暨南大学病理生理学2018年考博真题考博试卷
2012整理版病理考博题目资料
暨南大学2012年病理和病理生理学博士题回忆版。
这和之前一个病理的是不一样的，应该是针对不同的专业。
一，问答，每题20分，前四题是病生的，后四题是病理的，任选4题做1，热休克蛋白2，全身炎症反应综合征3，左心衰各期呼吸改变4，再灌注时自由基生成机制5，炎症基本病理改变，与肿瘤发生及调控机制6，胃溃疡从内到外四层，再生的机制7，病毒与肿瘤的关系，宫颈癌、鼻咽癌8，死亡和凋亡区别和检测方法二，每题10分1，新药I1202能治疗血管源性痴呆，其机制是能减少自由基，设计实验寻找作用靶点2，博士期间的研究计划2012 北医病理学名字解释:无性细胞瘤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤心肌炎R-S细胞桥接坏死化生CIN 纤维素样坏死交界性肿瘤肉芽肿简答:肉芽组织的组成及其作用肝炎的病理特点动脉粥样硬化的合并症霍奇金淋巴瘤的病理特点克隆病的病理特点论述:大肠癌的癌前病变有哪些?以及病理特点?器官慢性缺氧导致的病理变化原发性心肌病与心肌炎的鉴别哪些病理学指标可用于临床肿瘤的诊断以及预后暨南大学病理题1、肝细胞体积增大，胞浆空泡状，最常见原因是什么，什么检测方法确定胞浆性质？请举例说明2、冠心病基本病理变化，其并发症，详细阐述其病理生理机制3、阐述肾小球肾炎的病理分类，并论述其发病机制4、白血病免疫分型意义，如何检测5、根据自己专业写一个研究计划（小论文形式1000字）2012北京协和医学院病理真题完整版一、名词解释Caseous necrosisAnemic infarctOncogeneVerrucous vegetatioPeutz-Jegher syndromeComedocarcinoma二、单选题1. 恶性高血压病变特点2. 动脉粥样硬化发展过程3. 肺癌horner征4. 鼻咽癌哪种类型对放疗最敏感5. 早期胃癌病理类型6. 反流性食管炎成因7. 胃粘膜相关淋巴瘤8. 遗传性非息肉病性结肠癌9. 毛玻璃样肝细胞内嗜酸性颗粒成分10. 肝硬化特征性病理表现11. 肝硬化蜘蛛痣原因12. 小肝癌定义13. 胰头癌14. Burkitt淋巴瘤15. 滤泡性淋巴瘤16. Ph染色体17. 颈部淋巴结肿大18. 蚤咬肾19. Goodpasture综合征20. 微小病变性肾小球病21. 肾细胞癌22. 卵巢颗粒细胞癌23. 无性细胞癌24. 乳腺癌25. 甲状腺癌三、简答题1. 中枢神经系统的胶质肿瘤与其他系统肿瘤相比有何特点？2. 一妇女，双侧卵巢肿瘤，妇科切除后病理诊断为krukenber瘤，试述此肿瘤的发生、发展及组织学特征。
中山大学病理生理学2015--2019年考博真题
1.Cell signal transduction
2.Hepatic insufficiency
3.paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
4.hypovolemic shock
二、简答题
1.试述应激时下丘脑垂体-肾上腺皮质体统对机体的影响。
2.试述休克和DIC的关系。
4、myocardial stunning
二、问答题（20分*4题=80分）
1.肝性脑病相关的神经递质种类及其导致肝性脑病的机制。
2.长期高血压引起心脏衰竭的发病机制。
3.全身适应性综合征各期的神经内分泌变化及其生理效应。
4.试述细胞信号转导异常引起霍乱的机制。
中山大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
4.热休克蛋白
5.APC抵抗
二、论述题
1.氨在肝性脑病中对神经递质的影像。
2.慢性肾脏病合并高血压的机制。
3.代谢性酸中毒对循环系统的影像。
4.休克早起（代偿期）微循环的特点及其机制，以及对心脏、肾脏、脑功能的影像。
中山大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）
1.renal osteodystrophy
2.hepatic encephalopathy
3.recessive edema
4.non-reflow phenomenon
二、简答题（每题20分，共80分）
1.心衰代偿反应时血容量增加的机制及对机体的意义。
2.DIC引起出血的机制。
3.ARDS患者为什么常出现I型呼吸衰竭。
2018年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案
2018 年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一 (Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once, after you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● D Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. On campus B. At he dentist’sC.At the pharmacyD. In the laboratory2. A. Pain B. Weakness C. Fatigue D. Headache3. A. Their weird behavior at school.B. Their superior cleverness over others’.C. Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D. Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A. John will be angry. B. John will be disappointed.C. John will be attracted.D. John will be frightened.5. A. Th ey’re quite normal. B. They’re not available.C. They came unexpected.D. They need further explanation.6. A. He knows so little about Lady GagaB. He has met Lady Gaga before.C. He should have known Lady GagaD. He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.C. In the emergency room.D. On their way to the hospital8. A. Health care B. Health reformC. Health educationD. Health maintenance9. A. Learning to act intuitively.B. Learning to argue academically.C. Learning to be critical of oneself.D. Learning to think critically and reason10. A. She is a pharmacist. B. She is a medical doctor.C. She is a scientist in robotics.D. She is a pharmacologist.11. A. She’s pessimistic about the future.B. She’s pessimistic about the far future.C. She’s optimistic about the far future.D. She’s optimistic about the near future.12. A. Negligence may put a patient in danger.B. Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C. Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D. Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A. The man works at eh ER.B. The man can do nothing but wait.C. The woman’s condition is critical.D. The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A. A gynecologist. B. A psychologistC. A neurologist.D. A nephrologist.15. A. She has only one friend.B. She isolates herself from others.C. She suffers from a chronic disease.D. She is jobless and can’t find a job.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions 16-20 are based on the following dialogue.16. A. Because she couldn’t do other jobs well.B. Because it was her dream since childhood.C. Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D. Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A. The Self/Nonself Model B. The Danger ModelC. The vaccination theoryD. The immunological theory18. A. Being overactive B. Being mutantC. Being selectiveD. Being resistant19. A. It can help cure most cancers.B. It can help develop new drugs.C. It can help most genetic diseases.D. It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A. We should ignore the resistance.B. We should have the model improved.C. We should have the experiments on animals.D. We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A. The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A. Affordable costs B. Low pace of livingC. Five-star treatmentD. Enjoyable health vacation23. A. It is a$100 billion business already.B. It is growing along with medical tourism.C. Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D. It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A. To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B. To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C. To buy and affordable medical insurance.D. To explore online to get well informed.25. A. A travel brochure.B. A lecture on medical tourism.C. A chapter of a medical textbook.D. A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage.26. A. Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B. Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C. There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D. Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A. In the warmer spring B. In the hottest summerC. In the coolest autumnD. In the coldest winter28. A. Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B. Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C. Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D. Because they cannot find enough food.29. A. They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B. They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C. They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D. They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A. Body size B. Migration routeC. Food preferenceD. Population growthPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared ____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication32. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, oremotional_____is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. TurmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation33. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down34. The school board attached great emphasis to____ in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning35. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A. pertinentB. permanentC. precedentD. prominent36. New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing37. We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions.38. We must____the problem____, which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set...backB. take...overC. pull...inD. break...down39. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent40. It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conform Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. The truly competent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery”of anotherhuman beings, and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensibleD. humble42. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted43. Large community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate44. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely45. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilization.A. FetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans46. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse47. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically48. Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming49. Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, suchas memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterC. impedeD. induce50. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one’s view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A. insignificantB. insufficientC. substantialD. unexpectedPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging, improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 51 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 52 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53 CT scanning. Their study was 54 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 55 the 38 missed cancers,15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 56 it as non cancerous) and 23 57 observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 58 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung ca ncer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G Armato, PhD, lead author of the study.” The computer is not perfect,”Armato said.” It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 59 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may 60 something suspicious. It’s a spell-checker of sorts, or a second opinion.51.A. in common B. in turn C. in one D. in all52.A. preliminary B. considerate C. deliberate D. ordinary53.A. being used B. to use C. using D. use54.A. investigated B. originated C. founded D. funded55.A. From B. Amid C. Of D. In56.A. disseminating B. degenerating C. dismissing D. deceiving57.A. were mistaken for B. were attributed to C. result in D. gave away to58.A. mortalities B. incidences C. images D. rates59.A. don’t B. won’t C. aren’t D. wasn’t60.A. stand for B. search for C. account for D. mistake forPart Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s“a translator between two hostile tribes”—the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s ar gument in his book “Creating Innovations: The Making of Young People Who Wil l Change the World” is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in themarketplace.”This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail,” because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than acade mic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,”Wagner said,” and it is the only country where students leave high school ‘innovation-ready.’ They lea rn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented”colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media L ab and the “D-school” Stanford where students learn to innovate.”61.In his book, Wagner argues that _____.A.the education world is hostile to our kidsB.the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world is too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” in “innovation ready.”D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the autho r’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s generation to find their first job.65. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. to orient future educationB. to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC. to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD. to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country’s future, says Kent Moore, and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. “Animal behavio r can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years,” says Moore,“Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly.”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. “The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will_____.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage,the international study ____.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he says, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean bythat quick?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A. becomes more difficult than ever before.B. is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C. will surely lower the average world temperature.D. needs the research-based supporting information.70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_____.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B. get more data to be required for their research.C. use more novel technologies in research.D. conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic component, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality.However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic seq uence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in_____.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against_____.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genetic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harass ment or appropriation of students’work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching”can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be availa ble regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-integrity committees, similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees, such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.。
暨南大学2018年真题参考答案
暨南大学2018年真题参考答案一、名词解释1.由于手术创伤的反应，术后病人的体温可略升高0.1~1℃，一般不超过38℃，称之为外科手术热或吸收热。
（外6 P.115）2.脑组织从高压区向低压区移位，导致脑组织、血管及脑神经等重要结构受压和移位，被挤入小脑幕裂孔、枕骨大孔、大脑镰下间隙等生理性或病理性间隙或孔道中，从而出现一系列严重的临床症状。
（外6 P.222）3.分级护理是指根据病人病情的轻重缓急以及自理能力的评估结果，给予病人不同级别的护理，通常分为四个护理级别，即特级护理、一级护理、二级护理及三级护理。
（基6 P.096）4.体温骤然上升至39℃以上，持续数小时或更长，然后下降至正常或正常以下，经过一个间歇，体温又升高，并反复发作，即高热期和无热期交替出现。
（基6 P.240）5.由于支气管-肺组织、胸廓或肺血管病变引起肺血管阻力增加，产生肺动脉高压，继而右心室结构和（或）功能改变的疾病。
（内6 P.083）6.是由于窦房结病变导致功能减退，从而产生多种心律失常的综合表现。
（内6 P.172）7.又称过期流产，是指胚胎或胎儿已死亡滞留在宫腔内尚未自然排出者。
（妇6 P.140）8.由各种肾脏疾病所致的，以大量蛋白尿（尿蛋白＞3.5g/d）、低蛋白血症（血清白蛋白＜30g/L）、水肿、高脂血症为临床表现的一组综合征。
（内6 P.396）二、单项选择题1. C解析：外6 P.473 注：“外6 P.473”表示“第六版外科护理学第473页”2.C解析：外6 P.0153.D解析：外6 P.5964.A解析：外6 P.4235.E解析：外6 P.4996.D解析：外6 P.5737.B解析：外6 P.0928.A解析：外6 P.0659.B解析：外6 P.70910.B解析：外6 P.50111.A解析：外6 P.23412.A解析：外6 P.424解析：基6 P.346 14.A解析：基6 P.359 15.B解析：基6 P.150 16.E解析：基6 P.280 17.C解析：基6 P.270 18.B解析：基6 P.036 19.A解析：内6 P.498 20.A解析：内6 P.049 21.B解析：内6 P.574 22.D解析：内6 P.845 23.A解析：内6 P.083 24.D解析：内6 P.618 25.C解析：内6 P.296 26.E解析：内6 P.585 27.C解析：内6 P.329 28.B解析：内6 P.455 29.A解析：内6 P.485 30.C解析：内6 P.472 31.E解析：妇6 P.025 32.B解析：妇6 P.143 33.B解析：妇6 P.299 34.E解析：妇6 P.141解析：儿6 P.21336.B解析：儿6 P.44037.E解析：儿6 P.17638.D解析：儿6 P.38039.B解析：儿6 P.20040.B解析：儿6 P.342三、简答题1.答:凡是需要营养支持但又不能或不宜接受肠内营养的病人，包括预计1周以上不能进食、或因胃肠道功能障碍、不能耐受肠内营养者，或通过肠内营养无法达到机体需要的目标量者，均是肠外营支持的适应症。
病理生理各校考博真题
本人在网内收集各校考博真题,全是园子里的,以利考生复习用,如果能加分,希望加分,谢谢! 2005年中山医大病生试题：一，名词解释：1。
肺性脑病(英文)2。
非少尿型ARF3。
凋亡(英文)4。
过热(英文)二，问答题1。
试述应激反应时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺激活的生物学效应(利与敝)2。
述肝性脑病时氨基酸失衡的原因和引起肝昏迷的机制。
3。
为何革兰氏阴性菌感染易引起DIC4。
晚期休克引起呼吸衰竭的机制2007交名解1.saline responsive alkalosis2.hypotonic hypoxia3.hypokalemia4.fever5.no reflow6.functional shunt7.hepatorenal syndrome8.CARS简答1、劳力性呼吸困难的原因、机制2、缺血再灌注组织局部白细胞增多、聚集的机制3、CDI？CDI失活与癌细胞发生的关系4、ARF时GFR下降的原因、机制问号这个地方有三个字当时抄的潦草，不认识了。
2007山东大学病生试题：非病理生理专业做1-10题。
病理生理专业做3-12题1. 请列举基因突变的类型；2. 信号转导发生的机制及环节；3. 缺血再灌注损伤时自由基生成增多的主要机制；4. 血液性缺氧的原因及血氧参数变化；5. 发热的时相及各相热代谢的特点；6. 应激与心脑血管疾病的关系；7. 代谢性碱中毒时机体的代偿机制及血气变化的特点；8. 低钠血症的病因和发病机制；9. 心力衰竭时心肌代谢障碍的主要机制；10.休克缺血缺氧期和淤血缺氧期血压变化的主要特点和机制；11.简述肺通气血流比值失调时血气变化及呼吸衰竭的发病关系；12.肾功能衰竭时肾脏内分泌功能的改变及机制1.2006博士全国统考病生试题（回忆版选择题40分单选30分Ｂ型选择4分Ｘ型选择6分简答题20分1.影响组织液生成的影响因素2.急性肾衰出现什么类型的钾代谢紊乱，为什么？3.肝功能受损，激活的星形细胞的变化？4.为什么弥散功能障碍时只有PaO2的降低，PaCO2无变化？论述题40分1.急性肾衰少尿的机制2.长期高血压导致心衰的机制3.严重感染导致ＤＩＣ的机制协和医科大学2005年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释：每题3分，共30分。
2018年暨大考研试题答案整理
一、名词解释（4`*15=60`）1、半月板：（demilune）混合型腺泡由黏液和浆液细胞组成，前者组成腺泡的大部分，紧接闰管；后者呈新月状位于腺泡的盲端表面，又名半月板。
2、混合型牙瘤：镜下见肿瘤由牙釉质、牙本质、牙骨质和牙髓等相互混合形成一团紊乱的结构而没有牙齿的形态。
牙瘤（odontoma）是成牙组织的错构瘤或发育畸形，不是真性肿瘤。
肿物内含有成熟的牙釉质、牙本质、牙骨质和牙髓组织。
根据这些组织排列结构不同，可分为混合性牙瘤和组合性牙瘤两种。
（1）混合性牙瘤：多发生于儿童和青年，上下颌骨均可发生，以下颌前磨牙区和磨牙区多见。
活动性生长期可引起颌骨膨大。
X线片表现为境界清楚的放射透光区，其中可见放射阻射性结节状钙化物。
镜下见肿物内牙釉质、牙本质、牙骨质和牙髓等牙体组织成分排列紊乱，相互混杂，而无典型的牙结构。
发育期的混合性牙瘤，与成釉细胞纤维瘤或成釉细胞纤维-牙瘤不易区别。
肿物生长有自限性预后良好。
（2）组合性牙瘤：患者年龄较小，好发于上颌切牙-尖牙区。
X线显示形态及数目不一的牙样物堆积在一起。
镜下见肿物由许多牙样结构所组成，这些牙样结构虽然不同于正常牙，但牙釉质、牙本质、牙骨质和牙髓的排列如同正常牙的排列方式。
3、dyskeratosis：角化不良/错角化，为上皮的异常角化，在上皮棘层或基底层内个别或一群细胞发生角化。
有良性角化不良和恶性角化不良，前者多见于高度增生的上皮钉突，后者见于原位癌。
过度正角化（hyper-orthokeratosis）：黏膜或皮肤的角化层过度增厚，细胞界限不清，细胞核消失，形成均匀性嗜伊红染色的角化物，伴有粒层增厚及透明角质颗粒异常明显。
过度不全角化（hyperparakeratosis）：黏膜或皮肤的角化层过度增厚，增厚的角化层中胞核未分解消失，粒层增厚不明显。
4、肌力闭合道：开口再闭口时，下颌随升颌肌作用方向而运动，运动轨迹称为肌力闭合道。
肌力闭合道的终点称为肌接触位（MCP），正常情况下，肌力闭合道终点与ICP一致，表明ICP与升颌肌功能协调；若MPP向ICP移动中向上距离>1mm,或肌牙位不一致，说明咬合异常（早接触点）、肌功能异常。
南方医科大学病理生理学2013年考博真题试卷
南方医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题
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水肿的发生机制？ 1型呼衰和2型呼衰在发病机制上和治疗上有何不同？ 何为微循环，举例说明微循环在休克发生发展中的作用？ 功能性肾衰竭和器质性肾衰竭的异同 何为受体？举例说明受体改变所引起的疾病 何为凋亡，它在生化结构和形态上的特点
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暨南大学病理生理学2012-2015考研复试真题(简答题)及答案
20151 简述高钾血症时心肌生理特性的改变。
（1）心肌兴奋性出现先升高后降低的双向变化；（2）传导性降低；（3）自律性降低；（4）收缩性减弱。
2、慢性肾功能衰竭患者会出现什么类型的酸碱平衡紊乱，请简述其发生机制。
答：慢性肾功能衰竭会发生代谢性酸中毒。
机制：①肾小管NH4+减少：CRF早期，肾小管上皮细胞产NH3减少，泌NH4+减少使H+增多；②GFR降低：当GFR降至10ml/min以下时，硫酸、磷酸等酸性产物滤过减少而在体内蓄积，血中固定酸增多；③肾小管冲吸收HCO3-减少：继发性PTH（甲状旁腺素）分泌增多可抑制近曲小管上皮细胞碳酸酐酶活性，使近曲小管分泌请和冲吸收HCO3-减少。
3、简述发热的基本发病过程。
答：（1）体温上升期特点：产热大于散热。
体温上升形式：一般有骤升和渐升两种形式。
骤升是指体温迅速上升，在数小时内达到39～40℃或更高。
渐升是指在数小时内，体温逐渐上升，经数日可达高峰。
临床表现：皮肤苍白、干燥无汗、畏寒、有时伴寒战、肌肉酸痛、无力。
（2）高热持续期特点：产热与散热在较高水平上趋于平衡，体温维持在较高状态。
临床表现：皮肤潮红而灼热，呼吸增快，心率加快，头痛、头晕，食欲不振，全身不适。
（3）退热期（体温下降期）特点：散热增加，产热趋于正常，体温恢复至正常水平。
发热的基本环节（1）第一环节：信息传递，激活物作用于产致热原细胞，产生和释放EP，EP作为“信使”，经血流将其传递到丘脑体温调节中枢；（2）第二环节：中枢调节，即EP以某种方式改变下丘脑温敏神经元的化学环境使体温调节中枢的调定点上移。
于是，正常血液温度变为冷刺激，体温调节中枢发出冲动，引起调温效应器的反应；（3）第三环节：效应部分，一方面，通过运动神经引起骨骼肌紧张度增高或寒战，使产热增加，另一方面，经交感神经系统引起皮肤血管收缩，使散热减少。
于是，产热大于散热，体温升高至与调定点相适应的水平。
4、何谓夜间阵发性呼吸困难，请简述其发生机制。
浙江大学病理学与病理生理学2018年考博真题考博试卷
名词解释 新月体、肿瘤转移
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Байду номын сангаас
论述题 肿瘤干细胞概念和研究意义 癌基因高表达方式和举例 简答题 简述肿瘤细胞的异型性
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三、论述题 1. 尿毒症的病理学机制。 2. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病的病因及发病机制。 3. 试述表观遗传的概念及举一列说明其于发生发展的关系。
名词解释 分子显像
简答题 代谢综合征的概念及其发病机制 常见信息传递通路及其在肿瘤发病过程中的作用 肿瘤标志物概念及常见的一个肿瘤标志物在疾病发病及预后中的作用 肿瘤的异质性及其分子机制 自身免疫疾病的病理生理机制
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
浙江大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：病理学与病理生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 基因编辑 化生 炎性假瘤 Alzheimer 病
二、简答题 1.结核病的发病机制及肺结核的病理学类型。 2.肿瘤标志物与肿瘤发生发展及预后的关系。 3.常见肠道溃疡的病理学类型，好发部位及并发症。
暨南大学考试试卷
暨南大学考试试卷一.最佳选择题（将正确答案前面的字母划上“〇”，每题分,共分）.神经调节最基本的方式是.适应.反馈.反射.兴奋.内环境不包括：.细胞内液.组织液.血浆.淋巴液.分娩过程属于.自身调节.神经调节.正反馈调节.负反馈调节.组织兴奋后处于绝对不应期时，其兴奋性为.零.无限大.大于正常.小于正常.静息电位的大小接近于.钠平衡电位.钾平衡电位.钠平衡电位与钾平衡电位之和.钠平衡电位与钾平衡电位之差.衡量组织或细胞兴奋性高低的指标是：.刺激频率.刺激时间.刺激强度.阈值.骨骼肌是否出现强直收缩主要取决于.刺激时间.刺激环境.刺激频率.刺激强度.可兴奋细胞兴奋时，共有的特征是产生.收缩反应.分泌活动.电位变化.反射活动.在一次心动周期中，心室内压力升高速度最快的是在：.快速充盈期.等容收缩期.快速射血期.等容舒张期.当心室处于快速充盈期时，心内瓣膜的情况是：.房室瓣开，半月瓣关 .半月瓣开，房室瓣关.半月瓣与房室瓣均开 .半月瓣与房室瓣均关.心室肌的前负荷可以用下列哪项指标来间接表示：.心室收缩末期容积或压力 .心室舒张末期容积或压力.心房内压力 .大动脉血压.窦房结是正常心脏节律性活动的起搏点，因为：.窦房结细胞动作电位没有明显的平台期.窦房结细胞动作电位期去极化的速率快.窦房结细胞动作电位期复极化的速度快.窦房结细胞动作电位期自动去极化的速度快.静脉滴注去甲肾上腺素，血压升高的主要原因是：.增强心肌收缩力 .加速血液回心.增加心率 .收缩血管，增加外周阻力.在生理情况下，对生成组织液的有效滤过压发生影响的主要因素是：.毛细血管血压和血浆晶体渗透压.毛细血管血压和组织液静水压.血浆晶体渗透压和组织液胶体渗透压.毛细血管血压和血浆胶体渗透压.当心脏收缩力增强时，静脉回心血量增加，其主要原因是.动脉血压升高 .心输出量增加.血流速度加快 .舒张期室内压降低.通常所说的血型是指：.红细胞表面特异凝集素的类型 .血浆中特异凝集原的类型.血浆中特异凝集素的类型 .红细胞表面特异凝集原的类型.肺通气的原动力是来自.肺的舒缩运动 .肺的弹性回缩.呼吸肌的舒缩 .胸内负压的周期性变化.基本呼吸节律产生于.脊髓 .延髓 .脑桥 .间脑.中枢化学感受器最敏感的直接刺激物是.脑脊液中的 .血液中的.脑脊液中的＋ .血液中的.对消化和吸收概念的叙述，哪一项是错误的?.消化是食物在消化道内被分解为小分子的过程.消化可分为机械性消化和化学性消化两种.小分子物质透过消化道粘膜进入血液和淋巴循环的过程称为吸收.消化主要在胃中完成，吸收是在小肠完成.胃液中内因子的作用为.激活胃蛋白酶原 .参与胃粘膜屏障作用.促进的吸收 .促进胃泌素的释放.下列哪种情况会导致肾小球滤过率减少.血浆胶体渗透压下降 .血浆胶体渗透压升高.血浆晶体渗透压升高 .血浆蛋白质浓度降低.下列哪种情况醛固酮分泌将增多.血升高、血＋降低 .血降低、血＋升高.血升高 .血升高.下列哪种情况下尿量增多与抗利尿激素无关.大量饮水.血浆晶体渗透压降低.循环血量增加.静脉输入甘露醇.体力劳动或运动时，机体主要的产热器官是．肌肉．脑．皮肤．内脏. 当外界温度等于或高于体表温度时，机体散热的方式是.辐射.传导.对流.蒸发.关于突触后抑制，错误的是：. 要通过一个抑制性中间神经元的活动来发挥作用. 其本质是一种去极化的抑制. 回返性抑制属于一种负反馈抑制. 传入侧支性抑制也属于突触后抑制.关于受体的叙述，下列哪项是错误的.胆碱能受体包括型和型.肾上腺能受体包括α型和β型型受体与乙酰胆碱结合后使骨骼肌收缩型受体与乙酰胆碱结合后使胃肠活动减弱.神经纤维传导兴奋的特征之一是.单向性 .非绝缘性 .完整性 .易疲劳性.关于突触前抑制的正确描述是.突触前膜超极化，兴奋性递质释放增多.突触前膜超极化，抑制性递质释放增多.突触前膜去极化，兴奋性递质释放减少.突触前膜去极化，抑制性递质释放减少.脊休克产生的主要原因是：.脊髓的血液供应突然中断.脊髓突然失去了高位中枢对其的控制作用.脊髓的反射中枢被破坏.突然切断的损伤刺激所引起的抑制作用.牵涉痛是指.内脏疾病引起相邻脏器的疼痛.某些内脏疾病往往引起体表部位发生疼痛或痛觉过敏.手术牵拉脏器引起的疼痛.神经疼痛向体表投射.关于视网膜视杆系统特点的正确论述是:.分布在视网膜中央 .单线联系.含三种感光色素 .负责暗视觉.视杆细胞静息电位负值较小(～)是由于.一定量的内流 .一定量的内流.一定量的内流 .一定量的内流.每一频率的声波刚能引起听觉的最小强度称为.听域 .痛域 .听阈 .痛阈.关于耳蜗基底膜行波振动的正确论述是:.声频愈低,最大振动愈近底部.声频愈高,最大振动愈近底部.声强愈大,最大振动愈近顶部.声强愈小,最大振动愈近顶部.机体绝大多数激素属于.含氮类激素 .类固醇激素.固醇类激素.脂肪酸衍生物.下列哪一激素是由腺垂体合成与释放的?.生长素释放激素 .催产素 .催乳素 .醛固酮.幼年时期缺乏生长激素将造成.呆小症 .巨人症 .侏儒症 .肢端肥大症.关于糖皮质激素生理作用的错误论述是:.升高血糖 .参与应激反应 .抑制免疫 .促进儿茶酚胺降解二、型题：（每题分，共分。
南方医科大学病理生理学2017年考博真题试卷
5、疾病定义？举例说明认识疾病的发病机制对防治的意义。
二、论述题（4选3，20分*3）
1、什么是细胞凋亡？细胞凋亡的细胞结构改变和生化改变特征，及其分子生物学的基础。
2、以失血性休克为例说明微循环从代偿性调节到失代偿性变化的发生机制，并以此提出失血性休克的治疗原则。
3、什么是I型呼吸衰竭，其治疗特点与II型呼吸衰竭有什么不同及理由。
4、一位慢性肝硬化患者出现顽固性腹水，在大量利用利尿剂后突发肝昏迷。请解释诱发肝昏迷的机理。
医学考博真题试卷
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南方医科大学2017年攻读来自士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（5选4，10分*4）
1.什么是发热？热限的病理生理意义。
2、细胞因子在ARDS中的作用。
3、细胞信号转导定义及其基本过程。
病理生理学考博试题及答案
病理生理学考博试题及答案病理生理学是研究生物体在疾病状态下的生理变化及其机制的科学。
本试题旨在考察考生对病理生理学基本概念、原理和机制的理解与应用能力。
一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 病理生理学主要研究的是：A. 疾病的预防B. 疾病的治疗C. 疾病的病因D. 疾病状态下的生理变化2. 细胞凋亡是：A. 一种病理性死亡B. 一种生理性死亡C. 细胞分裂D. 细胞生长3. 炎症反应的目的是：A. 清除损伤因子B. 促进细胞增殖C. 抑制细胞凋亡D. 促进组织修复4. 以下哪项不是细胞应激反应的类型？A. 热休克反应B. 氧化应激反应C. 免疫应激反应D. 营养应激反应5. 细胞程序性死亡的调控机制不包括：A. 基因调控B. 信号传导C. 细胞代谢D. 细胞外基质答案：1. D2. B3. A4. C5. C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）6. 简述病理性钙化的特点及其对机体的影响。
7. 描述缺氧对细胞代谢的影响。
8. 解释什么是细胞信号转导异常，以及它在疾病中的作用。
答案：6. 病理性钙化是指在非骨骼组织中异常沉积的钙盐，其特点包括钙化部位的非特异性、钙化过程的病理性以及可能伴随的组织损伤。
对机体的影响包括影响组织功能、引起疼痛和功能障碍等。
7. 缺氧时，细胞内ATP生成减少，导致细胞代谢活动受限。
细胞可能通过糖酵解途径产生能量，但效率较低。
长期缺氧可导致细胞损伤甚至死亡。
8. 细胞信号转导异常是指细胞内信号传递过程中的某个环节出现问题，导致细胞功能失调。
这可能涉及到信号分子的异常表达、受体功能的改变或信号传导途径的障碍等。
在疾病中，信号转导异常可能导致细胞增殖失控、细胞凋亡受阻等病理变化。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）9. 论述细胞凋亡与坏死的区别及其在疾病中的意义。
10. 阐述肿瘤微环境对肿瘤发展的影响。
答案：9. 细胞凋亡是一种有序的、程序化的细胞死亡过程，通常不引起炎症反应，而坏死是一种非程序化的、由外界因素引起的细胞死亡，常伴随炎症反应。
2018年全国医学考博英语试题.doc
2018MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One浴案和13c卷二(Paper Two溶案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven ' t had a bite all day.Question: What' s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let ' s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B.He won't complain anything.C.He is in good condition.D.He couldn't be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B.She will get a raise.C.The man will get a raise.D.The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B.Her daughter is an exciting child.C.She and her daughter are good friends.D.She and her daughter do nt always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B.She hurt her ankle.C.She has a swollen toe.D.She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.8.John is very fond of his new boss.9.John has ups and downs in the new company.10.J ohn has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B.She will undergo some lab tests.C.She will arrange an appointment.D.She will get the test results.9. A. She’ s an odd character.B.She is very picky.C.She is easy-going.D.She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B.In a local shop.C.In a ward.D.In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B.He very much likes his old bicycle.C.He will buy a new bicycle right away.D.He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B.It ’s a minor illness.C.It started two weeks ago.D.It ’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B.The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C.The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D.The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B.The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C.The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D.The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read thefour possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET .Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B.Because it was upsetting his stomach.C.Because he was allergic to it.D.Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’ t play soccer any more.B.He has a serious foot problem.C.He needs an operation.D.He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B.An allergy test.C. A urine test.D.A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B.Anxious.C.Angry.D.Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B.Harmful effects of smoking.C.Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D.Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B.955.C.1909.D.1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B.When smoking exposure is low.C.When the subjects received medication.D.When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B.Genetic differences between men and women.C.Women’ s active metabolic rate.D.Women’ s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B.About 100,000.C.Several hundreds.D.About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B.Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C.Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D.Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B.Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C.Urging people not to eat animals.D.Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B.The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C.The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D.The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B.How to treat Rift Valley fever.C.The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D.Satellites and global health — remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are to choose theword or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark your answer ontheANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’ s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brainmetabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my mindin such a _____________ t hat I couldn’ t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in theobese, in cigarette smokers, and in those to prolonged emotionaland mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical, even though the concepthas been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken theimmune system,aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidates personality traits, being modest and generous, people in hisfavor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong toa vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablySection BDirections: Each of the following sentenceshas a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET .41.All Nobel Prize winners ' success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen's presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has beenapplied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religiouspersecution that exacerbatedtheir conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of maritalfidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET .For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer ’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad foryour health.It ’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I ’d rather wait until it ’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive ratherthan negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer ’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer ’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer ’s. all 96 mice were then“exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hourperiods each day for seven to nine months. ” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitiveabilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don ’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it ’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer ’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer ’s means mobile phones __60__ our brainsand bodies in ways not yet explored. And it ’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB.risksC.phenomenaD.claims52. A. at leastB.at mostC.as ifD.as well53. A. blockingB.cookingC.exhaustingD.cooling54. A. ExceptB.EvenC.DespiteD.Besides55. A. untilB.whenC.asD.unless56. A. rangeB.continuumC.spectrumD.field57. A. ReasonablyB.ConsequentlyC.AmazinglyD.Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB.beneficialC.preferableD.susceptible59. A. effortB.methodC.huntD.account60. A. do affectB.did affectC.is affectingD.could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET .Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights.This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world ’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. WhenI visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day,seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61.From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us .A.the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB.the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C.the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D.the human misery behind them.62.The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,A.is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B.could have been even exaggerated.C.is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D.is prevailing across the world.63.The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools of theirtrade, they should _______________ .A.have the same concern with the developing countries.B.be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC.pursue good bargains in the international market.D.spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ______ .A.to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B.to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C.to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D.to improve the transparency of international contracts.65.By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that .A.the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB.the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.boratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D.because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it ’sinaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in anenvironmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companie’s eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’ s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered“ green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world ’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let ’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy — and it s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66.T“he confusion ” at the beginning of the 2 nd paragraph refers to .A.where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB.an array of consumer products to chooseC.a fog of unreliable green informationD.little information on eco-credibility67.From the New Scientist’ s analysis it can be inferred that in many casesA.eco-credibility is abusedB.a green economy is crucialC.an environmental impact is lessenedD.green credentials promote green economy68.From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ______ .A.eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB.neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC.it is vital to build a green economyD.better information is critical69.To address the issue, the author is crying for _.A.transparent corporate managementB.establishing sustainability indexesC.tough academic-led surveillanceD.strict legal weapons70.Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A.The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B.It is time for another green revolution.rmation should be free for all.D.No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats — much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades.Its advocatespoint out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school ”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer - looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said.“Any cues that it ’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism”.Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’ s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that, ” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’ s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71.The findings of the study were in favor of ______ .A.the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB.the relation between intelligence and evolutionC.the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD.the human innate ability to cheat72.The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at __ .A.spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB.detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC.spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD.detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73.When she says that …that can't be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________________ .A.cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB.our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC.there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD.the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74.In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ___ .A.it was of great possibilityB.it could be misleadingC.it was unbelievableD.it ’s acquired75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Cheating at SchoolB.Cheating as the Human NatureC.Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD.Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’ t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene 人类世）-an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It ispreliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment —a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’ t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ s 2007 report on climate impacts. Thisreport has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense thatthe IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the repor’ ts headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There ’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom ’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76.As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _________________________ .A. a misunderstandingB.a confrontationC. a collaborationD.a consensus77.Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ______.A.we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB.our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD.it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78.The point, based on Rockstrom ’s investigation, is simply that __ .A.they made the first classification of Earth systemsB.it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC.we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD.human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79.Critical of the IPCC ’s 2007 report, the author argues that they .A.missed the most serious problems thereB.were poorly assembled for the missionC.cannot be called scientists at allD.value nature above people80.It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ______________________________ .A.must redefine our relationship with the environmentB.should not take it seriously but to take it easyC.need a new way of thinking about natureD.need cooler heads and clearer statisticsPassage Five。