take a bus? 你为什么不乘公交车呢？10. too many people 太多人11. It took a long time to wait for the next bus. 花费很长时间等到下一班公交车。
12. It’s easy and fast (to go to school by bus). (乘公交车去上学)既简便又快捷。
Reading1. I’ve lived here since I was born. 我自出生就住在这里。
2. move house 搬家3. in the northern part of town 在城镇的北部4. get married 结婚5. move two blocks away 搬离两个街区6. We’ve lived in this area since then. 从那时起我们就住在这个地区了。
7. over the years 在这几年中8. turn part of the town centre into a new park 将镇中心的部分变为一个新公园9. a steel factory 一个钢厂10. put the waste into the river 将废物投入河中11. realize the problem 意识到这个问题12. take action to improve the situation 采取措施改善情况13. in some ways 在某种程度上14. move away 搬离15. know little about… 对……知道很少know nothing about…对……一无所知16. It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before.我们已经不可能像以前那样经常见到彼此了。
牛津译林版八年级英语下册各单元知识点归纳(Units 1-8)
8B Unit 1 短语与重点句型1、 repair over/ more than ten bicycles2、 teach us a lot about the history of China3、 the changes in Beijing4、 during/in/over the past century5、 learn more about Beijing’s past and present6、 hear about/of…hear from sb、= receive/ get one’s letter=receive/get a letter from sb、7、 living conditions8、 return sth、 to sb、9、 make munication much easier10、 go/travel/study abroad11、 at primary school12、 keep in touch with each other13、 municate with sb、14、 take place15、 Many changes have taken place in my hometown、16、 travel to and from the town by bus, taxi or train17、 green hills all around18、 a river runs through the centre of town19、 get used to the changes of lifeget/be used to sth、/ doing sth、20、 many of Mr Chen’s friends21、 on one’s own = by oneself = alone22、 throw rubbishrubbish everywhere23、 enjoy a fortable life24、 in some large open spaces25、 move into new flats26、 in their free time27、 travel around the town28、 on both sides of the street = on each sideof the street29、 have their own cars= have cars of their own修理超过10辆自行车教我们很多有关中国得历史北京得变化在过去一个多世纪里对北京得过去与现在了解更多听说收到某人来信居住条件把某物归还给某人使交流更方便,使得联系更容易去国外在小学互相保持联系与某人保持联系发生(有目得有计划得)(happen偶然发生) 我得家发生了许多变化。
牛津译林版八年级英语下册全册重难知识点汇总
牛津译林版八年级英语下册全册重难知识点汇总大全牛津译林版八年级英语下册Unit 1 Past and present重难点知识归纳总结【重点单词】1.past [pɑːst] n. 过去2.present ['preznt] n. 现在，目前3.just [dʒʌst] adv. 刚才4.since [sɪns] conj. 自……以来5.ever ['evə] adv. 曾经6.northern ['nɔːðən] adj. 北方的，北部的7.married ['mærɪd] adj. 已婚的，结婚的8.wife [waɪf] n. (pl. wives) 妻子9.block [blɒk] n. 街区10.since [sɪns] conj. 自……以来11.over ['əʊvə] prep. 在……期间12.pollution [pə'luːʃ(ə)n] n. 污染；污染物13.factory ['fæktəri] n. 工厂14.waste [weɪst] n. 废料；废品15.realize ['rɪəlaɪz] 意识到；实现16.improve [ɪm'pruːv] vt. & vi. 改进，改善17.situation [sɪtjʊ'eɪʃ(ə)n] n. 形势，情况18.however [haʊ'evə] adv. 然而19.impossible [ɪm'pɒsəbl] adj. 不可能的20.before [bɪ'fɔː] adv. 以前，过去，已经21.lonely ['ləʊnli] adj. 孤独的，寂寞的22.anyway ['enɪweɪ] adv. 尽管，即使这样23.husband ['hʌzbənd] n. 丈夫24.interview ['ɪntəvjuː] n. 采访；会见25.yet [jet] adv. 还，仍26.recently ['riːsntli] adv. 近来，最近27.past [pɑːst] n. 过去28.environment [ɪn'vaɪrənmənt] n. 环境29.transport [træns'pɔːt] n. 交通车辆，运输工具30.condition [kən'dɪʃ(ə)n] n. 环境，条件，状况31.return [rɪ'tɜːn] vi. 返回st [lɑːst] adv. 最近，上一次；最后33.abroad [ə'brɔːd] adv. 到（在）国外34.primary ['praɪməri] adj. 小学教育的；初级的municate [kə'mjuːnɪkeɪt] vi.& vt. 交流，交际munication [kəmjuːnɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] n. 交流，交际37.exactly [ɪg'zæktli] adv.（答语）正是，没错38.narrow ['nærəʊ] adj. 狭窄的【重点短語】ed to （用于过去持续或经常发生的事）曾经2.turn ... into ... 把……变成……3.from time to time 不时，有时，偶尔4.in some ways 在某种程度上5.all one’s life 一生6.keep in touch 保持联系7.be/get used to 习惯于，适应于8.open space 开阔的空地9.in the north of town在镇子的北边10.get married 结婚11.move two blocks away 搬到两个街区外12.since then 自从那时13.change a lot 变化很大14.over the years 在这几年里15.put the waste into the river 把废料倒进河里16.realize the problem 意识到这个问题17.improve the situation 改善现状18.much cleaner 更干净了19.as often as before 和之前一样频繁20.feel a bit lonely 感觉有点孤独21.travel to and from the town 往返城镇22.go abroad出国23.narrow and dirty roads 狭小肮脏的街道24.enjoy a comfortable life 享受舒适的生活【重点句型】1.You’ve changed too. You used to be so kind to me.你也变了。
译林英语八下 1-8单元知识点归纳整理
译林英语八下各单元知识点Unit1重点单词短语1.changevt.改变change one’s mind：改变某人的想法n.改变，零钱the changes in/to sb.发生在……上的改变2.since表示“自从……以来”，常与现在完成时连用since+表示过去的时间点since+一段时间+ago，表示“自从……以前”since+从句（从句中的谓语动词为一般过去时）It is/has been+时间段+since+从句（一般过去时）如：It is three years since he began to smoke.自从他开始吸烟，已经三年了。
3.move移动；感动moved：对……感动moving：令人感动的4.marryvi.结婚，娶，嫁vt.结婚A marry B：A与B结婚A andB get/are married=A be/get married to B：A与B结婚marry A to B：把A嫁给B5.take place/happen注意：take place和happen均无“被动语态”take place：vi.发生（指事情按照计划发生） happen：vi.发生（强调偶然性）6.interview vt./n.采访interview sb.=have an interview with sb. interviewer：采访者，记者interviewee：被采访者7.a bit/a littlea bit/a little修饰动词，形容词 a bit of/a little修饰不可数名词 not a bit=not…at all一点也不如：I am a little/a bit hungry but there is a little/a bit of food left for lunch. 8.Hope注意：没有hope sb.to do sth.hope to do sth.hope+(that)+句子9.wayin some ways在某种程度上，在某些方面上in this way以这种方式in the same way用同样的方法on the way to在去……的路上by the way顺便问一下重点句型1.You used to share food with me!used to do sth.过去常常做某事否定句：used not to do sth./did not use to do sth.疑问句：Did…use to do sth./Used…to do sth.be used to do sth.被用来作某事be/get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事2.Now the government has turned part of the town centre into a new park. turn sth.into：把……变成……3.Now the river is much cleaner. much修饰形容词或副词的比较级形容词比较级可以由：a bit,a little,rather,much,far,by far,a lot,lots,a great deal,any,still,even等修饰。
牛津译林版英语八年级下册全册重难点知识点汇总
牛津译林版英语八年级下册全册知识点U11、used to do sth 过去常常做某事be/get used to doing sth习惯于做某事be used to do sth被用来做某事2、I've lived here since I was born.我自出生以来就一直住在这里。
现在完成时（延续）过去式3、get married意为“结婚”get/be married to sb.意为“与某人结婚”。
married形容词，意为“已婚的，结婚的”。
拓展：get married表示动作，be married表示状态。
当表示某人结婚多久时，用be marriedWhen did you get married？你什么时候结的婚？Two years ago.两年前。
How long have you been married？你结婚多久了？For two years.两年了。
4、①put out扑灭②put up举起，搭建③put in安装5、in some ways意为“在某种程度上，在某些方面”。
by the way顺便说一下lose one's way迷路in one's way挡住某人的路on one's way to在某人去……的路上6、on one's own意为“独自；独立”，通常在句中作状语，相当于by oneself或alone 1.现在完成时的用法（跟过去和现在都有关联）（1）表示过去发生或完成的动作对现在造成影响，也就是说该动作和现在有联系。
（2）表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在（包括“现在”）的动作或状态，可以和表示一段时间的状语连用，谓语动词多用延续性动词。
（3）表示到现在为止多次发生的动作。
2.现在完成时的标志词现在完成时的标志词有already，yet，ever，recently，just，before（用于句末），so far，for＋时间段，since＋过去的时间或一般过去时的句子。
牛津译林版八年级英语下册Unit1-Unit8全册词汇、语法知识点梳理
牛津译林版八年级英语下册Unit1-Unit8全册词汇、语法知识点梳理牛津译林版八年级英语下册Unit1-Unit 8 全册词汇、语法知识点梳理将下列词组或短语英汉互译。
1. get married _________2. used to ____________3. from time to time _____4. such as ___________5. 把……变成_________6. 在某种程度上；在某些方面____7. 一生______8. 保持联系_______9. the capital of ... _________10. a couple of _____________11. at high speed ________12. on the way __________13. 在……的末尾_________14. 出差_________________15. 习惯于；适应于_________16. 顺便问一下___________将下列句子翻译成英语。
1. 他过去经常去河里游泳。
___________________________________2. 我已经习惯了在这里生活。
___________________________________3. 我哥哥不在家，他去图书馆了。
___________________________________4. 他们离开上海一年了。
___________________________________5. 我保证你会喜欢我的礼物的。
___________________________________考点一：现在完成时的基本用法现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态，或已完成但对现在有一定影响的动作。
它的结构是“主语+have / has+ 动词过去分词+其他”。
常和already、ever、just、never、recently、yet 等副词以及since 和for 引导的时间状语连用。
译林牛津八年级下册 8B知识点梳理
牛津初中英语8B unit1—unit8 知识点归纳8B Unit1【考点精讲】一、核心词汇1．past n．[考点点拨］past作名词，意为“过去"，其还可作介词和形容词，可用于如下情况:in the past(n．）在过去；half past(prep.）five 5点半；in the past(adj.）three years在过去的3年里。
如:When he walks past our desks，he always knocks ourbooks and pens off the desks.当他走过我们课桌的时候，他总是把我们的书本和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来。
The boy finished his homework with the help of his father in the past。
这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下完成作业的。
2．present n．［考点点拨］present作名词，意为“现在,目前”.At present＝at the moment＝right now目前；其还可作形容词，your present job你目前的工作；present用作名词，还可表示“礼物”，a birthday present —份生日礼物。
如:He is washing his clothes at present.现在他正在洗衣服。
3．northern adj.[考点点拨］方位词：north-northern; west-western；south-southern; east—eastern.如：in the north of China ＝in the northern part of China在中国北部East China华东；North China华北The northern part of the city used to be sparsely populated, but has now become a cultural centre。
牛津译林版八年级英语下册 重要知识点梳理
牛津译林版八年级英语下册重要知识点梳理Unit 1: Past and Present1.I have lived in this place since I was born。
"Since" can be used as a XXX "from a specific time until now" or "because." When used with the present perfect or past perfect tense。
"since" can be followed by a phrase or a clause。
For example。
"since 1994" or "since leaving school." When used as a n。
"since" introduces a reason clause。
For example。
"Since we are here。
we should visit our XXX."2.In 1965.I got married。
and my wife and XXX。
"Marry" XXX wife." "Married" is an adjective meaning "having a spouse." "Marry" can be used in different ways。
such as "marry someone," "be/get married to someone," or "marry A to B." For example。
英语译林牛津八年级下册8B知识点梳理
牛津初中英语8B unit1—unit8 知识点归纳8B Unit1【考点精讲】一、核心词汇1．past n．[考点点拨] past作名词，意为“过去”，其还可作介词和形容词，可用于如下情况：in the past （n．）在过去；half past(prep.)five 5点半；in the past(adj.)three years在过去的3年里。
如：When he walks past our desks, he always knocks ourbooks and pens off the desks.当他走过我们课桌的时候，他总是把我们的书本和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来。
The boy finished his homework with the help of his father in the past.这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下完成作业的。
2．present n．[考点点拨]present作名词，意为“现在，目前”。
At present＝at the moment＝right now目前；其还可作形容词，your present job你目前的工作；present用作名词，还可表示“礼物”，a birthday present -份生日礼物。
如：He is washing his clothes at present.现在他正在洗衣服。
3．northern adj。
[考点点拨] 方位词：north-northern; west-western; south-southern; east-eastern。
如：in the north of China ＝in the northern part of China在中国北部East China华东；North China华北The northern part of the city used to be sparsely populated, but has now become a cultural centre. 城北过去人口稀少，但现在成了文化中心。
译林牛津八年级下册 8B知识点梳理
牛津初中英语8B unit1—unit8 知识点归纳8B Unit1【考点精讲】一、核心词汇1．past n．［考点点拨] past作名词,意为“过去",其还可作介词和形容词，可用于如下情况：in the past （n．）在过去；half past（prep.）five 5点半；in the past（adj。
）three years在过去的3年里。
如：When he walks past our desks，he always knocks ourbooks and pens off the desks。
当他走过我们课桌的时候，他总是把我们的书本和钢笔从课桌上碰掉下来。
The boy finished his homework with the help of his father in the past。
这个男孩过去是在他父亲的帮助下完成作业的。
2．present n．[考点点拨]present作名词，意为“现在，目前”。
At present＝at the moment＝right now目前；其还可作形容词，your present job你目前的工作；present用作名词,还可表示“礼物”，a birthday present -份生日礼物。
如:He is washing his clothes at present。
现在他正在洗衣服。
3．northern adj。
［考点点拨] 方位词:north-northern；west—western; south—southern; east-eastern.如:in the north of China ＝in the northern part of China在中国北部East China华东；North China华北The northern part of the city used to be sparsely populated, but has now become a cultural centre。