ASTM-D3359-09-标准试验方法-胶带法测量附着力
附着力测试方法
柏霆（苏州）光电科技有限公司附着力标准测试方法（D3359-93）1、范围1.1藉由胶带紧贴在镀膜的切痕上,然后撕去胶带的这些方式, 以评估镀膜的附着力。
1.2测试方法A主要用在工作场所。
测试方法B较适合运用在实验室，但不适用超过125μm之膜厚。
1.3这些测试镀膜附着力的方法均为适当的水平。
1.4多层膜厚附着力测试不过，可能生在膜与膜之间，因此，其附着力无法确定。
1.5测试标准不是要阐述安全问题，如果有的话，也是与使用有关。
使用此标准者的责任是建立适当安全的练习并决定统一的使用限制。
2、参考文件2.1 ASTM标准：D609、D823、D1000、D1730、D2092、D2197、D2370、D3330、D4060、3、测试方法摘要3.1测试方法A--在塑壳镀膜上做一个X型的切口，将测试胶带粘贴在切痕上，然后撕去胶带。
附着力评估等级由0至5。
3.2测试方法B--在塑壳镀膜上做6或11个直交方向的格子形切品，将测试胶带粘贴在切痕上，然后撕去胶带。
附着力评估系藉由文字说明及图解比较方式。
测试方法B4、仪器与材料4.1切割工具--尖锐刀具、刀峰角度15至30度，能一次完成数个切口。
4.2切割指导--用手拿刀切割，可有钢直线尺等工具。
4.3尺--刻度在0.5mm的钢尺，以便检查每个切痕。
4.4胶带--半透明1英尺（25mm）宽胶带，其粘着力为客我双方共同接受。
4.5橡皮擦--铅笔端点上。
4.6照明--用灯源来检视切痕是否贯穿镀膜。
4.7放大镜--检查切痕的测试区域。
5、测试件5.1测试区域平面足够大，切痕深度可连接到塑壳且其角度相同，就可得到好的测试结果。
6、测试过程6.1实施胶带测试前，先选择一块干净平坦的平台。
6.2将塑壳稳固的放置在固定的平台上，使切痕达到如下所述之规定：6.3干燥的镀膜厚度在50μm（含）以下，使切痕达到如下宽度为1mm，并完成11个切痕，除非双方有其它同意之规定。
6.4干燥的镀膜厚度在50μm至125μm间，每个切痕宽度为2mm，并完成6个切痕，膜厚超过125μm，则使用测试方法A。
划格附着力测试目的、操作方法及常见问题
划格附着力测试目的、操作方法及常见问题什么是划格附着力测试？划格测试是一种通过使用工具在涂层中切割直角格子图案，一直渗透到基材来确定油漆和涂层与基材分别的阻力的方法。
通过这种方法可以完成快速通过/失败测试。
附着力测试的目附着力测试的基本目标是产生涂层失效。
被测涂层可能会在基材和涂层之间或多层应用中的各个涂层之间显现界面故障。
涂层也可能在特定层内发生内聚破坏。
如何进行附着力测试？在该测试中，将涂层试样在适当的机器中双轴拉伸给定距离，将胶带粘贴到变形区域（圆顶）然后撕下，将去除的涂层量与照相标准进行比较以确定涂层附着力等级。
如何进行横切测试？使用碳化物尖端工具对基材进行X切割。
压敏胶带贴在切口上。
通过在切口区域上使用橡皮擦将胶带平滑到位。
通过将胶带快速拉回到自身上接近180°角来移除胶带。
如何进行划格附着力测试？首先，用交叉线切割机在基材上的成品膜中切割出交叉线。
然后刷交叉影线区域。
在该区域贴上交叉影线胶带，拉下。
最后，将交叉影线测试区域与右下方的ASTM附着力标准进行比较。
您如何测试粉末涂料？光泽度测量粉末涂层成品零件的光泽度通过测量其表面的镜面反射来验证。
该测试使用光泽计进行，该光泽计以固定角度将光照射到零件表面，然后测量从其反射的光量。
如何测试粘合强度？粘附力是胶带和应用表面之间的粘合强度。
为测量附着力，将胶带贴在不锈钢面板上。
然后移除胶带。
移除（或剥离）胶带所需的力决议了它的粘附程度。
你怎么知道它是粉末涂层还是油漆？您可以判定的一种方法是它是否有光泽，它可能是油漆。
粉末涂层具有半光泽外观，可能比油漆粗糙一点。
划格器如何用于附着力测试？划格线/划格线：一种快速、低成本的视觉比较方法，适用于厚度不超过250微米（10密耳）的油漆和粉末涂料。
将涂层切成小方块，从而削减横向粘合，并依据ISO、ASTM或企业标准评估附着力。
划格附着力测试如何用于耐腐蚀涂层？为了使耐腐蚀涂层正常发挥作用，它们必需粘附在所涂表面上，划格附着力测试可以确定涂层是否正确粘附在其基材上。
胶带法测试涂层结合力
2．整舱也应选择有良好通风和不良通风的区域进行。应在修补和最终检验以前进行测试，以便有机会对测试所损坏的区域进行修补。
所检测的点数取决于舱室的尺寸。应根据常识进行。作为指导，你可以每500m2测一点，但在大于2000m2的舱室，你可以少检测几点。
结果（例如：得到的结果小于3），你应和你的技术服务经理讨论该问题，他会采取适当的行动。
METHOD
5A No peeling or removal无剥落或涂层去除
4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions
沿着切口有剥落或涂层去除的痕迹
3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1/16 in. (1.6mm) on eitherSide
胶带下X形的绝大多数区域都有涂层去除
0A Removal beyond the area of the X
X形区域下涂层（全部）去除
METHOD B
5B The edges of the cuts are completely smooth; none of the squares of the
lattice is detached.切口边缘完全光滑；没有一个四方格子出现剥落。
用胶带测试测量附着力的标准方法ASTM D 3359
方法A.（划X法），油漆的干膜厚度大于5 Mils (127 u)
方法B.（划方格法），油漆的干膜厚度为2—5 Mils(50--127 u)时，划6线方格（线距2mm）。
油漆的干膜厚度为0—2Mils(0--50u)时，划11线方格（线距1mm）。
squares have detached. The area affected is 35 to 65% of the lattice.
ASTM D3359-(附著力测试标准)-中文版
ASTM D3359附著力測試標准測試方法此標准是在固定指示D3359下建立的;緊跟指示的數據表示最初釆納的年份,或在修改的情況下,則表示最后修改的年份,圓括號里的數據表示最后再批准年份.上標字母(є)表示最后修訂版或再批准后的編輯更換.國防部代理已核准使用此標准.1.範圍1.1此測試方法包括應用與移除膜層上的切屑產生的壓力來評估粘漆性的程序.1.2測試方法A主要適用于在作業點使用,而測試方法B則更適合在實驗室內使用.測試方法B不適用于膜厚超過5mils(125µm)的塗層.注意1----買賣雙方須遵守協議,如果切口之間距離很寬,那么測試方法B就可用于厚一點的膜層.1.3此測試方法是建立粘漆性是否能達一般水平.為要求的更高級的測量方法,在高水平粘漆之間不做區分.注意2-----應確認粘漆性的差異與相同牢固的粘漆性可能會影響所獲得的結果,表面塗裝附著力的不同會影響到測試的結果,它來自于相同內在粘漆著力的表面塗裝.1.4不能測定發生在多層系統粘漆失敗的粘漆性.1.5把英寸-磅單位里的數值看成標准.圓括號里的數值僅供參考.1.6此標准沒有提供任何安全措施,如果有,那么配合使用.使用者在使用前須建立適當的安全與健康措施.2.3參考文件2.1ASTM標准:D 609慣例是關于為冷卷鋼鐵面板的塗料,光澤面,反塗層,及相關塗層產品測試.D 823慣例是關于測試面板的塗料厚度,光澤面,及相關產品的一致性的生產膜厚.D1000測試方法是關于測試用于電子與電子應用的粘漆性.D1730是關于鋁與鋁合金表面噴漆的准備的慣例.D2092是關于噴漆于烤漆層(電鍍)鋼鐵表面的指導方針.D2197是關于通過刮掉粘膠的無機塗層的粘性的測試方法.D2370是無機塗層的拉力特性的測試方法.D3330是關于180º角的感壓帶的削落粘性的測試方法.D3924是關于條件狀況與測試塗料,光澤面,漆器,與相關材料的標准環境的說明書.D4060是關于用Taber研磨器來測試無機塗層的耐磨力的測試方法.3.測試方法概況3.1測試方法A---在底層膠膜層上划一個X形切口,用強粘力膠紙緊貼然后揭起,附著力的評定有0—5(6個等級).2.2測試方法B---在塗裝表面沿每一個方向划6---7條方格,并用強粘力膠紙貼緊方格表面然后把膠紙揭起,附著力的評定須參照以下描述及圖示.3.4.重要性與使用4.1如果烤漆起到保護與美化底層的作用的話,那么它必須有所期望的伺服使用期限.因為底層與它的表面處理(或沒有)在烤漆層粘性上有一個激烈的反應,對于不同的底層或表面處理的烤漆層粘性的評估方法,或對于相同底層與處理不同的烤漆層的評估方法,在工業領域里可用.4.2在使用前應確定低水平粘性的所有粘膠方法的局限性與此測試方法的具體局限性(見1.3),此測試方法的內部與外部實驗室精確度相似于烤漆底層的其它廣泛可接受測試(例如,測試方法D2370與測試方法D4060),但是,這就造成的結果是:塗裝方面很相近,但附著力卻有很大的區別,所以我們僅用了3---5個有限的附著力等級以避免在判斷上造成更多的分歧.測試方法A-------X-CUT 膠紙測試5.儀器與材料5.1切割模具-----鋒利的剃刀刃,解剖刀,水果刀或其它的切割器具.且刀刃是否鋒利尤其重要.5.2切割指導-----用尺于鋼鐵與硬金屬上畫直線以確保垂直切割.5.3膠紙------供應商與用戶需要而達成協議的帶有強粘性的一英寸(25-mm)寬的半透明膠紙.因為這種強粘著力卷與卷不同時間段也有差異.當在不同的實驗室里進行測試時,用于批量的膠紙要相同,這點非常重要.如果此測試方法權用于少放一系列的測試烤漆層,那么是不可能的. 5.4橡皮擦位于鉛筆的末端.5.5照明度-----足夠的光源有助于判斷划割是否已深入底層.6.測試樣本6.1當用至此測試方法時,樣本須是可估計附著力的已噴漆結構或部件.6.2.為試驗之用,把這種期望得到表面條件和各成分的附著力的面板用于測試當中.注意3----在慣例D609與慣例D1730與D2092里有所給出的可應用的測試面板規格與表面預備方法.注意4----塗層的應用應符合慣例D823,或根據買賣雙方達成的協議來決定.注意5----若有要求或有規定,在執行膠紙測試之前,已塗裝的測試面板也應進行例如:沉浸入水,鹽霧噴濺,或高溫度放置等一系初步的處理,進行初步處理的時間和各種條件應根據最終使用者或根據買賣雙方的協議進行調整.7.步驟7.1選取一塊沒有瑕疵的部位來測試它的不完整性.要求所測試部位干淨且干燥.特別是溫度或相關濕度可能會影響膠紙的附著力或烤漆層.7.2在膜層上划兩個大約1.5英寸(40mm)長且在30到45º之間的小角交叉的划割線.切割時,用尺畫直線且切除烤漆層,在一穩定動作情況下露出底層.7.3利用自金屬底層的光的反射現象來檢查切口,如果沒有透過底層,那么在另外一個不同的位置再划一個切口.不要加深以前的切口,這樣可能影響切口的附著力.7.4 把強粘著力膠紙兩頭重疊的部分找到并把多余的一小部分丟掉,均勻用力(不是猛拉)把另外長端拉出且切出約3in/75mm的一片.7.5把膠紙的中端位置在切口交叉處并在最小(較小)的角度以相同的方向(把膠紙壓平)用手指把切口位置的膠紙壓平,然后用橡皮擦壓牢,當貼粘很好時,從透明膠紙下的顏色則可以看得出來.7.6在應用的90±30s時間里,抓住膠紙未粘住的末端來移除膠紙,并以一個接近180°角來快速拉起(不要猛拉).7.7檢查X切割區域塗裝脫落狀況,根據以下等級來判定塗裝測試的附著力:5A 表面塗裝無脫落.4A 切口或交叉處有少量脫落3A 切口任一邊有達1.6mm參差不齊之脫落2A 切口任一邊有達超過3.2mm參差不齊之脫落1A 膠紙下面可見X大部分區域有塗裝脫落0A 塗裝脫落現象超過了X區域之外7.8在每個測試面板上另外選取兩個不同的位置重復測試.大結構的部件也要測試以確保附著力評估對整個表面具有代表性.7.9做几次測試后應檢查刀具的刃口,如有必要,在再次使用之前把刀具在砂紙上輕輕地打磨,丟掉那些刃口被磨掉的刀具或會給被覆造成額外損傷的有其它缺陷的刀具.8.匯報8.1匯報應寫明測試的次數,及每次的具體現象及描述,若是多層塗裝還應寫明脫落(或未通過測試)的發生時機,是在第一層烤漆與底層之間,還是在第一層或第二層塗層之間,等.8.2匯報測試時的結構或測試部件,位置與環境狀況.8.3為測試面板匯報測試時所測試底層,烤漆類型,凝固方法,及環境狀況.8.4如果所測定的膠紙附著力強度符合測試方法D 1000或D3330,那么匯報附著力比率結果.如果沒有測定膠紙的粘性強度,那么匯報使用的具體膠紙與它的制造商.9.精確度與偏差9.1用三個面板上三種不同的膜層在一個interlaboratory里用此測試方法,在六個實驗室里的操作員在三個面板上三種不同的膜層塗上大範圍的粘膠然后做一附著力測量,在實驗室內的標准偏差為0.33,而在實驗室之間的標准偏差為0.44.基于這些偏差,以下標准使用于以一個95%可信度水平來判斷結果的可接受性:9.1.1重復性-----在大面積的表面附著力應一致,在兩次測量時通過相同的操作員來獲得的結果不同,且超過1個比率單位的話,那么就值得懷疑.9.1.2再生性-----兩種測試結果,每種結果都有三次相同的測試,如果它來自于不同的操作者,所造成的偏差超過1.5個單位的話,那么我們就可以認為這兩種測試結果也是不可信的.方法B------十字切割膠紙測試10.儀器與材料10.1切割工具-----剃刀,手術刀(解剖刀),小刀或其它在15°--30°之間有一切割邊角度且能立即切割一個切口或多個切口的切割器具,特別重要的是必須有好的刃口(刃角).10. 2 划割指導----手工切割鋼鐵或直線切割其它硬金屬或某金屬都要確保直線切割.10.3慣例----調整鋼尺刻度在0.5mm用于測量單個的切口.10.4膠紙,見5.3中描述.10.5橡皮擦位于鉛筆末端.10.6照明度,見5.5中描述.10.7放大鏡-----放大鏡可用于當切單個的切口和檢查測試區域時.11.測試樣本11.1測試樣本應如Section 6中所述,然而還須注意,百格刀的使用效果雖好,但僅用在測試十分平整的區域上,且這樣區域的平整性應使百格刀的所有刃口在划割底層時能保持相同的划割程度,檢查平面直角刃口諸如10.3所述用鋼尺(調節的).12.步驟12.1在進行膠紙測試之前,何地要求或何時同意樣本屬于一個預補測試(見注釋3).除非同意要求D3924標准中所述溫度,在干燥或檢查塗層后,應在如D3924所述(定義的)室溫中執行膠紙測試.CLASSIFICATION OF ADHESION TEST RESULTSCLASSIFICATION PERCENTAREAREMOVEDSURFACE OF CROSS-CUT FROM WHICHFLAKING HAS OCCURRED FOR SIX PARALLEL CUTSAND ADHESION RANGE BY PERCENT5B0% None4B Less than5%3B 5-15%2B 15-35% 1B 35-65%0BGreater than65%FIG..1Classification of Adhesion Test Results12.2選擇一個無臟污,理想的主要表面作為測試面,放置于一穩定底座上,在放大鏡下,按以下描述的方法划割平行的切口.12.2.1除非另行規定,那么對于膜層的厚度達到2.0mils且包括2.0mils(50μm)的應划割11條,且每條相隔距離為1mm.12.2.2對于已干燥的塗裝膜厚在50—125μm,划割6條且每條相隔距離2mm,對于大于5mils 的膜厚測試用方法A.12.2.3所有划割條應約長3/4in(20mm),划割時用力適度,手法穩定并使切口深及底層,當你在使用直尺或其它輔助工具划單個一條方格時,應把直尺或其它輔助工具放在沒有划割的地方.12.3划完方格后應用柔軟的刷子或棉紙輕輕刷掉方格表面的雜質.12.4檢查刀具的刃口,如有必要,對刀口已卷或已平的地方在好的砂紙上輕輕打磨.以90°角在原切口的中心切割額外的切口.12.5刷所划割區域之前應首先利用自底層的光的反射作用來檢查切口,如果切口未深及鐵底,那么就選擇在另外一不同的地方重新再划百格.12.6剪一段長3in(75mm)的膠紙(與所划百格處大小相仿),并移除/丟棄兩端多余的部份.12.7放這段膠紙于中間位置貼緊百格并用手把它壓平,為確保膠紙與百格接角緊密還須用橡皮來回磨擦表面壓牢,如果膠紙粘貼很好時,膠紙下的顏色則可以判斷出來.12.8約過90±30s的時間,然后抓起膠紙未粘住的一端,盡量保持180°夾角迅速拉起(不可猛拉).12.9用放大鏡來檢查百格區域是否掉漆脫落,根據下面圖示1描述來判斷附著力的等級.5B:切口完全平滑,百格無任何脫落現象.4B:切口交叉處塗裝(層)有少許脫落,少許5%區域受到影響.3B:切口邊緣和交叉處塗裝(層)有少許脫落,5%--15%之間的百格區域受到影響.2B:百格的部分和切口邊緣塗層有薄片剝落,15%--35%的百格區域受到影響.1B:切口處邊緣有帶狀塗層剝落,且有整個柵格脫落現象,35%—60%的百格區域受到影響.0B:脫落現象比Grade1更差.13匯報13.1匯報應含有測試的次數,它們的意思和範圍,對于多層塗裝,還應匯報是在哪一層塗層發生了脫落,是第一層塗層與底層之間,還是第一層塗層與第二層塗層之間.13.2匯報應用的底層,塗裝類型及加工處理的方法.13.3若膠紙粘著力已根據D1000或D3330中所規定的使用,就可直接匯報附著力等級結果.若使用膠紙的粘著力沒有決定,還應匯報它的規格及生產廠商.14.精確性和偏差性8操作員在其中的六個實驗室里對塗有三層塗層的三個面板所進行的附著力的測試,與其它操作員在六個實驗室里的對塗有四種不同的兩個面板所進行的附著力的測試的基礎上,它們所共有的標准偏差在實驗室之內是0.37、之間是0.7.基于這些標准偏差,以下標准可使用為以95%的可信度水平來判斷結果的可接受性.14.1.1重復性-----如果整個大的表面附著力是統一的,同一個操作者在兩次測試中之間的偏差超過了1個等級,那么這個測試結果就是不可信的.14.1.2再生性-----兩個測試結果,每一種測試結果都有兩個或三個同樣的測試數據,如果它來自于不同的操作者所造成的偏差大于兩個等級的話,那么這兩種結果都是不可信的.14.2這些測試方法不能有偏差.15.關鍵字15.1附著力,膠紙,橫切附著力,測試方法,膠紙附著力測試方法,X形切口附著力測試方法.附錄(參考信息)X1 注釋X1.1緒論X1.1.1附著力測試步驟的已有的復雜性,附著力能測試出來嗎?附件參考Mittal(1)12已有指出來,答案是和否并存.合理的講,目前還沒有任何現存的測試能精確地鑒定一種粘著結合物的實際物理粘著力,但是我們卻可以說我們能夠獲得粘著性能的一種相關跡象去詮釋它.X1.1.2實際的附著力測試方法,一般有兩種類型:暗指的和直接的.”暗指的”測試包括鑒別或描述技術,磨擦測試,磨損測試.當把他們用于量化粘著結合物的附著力的時候,就出現了對這些測試方法的批判.但是實際上這不是他們的目的.在實際工作環境下,一種”暗指的”測試方法用于鑒定塗裝性能.這種類型富有意義的測試有很高的探索價值.首先,因為這種測試結果是用一個單個的不連續量來表示,其次割裂塗層/底層的力度是在規定的條件下.直接測試包括Hesiometer與塗粘計(2).一般直接測試方法是剝落,lapshear(重剪切),與拉力測試.X1.2測試方法X1.2.1在實踐中,測試的數據類型已用于試圖評估通過不同模型來減少結合物的破裂.為一測試認為標准的重要性是保証大規模的可接受性是:用易懂的,明確的步驟:適當預期的應用,重復性和再生性,和可量化,包括鑒定性能有意義的等級範圍.X1.2.2用于金屬塗裝的測試方法有:剝落附著力或膠紙測試;加德納衝擊彈性測試;與包括剪切的附著力混合測試和直接抗拉力測試.雖然這些測試不能確實地滿足所列出的標准,但他們吸引人的地方是在使用設置/儀器方面很容易被接受,并(或)能夠獲得在合理的成本上.X1.2.3在附著力測試方面,隨著時間的推移,這些測試方法的廣泛差異性及多樣性已得到發展(1-5),然而,普遍的問題和困難是相關這些測試以粘著現象為判定基礎.(一般來說,在相關這些測試的基礎的粘著現象方面存在困難).X1.3膠紙測試X1.3.1到目前為止鑒定塗裝附著力最普遍的方法是膠紙和脫落測試,其從20世紀30年代開始就已經使用.在它最簡單的版本中,用一片粘著膠紙貼緊塗層觀察膠紙何時脫落以判定它的粘著力和粘著程度.直到可評估附著力的完整塗層不再頻繁脫落,在使用和移走膠紙之前,這種測試的嚴格性通常被划割塗層的x形切口或交叉切口模式所加強.然后,附著力就是脫落的皮膜與已規定的等級範圍做比較而被評估出來的.若一個完整的塗層被膠紙粘著脫得很干淨,或者如果是無使用膠紙僅僅是划破塗層的情況下就脫落.我們就可以很單純地判斷這種附著很糟糕或非常糟糕,如此塗層更精確的評估不在這種測試的能力之內.X1.3.2目前普遍使用的版本第一次出版是1974年,在這個標准中涵蓋了兩種測試方法,這兩測試方法過去都用于確定一種底材塗層的附著力是否在一個足夠的級別上;然而,他們不去辨別對于被要求更加精密的測試方法的附著力的較高等級.膠紙測試的主要局限性是它的低敏感性,僅適用于低粘著力的相關塗裝,以及當我們單獨地測試原始塗裝時或在多層塗裝中各塗層之間或塗法之內,這種底材的塗裝附著力是不能確定的.X1.3.3這兩種方法的鐵材塗裝的再現性(重復性)通過觀察,一般結果是在1個等級單位以內,再生性一般在1-2個等級之間.膠紙測試廣泛普及且觀察簡單成本低廉!通過數十年的運用之后,人們感覺很舒適,把此種方法應用于鐵,很經濟的完成了它在的工作場所的應用且最具重要性.X1.3.4當把一種彈性附著力膠紙應用于一種鋼性底材表面的塗裝時,爾后移除,這個移除的步驟已經被描述在”脫落現象”術語中,見圖x1-1.X1.3.5以鋸齒狀的主要邊開始脫落,沿著塗層粘性/分界面或塗層/襯底分界面繼續脫落,且取決于相關結合力度.假設當拉力沿著后分界面產生的時候,出現塗層移除,此后分界面是襯背的流變學特性的一種功能與粘性塗層物料,是比塗層襯底分界面(或塗層的粘著強度)上結合強度還要大.實際上此拉力應用于連續距離(O-A)見Fig.X1.1,直接相關于所述的特性,而不是根據在理論案例里,在Fig.X1.1里以一點(O)來集中--------盡管原來的兩者的拉力最大.一重要壓縮力出現是從膠紙襯背物料的回應到伸展,因此,拉力與壓縮力都包括附著力測試.X1.3.6關于所使用的膠紙的自然性與程序本身的一定的方面所顯露出來的因素,停止膠紙測試的詳細審查,每個或任何結合體都會據(6)里所述戲劇性地影響測試結果(6).X1.4在塑膠底材上做附著力測試(粘著脫落測試)X1.4.1膠紙測試除了用于金屬底材以外,就不適用于其它的襯底,如塑膠襯底就不行.這個中心問題是塑膠底材測試缺乏再生性并且沒有聯系到應有的應用.兩者的關系有以下發現:糟糕的精確性是這種應用材料的几個內在的特征的一個直接結果和它本身的步驟.較重要的是在這些情況下,這種測試超過了他的應用範圍,這些測試方法是為了應用于鐵底材相關柔軟的塗裝而設計的.不是為應用于塑膠件的塗裝(通常較脆)(7).在實踐中,塑膠底材塗裝的獨特功能要求導致在做附著力測試中,一般/通常的膠紙測試不能達到滿意的效果.X1.5膠紙的選用FIG.X1.1 Peel Profile(6)X1.5.1就取消已定規格(原先)膠紙的商業價值.3M No. 710,目前的測試方法不再描述一種明確的/特定的膠紙.使用膠紙的不同也能導致測試結果的不同.其表現在把持硬度方面小的改變及粘著流變能力引起在張力區域較大的變化.一些商業性的膠紙被制造用于滿足最小標准.特定的全部也許勝過這些標准且因而適合于一般巿場分布;然而像這樣的全部也許是嚴重性的源頭且在評估附著力上有不希望的錯誤.一種商業化有用的膠紙測試成套工具包括了被制造商要求達到50%的粘著力變化的膠紙.也因為膠紙在儲存中的變化,超出時間的粘著力發生變化(7.8).X1.5.2當這些膠紙可用到時,就出現了釋放一致的性能,一種特定的膠紙不能平等的對所有塗裝都有很好的粘力.例如:當這種膠紙(來自于這種塗裝)的脫落力被作業君組Do1.23.10初期運用于確定這種方法的精確性.其被運用到的3M.No.710型膠紙,將被使用七種不同的EMI/RFI來做檢查.我們發現當脫落是對于一種特定的塗裝確信是一致的.這種評估在塗層之中最高和最低等級之間會有25%的變化.几個因素其貢獻于他們的不同之處包括塗裝成分和布局,結果是,膠紙有可能適合于所有的塗裝測試.另外,膠紙測試不能為結合的切割要求的粘著力提供一個絕對的等級.但是,供應僅作為一個指示器,其能滿足或超過附著力最小的等級(7.8).X1.6步驟問題X1.6.1膠紙測試是操作者的加強器.通過設計,盡量簡單地去執行,且要求一個最低的專業設備和材料,其必須滿足一定的規格.准確性和精確性主要依賴于在一致的方法上的操作的技術,操作者執行測試的能力.關鍵的步驟是其直接影響操作者的技術的重要性,包括角度、膠紙脫落的等級、測試樣本的目視判定,希望不同的操作者獲得不同的結果(7.8).X1.6.2脫落角度和等級標准要求膠紙未粘住的末端盡可能保持180∘角迅速移除/揭起.如果脫落角度和等級不同,根據所要求的力來移除膠紙會有戲劇性地變化.几乎線性的增長在脫落力中被發現接近100%,當脫落的角度從135∘變化到180∘時,且當脫落等級不同時,同樣大的不同也能在脫落力中被發現.這些作用是有關系的,當他們反襯背和起源于分子組成的附著力(粘著力)的一定流變學特性時.在拉力等級和脫落角度方面的變化能影響,導致在測試等級上有很大的不同,且必須最小化以保証再生性(9).X1.6.3目視判定測試的最后步驟是目視判斷樣本的塗層脫落狀況,但其卻有自然判斷的主觀性.以致于一種塗裝在相同的樣本,單個的判定之中會有不同(9).X1.6.3.1在膠紙測試中,性能是以塗裝脫落量與已給的等級描述相比較為基礎的.底材的暴露是由于除了塗裝粘著力,還包括塗層划割需求的出現等特性(因此同義字是“畫交叉陰影線附著力測試”).根據切割提供從沒有開始脫落到克服塗層的粘性強度一自由邊.X1.6.3.2此切割可能更適合于金屬襯底上的塗層,要不是塗層應用于塑膠或木,由于唯一的分界區域制程可能導致不良粘性的誤解指示.對于軟襯底上的塗層,包括此切口滲入有多深,切割是否僅僅為分界面.X1.6.3.3一般,如果精微地檢驗粘性測試面板,那么就可以清晰地証明塗層的脫落是由在分界面或以下的不良襯底產生的,而不是由塗層與襯底之間的不良粘性產生的.在膜層里面的不良粘性同樣要經常觀察.然而,所用膠紙測試,在襯底或塗層內的不良很少,因為膠紙的粘性不會超過一般襯底的粘性強度與無機塗層.盡管有些易碎塗層可能仍然存在粘性不良,此測試方法還是不告知不良位置(7.8).X1.6.4在領域里使用此測試方法由于溫度與濕度變化及膠紙,塗層,襯底的影響,在測試結果里可能導致發生變化.X1.7結論X1.7.1如果這些測試是範圍部分之內使用,且小心地使用,洞察可能獲適當的,相關的粘性水平,那么所有的問題都不會發生.。
ASTM Method D-3359 Adhesion
Designation:D3359–02Standard Test Methods forMeasuring Adhesion by Tape Test1This standard is issued under thefixed designation D3359;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of coatingfilms to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in thefilm.1.2Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job sites while Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory. Also,Test Method B is not considered suitable forfilms thicker than5mils(125µm).N OTE1—Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller, Test Method B can be used for thickerfilms if wider spaced cuts are employed.1.3These test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at a generally adequate level.They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measure-ment are required.N OTE2—It should be recognized that differences in adherability of the coating surface can affect the results obtained with coatings having the same inherent adhesion.1.4In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur be-tween coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:D609Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint,Varnish,Conversion Coatings,andRelated Coating Products2D823Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint,Varnish,and Related Products on Test Panels2 D1000Test Method For Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applica-tions3D1730Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting4D2092Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated(Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting5D2370Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings2D3330Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape6D3924Specification for Standard Environment for Condi-tioning and Testing Paint,Varnish,Lacquer,and Related Materials2D4060Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser23.Summary of Test Methods3.1Test Method A—An X-cut is made through thefilm to the substrate,pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and then removed,and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on the0 to5scale.3.2Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or eleven cuts in each direction is made in thefilm to the substrate,pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice and then removed,and adhesion is evaluated by comparison with descriptions and illustrations.4.Significance and Use4.1If a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or decorating a substrate,it must adhere to it for the expected service life.Because the substrate and its surface preparation (or lack of it)have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings, a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments,or of different coatings to the1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01onPaint and Related Coatings,Materials,and Applications and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.Current edition approved Aug.10,2002.Published October2002.Originally published as D3359–st previous edition D3359–97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol06.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol10.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol02.05.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol06.02.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol15.09. 1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved);Reproduction authorized per License Agreement with Madeline Douglass (Valspar Corporation); Wed May 5 09:35:47 EDT 2004same substrate and treatment,is of considerable usefulness in the industry.4.2The limitations of all adhesion methods and the specific limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion (see 1.3)should be recognized before using it.The intra-and inter-laboratory precision of this test method is similar to other widely-accepted tests for coated substrates (for example,Test Method D 2370and Test Method D 4060),but this is partly the result of it being insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion.The limited scale of 0to 5was selected deliberately to avoid a false impression of being sensitive.TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST5.Apparatus and Materials5.1Cutting Tool —Sharp razor blade,scalpel,knife or other cutting devices.It is of particular importance that the cutting edges be in good condition.5.2Cutting Guide —Steel or other hard metal straightedge to ensure straight cuts.5.3Tape —25-mm (1.0-in.)wide semitransparent pressure-sensitive tape 7with an adhesion strength agreed upon by the supplier and the user is needed.Because of the variability in adhesion strength from batch-to-batch and with time,it is essential that tape from the same batch be used when tests are to be run in different laboratories.If this is not possible the test method should be used only for ranking a series of test coatings.5.4Rubber Eraser ,on the end of a pencil.5.5Illumination —A light source is helpful in determining whether the cuts have been made through the film to the substrate.6.Test Specimens6.1When this test method is used in the field,the specimen is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be evaluated.6.2For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested to panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is desired to determine the adhesion.N OTE 3—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation methods are given in Practice D 609and Practices D 1730and D 2092.N OTE 4—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice D 823,or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.N OTE 5—If desired or specified,the coated test panels may be subjected to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion,salt spray,or high humidity before conducting the tape test.The conditions and time of exposure will be governed by ultimate coating use or shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and seller.7.Procedure7.1Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections.For tests in the field,ensure that the surface isclean and dry.Extremes in temperature or relative humidity may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.7.1.1For specimens which have been immersed:After immersion,clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating.Then dry or prepare the surface,or both,as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.7.2Make two cuts in the film each about 40mm (1.5in.)long that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle of between 30and 45°.When making the incisions,use the straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one steady motion.7.3Inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the metal substrate to establish that the coating film has been penetrated.If the substrate has not been reached make another X in a different location.Do not attempt to deepen a previous cut as this may affect adhesion along the incision.7.4Remove two complete laps of the pressure-sensitive tape from the roll and discard.Remove an additional length at a steady (that is,not jerked)rate and cut a piece about 75mm (3in.)long.7.5Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the cuts with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller angles.Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of the incisions and then rub firmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil.The color under the transparent tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.7.6Within 90630s of application,remove the tape by seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked)back upon itself at as close to an angle of 180°as possible.7.7Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accor-dance with the following scale:5A No peeling or removal,4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their intersection,3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6mm (1⁄16in.)on either side,2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 3.2mm (1⁄8in.)on either side,1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape,and 0ARemoval beyond the area of the X.7.8Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the adhesion evaluation is representative of the whole surface.7.9After making several cuts examine the cutting edge and,if necessary,remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on a fine oil stone before using again.Discard cutting tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the film.8.Report8.1Report the number of tests,their mean and range,and for coating systems,where the failure occurred that is,between first coat and substrate,between first and second coat,etc.8.2For field tests report the structure or article tested,the location and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.8.3For test panels report the substrate employed,the type of coating,the method of cure,and the environmental conditions at the time of testing.8.4If the adhesion strength of the tape has been determined in accordance with Test Methods D 1000or D 3330,report the7Permacel 99,manufactured by Permacel,New Brunswick,NJ 08903,and available from various Permacel tape distributors,is reported to be suitable for this purpose.The manufacturer of this tape and the manufacturer of the tape used in the interlaboratory study (see RR:D01-1008),have advised this subcommittee that the properties of these tapes were ers of it should,therefore,check whether current material gives comparable results to previous suppliedmaterial.results with the adhesion rating(s).If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined,report the specific tape used and its manufacturer.8.5If the test is performed after immersion,report immer-sion conditions and method of sample preparation.9.Precision and Bias89.1In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion,the within-laboratories standard deviation was found to be0.33and the between-laboratories0.44.Based on these standard deviations,the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the95%confidence level:9.1.1Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface,results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than1rating unit for two measurements.9.1.2Reproducibility—Two results,each the mean of trip-licates,obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than1.5rating units.9.2Bias cannot be established for these test methods.TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST 10.Apparatus and Materials10.1Cutting Tool9—Sharp razor blade,scalpel,knife or other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between15 and30°that will make either a single cut or several cuts at once.It is of particular importance that the cutting edge or edges be in good condition.10.2Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually(as opposed to a mechanical apparatus)a steel or other hard metal straight-edge or template to ensure straight cuts.10.3Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in0.5mm for measuring individual cuts.10.4Tape,as described in5.3.10.5Rubber Eraser,on the end of a pencil.10.6Illumination,as described in5.5.10.7Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magnifier to be used while making individual cuts and examining the test area.11.Test Specimens11.1Test specimens shall be as described in Section6.It should be noted,however,that multitip cutters10provide good results only on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges contact the substrate to the same degree.Check forflatness with a straight edge such as that of the tempered steel rule (10.3).12.Procedure12.1Where required or when agreed upon,subject the specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test (see Note3).After drying or testing the coating,conduct the tape test at room temperature as defined in Specification D3924,unless D3924standard temperature is required or agreed.12.1.1For specimens which have been immersed:After immersion,clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating.Then dry or prepare the surface,or both,as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.12.2Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface imperfections,place on afirm base,and under the illuminated magnifier,make parallel cuts as follows:12.2.1For coatings having a dryfilm thickness up to and including2.0mils(50µm)space the cuts1mm apart and make eleven cuts unless otherwise agreed upon.12.2.2For coatings having a dryfilm thickness between2.0 mils(50µm)and5mils(125µm),space the cuts2mm apart and make six cuts.Forfilms thicker than5mils use Test Method A.1112.2.3Make all cuts about20mm(3⁄4in.)long.Cut through thefilm to the substrate in one steady motion using just sufficient pressure on the cutting tool to have the cutting edge reach the substrate.When making successive single cuts with the aid of a guide,place the guide on the uncut area.12.3After making the required cuts brush thefilm lightly with a soft brush or tissue to remove any detachedflakes or ribbons of coatings.12.4Examine the cutting edge and,if necessary,remove anyflat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on afine oil stone.Make the additional number of cuts at90°to and centered on the original cuts.12.5Brush the area as before and inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the substrate.If the metal has not been reached make another grid in a different location.12.6Remove two complete laps of tape and discard.Re-move an additional length at a steady(that is,not jerked)rate and cut a piece about75mm(3in.)long.12.7Place the center of the tape over the grid and in the area of the grid smooth into place by afinger.To ensure good contact with thefilm rub the tapefirmly with the eraser on the end of a pencil.The color under the tape is a useful indication of when good contact has been made.12.8Within90630s of application,remove the tape by seizing the free end and rapidly(not jerked)back upon itself at as close to an angle of180°as possible.12.9Inspect the grid area for removal of coating from the substrate or from a previous coating using the illuminated magnifier.Rate the adhesion in accordance with the following scale illustrated in Fig.1:8Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters.Request RR:D01–1008.9Multiblade cutters are available from a few sources that specialize in testing equipment for the paint industry.One supplier that has assisted in the refinement of these methods is given in footnote10.10The sole source of supply of the multitip cutter for coated pipe surfaces known to the committee at this time is Paul N.Gardner Co.,316NE First St.,PompanoBeach,FL33060.If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.11Test Method B has been used successfully by some people on coatings greater than5mils(0.13mm)by spacing the cuts5mm apart.However,the precision values given in14.1do not apply as they are based on coatings less than5mm(0.13 mm)inthickness.5B The edges of the cuts are completely smooth;none of the squares of the lattice is detached.4B Smallflakes of the coating are detached at intersections;less than5% of the area is affected.3B Smallflakes of the coating are detached along edges and at intersec-tions of cuts.The area affected is5to15%of the lattice.2B The coating hasflaked along the edges and on parts of the squares.The area affected is15to35%of the lattice.1B The coating hasflaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons and whole squares have detached.The area affected is35to65%of thelattice.0B Flaking and detachment worse than Grade1.12.10Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.13.Report13.1Report the number of tests,their mean and range,and for coating systems,where the failure occurred,that is, betweenfirst coat and substrate,betweenfirst and second coat, etc.13.2Report the substrate employed,the type of coating and the method of cure.13.3If the adhesion strength has been determined in accor-dance with Test Methods D1000or D3330,report the results with the adhesion rating(s).If the adhesion strength of the tape has not been determined,report the specific tape used and its manufacturer.13.4If the test is performed after immersion,report immer-sion conditions and method of sample preparation.14.Precision and Bias814.1On the basis of two interlaboratory tests of this test method in one of which operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of adhesion and in the other operators in six laboratories made three measurements on two panels each of four different coatings applied over two other coatings,thepooled standard deviations for within-and between-laboratories were found to be0.37and0.7.Based on these standard deviations,the following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results at the95%confidence level:14.1.1Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a large surface,results obtained by the same operator should be considered suspect if they differ by more than one rating unit for two measurements.14.1.2Reproducibility—Two results,each the mean of du-plicates or triplicates,obtained by different operators should be considered suspect if they differ by more than two rating units.14.2Bias cannot be established for these test methods.15.Keywords15.1adhesion;crosscut adhesion test method;tape;tape adhesion test method;X-cut adhesion testmethodFIG.1Classification of Adhesion TestResultsAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)MENTARYX1.1IntroductionX1.1.1Given the complexities of the adhesion process,can adhesion be measured?As Mittal (1)12has pointed out,the answer is both yes and no.It is reasonable to state that at the present time no test exists that can precisely assess the actual physical strength of an adhesive bond.But it can also be said that it is possible to obtain an indication of relative adhesion performance.X1.1.2Practical adhesion test methods are generally of two types:“implied”and “direct.”“Implied”tests include inden-tation or scribe techniques,rub testing,and wear testing.Criticism of these tests arises when they are used to quantify the strength of adhesive bonding.But this,in fact,is not their purpose.An “implied”test should be used to assess coating performance under actual service conditions.“Direct”mea-surements,on the other hand,are intended expressly to measure adhesion.Meaningful tests of this type are highly sought after,primarily because the results are expressed by a single discrete quantity,the force required to rupture the coating/substrate bond under prescribed conditions.Direct tests include the Hesiometer and the Adherometer (2).Com-mon methods which approach the direct tests are peel,lap-shear,and tensile tests.X1.2Test MethodsX1.2.1In practice,numerous types of tests have been used to attempt to evaluate adhesion by inducing bond rupture by different modes.Criteria deemed essential for a test to warrant large-scale acceptance are:use of a straightforward and unam-biguous procedure;relevance to its intended application;re-peatability and reproducibility;and quantifiability,including a meaningful rating scale for assessing performance.X1.2.2Test methods used for coatings on metals are:peel adhesion or “tape testing;”Gardner impact flexibility testing;and adhesive joint testing including shear (lap joint)and direct tensile (butt joint)testing.These tests do not strictly meet all the criteria listed,but an appealing aspect of these tests is that in most cases the equipment/instrumentation is readily avail-able or can be obtained at reasonable cost.X1.2.3A wide diversity of tests methods have been devel-oped over the years that measure aspects of adhesion (1-5).There generally is difficulty,however,in relating these tests to basic adhesion phenomena.X1.3The Tape TestX1.3.1By far the most prevalent test for evaluating coating “adhesion”is the tape-and-peel test,which has been used since the 1930’s.In its simplest version a piece of adhesive tape is pressed against the paint film and the resistance to and degreeof film removal observed when the tape is pulled off.Since an intact film with appreciable adhesion is frequently not removed at all,the severity of the test is usually enhanced by cutting into the film a figure X or a cross hatched pattern,before applying and removing the tape.Adhesion is then rated by comparing film removed against an established rating scale.If an intact film is peeled cleanly by the tape,or if it debonds just by cutting into it without applying tape,then the adhesion is rated simply as poor or very poor,a more precise evaluation of such films not being within the capability of this test.X1.3.2The current widely-used version was first published in 1974;two test methods are covered in this standard.Both test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at an adequate level;however they do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required.Major limitations of the tape test are its low sensitivity,applicability only to coatings of relatively low bond strengths,and non-determination of adhesion to the substrate where failure occurs within a single coat,as when testing primers alone,or within or between coats in multicoat systems.For multicoat systems where adhesion failure may occur between or within coats,the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.X1.3.3Repeatability within one rating unit is generally observed for coatings on metals for both methods,with reproducibility of one to two units.The tape test enjoys widespread popularity and is viewed as “simple”as well as low in cost.Applied to metals,it is economical to perform,lends itself to job site application,and most importantly,after decades of use,people feel comfortable with it.X1.3.4When a flexible adhesive tape is applied to a coated rigid substrate surface and then removed,the removal process has been described in terms of the “peel phenomenon,”as illustrated in Fig.X1.1.X1.3.5Peeling begins at the “toothed”leading edge (at the right)and proceeds along the coating adhesive/interface or the coating/substrate interface,depending on the relative bond strengths.It is assumed that coating removal occurs when the tensile force generated along the latter interface,which is a function of the rheological properties of the backing and adhesive layer materials,is greater than the bond strength at the coating-substrate interface (or cohesive strength of the coat-ing).In actuality,however,this force is distributed over a discrete distance (O-A)in Fig.X1.1,which relates directly to the properties described,not concentrated at a point (O)in Fig.X1.1as in the theoretical case—though the tensile force is greatest at the origin for both.A significant compressive force arises from the response of the tape backing material to being stretched.Thus both tensile and compressive forces are in-volved in adhesion tape testing.X1.3.6Close scrutiny of the tape test with respect to the12The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this testmethod.nature of the tape employed and certain aspects of the procedure itself reveal several factors,each or any combination of which can dramatically affect the results of the test as discussed (6).X1.4Peel Adhesion Testing on Plastic SubstratesX1.4.1Tape tests have been criticized when used for substrates other than metal,such as plastics.The central issues are that the test on plastics lacks reproducibility and does not relate to the intended application.Both concerns are well founded:poor precision is a direct result of several factors intrinsic to the materials employed and the procedure itself.More importantly,in this instance the test is being applied beyond its intended scope.These test methods were designed for relatively ductile coatings applied to metal substrates,not for coatings (often brittle)applied to plastic parts (7).The unique functional requirements of coatings on plastic sub-strates cause the usual tape tests to be unsatisfactory for measuring adhesion performance in practice.X1.5The Tape ControversyX1.5.1With the withdrawal from commerce of the tape specified originally,3M No.710,current test methods no longer identify a specific tape.Differences in tapes used can lead to different results as small changes in backing stiffness and adhesive rheology cause large changes in the tension area.Some commercial tapes are manufactured to meet minimum standards.A given lot may surpass these standards and thus be suitable for general market distribution;however,such a lot may be a source of serious and unexpected error in assessing adhesion.One commercially available tape test kit had in-cluded a tape with adhesion strength variations of up to 50%claimed by the manufacturer.Also,because tapes change on storage,bond strengths of the tape may change over time (7,8).X1.5.2While there are tapes available that appear to deliver consistent performance,a given tape does not adhere equally well to all coatings.For example,when the peel removal force of the tape (from the coating)used earlier by Task Group D01.23.10to establish precision of the method,by 3M No.710was examined with seven different electromagneticinterference/radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI)coatings,it was found that,while peel was indeed consistent for a given coating,the value varied by 25%between the highest and lowest ratings among coatings.Several factors that contribute to these differences include coating composition and topology:as a result,no single tape is likely to be suitable for testing all coatings.Further,the tape test does not give an absolute value for the force required for bond rupture,but serves only as an indicator that some minimum value for bond strength was met or exceeded (7,8).X1.6Procedural ProblemsX1.6.1The tape test is operator intensive.By design it was made as simple as possible to perform,and requires a mini-mum of specialized equipment and materials that must meet certain specifications.The accuracy and precision depend largely upon the skill of the operator and the operator’s ability to perform the test in a consistent manner.Key steps that directly reflect the importance of operator skill include the angle and rate of tape removal and the visual assessment of the tested sample.It is not unexpected that different operators might obtain different results (7,8).X1.6.2Peel Angle and Rate :The standard requires that the free end of the tape be removed rapidly at as close to a 180°angle as possible.If the peel angle and rate vary,the force required to remove the tape can change dramatically.Nearly linear increases were observed in peel force approaching 100%as peel angle was changed from 135to 180,and similar large differences can be expected in peel force as peel rate varies.These effects are related as they reflect certain rheological properties of the backing and adhesive that are molecular in origin.Variation in pull rate and peel angle can effect large differences in test values and must be minimized to assure reproducibility (9).X1.6.3Visual Assessment :The final step in the test is visual assessment of the coating removed from the specimen,which is subjective in nature,so that the coatings can vary among individuals evaluating the same specimen (9).X1.6.3.1Performance in the tape test is based on the amount of coating removed compared to a descriptive scale.The exposure of the substrate can be due to factors other than coating adhesion,including that arising from the requirement that the coating be cut (hence the synonym“cross-hatch adhesion test”).Justification for the cutting step is reasonable as cutting provides a free edge from which peeling can begin without having to overcome the cohesive strength of the coating layer.X1.6.3.2Cutting might be suitable for coatings applied to metal substrates,but for coatings applied to plastics or wood,the process can lead to a misleading indication of poor adhesion due to the unique interfacial zone.For coatings on soft substrates,issues include how deep should this cut penetrate,and is it possible to cut only to the interface?X1.6.3.3In general,if adhesion test panels are examined microscopically,it is often clearly evident that the coating removal results from substrate failure at or below the interface,and not from the adhesive failure between the coating and the substrate.Cohesive failure within the coating film isalsoFIG.X1.1Peel Profile(6)。
油漆附着力试验标准
油漆附着力试验标准油漆附着力是指油漆膜与基材之间的结合强度，是评价油漆涂层质量的重要指标之一。
油漆附着力试验标准是对油漆附着力进行定量评定的方法，也是油漆行业中常用的检测标准之一。
一、试验标准的选择。
在进行油漆附着力试验时，首先需要选择适合的试验标准。
常用的油漆附着力试验标准有ASTM D3359、ISO 2409、GB/T 9286等。
不同的试验标准适用于不同的油漆类型和应用场景，选择合适的试验标准对于准确评定油漆附着力至关重要。
二、试验方法。
油漆附着力试验通常采用划格法、划十字法、拉伸法等不同的方法。
其中，划格法适用于平整的涂层表面，通过在涂层上划格并用胶带进行剥离来评定附着力；划十字法适用于粗糙或不规则的涂层表面，通过在涂层上划十字纹并用胶带进行剥离来评定附着力；拉伸法则通过在试验机上施加拉力来评定涂层与基材之间的结合强度。
选择合适的试验方法对于得到准确的附着力评定至关重要。
三、试验设备。
进行油漆附着力试验需要使用相应的试验设备，如划格仪、十字划格仪、拉伸试验机等。
这些设备需要经过校准和检验，确保其测试结果的准确性和可靠性。
四、试验操作。
在进行油漆附着力试验时，需要严格按照试验标准和试验方法进行操作。
在进行划格法和划十字法试验时，需要确保划痕的深度和间距符合标准要求，使用胶带进行剥离时要保持一定的速度和角度，以确保测试结果的准确性。
在进行拉伸法试验时，需要确保试验机的拉伸速度和加载方式符合标准要求，以得到可靠的测试结果。
五、试验结果的评定。
根据试验标准的要求，对试验结果进行评定。
通常情况下，根据涂层表面剥离的程度和面积大小来评定附着力等级，从而判断涂层的附着力是否符合要求。
六、结论。
油漆附着力试验是评定油漆涂层质量的重要手段，通过选择合适的试验标准、方法和设备，并严格按照标准要求进行操作和评定，可以得到准确可靠的试验结果。
这对于保证油漆涂层的质量，提高涂层的使用性能具有重要意义。
七、参考文献。
附着力测试方法
柏霆（苏州）光电科技有限公司附着力标准测试方法（D3359-93）1、范围1.1藉由胶带紧贴在镀膜的切痕上,然后撕去胶带的这些方式, 以评估镀膜的附着力。
1.2测试方法A主要用在工作场所。
测试方法B较适合运用在实验室，但不适用超过125μm之膜厚。
1.3这些测试镀膜附着力的方法均为适当的水平。
1.4多层膜厚附着力测试不过，可能生在膜与膜之间，因此，其附着力无法确定。
1.5测试标准不是要阐述安全问题，如果有的话，也是与使用有关。
使用此标准者的责任是建立适当安全的练习并决定统一的使用限制。
2、参考文件2.1 ASTM标准：D609、D823、D1000、D1730、D2092、D2197、D2370、D3330、D4060、3、测试方法摘要3.1测试方法A--在塑壳镀膜上做一个X型的切口，将测试胶带粘贴在切痕上，然后撕去胶带。
附着力评估等级由0至5。
3.2测试方法B--在塑壳镀膜上做6或11个直交方向的格子形切品，将测试胶带粘贴在切痕上，然后撕去胶带。
附着力评估系藉由文字说明及图解比较方式。
测试方法B4、仪器与材料4.1切割工具--尖锐刀具、刀峰角度15至30度，能一次完成数个切口。
4.2切割指导--用手拿刀切割，可有钢直线尺等工具。
4.3尺--刻度在0.5mm的钢尺，以便检查每个切痕。
4.4胶带--半透明1英尺（25mm）宽胶带，其粘着力为客我双方共同接受。
4.5橡皮擦--铅笔端点上。
4.6照明--用灯源来检视切痕是否贯穿镀膜。
4.7放大镜--检查切痕的测试区域。
5、测试件5.1测试区域平面足够大，切痕深度可连接到塑壳且其角度相同，就可得到好的测试结果。
6、测试过程6.1实施胶带测试前，先选择一块干净平坦的平台。
6.2将塑壳稳固的放置在固定的平台上，使切痕达到如下所述之规定：6.3干燥的镀膜厚度在50μm（含）以下，使切痕达到如下宽度为1mm，并完成11个切痕，除非双方有其它同意之规定。
6.4干燥的镀膜厚度在50μm至125μm间，每个切痕宽度为2mm，并完成6个切痕，膜厚超过125μm，则使用测试方法A。
附着力测试方法
柏霆（苏州）光电科技有限公司附着力标准测试方法（D3359-93）1、范围1.1藉由胶带紧贴在镀膜的切痕上,然后撕去胶带的这些方式, 以评估镀膜的附着力。
1.2测试方法A主要用在工作场所。
测试方法B较适合运用在实验室，但不适用超过125μm之膜厚。
1.3这些测试镀膜附着力的方法均为适当的水平。
1.4多层膜厚附着力测试不过，可能生在膜与膜之间，因此，其附着力无法确定。
1.5测试标准不是要阐述安全问题，如果有的话，也是与使用有关。
使用此标准者的责任是建立适当安全的练习并决定统一的使用限制。
2、参考文件2.1 ASTM标准：D609、D823、D1000、D1730、D2092、D2197、D2370、D3330、D4060、3、测试方法摘要3.1测试方法A--在塑壳镀膜上做一个X型的切口，将测试胶带粘贴在切痕上，然后撕去胶带。
附着力评估等级由0至5。
3.2测试方法B--在塑壳镀膜上做6或11个直交方向的格子形切品，将测试胶带粘贴在切痕上，然后撕去胶带。
附着力评估系藉由文字说明及图解比较方式。
测试方法B4、仪器与材料4.1切割工具--尖锐刀具、刀峰角度15至30度，能一次完成数个切口。
4.2切割指导--用手拿刀切割，可有钢直线尺等工具。
4.3尺--刻度在0.5mm的钢尺，以便检查每个切痕。
4.4胶带--半透明1英尺（25mm）宽胶带，其粘着力为客我双方共同接受。
4.5橡皮擦--铅笔端点上。
4.6照明--用灯源来检视切痕是否贯穿镀膜。
4.7放大镜--检查切痕的测试区域。
5、测试件5.1测试区域平面足够大，切痕深度可连接到塑壳且其角度相同，就可得到好的测试结果。
6、测试过程6.1实施胶带测试前，先选择一块干净平坦的平台。
6.2将塑壳稳固的放置在固定的平台上，使切痕达到如下所述之规定：6.3干燥的镀膜厚度在50μm（含）以下，使切痕达到如下宽度为1mm，并完成11个切痕，除非双方有其它同意之规定。
6.4干燥的镀膜厚度在50μm至125μm间，每个切痕宽度为2mm，并完成6个切痕，膜厚超过125μm，则使用测试方法A。
钢结构油漆涂层附着力的测试方法
钢结构油漆涂层附着力的测试方法下面是本店铺给大家带来的关于钢结构油漆涂层附着力的测试方法相关内容，以供参考。
测定附着力的方法有：划圈法、划格法、拉开法、扭开法及美国ASTM中的划X法等数种，国家标准标准GB1720-89（79）规定了划圈法测定漆膜附着力的方法，而GB9286-88规定了采用划格法测定附着力，GB5210-85规定了采用拉开法测定涂层附着力的方法。
其中应用最简便的是划圈法测定漆膜附着力，现场最为常用的是划格法。
（1）、划圈法测定附着力划圈法所采用的附着力测定仪是按照划痕范围内的钢结构油漆的漆膜完整程度进行评定，以级表示。
是按照制备好的马口铁板固定在测定仪上，为确保划透漆膜，酌情添加砝码，按顺时针方向，以80-100r/min均匀摇动摇柄，以圆滚线划痕，标准圆长7.5cm，取出样板，评级。
实验中需要注意以下几点：（a）测定仪的针头必须保持锐利，否则无法分清1，2级的分别，应在测定前先用手指触摸感觉是否锋利，或在测定若干块试板后酌情理换。
（b）先试着刻划几圈，划痕应刚好划透漆膜，若未露底板，酌情添加砝码；但不要加得过多，以免加大阻力，磨损针头。
（c）评级时可以7级（最内层）开始评定，也可以1级（最外圈）评级，按顺序检查各部位的漆膜完整程度，如某一部位的格子有705以上完好，则认为该部位是完好的，否则认为坏损。
例如，部位1漆膜完好，附着力最佳，定为1级；部位1漆膜坏损而部位2完好的，附着力次之定为2级。
依据类推，7级附着力最差。
通常要求比较好的底漆附着力应达到1级，面漆的附着力可在2级左右。
（2）、划格法测定附着力划格法附着力测试标准主要有ASTMD3359、ISO-2409和GB9286-98。
其测试方法和描述基本相同，只是对于附着力级别的说明次序刚好相反。
ASTMD3359是5B-OB级由好到坏，而ISO-2409是0-5为由好到坏。
实验工具是划格测试器，它是具有6个切割面的多刀片切割器，切刀间隙1mm、2mm和3mm（刀头可以更换）。
ASTMD3359-09标准试验方法胶带法测量附着力
Designation: D 3359 – 02名称： D 3359-02Standard Test Methods forMeasuring Adhesion by Tape Test1ASTM D3359-09 标准试验方法胶带法测量附着力This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3359; the number immediatelyfollowing the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.这个标准是D 3359确定了以后发行的。
数字代表名称最初通过的时间，或者修订情况，和最新版本。
括号的数字代表最新重新审批时间。
上标代表最新版本的变化或重新审批。
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.该标准已经被国防机构部门批准使用。
1. Scope 围1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of coating films to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.本标准提出的试验方法是规定通过在漆膜切割区施加和撕离压敏胶带的方式，对漆膜与金属底材之间的附着力进行评定的程序1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job sites while Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory. Also, Test Method B is not considered suitable forfilms thicker than 5 mils (125µm).试验方法A主要是供工作场所用，而试验方法B更适合实验室使用。
适用astm d 3359标准的胶带
题目：适用ASTM D 3359标准的胶带摘要：本文将介绍ASTM D 3359标准胶带的相关内容，包括其定义、应用范围、测试方法以及标准遵循的重要性。
一、胶带的定义ASTM D 3359标准中定义的胶带是一种用于评估表面覆盖层附着强度的工具。
它通常由胶黏带材料制成，具有一定的粘着力和拉伸强度，能够与材料表面紧密结合，并能在特定条件下进行控制的撕裂。
二、胶带的应用范围ASTM D 3359标准的胶带广泛应用于建筑材料、航空航天、汽车制造、电子设备、金属材料、涂料和涂装等领域。
它可以用于对不同基材表面的附着强度进行评估，从而帮助生产厂家和使用单位选择合适的涂料和涂装工艺，并确保其质量符合标准要求。
三、胶带的测试方法ASTM D 3359标准要求在测试前选择合适的胶带规格和型号，将其贴附于被测表面，然后迅速撕裂胶带，通过观察被测涂层的附着情况，评估其附着强度。
测试方法一般包括剥离试验、划伤试验和交叉切割试验。
四、标准遵循的重要性ASTM D 3359标准的胶带是一种模拟自然环境下表面涂层附着强度的工具，其测试结果可以客观地反映出涂层在使用过程中的耐磨、耐腐蚀和耐候性能，对于材料和涂装工艺的改进和优化提供了有效的依据。
标准遵循的重要性还体现在其对产品质量的保证和质量管理体系的建立上。
五、结语ASTM D 3359标准的胶带是一种重要的表面涂层附着强度测试工具，它的应用范围广泛，测试方法科学可靠，对材料和涂装工艺的优化具有重要意义。
生产厂家和使用单位在选择胶带和进行测试时，应严格遵循相关标准要求，确保测试结果的准确性和可靠性，为产品的质量提升和技术的进步提供有效保障。
六、胶带的选择及使用注意事项在进行ASTM D 3359标准的胶带测试时，选择合适的胶带规格和型号至关重要。
胶带的粘着力和拉伸强度直接影响测试结果的准确性，因此需要根据被测表面的材料和特性来选择相应的胶带。
通常情况下，胶带应具有符合测试要求的粘着力和拉伸强度，并且能够在测试过程中保持稳定的性能。
涂层附着力试验的方法及判定
涂层附着力试验的方法及判定涂层的附着力包括两个方面：有机涂层与底材金属表面的附着力（adhesion）；有机涂层本身的内聚力（cohesion）有机涂层与金属表面的附着力强度越大越好；涂层本身坚韧致密的漆膜两者共同作用才能更好的阻挡外界腐蚀因子对金属的腐蚀，从而达到对金属的良好的保护。
涂层不能牢固的附着于金属表面，再完好的涂层也起不到作用（adhesion failure）；涂层本身内聚力差，漆膜容易开裂（checking、cracking）而失去作用。
以上两者共同决定涂层的附着力，构成决定涂层保护作用的关键因素。
涂层附着力的检测：现场检测实验室检测现场检测：用刀具划X（ASTM D3359 Method A X-cut tape test）或划格法（ASTM D3359 Method B Cross-cut tape test）以及拉开法（ISO 4624 Pull off test for adhesion）；实验室检测：划圈法（GB 1720）适用范围：划X法用于干膜厚度高于125μm的情况下；划格法适用于干膜厚度在250μm的情况。
1．划X法（X-cut tape test）测试程序使用工具：美工刀、半透明压敏胶袋：○1涂层表面要求清洁干燥，高温和高湿会影响胶带的附着力；○2用美工刀沿直线稳定的切割涂膜至底材，夹角为30°~45°，划线长度约40mm，交叉点在划线的中间，确保划线至金属底材；○3把胶带放在切割线交点处，用手抹平（胶带的颜色可以帮助判断与漆膜的接触密实程度）；○4将胶带以180°从漆膜表面撕开，观察涂层拉开后的状态a．5A 没有脱落；b．4A 沿刀痕有脱落的痕迹；c．3A 刀痕两边都有缺口状脱落达1.6mm；d．2A 刀痕两边都有缺口状脱落达3.2mm；e．1A 胶带下X区域内大片脱落；f．脱落面积超过X区域。
示意图如下：其中5A—3A为附着力可接受状态。
用胶带测试测量附着力的标准方法
用胶带测试测量附着力的标准方法 ASTM D 3359方法A. （划X法），油漆的干膜厚度大于5 Mils (127 u)方法B. （划方格法），油漆的干膜厚度为2—5 Mils(50--127 u)时，划6线方格（线距2mm）。
油漆的干膜厚度为0—2Mils(0--50 u)时，划11线方格（线距1mm）。
METHOD A（方法A） - X-CUT TAPE TEST（划X法胶带测试）5A No peeling or removal无剥落或涂层去除4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions沿着切口有剥落或涂层去除的痕迹3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1/16 in. (1.6mm) on either Side 每一边沿着切口有长达1.6毫米（1/16英寸）的锯齿状去除2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 1/8 in. (3.2mm) on either side 每一边沿着绝大多数切口有长达3.2毫米（1/8英寸）的锯齿状去除1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape胶带下X形的绝大多数区域都有涂层去除0A Removal beyond the area of the XX形区域下涂层（全部）去除METHOD B（方法B）- CROSS CUT TAPE TEST（划方格法胶带测试）5B The edges of the cuts are completely smooth; none of the squares of the lattice is detached.切口边缘完全光滑；没有一个四方格子出现剥落。
4B Small flakes of the coating are detached at intersections; less than 5% of the area is affected. 交叉点处有少量涂层的剥落，但受影响面积不到5%。
胶带附着力测试作业指导书
In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur between coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.
5.3方法A—X形切割胶带测试过程:
Procedure of Test methodA—X–cut tape test
5.3.1实验设备及材料Test apparatus and materials：
a.切割工具---锋利的刀具
Cutting Tool---Sharp knife；
b.金属直尺—用以保证直的切线
0A超出X形区域的脱落
Removal beyond the area of the X.
h.在测试样品的另外两个部位重复以上的过程。对于较大结构的样品，进行充分的测试次数，以保证对整个表面的附着力评估是有代表性的。
Repeat the test on two other locations on each test panel. For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the adhesion evaluation is representative of the whole surface.
1.目的Purpose：
此方法用以评估膜层与金属基底的附着力，以提高产品品质，满足客户需求。
This test methods for assessingthe adhesion ofcoating films to metallic substrates,in order to improve the quality of products and meet client’s requirement。
粉末涂料附着力测试方法及标准
粉末涂料附着力测试方法及标准1、划格法测定附着力（不适合厚度大于250μm的涂层）标准：GB/T 9286-2021、ISO 2409、ASTM D 3359，其测试方法和描述基本相同，只是对于附着力级别的说明次序刚好相反。
GB/T 9286-2021、ISO 2409由好到坏是用数字0-5评判附着力级别，ASTM D 3359则是用5B-0B评价。
方法：根据不同基材涂层的厚度选择相应的划格器，用划格器平行拉动3-4cm，有六道切痕，应切穿涂膜至底材。
然后用同样的方法与前者垂直拉动，切痕同样为六道，这样形成许多小方格。
对于软质基材，用软毛刷沿网格图形成的每一条对角线，轻轻向前和向后各扫几次，即可评定级别；对于硬质基材则先清扫，再贴上3M胶带，保证胶带与涂层全面接触，用手来回按压使之接触良好，然后迅速拉开，评价等级。
具体的试验结果分级见下表：2、划圈法测定附着力标准：GB/T 1720-2020方法：样板固定在测定仪上，根据情况添加砝码，按下图所示，顺时针方向以80-100r/min均匀摇动摇柄，以圆滚线划痕，标准圆长7.5cm，取出样板，评级。
通常要求比较好的底漆附着力应达到1级，面漆的附着力可在2级左右。
3、拉开法测定附着力标准：GB/T 5210-2006（实验室使用）、ISO 4624:2004、ASTM D 4514（便携式拉开法，一般为现场检测使用，试验数据比GB/T 5210-2006较小）方法拉开法是在规定的速率下，在试样的胶结面上施加垂直、均匀的拉力，以测定涂层或涂层与底材间的附着破坏时所需的力，以MPa表示。
此方法不仅可检验涂层与底材之间的附着力，也可检测涂层之间的层间附着力，全面评价涂层的整体附着效果。
总结以上三种检测方法各有优缺点，划格法、划圈法均属于间接测定法，测试结果以分级表示。
由于依靠人眼判别，切割过程准确度也不容易控制，存在个体差异而造成误差，但操作简单快捷，被广泛应用；拉开法属于直接测定法，能用数值表示涂层附着力，但方法较为复杂，且需等胶黏剂完全固化后才能进行试验，试验时间较长。
涂层附着力检测方法的详细介绍
涂层附着力的检测方法摘要：介绍了防腐蚀涂料涂层附着力的机理，并对附着力检测的标准划格法、划X 法以及拉开法的测试方法和程序，作了详细说明。
关键词：涂层、附着力、划格法、拉开法1．涂层附着力涂装工程中，对于防腐蚀涂料的涂层附着力检测是涂层保护性能相当重要的指标，越来越被业主和监理所重视。
越被业主和监理所重视。
除了在试验室内的检测外，除了在试验室内的检测外，除了在试验室内的检测外，防腐蚀涂料的选用过程中，防腐蚀涂料的选用过程中，防腐蚀涂料的选用过程中，对涂料产品对涂料产品进行的样板附着力测试，以及施工过程中现场附着力的检测，也越来越普遍。
有机涂层与金属基底间的附着力，与涂层对金属的保护有着密切的关系，它主要是由附着力与有机涂层下金属的腐蚀过程所决定的。
有机涂层下金属的腐蚀主要是由相界面的电化学腐蚀引起的，附着力的好坏对电化学腐蚀有明显的影响。
良好的附着力能有效地阻挡外界电解质溶液对基体的渗透，推迟界面腐蚀电池的形成；牢固的界面附着力可以极大地阻止腐蚀产物——金属阳离子经相间侧面向阴极区域的扩散，这些阳离子扩散是为了平衡阴极反应所生成的带负电荷的氢氧根离子，所生成的带负电荷的氢氧根离子，这虽然是一个相当缓慢的过程，这虽然是一个相当缓慢的过程，这虽然是一个相当缓慢的过程，但是一旦附着力降低，但是一旦附着力降低，但是一旦附着力降低，阳阳离子从相间侧面向阴极扩散的扩散则容易得多。
有机涂层的附着力，应该包括两个方面，首先是有机涂层与基底金属表面的黏附力（adhesion ），其次是有机涂层本身的凝聚力（Cohesion ）。
这两者对于涂层的防护作用来说缺一不可。
有机涂层在金属基底表面的附着力强度越大越好；有机涂层在金属基底表面的附着力强度越大越好；涂层本身坚韧致密的漆膜，涂层本身坚韧致密的漆膜，涂层本身坚韧致密的漆膜，才才能起到良好的阻挡外界腐蚀因子的作用。
涂层的不能牢固地黏附于基底表面，再完好的涂层也起不到作用；涂层本身凝聚力差，漆膜容易开裂而失去保护作用。
(优质)胶带粘力测试标准及方法介绍
胶带粘力测试标准及方法介绍一、胶带粘力测试标准胶带是工业生产中常用的一种固定材料，胶带的粘力是其性能的关键指标之一，因此需要进行粘力测试来确保其性能得到满足。
目前国际上通用的胶带粘力测试标准包括ASTM、ISo和GB 等。
1.ASTM标准：美国材料和试验协会（ASTM）发布的标准主要包括D-3330、D-3654等，其中D-3330适用于单面胶带，D-3654适用于双面胶带，这些标准主要规定了测试方法和测试条件，准确地反映了胶带的粘力性能。
2.ISO标准：国际标准化组织（ISO）发布了一系列的胶带粘力测试标准，其中涵盖了多种胶带类型和用途。
如ISO24276用于双面胶带的测试JSO2409用于涂层胶带的测试，ISO29862用于胶粘剂粘度测试等。
3.GB标准：中国国家标准GB/T4851对双面胶带的测试进行了规范，其测试方法与国际标准相似。
以上标准都提供了胶带粘力测试所需的细节和标准化的测试操作方法,用户可以根据需要选择适合的标准进行测试。
二、胶带粘力测试方法胶带粘力测试需要使用专门的测试设备，常用的测试仪器包括万能材料测试机、胶带剥离强度测试仪、粘着力测试仪等。
这些测试仪器都能够精确定量胶带的粘力和剥离强度等性能指标。
下面介绍一下常用的测试方法:1.剥离强度测试法：这种测试方法是根据拉伸力和剥离速度计算胶带的剥离强度的，测试时需要把胶带粘在金属板上，然后将胶带剥离。
通常，测试时会改变剥离速度、角度、温度和湿度等条件，以模拟不同使用情况下的胶带性能。
2.粘着力测试法：这种测试方法是根据一定面积的胶带所承受的拉力和压力来计算其粘着力的。
测试时需要选择适当的胶带长度和测试范围，使用测试仪器对压力进行控制，通过测试仪器计算得到胶带的粘着力数据。
在进行胶带粘力测试时,测试人员需要注意的事项包括：1.需要保证测试环境的温度、湿度和压力等条件稳定且标准化；2.要规范样品的选取和准备过程，保证样品的一致性和可重复性；3.操作测试仪器时要仔细、缓慢，保证测试结果的准确性和可靠性。
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Designation: D 3359 – 02名称： D 3359-02Standard Test Methods forMeasuring Adhesion by Tape Test1ASTM D3359-09 标准试验方法胶带法测量附着力This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3359; the number immediatelyfollowing the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.这个标准是D 3359确定了以后发行的。
数字代表名称最初通过的时间，或者修订情况，和最新版本。
括号内的数字代表最新重新审批时间。
上标代表最新版本的变化或重新审批。
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.该标准已经被国防机构部门批准使用。
1. Scope 范围1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the adhesion of coating films to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.本标准提出的试验方法是规定通过在漆膜切割区施加和撕离压敏胶带的方式，对漆膜与金属底材之间的附着力进行评定的程序1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job sites while Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory. Also, Test Method B is not considered suitable forfilms thicker than 5 mils (125µm).试验方法A主要是供工作场所用，而试验方法B更适合实验室使用。
试验方法B被视为不适合厚度超过 5毫英寸（125微米）的漆膜。
NOTE 1—Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller,Test Method B can be used for thicker films if wider spaced cuts are employed.注 1-根据买卖双方的协议，如果切割间距较宽，漆膜较厚时可采用试验方法B。
1.3 These test methods are used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at a generally adequate level. They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measurement are required.本标准规定的试验方法用于总体判定涂层与底材之间的附着力是否达到足够的水平。
如果附着力较高，本标准规定的试验方法无法精确地区分附着力的差别，需要使用更精确的测量方法。
NOTE 2—It should be recognized that differences in adherability of the coating surface can affect the results obtained with coatings having the same inherent adhesion.注2-应该注意到，涂层内在附着力相同的情况下，涂覆面附着性的差别会影响测量结果。
1.4 In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur between coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.多层涂层体系可能出现层间脱落，无法确定涂层体系与底材之间的附着力。
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.SI单位的数值被视为标准，括号内的数值仅供参考.1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitationsprior to use.本标准并没有指出与其使用相关的所有安全事项。
本标准的用户应负责在使用之前采取适当的安全和卫生措施，并确定各项管理限制条件的适用性2. Referenced Documents 参考文件2.1 ASTM Standards: 美国材料与试验协会标准D 609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related Coating Products2D609-涂料,清漆,转化涂层和相关覆层产品的测试-用冷轧钢板制备的标准实施规范D 823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels2D823-色漆,清漆,喷漆及有关产品制成厚度均匀漆膜试片的方法D 1000 Test Method For Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applications3D1000-电气设备用压合敏感胶粘剂涂覆带的试验方法D 1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting4D1730- 涂漆用铝和铝合金表面预处理标准实施规范D 2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting5D2092-用于涂漆的镀锌钢材表面预处理的标准指南D 2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings2D2370-有机涂层抗拉性能的标准试验方法。
D 3330 Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tape 6D3330- 压敏胶带剥离强度测试标准D 3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials2D 3924-色漆,清漆,喷漆和相关物质状态调节和试验用标准环境规范D 4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser2D 4060 -用泰伯尔磨蚀机测定有机涂层耐磨性的标准试验方法3. Summary of Test Methods 试验方法摘要3.1 Test Method A—An X-cut is made through the film to the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and then removed, and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on the 0 to 5 scale.试验方法A：一个X切口贯通漆膜和底材，在切口处施加和移除压敏胶带，粘附力按照0-5等级进行评估。
3.2 Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or eleven cuts in each direction is made in the film to the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice and then removed, and adhesion is evaluated by comparison with descriptions and illustrations. 试验方法B：在涂层与底材之间切割出六道或十一道格形状的切痕，在格之间施加和移除压敏胶带，通过图表描述对比来评估粘附力。
4. Significance and Use 意义和用途4.1 If a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or decorating a substrate, it must adhere to it for the expected service life. Because the substrate and its surface preparation (or lack of it) have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings, a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different substrates or surface treatments, or ofdifferent coatings to the same substrate and treatment, is of considerable usefulness in the industry.如果涂层能保护或装饰底材，必须要达到预期的服务寿命。