互联网与电子商务翻译可打成一版
电子商务专业英语作业翻译
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business, are often used interchangably. For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is sometimes used.电子商务（电子商务或电子商务）是购买和出售的商品和服务在互联网，特别是万维网上的。
在实践中，这项和一个新的术语，电子商务，往往交替使用。
网上零售，电子零售的术语有时用。
E-tailing or The Virtual Storefront and the Virtual Mall网上或虚拟商店和虚拟商店As a place for direct retail shopping, with its 24-hour availability, a global reach, the ability to interact and provide custom information and ordering, and multimedia prospects, the Web is rapidly becoming a multibillion dollar source of revenue for the world's businesses. A number of businesses already report considerable success. As early as the middle of 1997, Dell Computers reported orders of a million dollars a day. By early 1999, projected e-commerce revenues for business were in the billions of dollars and the stocks of companies deemed most adept at e-commerce were skyrocketing. Although many so-called dotcom retailers disappeared in the economic shakeout of 2000, Web retailing at sites such as , , and continues to grow.作为一个直接的零售购物，其24小时供应，全球性的，互动的能力，并提供自定义信息和订购，和多媒体，网络正在迅速成为一个数十亿美元的收入来源，为全球的企业。
2013新版电子商务英语句子翻译
2013版自考电子商务英语汉译英Unit11.新技术趋于改进专业领域中不同参与者之间的交流。
New technologies tend to modify communication between the different players actors in the professional world.2.电子商务这一术语用来描述在因特网上运营的企业。
E-business is a term used to describe business run on the internet.3.这方面的电子商务有时候叫做电子采购。
This facet of e-business is sometimes referred to as e-procurement.4.一些电子商务企业运营的时候并没有网络店面。
Some e-business operate without an electronic storefront.5.除了购买和销售产品，电子商务同样也可以处理其他的传统业务。
In addition to buying and selling products, e-business may also handle other traditional business aspects.6.网络聊天被当作是一种技术和客户支持。
Electronic chat is used as a form of technical and customer support.7.技术支持人员能远程进入客户的计算机。
Technical support operators can remotely access a customer’s computer.8.中央服务器或电子邮件列表可作为发送必要信息的一种有效方法。
A central server or email list can serve as an efficient method for distributing necessaryinformation.Unit21.各公司需求不同，其商业计划也迥异。
电子商务英语的翻译（吴楠）
电子商务英语的英汉与汉英翻译Lead-in:电子商务是互联网的产物。
互联网的本质是一个巨大的且不断发展的全球计算机网络。
据估计，目前连接到互联网上的用户已超过5亿，在世界范围内有超过9千万台的互联网主机，从而使在线交易和有效信息量显著增长。
在世界贸易组织关于电子商务的工作组中，电子商务被理解为：采用电子化的方式进行生产、分销、营销、销售或交付货物以及服务。
广义上讲，电子商务包含了电子化媒介或网络，实质上是通过互联网完成的各种商业交易。
电子商务是进行商业交易的一种新途径。
从商业观点来看，电子商务不仅仅局限于商品的购买。
除电子邮件和其他交流平台外，它还包括一个公司可以通过网络提供给顾客的所有信息或服务，从售前信息到售后服务和支持。
电子商务能通过时间和程序方面的效率提高来降低交易费用，从而降低总成本。
（改编自《电子商务英语》，北京大学出版社) Electronic Commerce is the product of the Internet. The Internet is basically a vast and ever increasing network of computers across the globe. It is estimated that the number of persons connected to the Internet today has surpassed 500 million, and there are over 90 million Internet hosts world-wide, facilitating a dramatic increase in the volume of trade and information available online.In the World Trade Organization (WTO) Work Group on Electronic Commerce, it is understood to mean: the production, distribution, marketing, sale or delivery of goods and services by electronic means. Broadly defined, electronic commerce includes an electronic medium or network. It essentially refers to all kinds of commercial transactions that are concluded over the Internet. Electronic Commerce is a new way of doing business.From a business point of view, e-commerce is not limited to the purchase of commodities. Besides e-mail and other communication platforms, it includes all information or services that a company may offer to its customers over the Net, from pre-purchase information to after-sale service and support. E-commerce can reduce transaction costs by increasing efficiency in the use of time and procedures, and thus lowering total costs.Model Essay:W eb BusinessIn the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. (1) More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. (2) “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”(3) says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transaction s only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.(4)Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. (5) Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull”customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push”information directly out to consumers, transmit ting marketing messages directly to target ed customers. (6) Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscriber s’computer monitor s. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offering s, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. (7) Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. (8) Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fade s. (9) That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purist s.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.（摘自《商务英语翻译教程（笔译）》，中国水利水电出版社）Notes:1.web business 网上交易补充：web-surfing 网上冲浪web page 网页website 网站2．revolve around 围绕着例：Their troubles revolve around money management. 他们的麻烦围绕着金钱管理。
电子商务英语专业名词
一、专业名词1，电子商务electronic commerce视频会议video conference不断增长ever –increasing供应商supplier内部运营internal operation组织organization交易transaction消费者consumer有效率的efficient有弹性的flexible2，电子邮件营销email marketing市场调研market research提高整体营销信息enhance overall marketing message 拓展网络exploit the web网络能力capabilities of the web离线营销活动offline marketing activities传统营销traditional marketing品牌的忠诚度brand loyalty传统促销方法traditional promotional methods营销策略marketing strategy3，电子银行electronic bank家庭银行home bank支付账单pay bills私人网络private network金融机构financial institutions银行服务banking services在线申请apply online4，电子支付electronic payment电子支票electronic checks电子货币electronic money经常账户checking accounts数据加密data encryption客户认证client authentication智能卡smart cards计算机硬盘computer hard disks银行部门banking sector小额支付small value payment5．网上购物流程the flow of shopping/purchasing online 迅速发展rapid growth/development虚拟商店virtual stores/shops产品规格specification电子银行cyber bank购物中心shopping center在线付款payment online确认订单confirmation of the order总金额total amount批号date code6，最终产品finished goods相关信息related information产地the point of origin运输与配送transport &services国际供应链管理international supply chain management预售服务pre-retailing services军事策略military strategy战时物资生产wartime material production集中于centering on战略物资补给strategic commodities supply7,file transfer 文件传输digital cash 电子现金geographical location 地理位置on a global scale 在全球范围EDI 电子数据交换competition 竞争definition 定义manufacturer 生产商advertising 广告interaction 互动8 ,internet marketing 网络营销electronic mediu电子媒介affiliate marketing 会员营销merge…with…与…融为一体distribute products 配送产品community activities 社区活动marketing objectives 营销目的loyalty program 贵宾会员计划provide comprehensive information 提供综合信息commercialization 商业化9, virtual bank 虚拟银行online bank 在线银行physical bank 有形银行banking activities 银行业务credit unions 信用合作社credit card products 信用卡产品open a checking or savings account 开立支票或储蓄账户10, paper checks 纸质支票banking settlement system 银行结算系统payment data 支付数据secure communication protocols 安全通信协议secure payment protocols 安全支付协议server authentication 服务器认证prepaid cards 预付费卡electronic purses 电子钱包digital cash 数字现金access product 可存取的产品11, shopping online 在线购物business directories 企业名单purchasing process 采购流程authentication centre 认证中心surfing the internet 网上冲浪names of commodities 商品名称lead time 交货日期terms of payment 付款方式payment authentication 付款认证release the goods 发货12, the efficient and cost-efficient flow 有效而合算流动raw materials 原材料in-process inventory 半成品For the purpose of conforming to in motion and rest 为满足消费者需要the management of inventory in motion and rest 动态与静态的库存管理IT solutions 信息技术解决方案added-value 增值in military science 在军事科学方面the most crucial element 最关键的要素a network of transportation 运输网络二、句子翻译（1,2,14,17,18）（英→汉）1．1)in another word ，electronic commerce is the buying ，selling and trading of goods and services through private and public networks .换句话来说,电子商务是指通过私人或公众网络来买卖或交换货物和服务2)first stage of EC expansion is that with in the “connected ” or “online ” computer users .EC的首个发展阶段局限于“在线”计算机用户3)the second wave will come when more people get access to computers (via lowered computer prices or cheaper device )第二个高峰将会在更多人可以通过更低廉的价格或设备访问计算机的时候来临4)the third expansion is predicted to be from those with non-computer access to the global network :through broadcast TVs ,cable TVs ,telephone networks and new appliances .据预测，电子商务发展的第三次浪潮将会出现在不用电脑就能上网的技术发展方面，例如通过无线电视，有线电视，电话网络及新型的设备上网5)a widespread use of these cheaper access media represents the phase of “bringing workplace computers in to living room ”低价的接入设备的广泛使用代表着进入了“家庭办公”的新时代2，1)the conveniences afforded by electronic commerce is limitless .电子商务提供的便利是无止境的2)more than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data ,news and opinions .超过100个国家已经接入互联网，交换资料、新闻和言论。
什么是电子商务英语
WHAT’S THE EC?The definition of electronic commerce: by means of electrical and electronic technology, the business as the core, move the original traditional sales, shopping channels to the Internet, break the barrier of the countries and regions tangible invisible, make the production enterprise of globalization, networking, immaterialized and individuation, integration. Popular definition: electronic commerce is the use of simple, fast, low cost of electronic communication, buyers and sellers not met for a variety of commercial and trade activities. Electronic commerce is based on computer network. By means of electronic means, the business activities as main body, in legal permission range of business activities. Electronic commerce is to use digital information technology, the activities of enterprises continuous optimization process. E-commerce covers a wide range of electronic commerce, the general can be divided into the enterprise to the enterprise (Business - to - Business), or Business to Consumer (Business - to - Consumer) two kinds. In addition to Consumer to Consumer (Consumer - to - Consumer) this big step growth mode. With the increase of the number of domestic Internet use, the use of the Internet for online shopping and bank card payment has graduallypopular consumption style, the market share is growing rapidly, e-commerce sites also emerge in endlessly. Electronic commerce is the most common security mechanism of SSL (secure socket layer protocol) and SET (secure electronic transaction protocol) two kinds. E-commerce is a concept of constant development, e-commerce pioneer of IBM in 1996 proposed the Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) concept, in 1997, the company and put forward the Electronic Business (E - Business) concept. But in our country at the time of the introduction of these concepts are translated into e-commerce, a lot of people that the concept of the confusion between the two. In fact there is a difference between these two concepts and contents of e-commerce should be translated into electronic business, someone called e-commerce e-commerce in its narrow sense. Will E - Business is called generalized e-commerce. E-commerce refers to the realization of each stage in the process of the whole trade of electronic trading activities. E - Business is to use the network to realize all the Business process of electronic Business activity. E-commerce focused on electronic trading, emphasize the enterprise and the external trade and cooperation, we expanded our scope and E - Business is a lot. Broadly refers to the use of various electronic tools in business or activities. In a narrow sense refers to the use ofthe Internet to engage in business or activity.电子商务的定义：以电子及电子技术为手段，以商务为核心，把原来传统的销售、购物渠道移到互联网上来，打破国家与地区有形无形的壁垒，使生产企业达到全球化，网络化，无形化，个性化、一体化。
电子商务英语词汇
电子商务英语词汇1、电子商务 Electronic Commerce (E-commerce)2、电子邮件 E-mail3、电子数据交换 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)4、电子公告板 Electronic Bulletin Board5、电子金融 Electronic Commerce, Electronic Finance6、电子咨询 Electronic Consulting7、电子签名 Electronic Signature8、电子安全 Electronic Security9、电子支付 Electronic Payment10、电子商务市场 E-commerce Marketplace11、网络营销 Online Marketing12、网络调查 Web Survey13、网络广告 Web Advertising14、网络贸易 Web Trading15、网络银行 Internet Banking16、网上商店 Online Store/Shop17、网络消费者 Web Consumer18、网络采购 Web Procurement19、网络数据 Web Data20、网络服务 Web Service商务英语的词汇特征商务英语，作为一种专门用途英语，与日常英语在词汇使用上有显著区别。
本文将详细探讨商务英语的词汇特征。
一、专业术语的使用商务英语中大量使用专业术语，这些术语具有高度的精确性和专业性。
例如，“国际贸易”（International Trade）、“股票市场”（Stock Market）、“供应链管理”（Supply Chain Management）等，这些词汇在其他类型的英语中可能较少使用或含义完全不同。
二、缩写和简写词的使用在商务英语中，常常使用缩写和简写词以提高沟通效率。
例如，“GDP”（国内生产总值）、“CEO”（首席执行官）、“FYI”（供参考）等。
电子商务英语翻译
电子商务文献翻译班级：电子商务0902姓名：陈正祥学号：090506037STRUCTURE AND MACRO-LEVEL IMPACTS OF ELECT RONIC COMMERCE: FROM TECHNOLOGICAL INFRAST RUCTURE TO ELECTRONIC MARKETPLACES VLADIMIR ZWASS电子商务的结构和宏观影响：从技术层面的基础设施建设到虚拟的电子市场Abstract摘要Electronic commerce (E-commerce) is sharing business information, maintaining busi ness relationships, and conducting business transactions by means of telecommunicati ons networks. Traditional E-commerce, conducted with the use of information technol ogies centering on electronic data interchange (EDI) over proprietary value-added net works, is rapidly moving to the Internet. The InternetWorld Wide Web has become the prime driver of contemporary E-commerce, which has been vastly broadened and red efined by the use of the new medium.通过通讯网络电子商务可以实现分享信息，维护商业关系和进行商业交易的目的。
传统的电子商务在附有专有价值的网络上以电子信息交流为中心使用信息技术，目前正在逐渐向因特网转移。
新版电子商务英语句子翻译
4.你应该了解目标市场的购买习惯和偏好。
You should understand the buying habits and preferencesof yourtarget market.
E-business is aterm used to describebusinessrun on the internet.
3.这方面的电子商务有时候叫做电子采购。
Thisfacetof e-businessis sometimesreferred to ase-procurement.
4.一些电子商务企业运营的时候并没有网络店面。
Somee-business operate withoutan electronic storefront.
5.除了购买和销售产品，电子商务同样也可以处理其他的传统业务。
In addition to buying and selling products, e-businessmayalso handle other traditional businessaspects.
2013版自考电子商务英语
汉译英
Unit1
1.新技术趋于改进专业领域中不同参与者之间的交流。
New technologiestend tomodifycommunication betweenthedifferentplayersactors in the professionalworld.
2.电子商务这一术语用来描述在因特网上运营的企业。
3.需要具备员工招聘、管理、谈判、市场营销和财务管理等方面的商务技能。
电子商务名词解释
电子商务名词解释1.电子商务:E-Commerce应翻译成电子商业，有人将E-Commerce称为狭义的电子商务，将E-Business称为广义的电子商务。
2.信息流:信息是客观世界中各种事物的变化和特征的反映，是客观事物之间相互联系的表征，它包括各种消息、情报、信号、资料等，也包括各类科学技术知识。
信息流是电子商务交易各个主体之间的信息传递与交流的过程。
3.资金流:是指资金的转移过程，包括支付、转账、结算等，资金的加速流动具有财富的创造力，商务活动的经济效益是通过资金的运动来体现的。
4.物流:是指因人们的商品交易行为而形成的物质实体的物理性移动过程，它由一系列具有间和空间效用的经济活动组成，包括包装、存储、装卸、运输、配送等多项基本活动。
5.竞价排名:企业为了促进产品的销售，都希望在B2B网站的信息搜索中将自己的排名靠前，而网站在确保信息准确的基础上，根据会员交费的不同对排名顺序作相应的调整。
6.网络层:是指网络基础设施，即所谓的“信息高速公路”，是实现电子商务的最底层的硬件基础设施，它包括远程通信网（Telecom）、有线电视网（Cable TV）、无线通信网（Wireless）和互联网（Internet)。
7.信息发布与传输层:在网络层提供的信息传输线路上，根据一系列传输协议来发布传输文本、数据、声音、图像、动画、电影等信息。
8.一般商业服务层:一般商业服务层是为了交易而提供的通用业务服务，是所有的企业、个人从事贸易活动时都会用到的服务，所以也称为基础设施。
9.公共政策:是指政府制定的促进电子商务发展的宏观政策，包括互联网络的市场准人管理、内容管理、电信及互联网络收费标准的制定、电子商务的税收政策等。
10.技术标准:是信息发布、传递的基础，是网络上信息一致性的保证。
11.网络安全:首先必须具有一个安全、可靠的通信网络，以保证交易信息安全、迅速地传递;其次必须保证数据库服务器的绝对安全，防止网络黑客闯入盗取信息及传播计算机病毒。
关于网购的初一英语作文带翻译_初中英语作文_
关于网购的初一英语作文带翻译随着经济的发展，网购对我们的生活有着很大的影响，现在很多人都不去实体店买东西了，你对于网购有什么看法呢?写一篇英语描述一下吧。
下面是小编推荐给大家关于网购的英语作文带翻译，供大家参考。
关于网购的英语作文篇一shopping on the Internet,or shopping online,is being more and more popular.More and more people are using the internet to buy somethings.Why do people use the internet to shop?Some people say that it is more convenient.They can just stay at home and shop for anythings that they want at any time,day or night.If you want to buy something on the internet,you need a credit card.You have to type you credit card number and information on the web site and send it to the store over internet.But you should pay attention to because every thing has two point,shopping online has advantages and disadvantages.翻译：网上购物,或在线购物,正越来越受欢迎.越来越多的人在使用互联网购买时间.为什么人们利用互联网来店吗?有些人说它是比较方便.他们只能呆在家里,购买他们想要的任何东西,在任何时间,白天或晚上.如果你想在网上买东西,你需要一张信用卡.您需要输入您的信用卡号码和网上信息,并将其发送到存储在网络.但你要注意,因为每一件事物都有两个点,网上购物有其优点和缺点. 关于网购的英语作文篇二Nowadays， with the ever rapid development and increasing popularity of the information technology ，shopping on the Internet has been a fashion， especially among the youngsters.Online shopping has made our daily life more convenientand comfortable.For example ，shopping on the internet can save students a great deal of time on the way between home and store，so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their academic work.The internet has shorten the distance between manufacturers and consumers and thus we can even buy goods in other countries .On the other hand ，lack of the face to face deal makes online shopping less reliable and trustworthy. What’ s more the delivery will increase the risk of items’ damage.In my opinion， shopping on the internet is an irreversible trend. More and more people will be accustomed to it. It will be much more popular in the near future. And at the same time we should take some measures to make it perfect.翻译：如今，随着不断快速发展和信息技术的日益普及，在互联网上购物一直是一种时尚，尤其是青少年。
工程硕士研究生英语基础教程Unit_2_Future_of_Net_Economy翻译
Future of Net Economy[1] As we have entered the new century, human society is beginning its move from the industrial economy into the knowledge-based economy. In more specific terms, the application of information to the economy is best exemplified in the networking of communication, or the so-called Net economy. This Net refers to the computer network of satellites, optic fibers, cables and telephone lines that connect the whole world. With the click of a mouse, information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your computer screen at the dizzying speed of seven-and-a-half times around the earth per second. Generally, there are two aspects of the Net. One is the networking between businesses and their customers. The other is the networking between individual businesses, or the regional and even global networking between industrial production and scientific research. Internet shopping belongs to the first aspect.[1]当我们步入新世纪的时候，人类社会正开始由工业经济向知识型经济转变。
电子商务专业英语 译文
第1章电子商务概述1.1 引言美国很少有人能够真正地享受到买车过程中的快乐。
虽然一些汽车经销商已经通过引入固定价格和不砍价策略来改善客户的购车经历，但仍有许多的经销商继续采用卖气旺盛的销售办法，使顾客感到筋疲力尽、困惑，甚至担心自己可能在交易中受骗。
1995年，Autobytel公司（Autobytel公司的网址是）开始提供在线购车服务，承诺为购买者提供一个不砍价的购车经历，并为汽车经销商提供一种能够增加新车销售量、降低销售成本的销售渠道。
顾客在购车前会通过互联网或走访当地的经销商来了解汽车的配件和特性，目前大概有超过95%的购车者是通过互联网来了解汽车信息的。
顾客若要享受Autobytel公司的购车服务，需要在该公司的网站上进行注册，并指定自己心仪的汽车的性能指标。
Autobytel提供给购车者他所选择的汽车的约定价格，并把购车者的联系信息转给当地的加盟经销商。
经销商付费给Autobytel以便获得Autobytel只把自己推荐给特定区域顾客的权利。
经销商随后会与顾客进行联系并完成交易。
顾客从快速、没有争论的、直接而且价格明确的购车过程中受益，而经销商则可以从提高销量和不支付佣金给销售员中获利。
Autobytel接收经销商每月缴纳的加盟费，并将网站上的广告位卖给保险公司和金融机构。
Autobytel目前已经与20000家汽车经销商签约。
汽车经销商每年支付给Autobytel 的费用已经超过7千万美元（而且通过卖网站上的广告位和向汽车销售商提供服务，Autobytel每年又可赚取2千万美元）。
在2007年，Autobytel公司和类似于Autobytel的公司在网上的汽车销量已占全美新车销量的30%。
从1995年到2002年，Autobytel经历了快速成长，然后就是销售增长趋缓。
像在电子商务最初的泡沫期成立的其他公司一样，Autobytel不得不转变它的经营重点。
Autobytel从不惜代价追求收入的增长，开始转向仔细的控制成本。
电子商务中英文翻译
工商企业管理二班王建稳12292330051E-commerce is coming of ageThe 21st century are the information time, the tertiary industry unceasingly rise in the various countries' proportion, specially service industry, information service industry becomes for the 21stcentury the leading industries, this has caused the electronic commerce production and the development in the global information is under the influence which the situation drives, the various countries' electronic commerce unceasing improvement and the consummation, the electronic commerce is a focal point which each country and each big company capture. And, along with the whole world electronic commerce swift and violent development, the electronic commerce scale expands day by day, if US in 2000 the electronic commerce amounts to 488.7 billion US dollars, Japanese 31.9 billion US dollars, German 20.6 billion US dollars. Thereupon, the various countries unceasingly opens sends out the form to be diverse, the characteristic each different electronic commerce solution. But, because various countries and some international organization to electronic commerce understanding existence difference, thus the formulation and implementation development electronic commerce policy also has the obvious difference between the country and the country electronic commerce live agent lacks the effective coordinated mechanism to develop slowly, simultaneously a country interior electronic commerce activity also because of lacks the effective policy safeguard to receive the restriction. Therefore, the research discussion electronic commerce present situation and the formulation implementation appropriate electronic commerce policy question extremely is urgent. But in our country, the computer and the network technology popularization and the development, the electronic commerce rapidly rises, the multitudinous information technology enterprise, the venture capital company, the production circulation enterprise develops the electronic commerce in abundance. Looked from national Economical trade committee to more than 630 enterprises' investigations that, at present enterprise in Internet application and development electronic commerce aspect, eastern area enterprise good to middle area, middle is markets. But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time. Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half. Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade. That would represent a massive shift in spending. How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms. There are already signs of change on the high street. The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online. To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge. Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website. But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders. One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer. So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade. But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and product information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow. Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy. This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets. Certain products or services appear more suitable for online sales; others remain more suitable for offline sales. While credit cards are currently the most popular means of paying for online goods and services, alternative online payments will account for 26% of e-commerce volume by 2009 according to Celent. Many successful purely virtual companies deal with digital products, (including information storage, retrieval, and modification), music, movies, office supplies, education, communication, software, photography, and financial transactions. Examples of this type of company include: Google, eBay and Paypal. Other successful marketers such as use Drop shipping or Affiliate marketing techniques to facilitate transactions of tangible goods without maintaining real inventory. Examplesinclude numerous sellers on eBay. Virtual marketers can sell some non-digital products and services successfully. Such products generally have a high value-to-weight ratio, they may involve embarrassing purchases, they may typically go to people in remote locations, and they may have shut-ins as their typical purchasers. Items which can fit through a standard letterbox — such as music CDs, DVDs and books —are particularly suitable for a virtual marketer, and indeed , one of the few enduring dot-com companies, has historically concentrated on this field. Products such as spare parts, both for consumer items like washing machines and for industrial equipment like centrifugal pumps, also seem good candidates for selling online. Retailers often need to order spare parts specially, since they typically do not stock them at consumer outlets -- in such cases, e-commerce solutions in spares do not compete with retail stores, only with other ordering systems. A factor for success in this niche can consist of providing customers with exact, reliable information about which part number their particular version of a product needs, for example by providing parts lists keyed by serial number. Purchases of pornography and of other sex-related products and services fulfill the requirements of both virtuality (or if non-virtual, generally high-value) and potential embarrassment; unsurprisingly, provision of such services has become the most profitable segment of e-commerce. There are also many disadvantages of e-commerce. one of the main ones is fraud. This is where your details (name, bank card number, age, national insurance number) are entered into what look to be a safe site but really it is not. These details can then be used to steal money from you and can be used to buy things on line that you are completely unaware of until it is too late. this information is leaked into the wrong hands. People are able to steal your identity, and commit more fraud crimes under your name. Finally there are many problems with e commerce some of which are: Failure understands customers why they buy and how they buy. Even a product with a sound value proposition can fail if producers and retailers do not understand customer habits, expectations, and motivations. E-commerce could potentially mitigate this potential problem with proactive and focused marketing research, just as traditional retailers may do. Failure consider the competitive situation. One may have the will to construct a viable book e-tailing business model, but lack the capability to compete with Amazon. Inability predicts environmental reaction. What willcompetitors do? Will they introduce competitive brands or competitive web sites? Will they supplement their service offerings? Will they try to sabotage a competitor's site? Will price warsbreak out? What will the government do? Research into competitors, industries and markets may mitigate some consequences here, just as in non-electronic commerce. Over-estimation of resource competence. Can staff, hardware, software, and processes handle the proposed strategy? Have e-tales failed to develop employee and management skills? These issues may call for thorough resource planning and employee training. Products less suitable for e-commerce include products that have a low value-to-weight ratio, products that have a smell, taste, or touch component, products that need trial fittings —most notably clothing —and products where color integrity appears important. Nonetheless, has had success delivering groceries in the UK, albeit that many of its goods are of a generic quality, and clothing sold through the internet is big business in the U.S. Also, the recycling program Cheapcycle sells goods over the internet, but avoids the low value-to-weight ratio problem by creating different groups for various regions, so that shipping costs remain low.译文：电子商务是时代的到来21世纪是信息时代，第三产业不断上升，在各国的比重，特别是服务业，信息服务业成为，21世纪的主导产业，这导致了电子商务的产生和发展，在全球信息该驱动器的情况的影响下，各国的电子商务不断的改进和完善，电子商务是每一个国家和每一个大公司捕捉的焦点。
电子商务外文文献
电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。
在这个日益数字化的时代，电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。
本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状，探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。
The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响：外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及，电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。
2013新版电子商务英语单词翻译
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代码，密码cofounder共同创办人创始人consciousness意识；知觉；觉悟campaign运动；活动竞选coherent连贯的，一致的相干consequence结果；重要性capability才能，能力；性能collaborative合作的，协作的considerably相当地；非常地capital首都，省会；资本collective集团；集合体consideration考虑；原因；关心casual便装；临时工人休闲的combination结合；组合consist组成；在于catalog目录；登记commence使……开始；使consistency一致性；稠度catch捕捉；捕获物commission委员会；佣金consistently一贯地；一致地；坚catchy引人注意的；容易记住的commitment承诺，保证；委托constantly不断地；时常地categorize分类commodity 商品，货物consumer消费者；用户category种类，分类communal公共的；公社的consumption消费；消耗；cement 水泥；接合剂compelling引人注目的；强制的continent大陆，洲，陆地certificate证书；执照，文凭competition竞争；比赛，竞赛contour轮廓；等高线certification证明，保证；检定competitor竞争者，对手contractor承包人；立契约者certify证明；保证complacent自满的；得意的；满controversy争论；论战；辩论channel通道；频道；海峡complement补语；余角；补充conventional传统的；常见的charge费用；电荷complexity复杂，复杂性convergence收敛；会聚，集合chargeback退款；退单拒付compliance顺从，合规；承诺convert转换chase追逐；追赶component 成分；组件converter整流器；转化器checklist清单；检查表computer-facilitated计算机促进convince说服；使确信coordinate调整；整合协调courtroom法庭cover封面，封皮；盖子crash撞碎；坠毁崩溃create创造，创作creatively 创造性地credibility可信性；信誉credible可靠的，可信的credit 信用，信誉；贷款critical 鉴定的关键crucial重要的cryptography密码学currency货币current趋势；涌流电流customer 顾客customer-oriented顾客导向customize定做coordination协调，调和；对等corporation公司corresponding相当的，相应的costly昂贵的counsel法律顾问；忠告countermeasure对策；反措施detect察觉；发现检测dive潜水；跳水detection侦查，探测diverse不同的；多种多样的determine确定；决定document文档devalue使贬值；documentation文件, 证明文件device装置；策略domain领域；域名devise设计domestic国内的differentiate区分，区别dominant显性的主导differentiation变异，分化draft草稿草案diffusion扩散，传播dramatically引人注目地digitizable 可以数字化的dumb哑的dimension维；尺寸duplicate复制重复director 主任，主管；导演dynamic动态；动力directory目录；工商名录disable使失去能力禁用disadvantage缺点；不利条件disclaimer免责声明dazzle耀眼的光；灿烂disclosure披露；揭发debit借方discounter折扣商店decade十年，十年期disparity 不同；不一致decisive果断的dispense分配，分发免除decrease 减少dispenser药剂师；分配者分配器defame诽谤；中伤display显示；炫耀deploy部署distinctly明显地；无疑地denial否认；拒绝distinct明显的；独特的demonstrate证明；展示演示disseminate宣传，传播deliver交付；发表disruption破坏，毁坏中断despite尽管，不管distributor经销商；批发商deployment调度，部署distinguish区别，区分description描述，描写distribute分配；散布define定义；使明确dispute辩论；争吵纠纷definitely清楚地，当然绝对disrupt破坏；使瓦解encryption加密；加密术encompass包含；包围exponentially成倍exposure暴露；曝光extension扩大；伸展延长external外部；外观；外面extract提取；取出extreme极端；末端；最大程度efficacy功效，效力efficient有效率的electronically电子地eliminate消除；排除exploit开发利用evaporate使……蒸发embed 使嵌入evaluate评价；估价essence实质；精华equation方程式，等式方程embrace 拥抱employee从业员工empowerment许可，授权enactment制定，颁布effective有效的，起作用的endeavor努力；尽力enforceable可实施的；可强行的；enforceability可执行性；强制性engage从事；答应参与enhance提高；加强ensure保证，确保enterprise企业；事业entire全部的，整个的entity实体；存在entrant进入者竞争者entrepreneur企业家entrepreneurial创业者的entrust委托，信托e-procurement电子采购essential本质；要素；要点essentially 本质上eventually最后，终于exceed超过；胜过exclusively唯一地；专有地execute实行；执行execution执行，实行executive总经理；执行委员会expand扩张；使膨胀扩大expediently方便地；得当地expendable消耗品expertise专门知识；专门技术font字体；字形formulate规划制定forum论坛，讨论会found找到发现framework框架，骨架fraud欺骗；骗子fraudulent欺骗性的；不正的freebie免费的东西facet面；方面fulfill履行；实现facility设施；设备fulfillment履行；实行fairness 公平；美好full-time专职的；全日制的favorable有利的；良好的functionality功能feasibility可行性；可能性fundamentally根本地，从根本上feature特色，特征fundamentals基本面；基本原理federation联合；联邦；联盟fee 费用；酬金feedback反馈；成果fiancee未婚妻financial金融的；财政的fierce凶猛的；猛烈的figure数字；人物；图形；价格filename文件名firewall 防火墙fishhook鱼钩；钓钩fit使……适应flashy闪光的浮华的flex屈曲折曲flexibility灵活性；弹性flier飞行员传单focal焦点的focus 焦点；中心gap间隙；缺口差距gateway网关gender性别generate使形成；发生generic 类的；通用的geographic地理的giant巨人；伟人gift 礼物global全球的goodwill商誉；友好gradient 梯度；坡度graphic形象的；图表的graphics制图学；制图法gravitate受引力作用；被吸引grocery食品杂货店guarantee保证；担保habit习惯，习性hack 黑客hacker电脑黑客handle 手感; 手柄;操作handy 方便的; 手边的harm损害; 伤害havoc大破坏，浩劫height高度，海拔;hesitate犹豫，踌躇histogram柱状图;horde一大群; 游牧部落horizontal水平的，卧式的host主机; 主人index索引指示interface界面接口individual个人的; 独特的intermediary中间人的; 调解的inevitable不可避免的; 必然发生的internal国内的; 内部的infect使受影响，感染intervention介入，干涉infection传染，感染intruder闯入者，侵入者infographic信息图invade侵入，侵略infrastructure基础设施; 基础建设inventory存货清单; 财产目录infringe违反（规章等）investor投资者; 出资者inherently天性地，固有地invoice 发票; 发货单in-house 机构内部的involve包含; 使参与identification鉴定，识别initiative主动性; 主动精神; irrelevant不相干的; 不恰当;identify识别，认出;innovation改革，创新irritation 刺激; 激怒，恼怒identity身份; [逻]同一性innovative 革新的; 创新的人深刻印象的image影像; 肖像;input 输入，投入imaginative富于想像力的，运用想像力的insert插入; 嵌入imitation模仿，仿效;Install安装; 安顿immune免疫的; 有免疫力的installment部分; 分期付款impact碰撞，冲击Instance例子，实例;impetus动力; 促进;Institute 研究所协会学院implement实施，执行insure保证; 确保implementation成就; 贯彻intangible触不到的; 难以理解的import进口，进口商品integrate使一体化; 使整合impose强加; 征税integrated完整的; 整体的; 结合的impractical不切实际的; 无用的; integration结合; 整合;imprecise不精确的，不确定的integrity正直，诚实; 完整impregnable攻不破的，坚不可摧的intend意欲，计划inadvertent不经意的，出于无心的; intense热情的，强烈的inclusion包含; 内含物intentionally有意地，故意地; increasingly越来越多地; 日益interaction一起活动; 合作incredible不可思议的; 惊人的interactive互相作用的，相互影响in-depth深入的，彻底的interchangeably可交换地，可交替地jaw-dropping指极度令人惊讶的，给jurisdiction司法权; 管辖权know-how诀窍; 实际知识;lag走得极慢，落后laptop便携式电脑;laser激光; 激光器launch发射; [计算机]开始laurels荣誉，胜利lawn草地，草坪legally法律上，合法地legend传说; 传奇人物legislative立法的; 立法决定的legitimate合法的，合理的; lengthy长的，漫长的; leverage杠杆作用; 优势liability责任; 倾向; 债务lifeline救生索; 生命线lifestyle生活方式;likelihood可能，可能性limitation限制; 局限linguistic语言的; 语言学的; listing列表; 名单literally逐字地; 照字面地litigation打官司; 诉讼;load 负荷; 负担local 地方的; 当地的localize使局部化; 使具地方色彩location位置，场所; 定位logistical后勤logistics后勤; 逻辑logon 登录上网; 注册lump块，团; 肿块mechanism机制，机能mechanize使机械化memo备忘录merchandise商品; 货物metalanguage语言分析用的语言; metaphysical 超自然的; 抽象的milestone里程碑; 划时代事件; minimal最小的，极少的minimize把…减至最低miserably痛苦地; 悲惨地; misjudge对…判断错误mission代表团; 使命misuse使用…不当;maintain保持，维持; 保养mobile移动的maintenance维持，保持; 保养mode方式; 状况major 主要的; 重要的modem调制解调器majority多数; （获胜的）modest谦虚的，谦逊的malfunction 故障，功能障碍; 失灵; monitor显示屏，屏幕malicious恶意的；恶毒的motive动机，目的；主题management管理；管理人员mower割草机；割草的人managerial管理的；经理的multilingual使用多种语言的人mandate授权；命令，指令multiplayer多人游戏；多玩家mandatory强制的；托管的multiple多重的；多样的多个的maniac疯子，躁狂者myth神话；虚构的人manual手册，指南manually手动地；用手marketing行销，销售mass众多；质量massive 大量的；巨大的mature成熟的maximise把…增加到最大限度最大化neural神经的；神经系统的node节点；瘤nonetheless尽管如此，但是non-repudiation不可否认性；不可抵赖normally正常地；通常地notable值得注意的; 显著的;notably显著地numerous很多的，许多的niche合适的职业利基negotiation谈判；转让object物体; 目标occasionally偶尔，间或occurrence发生，出现offer提供，给予;offline 离线的One-Click按一下鼠标就可进入画面的online联线; 在线operational即可使用的operator经营者操作员opt选择，挑选;optimization最佳化，最优化optimize使最优化optimum最适宜的;option选择选项organic有机（体）的; 有组织的orientation方向；定向origin起源；原点outbreak爆发outcome结果，结局outline轮廓；大纲outright完全的，彻底的outset开始；开端outsource把…外包overall全部的；全体的overcome克服；胜过overdo把…做得过分过度overlook忽视；眺望overnight头天晚上隔夜overtake赶上超越overuse过度使用overwhelm 压倒；淹没overwhelmingly压倒性地；不可抵抗地possess拥有，具备prompt提示；付款期限poster-child齐proof证明；证据posting过帐；委派propose建议；求婚提出potential潜能；可能性proposition 建议pack包装prefer更喜欢proprietary所有权；所有人package包，包裹paltry不足取的微不足道的presence存在；出席prospective预期；展望paradigm范例prevent预防，防止prosperity 繁荣，成功paradox悖论，反论pricing 定价protocol协议；草案parallel 平行线；对比primarily 首先；主要地prototype原型；标准paramount最高统治者primary 原色；最主要者provision规定；条款participant参与者；关系者principal主要的；资本的purchase购买；紧握particulars细节；详情principally主要地；大部分pure纯的；纯粹的party政党，党派privacy隐私；秘密patent 专利权；执照private私人的；私有的path道路；小路proactive积极主动的payment 付款probabilistic概率性的peer 贵族；同等的人对等procedure程序，手续；penetration渗透；突破processor处理器；处理程序perceive察觉，感觉productivity生产力；生产率percentage百分比；百分率professional专业人员perspective观点；远景角度professionalism专业主义专业性pertinent相关的，相干的profile侧面；轮廓pervasiveness广泛性；普遍性profitability赢利能力；收益性plagiarism剽窃；剽窃物profitable 有利可图的盈利的plain平原；无格式programmatically以编程方式preference偏爱，倾向prospect前途；预期前景platform平台；月台，prohibit 阻止，禁止pointer指针；指示器prominence 突出；显著pop流行的；通俗的prominent 突出的，显著的popup弹出；弹跳装置promote促进；提升portal 大门，入口promotional促销的；增进的quell平息；镇压query疑问，质问查询radical基础；激进分子range范围；幅度ranking等级；地位rate比率，率recommend推荐，介绍recover 恢复；弥补recruitment 招聘recur复发；重现redefine重新定义reference参考，参照reflect反映；反射refresh更新；使……恢复refund退款；偿还regime政权，政体registration登记；注册regulate调节，规定regulatory管理的；控制的retrieval检索；恢复reject拒绝；排斥retrieve 检索relay继电器return 返回；报答release 释放；发布revenue税收，国家的收入relevant有关的；中肯的revise修订；校订reliable 可靠的人risk风险；危险reliance信赖；信心rival对手；竞争者religiously 宗教rely 依靠；信赖remain 保持；依然remotely 遥远地远程render打底渲染rep 代表repeatedly 反复地replacement更换；复位替换replicate复制品representative 代表；典型reputation名声，名誉resemble类似，像reservation 预约，预订reside住，居住residual剩余；残渣resolve解决；决心restore 恢复；还原restrict 限制；约束restructure调整；重建retail零售retailer零售商retain保持保留retention保留；扣留showcase 展示shrink 收缩signature署名；签名similarity类似；相似点site 站点网站situate使位于slumber睡眠sabotage 破坏socket 插座safeguard 保障solely单独地，唯一地saturation 饱和；色饱和度solution解决方案saving 节约；挽救；存款sophistication复杂成熟savvy 悟性；理解能力精明spam垃圾邮件scale规模；比例specialize专门从事专门化scan扫描specific特性；细节scary可怕的；恐怖的specification规格；说明书scenario 方案；情节sprawling 庞大的schedule时间表；计划表sprinkle撒，洒；少量seamlessly无缝地staff职员；参谋secure安全的standard标准；水准security安全；保证；standby备用品segment段；部分standout杰出的；出色的select挑选；选拔start-up 启动semantic 语义的status状态semantics语义学steer控制，引导sensitive敏感的；stock股份，股票sensitivity敏感；敏感性storefront店面；店头setback挫折；退步strategic战略上的，战略的severely严重地；严格地strategically战略性地；战略shift 移动；变化转变strategy战略，策略ship 船；舰；subcategory子范畴；亚类subscription捐献；订阅subsequent 后续subset 子集subsidiary子公司；辅助者substantive有实质的；大量的substitute代用品；代替者sufficient足够的；充分的suite 套房套件summary概要，摘要，总结supercenter大商店区superior较高的;较好的supervisory监督的; 管理的; supplement增刊supportive支持的，拥护的surfer冲浪运动员;survive幸存，活下来susceptible可能swap交换; 交换物symbolic象征的，象征性的synergy协同，配合synonym同义词;systematic有系统的，有规则systemic系统的;textual本文的texture质地；纹理theft盗窃time-consuming耗时的time-intensive密集耗时tip 提示顶端tiresome烦人的，无聊的toll-free 免费totally完全地trace跟踪，追踪track 小路，痕迹，踪迹; trademark（注册）商标trade-off交易; 权衡traffic交通，运输量transaction交易，业务transfer使转移; 使调动transparent透明的; 含义清楚的trend走向; 趋向trial试验; [法]审讯trigger扳机; 起动装置触发引起troublesome令人讨厌的; 令人烦恼的tub澡盆; 桶;tune曲调，曲子tag加标签于标签tandem两匹串联tangible可触知的; 确实的tap开发龙头阀门target对象; 目标technician技术人员template样板; 模板terminal末期的; 晚期的终端ultramodern超现代化的; unauthorized未经授权的未经许可的unavailable不可用的，其中uncertainty无把握，不确定underestimate低估; 对…估计不足unfortunately不幸地，遗憾地unique唯一的，仅有的universal普遍的，一般的; 通用的unlikely不太可能的unreachable不能得到的unsettling使人不安的unsolicited主动提供的unstructured无社会组织的非结构unsubscribe取消订阅退订update更新；现代化upfront预付的；在前面的前期的upload上传up-to-date现代的，最新的user-friendly用户界面友好的utilize利用，使用valid有效的; 有法律效力的validate使合法化variable变化的，可变的variation变化，变动variety多样; 种类;various各种各样的; 多方面的vary变化; 不同vendor摊贩，小贩venture风险venue犯罪地点verbal词语的; 言语的verge边，边缘边界vertical垂直的，竖立的via经过; 通过viable切实可行的viral病毒的virtual实质上的虚拟的virus病毒;visible看得见的; 明显的vision视力，视觉vital维持生命所必需的vividly生动地; 逼真地volume大量; 体积; 音量vulnerability弱点，攻击vulnerable易受攻击的; 易受伤的withdraw撤走; 拿走withdrawal移开; 撤回woo求爱，求婚workflow工作流程;worthwhile值得做的; 值得花时间的wrapping包装材料; 包装纸walk走; 步行; 散步wreak施行报复，惩罚warehouse仓库wunderkind少年得志者，有巨大成就的青年人warehousing仓库费，入仓库wholesale批发zone地带; 区域。
电子商务翻译
电子商务翻译Benefits &Impacts of E-commerceFew innovations in human history encompass as many potential benefits as E-commerce does to organizations, individuals, and society. These benefits are just starting to materialize, but they will increase significantly as E-commerce expands. It is not surprising that some maintain that the EC revolutions is just “as profound as the change that came with in the industrial revolution”(Clinton a nd Gore 1997).Electronic commerce expands the marketplace to national and international markets. With minimal capital outlay, a company can easily and quickly locates more customers, the best suppliers, and the most suitable business partners worldwide.Electronic commerce decreases the cost of creating, processing, distributing, storing, and retrieving paper-based information. It reduces the time between the outlay of capital and the receipt of products and services. EC can lowers telecommunications cost—the Internet is much cheaper than V ANS. For example, by introducing an electronic procurement system, companies can cut the purchasing administrative costs by as much as 85 percent.Electronic commerce allows reduced inventories and overheads by facilitating pull-type supply chain management. In a pull-type system the process starts from customer orders and uses just-in-time manufacturing.E-commerce brings about improved image, improved customer service, newfound business partners, simplified processes,compressed time, increased productivity, eliminating paper, expediting access to information, reduced transportationcosts, and increased flexibility.Electronic commerce enables customers to shop or do other transactions 24 hours a day, all year round, from almost any location. It provides customers with more choices; they can select from many vendors and from more products.E-commerce is perceived not as a product, but rather as an agent thant will transform the every way product and service is created and sold. It completely changes the rules of business processes and benefits expected throughout the economy.1、Reduced per Transaction Cost versus Other ChannelsAlthough establishing and maintaining a Web site on the Internet has costs of its own, the price of using the Web versus other sales channels is substantially reduced. As an advertising medium, promotion using a Web site results in the sale of ten times the number of units with one-tenth of the advertising budget.Colorful, graphical and distributing printed materials. If specialty hot-sauce vendor Hot Hot Hot printed catalogs for its products rather than offering them on the Web, the Company estimates its costs would skyrocket from the current $100 PER MONTH TO $500 000 per month. AMP International of H ARRISBURG, Pennsylvania, once printed its catalogs at a cost of $8 million. By putting its stock of 70 000 items on the Web, such costs have been greatly reduced and sales have increased. Furthermore, the specially designed Web site makes it easier for the customer to pinpoint desired equipment parts then the paper catalog ever did.Producing and mailing one technical information packet costs the Global Energy Network International an estimated $25. The cost for distributing the same information over the Web ismarginal and does not increase as more people access it.The Web can reduce the call volume and cost for providing effective customer support. For example, Federal Express's Web site enables customers to track their own packages at a cost to the company of $0.1 per inquiry. When live operators handle these inquires over toll-free telephone lines, each call costs Federal Express $7. There is no question that doing business over the Web is costeffective.2、Full-Time BusinessBecause of differences in time zones, coordinating international business negotiations can be highly inconvenient.Providing support and service 24 hours per day, seven days per week is expensive. However,Web sites, unlike salespeople, are always online. Users can find the answers to their questions any day of the year and can E-mail inquires if the Web site does not answer their questions.In addition ,prospects that are unaware of the company's existence can find it online because Web sites can be indexed by Internet searchengines under a variety of keywords. A web site becomes the company's permanent home base, an information resource continually available to the world.Allowing customers to transact business at their convenience can result in increased sales. Expro, a company that supplies parts to oil companies, set up a Web site enabling engineers from Shell Oil on a tanker in the North Sea to immediately place orders on the Web, rather than waiting to return onshore. The engineers admit that they do, in fact, place more orders because they can place orders when they are facing the need for the product.An online store can afford to be open at all times of the day and every day of the year. Few real world stores can justify suchan arrangement.3、Physical Infrastructure is OptionalExisting businesses can create Web sites as an additional sales channel, but the Web also opens the possibilities for new types of enterprises that have no real-world counterparts. In the most virtual of cases, a store can have no inventory and square footage to maintain.If the product itself is sold online, as is the case with information, entertainment or software, warehouses and the like are completely superfluous. The entire sales cycle—from research to order to payment to delivery—occurs online.Even stores with retail outlets find that their Web-based stores do not face the same shelf space limitations real-world stores do. No restrictions exist on the number of items an online store can carry.Online stores can be more flexible about the products they carry and how they price those products. RCS Net, a Manhattan computer retailer, often changes its prices every day or even more than once per day. In short, online retailers can garner a broader audience, and carry more products. These stores represent the ultimate in flexibility. However, such store must offer a generous return policy because customers cannot physically examine products.A Virtual StoreE-commerce includes any business transacted electronically ,whether the transaction occurs between two business partners or a business and its customers .Electronic data interchange(EDI),which has to-date been implemented almost exclusively by larger businesses that can afford the necessary initial investment ,is reaching smaller organizations astransactions occur more frequently over the Internet .Companies are posing electronic storefronts on the World Wide Web and garnering worldwide customers .These online businesses may represent a new sales channel for the company or may be completely virtualized ,holding no inventory . From 1995 to2000, we have witnessed many innovative applications ranging from advertisement to auctions and virtual reality experience .Almost every medium and large-sized organization in the United States already has a web site .Many are very extensive ;for example, in 1998 General Motors Corporation offered 18000 pages of information that included 9800 links to its products,services,and dealers.1、Advantages of Virtual StoreGenerally, the benefits of operating a virtual storefront fall into several areas of business strategy.A company's distribution channels can become expanded with the presence of a virtual storefront, which in turn can transfer more power to direct marketing, which is the most targeted communications vehicle. This capacity allows the company to choose what is to be the purpose of the Web site:online sales, online advertising, online customer service, or other sales or communications activities. Using the Web as new distribution channel will require a strategic review of the company's other distribution channels to streamline the direct marketing function. Many times the type of merchandise, the direct marketing function. Many times the type of merchandise, such as dry goods or service, will influence the integration of the Web into the promotional and distribution strategy.With a virtual presence, capital expenditure is much less in starting consumer-directed or business-to business-directedmarketing programas. The capital expenditure to open electronic storefront is much less than opening a tangible store(real estate and structures); this factor should reduce the amount to borrow, which is probably earmarked for electronic equipment, ISP server, and necessary software to support the virtual storefront.There is much more flexibility in providing a base for operations to support thevirtual store. The flexibility is such that an entrepreneur could maintain sales and service from any location. The Web site can operate twenty-four hours every day, and this capability is valuable for those firms that market overseas. Whether the staff is actual people or an automated system, the customer is relieved in having her order acknowledged.To expand the firm's credentials and qualifications, the retail Web site can dispense marketing or sales materials automatically on request. Sales brochures can be obtained by prospects(as well as competitiors) through a Web presence, and with the proliferation of color printers, sales brochures retrieved from the Web are as attractive as the printed sales piece. As stated before, these sales materials are available to download and print twenty-four a day.Producing a first-class Web site will enhance the virtual presence of the company using the promotional mix elements. With the advent of the color, sound, movement, and selectivity of the Web, other promotional tools can be incorporated to the page design or as a banner on a search engine home page.The opportunity to test new products or services may be one of the biggest advantages of the Web. This interactive ability can also be employed into sampling new product or service concepts among existing customer bases. It is a great way to get feedbackon customer opinions for future use. New tools are available almost daily and integrated into Web sites for customer evaluation and convenience. Land's End Inc. is adding a feature to its Web site that will allow shoppers to see what clothes will look like on their bodies. The feature, called Your Personal Model, enables a user to select hair color, height, and shoulder width, waist and hip size to match her body.The technology then combines those features to form a three-dimensional virtual body. The site then selects clothes to suit that body type, and a shopper can click on items to see them on the model. The technology allows for fifteen different feature combinations.Many marketers are eager to sell internationally with minimal electronic sales support.There are many marketing issues to be considered in addition to the operational and financial issues in selling and delivering the product or service abroad.A good place to ask these business questions is in a discussion environment. Discussion groups' members range all over the globe, so with the proper no borders product, an effective marketing program could tap selected test markets. The reach of the Web is international, so with language-correct packaging and close scrutiny toaccommodate the countries' legal restrictions, usage patterns, and consumers' values, the marketer can sell throughout the world at an amazingly low communications cost.2、Building the Cyberstore's AwarenessEmpathy for the cutomer's wants and desires is one of the key ingredients for storefront success. This quest to satisfy a customer segment is no different from attracting buyers to a real store filled with desirable merchandise. The marketer develops a merchandising strategy from prospect input. The major concernsthat the marketer must manipulate are matching corporate strategy, content of the site, graphics and text appearance, and site security for customer ordering and privacy. These strategic and tactical issues should be constant regardless if the site is a singular address or part of a cybermall.Minding the corporate or division objectives should be stated in the corporate marketing plan;these objectives might be dictated as generating 60 percent sales and profits from the young adult novels. Specific objectives, which are usually expressed numerically as a sales volume or percentage return on investment or asset,will depend on the environmental or competitive forces facing the company as a whole or the division in particular.3、The Best AdviceThe marketers as the merchant should investigate the pitfalls before he begins to extol the potentials of E-commerce and become blinded by its advantages.The suspicious marketer will perform much better than the casual or misinformed one because there are many details to address that unorganized, sloppy managers may skip. To avoid commerce overconfidence, the general strategy of setting up commercial units by function should not be any different for E-commerce activities. Traditional organizational responsibilities for establishing financial affaires, production concerns, and marketing actions should be determined in the same manner for virtual commerce companies. After all, the same series of steps should be undertaken as running a real business.Balancing the commercial functions is critical. For example, if the marketing department over-prices the merchandise, sales will slow and may affect cash flow, which in turn destabilizes finances.With slowing sales, the operations/manufacturing function also slows, and maximum utilization of resources is lost. An important axiom to follow, regardless of electronic or tangible commerce operations, is that the business should perform on time, one specification, and on budget. Relationships arecemented when the merchant delivers these qualities to a customer or when a supplier produces the same to a commercial enterprise.电子商务的优点和影响电子商务可能给企业、个人和社会带来巨大的益处，这几乎是人类历史上任何一次革命都无法比拟的。
电子商务网络术语大全
网络术语大全IT是什么意思？IT是指信息技术，即英文Information Technology 的缩写.BT是什么意思?BT是一种P2P共享软件，全名叫"BitTorrent",中文全称:"比特流"又名"变态下载",论坛中说某BT,则是"变态"的意思.DIY是什么意思?DIY是每个电脑爱好者熟悉的新名词，是英文Do It Yourself的首字母缩写,自己动手制作的意思,硬件爱好者也被俗称DIYer.OEM是什么意思?OEM是英文Original Equipment Manufacturer的缩写，意思是原设备制造商。
BBS是什么意思?BBS是英文Bulletin Board System的缩写，中文意思是电子公告板系统，现在国内统称做论坛。
XP是什么意思?XP，是英文Experience（体验）的缩写, 自从微软发布windows XP后,成为软件流行命名概念.ZT是什么意思?论坛上常见文章标有zt字样,新手不知所云,其实不过是"转帖"的拼音缩写而已.PS是什么意思?在网上,常用软件一般都用缩写代替photoshop简称ps,DreamWeaver简称dw,等等..ID是什么意思？ID是英文IDentity的缩写,ID是身份标识号码的意思.MSN是什么意思?MSN 即MICROSOFT NETWORK, 是微软公司的一个门户站点. MSN作为互联网上最受欢迎的一个门户, 具备了为用户提供了在线调查、浏览和购买各种产品和服务的能力.DJ是什么意思?DJ是DISCO JOCIKEY(唱片骑士)的英文缩写,以DISCO为主,DJ这两个字现在已经代表了最新、最劲、最毒、最HIGH的Muisc。
URL是什么意思?URL是英文Uniform Resoure Locator的缩写,即统一资源定位器,它是WWW网页的地址,如CEO是什么意思?CEO(Chief Executive Officer)，即首席执行官，源自美国20世纪60年代进行公司治理结构改革创新时.OVA是什么意思?OVA是英文录象带的缩写.VIP什么意思?VIP是英文Very Important Person的缩写,就是贵宾的意思。
新视野大学英语第三版第四册读写教程翻译
第一单元The Doctri ne of the Mean is the core ofConfuc ianis m. The so-called “mean” by Confuc iusdoesn’t mean “compro mise” but a “modera te”and “just-right” way when unders tandi ng andhandli ng object ive things. Confuc ius advoca tedthat this though t should not only be treate d as away to unders tandand deal with things but alsobe integr atedi nto one’s dailyconduc t to makeit a virtue throug h self-cultiv ation and traini ng.The Doctri ne of the Mean is not only the core ofConfuc ianis m but also an import ant compon entof tradit ional Chines e cultur e. From the time itcame into beingto the presen t, it has played aninvalu ablerole in the constr uctio n of nation alspirit, the transm issio n of nation al wisdom, and the develo pment of nation al cultur e.中庸思想是儒家思想的重要内容。
自考-电子商务英语-语句翻译大全
自考-电子商务英语-语句翻译大全1.他已成为各种贸易和商务的强有力的手段It hasbecome a powerful medium and businesstransactions of all kinds2.电子贸易指网上财务往来电子商务则指有形式的网上交易E-commerce refers to financial transactionsover the Web and e-business refers to all formsof transactions over the Wed3.客户服务已经是并将继续是一个主要的竞争因素Customer service has been and continues to be amajor competitive factor4.电子商务的交易通常涉及几个互动的步骤E-businesstransactions often involve several interactivesteps5.那将给你以极大的竞争优势That will give you aserious advantage over your competition6.当你的公司电子商务化后，你与客户之间的关系就改变了When you become an e-business you transformyour relationship with your customers7.客户关系管理在你的商务程序中起决定作用Your mostcritical business process is customerrelationship management8.我们必须尽最大可能的利用我们已有的资源We mustmake the best possible use of the resources we have 9.男孩子们依次被召入会见考官The boys were summonedin turn to see the examiner10.他做一切事情都不考虑后果He does everythingregardless of the consequences11.这部分我们讨论企业的产品和服务以及行业和因特网的信息In this section we discuss the firm’sproduct or service along with information aboutthe industry and internet12.客户将能够舒舒服服的在家里享用信息，产品和服务Customers will be able to consume informationproduct and service from the comfort of the homes 13.在因特网上可以直接得到信息产品和服务，这就省掉了中间商，还会引起经济萎缩The internet allowsdirect access to information product and servicewhich cuts out middlemen and causes economicdeflation14.投资于该计划的机构在审核该商务计划时会有兴趣了解公司任何在竞争中取胜Institutions financingthe project which going through the business planwill be very interested in knowing how the companyis going to beat the competition15.该计划应对如何达到目标市场做出描述The planshould describe how the target markets are to bereached16.如果产品是在因特网上提供的无形信息就应该创造某种定价模式来调节价格If the product is intangibleinformation delivered over the internet oneshould try to create some sort of pricing modelto justify its prices17.网站最初将包含哪些特点及未来的扩展计划是怎样的What features will be incorporated in the siteinitially and what are the plans for futureenhancement or expansion18.你必须有计划的安排这些步骤以便将你的提议变成现实You must lay out the steps to make your proposala reality19.务必打个电话让我们知道你已安全的回家Be sure toring and let us know you’ve got back safely 20.这家旅馆可以为80位客人提供住宿，此外还有几个可供客人自己开火的套间The hotel itself canaccommodate 80 guests and in addition there areseveral self-catering apartments21.需要12个月来实施的战略也不可能成功 A strategythat requires more than 12 months to execute isalso unlikely to succeed22.当一个企业准备建立电子商务时他应该考虑清楚实现其战略目标的其他可选择的途径When preparing toestablish an e-business presence enterprisesshould explicitly consider alternative ways toattain the strategic objectives23.我们要在出发前把一切规划好We should geteverything planned out before our departure 24.正如把电子商务战略融入整体电子商务战略中是重要的一样，把商务评价系统融入进来也同样重要Just asit is important to integrate the e-businessstrategy into the overall business strategy it isequally important to integrate business model25.那样，最好的途径可能是开发新的潜能，改善现存的商业过程去实施新的商业模式In such instances thebest approach may be to build new capabilities andtransform existing business processes toimplement a new business model 26.评价一个人要充分考虑他的成绩We should take fullaccount of his achievements while evaluatingsomeone27.有时可以创立一个内在电子商务单位，然后把这单位分割出去成为独立的法人In some cases it may bedesirable to create an internal e-business unitand then spin off the unit as a separate legalentity28.这一前景理论上可行但实际上吹嘘过度Whilepossible in theory the promise was clearlyoversold29.这当然是重要的，但是董事会层面却远远不能理解While that is certainly important theunderstanding needed at the board level goes wellbeyond that30.为了获得市场份额，他们必须竭尽全力To gain marketshare they will go to great lengths31.然而，他解释说，设立两种对立的定价系统在某些时候可能导致不良企图的滋生However he explains thatsetting up two separate pricing systems is likelyto generate ill will at some point32.守住承诺适用于客服务过程的每一步Followingthrough on your promises applies to every step ofthe customer-service process33.这就解释了顾客通过同类比较发现的任何差别Thiswill account for any differential a customeruncovers using an apples-to-apples comparison 34.我们要事先准备所有申请材料We must have all theapplication materials prepared in advance35.你需要确定顾客需要你的某种产品的原因和你的电脑怎样才能满足那种需求You need to identify why yourcustomer needs your specific computer and how yourcomputer meets that need36.在商业中，客户服务对于其成长和繁荣至关重要In any business customer service is vital to growth and prosperity37.网络让你们建立起确实的一对一的动态关系The internet permits you to build a dynamicrelationships that are really one on one38.它确实需要你重新思考你的整个经营方式和管理企业的策略It really involves rethinking the entireway you do business and how you run your organization39.钱本身并不重要，重要的是钱的用途Money is not the end in itself but the application of it is mostimportant40.一旦有人跟你联系就要回应Once you’re contactedbe responsive41.一开始，这个公司没有管理和业务计划，到现在为止一切进展顺利At the outset the company had no management and operations plan in place and things have worked out just fine so far42.我们在销售厂家的婴儿产品的同时也提供生活方式和健康方面的信息We provide lifestyle andhealthcare information along with baby productsthat we sell for manufacturers43.这家公司预期1999年实现每月50%的增长The company expected a mouth-to-month growth rate of 50 percent 199944.预测存货需求最初对这个公司来说是件棘手的事情，但公司仅仅用了几个月时间就在网上找到了销售和存货的感觉Predicting inventory needs was tricky forthe company at first though it only took it a fewmonths online to develop a sense of sales and inventory45.现在，这家公司在刚刚建立自己的网站之后，正在寻求在其他玩具制造商曾经失败过的网上玩具商务中取得成功Now with its newly launched Wed site the company ia looking to succeed in the online toy business where others have failed46.网络圣杯是导致实际良好利润的专利内容The Holy Grail on the internet is proprietary content that leads to really good margins47.在求学的道路上，我们准备克服很多的困难On the way of study we must be ready to grapple with many difficulties48.至于在竞争中保持领先地位的问题，我们公司以产品挑选余地大和有两的服务和信息而引人注意When it comes to staying ahead of the competition our company distinguishes itself through a broad product selection and excellent service and information49.网络是一个及时的媒体，它让人为之兴奋，因为他迫使我们保证尽快送货The internet is a very timely medium which is exciting because it puts pressureon us to make sure we’re delivering as quicklyas possible50.我们必须想办法进入敌人的电脑获得情报We have to manage to get access to engmy’s computer and then get the intelligence51.CRM的目标是在企业的销售市场和顾客服务等活动之间建立一种协作，已获得和保持客户群CRM’s goal isto create a synergy among sales marketing andcustomer-service activities within anorganization in order to obtain and retaincustomers52.在许多公司里，部门之间的业务是不同的，所以你需要与你的业务相匹配的软件The lines betweendepartments are different in many companies andyou want the software to match your business 53.90年代早期这些公司摒弃了办公室哦写形式而进入了电子邮件和自动报表时代They abandonedcarbon-paper forms and dove into e-mail andautomated reports in the early 1990’s54.因为你无需定制软件包，所以你的公司只需几个礼拜而不是几个月的时间就可以实现电子化Because youdon’t need to customize these packages they canget you online within weeks instead of months55.严寒使水结冰Frost turns water into ice56.这常常需要定制软件It often calls for customizedsoftware57.选择一个CRM解决方案也是一次检验你业务的机会Choosing a CRM solution is also an opportunityexamine your business practices58.许多公司把eCRM看做是他们呼叫中心的自然扩充Manycompanies see eCRM as a natural extension of theircall centers59.每一个销售商都拥有庞大而稳固的技术支持力量和能帮助安装设备的合作伙伴Each of the vendors has alarge established base of supporting and partnersthat can assist with installations60.小企业也可以利用那些致力于销售自动化的网络公司的服Smaller organizations can also take advantageof the services of dot-com companies which focuson sales-force automation1 不论你业务的规模大小，全新的电子化结算与支付方式将使你无须再打印结算清单和支付邮资，也无须再投入大量的人力处理支付过程 No matter what size your business is, emerging alternatives will save you from having to point statements, pay for postage, and dedicate large numbers of people to processing payments.2客户可以在线审核结算清单、即刻完成转账Customers can review statements online and transfer funds instantly.3 该报告声称价值源于业务的改进而非成本的节约The report states that the value comes from business improvement rather than cost savings.4 edocs意识到此类技术具有更大的使用范围，因而避免使用EBPP这一术语而倾向于称其为因特网结算与客户管理Recognizing the large scope of these technologies , edocs eschews the term EBPP in favor of Internet billing and customer management.5 她说出了种种理由，但没有一条令人信服She presented a variety of reasons ,but none was convincing6 电子化结算能简化你绝大部分支付程序You’ll be able to streamline most of the process by billing your customer electronically.7 EBPP能降低你公司用于客户支持的费用EBPP can cut down the cost of your company’s customer support.8 传统的兑换方式惟有通过在结算单上填塞广告而获利Traditional billing methods present lucrative opportunities to stuff statements with ads.9 对客户而言，EBPP意味着随时随地可以了解账户数据T o the customer, EBPP means access to account data at any time , from anywhere.10 最妙的是，消费者无需再料理一大堆乱糟糟的账单 Best of all ,customer don’t have to deal with the clutter of bills.11 需要新的搜索方法以及能够将Web站点自动分类的软件New paradigms of searching are needed as well as new software that is able to categorize web sites automatically.12 信息和数据检索技术研发的目的在于提高检索的功用和效率The research and development in information and date retrieval is aimed at improving the effectiveness and efficiency of retrieval13 为了得到更好的检索结果，不仅需要提高检索引擎的技术，而且需要改进用户界面 In order to review better search results, it is not only necessary to improve the search engine technology , but also the user interface.14 文本信息嵌入到了特殊文件格式的二进制结构中 Thetextual information is embedded into the binary structure of the particular file format.15你这些乱糟糟的东西占用了太多的空间 Your cluttertakes up far too much space.16 它是便宜的，但在另一方面，质量很差It’s cheap , buton the other hand , the quality is poor.17 在网上手动分类导致极少的搜索结果Manual process of classifying on the web result in very few search results.18 那些不说英语或不以英语为本族语的人在互联网上受到很大的限制 People who do not speak English or who are non-native English speakers have many disadvantages on the web .19 按照信息的重要性进行分类也非常有必要It is necessary to rank information by importance.20 那机会太好了，不能错过That’s too good anopportunity to miss.21要在电子商务新时代获得成功，企业必须最大限度地扩大雇员在电子商务活动中的参与程度 To be successful in thenew age of electronic commerce, commerce , enterprisesmust be able to maximize the participation of their employees in e-commerce initiatives.22愿意买该产品或服务的人越多，价格就降的越多The more people willing to buy the product or service , the further the price drops.23 与过去两年相比，我们几年的销售额增加了一倍Compared with last two years , we have doubled the sales figure this year.24 各种各样规模的企业正加入到互联网经济中来，因此电子商务正迅速地改变着商业 Enterprises of all size arejoining the Internet economy and thus electronic commerce is rapidly transforming business.25 现在出现的一个焦点领域是间接采购，它是一项与用于企业经营的货物和服务的购买关联的开支Presently an emerging area of focus is indirect procurement , which is the spending associated with acquiring the goods and services required to run the enterprise.26 互联网采购自动化能够减少每一订单70%的申请费用Internet procurement automation has the potential toreduce requisition processing costs by 70% per order.27 规模经济得到乐实现，从而降低乐产品的成本，增加了购买组织投资的整体回报率 Economies of scale are realized ,enabling lower cost of goods and increasing the buying orga nization’s overall return on investment .28 个人并不是利用实物交易的惟一实体Individualsaren’t the only ones taking advantage of swapping. 29 我怎么也意想不到那个时候他会突然出现 I never thought that he would pop up then.30 这不仅可以给你带来一些本不可能的新买卖，而且还有助于你生意的发展Not only can it 31 bring new sales that you neverwould have had , but it helps promote your business 32所有这些趋势都毫无疑问地对电子商务市场产生着深远的影响。
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Chapter 11.计算机专家用三个尺度来判断因特网的性能——延迟（latency）、包损失（packet loss）和可达性（reachability）。
2.（简答）电子商务管理依靠三个支柱：因特网及其技术，商业模式和营销。
因特网及其技术是电子商务存在的基础；一个商业模式有商业目标、价值传递系统和收益模式三部分组成；为顾客传递最大的价值是十分重要的一个方面，因此营销活动在电子商务中扮演着关键角色。
3.新概念模式基于六个要素：效率、价值、可测性、密集网络、交互性和全球化市场。
Chapter 21.由于因特网使用包交换（packet switching）技术，因此它有别于其他一些通信网络。
2.因特网最重要的发展是万维网的应用。
3.（名词解释）Metcalfe’s law：网络价值的增长与网络用户数量的平方成正比。
Chapter 31. （论述）创建在线企业的四个步骤：一开始必须对企业希望通过实施这些技术而达到什么样的目标做出评估。
第一，企业应该了解对多少比例的业务实施在线运行，以及这个比例是否会产生改变。
第二，企业应该清楚了解在线业务的目标——是赢利中心还是亏损中心。
第三，根据人口学、行为学或心理学来确定目标消费者。
在对在线业务所占比例、目标和目标顾客有了明确了解后，企业必须设法阐明通过什么途径传递最大化的顾客价值。
第一步是鉴别顾客对于价值的不同认识；第二步是选择将什么价值元素传递给顾客；第三步是提供价值；第四步是开发一个综合通讯工具包来帮助顾客理解价值的本质；最后一步，公司必须持续不断地评估顾客如何感知正在被传递的价值。
企业要获得成功，仅靠为顾客传递价值是远远不够的，必须将最大化顾客价值转变为最大化企业收入和利润。
因而，下一步就是收入模式的设计。
最后，商业模式应用与商业模式设计是两个完全分离的步骤，一个设计完美的模式不能弥补错误应用造成的损失。
2. （名词解释）价值更一般定义为，在对净收益和获得这些收益的代价的理解的基础上，对产品和服务的总体评估。
3.企业可以通过五种途径在网上赚钱：商务，广告，费用，出售用户信息和信用。
Chapter 41.可以用两种方法对网络商业模式进行分类：仅仅只在网上经营业务的商业模式叫单一模式；既在网上又在物理空间理经营业务的模式叫鼠标加水泥模式。
业内分析家认为鼠标加水泥的模式比较有优势，因为这种商业模式综合了传统和虚拟两种空间的特性。
2.（简答）一个公司如何成为B2C领域的领头羊？答案就是有效沟通并把价值传递给顾客。
3.网络市场有三种类型：以买方为中心的市场，以卖方为中心的市场，中立交易市场。
Chapter 51.卖方何时采用拍卖：首先，拍卖适合具有特殊价值的商品；其次，当拍卖会有很多投标者参与时能发挥出最大作用。
2.B2B拍卖会通常是清除库存的有效途径。
3.第二价格拍卖深受经济学家们的青睐，投标者可以自由表示自己愿意出的价钱。
逆向拍卖一开始，由买方出价，卖方相互竞价以达到买方的要求。
这种拍卖方式与其他方式的主要区别是受信用卡支持4.拍卖组织的拍卖活动一般采取两种形式——列表式和商品式。
在因特网上，绝大多数的拍卖地址都采用列表式。
5.拍卖网站采用限制投标者行为的两种方法：自动延时技术和代理投标。
Chapter 61.AIDA模式包含劝导客户产生购买行为的四个步骤，即引起注意、产生兴趣、激发愿望和构成行为。
2.为何要进行病毒蔓延式营销？首先，众多的社会关系网络都有了“在线版本”；其次，利用网络联络其他人要比传统的邮寄信件或电话迅速的多；最后，临界群体效应起了重要作用。
3.最适宜采用病毒式营销的产品具有以下特点：独特性，扣人心弦的产品概念，简单的产品概念，低廉的试用成本。
4.所谓SEO，就是合理组织网站的形式和内容，以提升网站在主要的搜索引擎网站中的排名。
公司提升自己网站排名的首选策略是改变网页上的标记。
5.旗帜广告有三种主要的类型：插播式广告、弹出式广告和下拉式广告。
6.（论述）对点击进入的理解：点击进入率已经成为衡量旗帜广告绩效的常用指标。
事实广告客户和广告代理商都应该认真考虑点击进入究竟意味着什么。
正如AIDA模式所表明的，更重要的是在获得客户注意力之后能引发他们的购买行为。
从两个角度考虑这个问题：如果客户没有点击广告，并不能判断该广告一定没有产生作用；而如果客户点击了广告，也不能证明广告就一定有效。
点击进入不无意义，但是不要仅仅因为点击进入率低就完全否定了你的旗帜广告。
应当关注整体的情况，考察一下广告对于品牌知名度和影响力是否产生了影响。
如果广告的点击进入率很高，也要考虑它是否代表了客户的真实反映，还是仅仅是由于广告设计而产生的结果。
从长远看来，具有前瞻性的广告客户和广告代理商不会局限于点击进入率。
其他媒体的广告客户会做的一切，也正是因特网广告客户努力的方向——进行市场调查追踪广告绩效。
客户对广告和品牌的态度，以及客户的品牌认知度是追踪的主要内容。
7.公司的网站是实施营销策略的中心。
Chapter 71.从制造商到顾客这一段供应链称为配送渠道。
2.顾客需求是供应链的驱动力。
3.供应链中最有价值的就是与市场相关的信息。
4.通过改善供应链中的信息流，网络技术从三个重要方面帮助供应链管理：共享知识，加快反应速度，降低服务成本。
5.供应链管理的四个发展阶段及特点：传统供应链，每个公司都把自己看做一个孤岛，不需要与其他公司共享信息，而且公司内部的信息共享也非常有限，导致经营效率低下；整合型供应链，公司不同职能部门之间共享信息，公司外部无法共享信息；协作型供应链，信息共享范围扩大至供应商和顾客；同步供应链，其目标不仅仅是共享信息，而是各公司进行同步运作。
Chapter 81.个性化营销就是将锁定销售目标的活动发挥到极致的程度。
2.为什么实施个性化营销：从顾客的角度看，个性化营销能够为他们减少交易麻烦；从公司的角度看，个性化营销有助于增强顾客的忠诚度。
3.个性化营销的两种途径：企业导向的方式和顾客导向的方式。
Chapter 91.许可营销提供的新视角：合作制造和顾客控制。
2.电子邮件展示了三种能力：交互性、迅速和可达性。
3.用户许可的几种方式：选择性退出，选择性加入，双重选择性加入或确认选择性加入。
4.（简答）许可营销必须包括如下几个步骤：明确的许可请求程序，确认程序，关系的确认，获得个人信息，通信联系控制，无摩擦退出能力。
5.许可营销中度量顾客的感兴趣程度：选择性退出率，实际选择性突出率，零通信率，用户资料更新率。
Chapter 101.（简答）数字产品的特征：（1）所有数字产品都是经验品或信任品（2）数字产品具有较高的固定生产成本和较低的边际销售成本（3）数字产品的产量不容易受生产能力的限制（4）数字产品更易共享、存储和收回。
2.通常有三种类型的产品：搜寻品、经验品和信任品。
3.（论述）数字产品有五种定价策略：零定价、捆绑销售；差别定价、订阅和地址许可。
公司为什么提供免费数字产品：提供免费数字产品的公司其主要收入来源是广告，因此，这些公司期望在顾客流量或活动量达到最高水平时赚取最大利润；通过免费分发产品鼓励顾客尝试使用数字产品；有时候免费提供数字产品是为了获得顾客个人信息；很多数字产品是由个人或者没有能力进行正规销售的小公司开发的。
捆绑定价是指提供一个产品组合，而不是销售单件产品。
有混合捆绑策略和单纯捆绑策略两种。
差别定价指的是对不同的顾客制定不同的价格。
在订阅这种方式中，顾客承诺购买定期的接入内容服务。
订阅成为一种有吸引力的定价策略有多种原因：首先，他可以降低一段时间内需求的不稳定性；其次，这种方式减少了处理交易的管理成本；最后，使用订阅策略能够提高顾客使用产品的频率。
地址许可是一种适用于单位用户的定价策略4.软件公司抵制侵权行为的两种方式：为合法的用户提供客户支持和被迫定价。
Chapter 111.在线社区的定义：在以计算机为媒介的环境中，由于共同目标而结合在一起并通过自定规则管理的人的集合。
2.当正确运作在线社区时，就会产生难以置信的忠诚度、极大地责任感和强烈的归属感。
3.社区的五个特征：目标、界限、互动、规则和自我组织。
4.在线社区的经营模式：社区组建者、交易/共享型社区和营利性组织的社区。
5.在线社区的收入来源：订阅费、交易费、广告收入和内容服务费。
Chapter 121.一个设计良好的市场调查制度使组织能够了解新机会、发展趋势和存在的威胁。
2.在市场调查中有四个步骤：数据采集，数据存储和共享，数据分析，撰写结论报告或采取行动。
3.从两个维度对在线市场调查进行分类：定性/定量与要求客户接触/不要求客户接触。
4.点击流数据记录可以分为四种类型：接入记录、代理记录、错误记录和引导记录。
5.点击流数据可用于以下方面的分析：路径或导航分析、广告分析和购物车分析。
Chapter 131.CMC(computer-mediated communication)以计算机为媒介的交流方式2.计算机犯罪的分类如下：内部计算机犯罪，计算机操作犯罪，电信犯罪，知识产权犯罪，通过计算机进行的民事权利犯罪，支持违法企业犯罪。
Chapter 141.知识产权是一种独特的具有市场价值的人类智力的产物。
2.企业保护知识产权的三种手段：专利、版权和商标。
3.联邦贸易委员会确立了在线公司必须采纳的四个公平信息准则：告知、选择、访问和安全。
Chapter 161.移动商务是一种新的商务形式，它通过使用多样化的设备如手机、个人数字助理、寻呼机、智能信息设备、汽车等来完成交易。
2.移动商务的性质：无处不在，定位，时间灵敏性，即时连接，个性化。
3.主要的移动商务应用：企业应用，移动门户，数字广播，无线游戏，移动交易，远程信息处理。