美国文学论文
Symbolism in the great gatsby
文理学院英本0801班张海燕2008303010102
I．Introduction
Francis scott key Fitzgerald was American writer if novels and short stories,Fitzgerald is just the tragic hero of the period,whose works are evocatiive of the Jazz Ages,a term he coined himself.He is widely regard as one of the twentieth century’s greatest writers,Fitsgerald is considered a memberof the”Lost generation”of the tweties.He finished four novels,including The Great Gatsby and wrote dozens of short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with despair and age. The Great gatsby is considered Fitzgerald’s masterpiece.However, in 1925 no one predicted the eminence of the novel in the new century---not even Fitzgerald himself.At the age of 44,he died of frustration,After his death,some of his interesting writings were put together into a book entitled The Crack-up..
The great Gatsby is a good illustration. Gatsby is a young gay from the Midwest.he falls in love with Daisy,a wealthy girl,but is too poor to marry her.the girl is then married to a rich young man, Tom buchanan,Determined to win back his lost love,Gatsby engages himself in boot legging and ather”shady”activities,thus earning enough money to buy a magnificent house,Then he spreads dazzling parties every weekend,hoping one day the buchanans will come.the buchanans finally come and Gatsby meets Daisy again,But the woman in front of him is not quiet the ideal love of his dream and they can never repeat the past.Then Daisy kills a woman (T om’ mistress)in an accident and plots with Tom to shift the blame on Gatsby. Finally ,Gatsby was shot and the buchanans escape,
The Great Gatsby is one of the greatest literatures of Fitzgerald’s period, which wins many favorable praises.one of the major reasons for The Great Gatsby’ high literary reputation is the using of symbolism.In the novel,symbolism runs through the whole story.The settings,the characters,the plots and the colors are all symbols and full of symbolic meanin.Fitzgerald is so creative and imaginative that he is skillful enough to use these symbols to reveal the theme of this novel.so it is very usful to view The Great Gatsby through the perspective of symbolism.
II , the introduction of symbol
A ,The Definition of symbol
“in literature a symbol is a thing that refers or suggeste more than its literal meaning “,It is an object,animate or inanimate,which goes beyond the objective referent by evoking or suggesting to the reader a meaning on another level,a meanig byyond itself,Earnest carcior holds the view that language,art,myth,and religion are parts of the spritual symbol
they are the varied threads that weave the symbolist net,the tangled web of human experience.
Literary symbols,combining imagges with suggestions,are classified into two broad types,one type refers to those embodying universal suggestions of meaning,For example,white color usually suggests purity,innocent and honesty.This tpye of symbols is widely used in western literature.It has been fomed as a tradition in the literrature.the other type of symbols secures its suggestiveness from the way in which it is used in a given work,in a special context,Thus ,in the novel The Great Gatsby the valley of ashes atands for the plight of the poor,Generally speaking,symbols in fictions are inanimate objects.But sometimes actions and gestures with large significance than its literal meaning are also symbolic,Raising arms may sense,the abundance of symbols exisit in many novels.
B The Fuction of symbolism
Throughout history the authors of literary works have used symbolism to develop a story or create an understanding,Many of the classics are filled with symbolism,and it is the symbolism that causes the story to stick in the reader’s mind and heart and make the story a classic,As barnet points out,”when we read,we may feel that certain characters and certain things in the story stand for more than themselvesmor the auhor has mentioned certain iterms or ideas in order to get us to think more deeply about something,This is because sometimes it is hard for writers to communicates the feelings evoked upon certain iterms concretely,exactly,and meaningfully,It would be very difficult to do, and in doing so the writer might lose the reader’s interest or worse,alienate them from the moment for the feeling is not the one they shared,but by allowing a symbol,the writer forces the reader to apply his or her own knowledge to the sitution,and the feelings evoked are the sole domain of the reader,not the author,As long as the feelings are well defended with evidence from the text,they are fine interpretations of the novels. Symbolism is used as one of the important devices in modern fiction and it is essentially an indirect mode of expression,which suggests much more than what is symbolism in literary works will be immensely helpful in determining the significance of the symbols used.symbolism as a literary movement with all its significance,meaning and association has astrong and deep influence on literature.
III The Analysis of the symbolic
A,symbolic colors
Symbolism is what makes a story complete.in the great gatsby ,F.scott Fitzgerald cleverly uses symbolism.Anything in a novel can be taken as a symbol,There are several colors used for symbolism in this novel,For example,the colors white,blue and green used through the book.Colors can accentuate the meaning of a story and explain certain actions of a character,In The Great Gatsby,F.scott Fitzgerald applies many important colors that allude to the personality of his characters.The colors given are repeated
multiple times so that they can be established.
1. white
one color that is used frequently is white.The first time Nick meets his cousin Daisy at Tom and Daisy’s home,she was dressed totally white.so as the house and its furnishings are also turned in light shaeds .This fact might be interpreted as beuty,cleanliness,wealth,innocence .Daisy wears white dresses and recalls her “white girlhood”and this use of color helps her to characterize her laziness and uselessness . she is completely devoid of any knowledge of the outside world,something I found quite apparent was her obviusely shallow,money grubbing motives.For example,when she is taken into Gatsby’s home for a tour,she is shown Gatsby’ beautiful imported shirts,Daisy begins to cry,saying that these shirts are so beautiful.But what she is really expressing is her envy and jealousy of Gatsby’ new riches and all of his elaborate material possession.
2 blue
Another symbolic color is blue,Blue stands out as symbol of melancholy and calmness.All of this manifests the author’s critical attitude to the contemporary tendency—ostentation, pursuit for material enjoyment and money worship.First, In the valley of ashes,there is an advertisement board of great size on which paints the blue and gigantic eyes of Doctor T.J.Ecklburg.In many days under sun and rain ,this pair of eyes is dimmed and seems to be tearing,looking at the valley of ashes and also the people there.The symbolized meaning of the blue eyes was not revealed untill the eighth chapter,when George wilson talked to Michael is about his wife’s disloyalty to him,he said “she might fool me but she couldn’t fool God.”Fitzgerald reused the blue color on George Wilson who is a little character in this great work.when wilson first comes to appear in this novel,he is described as follows”He was a blond,spiritlessman,and faintly handsome,when he saw us a gleam rang into his light blue eyes.”
3 green
The author uses green symbolizing hope.The image of green lamp appeared three times respectively at the crucial points of development,and played an important role in the process of modeling at the end of chapter one,where Nick went back home in the evening and saw that Gatsby stared at the green light means something special to Gatsby,for it has something to do with Daisy.Gatsby has chershed a dream,which is to marry Daisy who is an emblem of beauty and fortune to https://www.360docs.net/doc/2d7458325.html,ter on ,Daisy married to Tom,but Gatsby still firmly believed that he could seize her back as long as he could own enough money.Thus ,that green light became the dream and hope in Gatsby’s heart.
B symbolic theme
1 American Dream
The American dream ,arising in the colonial period and developing in the nineteenth century,originally relates to a desire for spiritual and material improvement.For ordinary
Americans ,the American dream is the success story;the American dream in the climbing of the ladder from rags to riches;the /American dream is to go west,and become a millionaire,We can recognize that Fitsgerald’s understanding transcends the popular trivializing of the American Dream.As a matter of fact,no novelist of his time had betterunderstood the nature of his joy-riding.extravagant and irresponsible society,and the spiritual desperation and sterility that it represented.
2. The disillusionment of the American dream
from the 18th century to the 1920s,the American dream had been a dominant ideology enormously propagated,attributing one’s mateial success to self-improvement and hard working.and it became an unshakable ideal for generations,a power which brought about the prosperity of the American capitalism.However ,this dream ,as some critics and many writers pointed out,was an illusion that humans could never have fulfilled. Fitzgerald stresses here the need for hope and dreams to give meaning and purpose to man’s efforts.For Gatsby ,striving after some ideal is the way by which man can feel a sense of invovlement.a sence of his own identity.
Gatsby is defeated by the buchanan in the end,his whole careers,his confidence in himself and in life are totally shattered when he fails to win Daisy back.with his dream vanished,he is spiritually dead.The collapse of Gatsby’s dream,however,is symbolic,his faliure of the American dream itself.
美国文学选读期末考试重点
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
美国英语论文美国文学英语论文
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Introduction American is a multi-national country because of its history. Just like a big container, it puts in various kinds of elements. When different cultures mixed together, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, which makes American literature has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic feeling. The history of America literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures. After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long period. It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to develop. Romantics emphasized individualism and intuition. This was an exciting period in the history of American literature. Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full blooming. Influenced by the Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent situation. The writings about local life, critical realism, unveiling the dark side of the society and yearning for nature were increased. After the First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature and Postmodern American literature began. This passage will have a further discussion on this period by dividing them into several parts: Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, Modernism and Post-modernism.
美国文学期末考试重点
名词解释： Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.” 二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter: 主题：Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick A. 作品分析： （1）Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. (2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest.” (3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. (4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple views of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised. B. what does the white whale in Moby Dick symbolize? Why do you think so? For Captain Ahab, the white whale represents evil. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, Ahab begins to hate Moby Dick and tries his best to kill the whale. It seems that he embodies all of the evil he once consigned to the white whale. For other members on the whaling ship, the white whale symbolizes the unknown, mysterious natural force of the universe. For the readers, the white whale is capable of many interpretations, for it is “paradoxically benign an d malevolent, nourishing and destructive,” “massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.” C. Major themes: obsession, religion, and idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, hierarchical relationships, and politics. D. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth. The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology. 5. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.It has been praised as “Democ ratic Bible”, and as American Epic. 主题：(1)he shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. (2) realization of the individual value. (3) pursuit of love and happiness. (4) Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory. 写作风格：(1) Whitman wrote “free verse”, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. (2) There is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems. (3) Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. (4) Whitman’s language is relatively simple and even rather crude. Another characteristic in Whitman’s language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman’s vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerful, colorful, as well as rarely-used words. Leaves of Grass的分析： (1). Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. (2). In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. (3). In this book he also praises nature, democracy, labor and creation, and sings of man’s dignity and equality, and of th e brightest future of mankind. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse” and self as well. 6. Emily Dickinson: 诗歌的主要内容：love, nature, death and immortality. 7. Edgar Allen Poe: 短篇小说家和诗人。 Poe is the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the father of detective story. 主题：death of one’s beloved lover of great intelligence and beauty. He also writes about horror (Gothic) stories, murder, and insanity. 8. Henry James: The turn of the screw The founder of psychological realism. He was the first American writer to conceive his artistic work in international themes. 9. Mark Twain:The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Hemingway described it as the book from which “all modern American literature comes”. The style of this book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal way: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, wit its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of “some simplicity, some innocence, some peace.” 10. Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser: 自然主义的代表人物。 11. F. Scott Fitzgerald:The Great Gatsby 迷惘一代的代表人物 12. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea The title of For Whom the Bell Tolls comes from John Donne’s Meditation. 13. William Faulkner: stream of consciousness的写作手法 14. Ezra Pound: 意象派代表人物。 意象派基本主张： (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective. (2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 15. Robert Frost: natural poet. 16. Eugene Glastone O’Neill: Desire Under the Elms Long Days Journey into Night: Mark Twain H. L. Mencken considered "the true father of our national literatu re” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884) and Life on the Mississippi(1883) Twain shaped the world's view of American and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done. Mark Twain’s sty le 1) Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions 2) Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language 3) Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks. 4) Paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans, Concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people 5) Nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes Adventures of Huckleberry Fin The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization. Ernest Hemingway A Nobel Prize winner for literature His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized, not only in English-speaking countries but all over the world Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun In Our Time (1925)is the first book to present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams The Sun Also Rises(1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse -- emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature, man is doomed to be entrapped For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway's career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War, this work Caps his career and leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without Women(1927), Death in the Afternoon(1932), The Snows of Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not (1937) Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction. Indian Camp The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent, representative of the early twentieth-century experience A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic because there is no peace at all in the stories In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his childhood to adolescence and manhood Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia. This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death. Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick Adams stories in In Our Time The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage. The iceberg technique Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.