2015年宁波大学考博初试真题之3809智能系统-A_2015年考博真题
宁波大学考博历年初试真题之信息功能材料2013,2015年考博真题
) 9. 本征半导体是指（ ） （A）电阻率最高；（B）电子密度和本征载流子密度相等；（C）空穴密度和本征载流子 密度相等；（D）不含杂质和缺陷
(
) 10. 材料的非线性效应是由于激发源的（ ）高于材料本身阈值所产生的 （A）波长；（B）功率密度；（C）色散；（D）损耗
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宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(A 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(A 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 适用专业: 信息功能材料 信息功能材料与器件 科目代码： 3811
一、 单项选择题： 本大题共 10 小题，每小题 3 分，共 30 分。在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一 个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填在题前的括号内。错选、多选或未选均不 得分。
5. 掺铒碲化物光纤放大器具有超宽的增益带宽特性， 其增益带宽可达 80nm， 特别适合于 DWDM 系统的光放大。 （ ）
6. 塑料光纤具有柔软好、加工性能好和价格便宜等特点，在短、中距离通信、光传感器及显示 等方面获得了广泛的应用。 （ ） ）
7. 在高强电磁场中任何介质对光的效应都会变成非线性，光纤也不例外。（ 8. 本征型半导体光敏电阻常用于可见光长波段检测。 （ 9. 外光电效应中光电子的最大动能与入射光强度有关。 10. 发光材料的发光波长，与材料基质有关，与杂质无关（ ） ( ） )
三、 简答计算题（共 50 分，第 1 题 15 分，第 2 题 20 分，第 3 题 15 分）：
1. 平衡 p-n 结的空间电荷区示意图如下，画出空间电荷区中载流子漂移运动和扩散运动的方向 （在下图右侧直线上添加箭头），并说明扩散电流和漂移电流之间的关系。
2015年宁波大学考博初试真题之3807数字通信B_2015年考博真题
考试科目: 适用专业: 数字通信 科目代码： 3807
通信与信息系统/信号与信息处理/移动计算与人机交互/微纳信息系统
一、填空（16 分）
1、QAM 信号的解调通常采用（ ）相干解调。 ）。
2、设在 125s 内传输 256 个二进制码元，则码元传输速率是（
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become a popular technique for transmission of signals over wireless channels. OFDM has been adopted in several wireless standards such as digital audio broadcasting (DAB), digital video broadcasting (DVB-T), the IEEE 802.11a local area network (LAN) standard and the IEEE 802.16a metropolitan area network (MAN) standard. OFDM is also being pursued for dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) for road side to vehicle communications and as a potential candidate for fourth-generation (4G) mobile wireless systems. OFDM converts a frequency-selective channel into a parallel collection of frequency flat subchannels. The subcarriers have the minimum frequency separation required to maintain orthogonality of their corresponding time domain waveforms, yet the signal spectra corresponding to the different subcarriers overlap in frequency. Hence, the available bandwidth is used very efficiently. If knowledge of the channel is available at the transmitter, then the OFDM transmitter can adapt its signaling strategy to match the channel. Due to the fact that OFDM uses a large collection of narrowly spaced subchannels, these adaptive strategies can approach the ideal water pouring capacity of a frequency selective channel. OFDM is a block modulation scheme where a block of information symbols is transmitted in parallel on subcarriers. The time duration of an OFDM symbol is times larger than that of a single carrier system. An OFDM modulator can be implemented as an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) on a block of information symbols followed by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). To mitigate the effects of inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by channel time spread, each block of IDFT coefficients is typically preceded by a cyclic prefix (CP) or a guard interval consisting of samples, such that the length of the CP is at least equal to the channel length. Under this condition, a linear convolution of the transmitted sequence and the channel is converted to a circular convolution. As a result, the effects of the ISI are easily and completely eliminated. Moreover, the approach enables the receiver to use fast signal processing transforms such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) for OFDM implementation. Similar techniques can be employed in single-carrier systems as well, by preceding each transmitted data block of length by a CP of length , while using frequency domain equalization at the receiver. While the first mobile communications standards focused primarily on voice communication, the 第 2 页 共 4 页
宁波大学3802机械振动2009,2011,2014,2016--2018年考博初试专业课真题
波形，可表示为 y Y sin 2 x ，其中 Y=4cm，L=10m，如右 L
图所示，求小车在以水平速度 v=36km/h 行驶时，车身上下振 动的振幅。（18 分）
4、在右图所示系统中，质量受到一常值力 F0 的作用，试用杜 哈梅积分求出零初值条件下的运动规律。（12 分）
F
l
l
c
k
k
F0 (cost sin 2t)
m c
θ1 θ2
θ3
2k
k 2k 4k
J
J 2J
3k
3m
2k
k
2m
m
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考试科目: 适用专业:
宁波大学 2014 年攻读博士学位研究生
入 学 考 试 试 题(A 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
机械振动 工程力学
科目代码： 3802
1、如右图所示 4 个系统，已知弹簧的刚度、轴 的抗扭刚度、悬臂梁端的等效弹簧刚度、圆盘的 转动惯量、物块质量等，分别写出其动力学方程， 并求其固有频率。（每个 5 分，共 20 分）
分）
θ1
θ2
k
k
J
4J 7k
6、用矩阵迭代法计算右图所示系统的基频和第 一阶振型。（18 分）
k
2k
3k
k
m
2m
3m
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宁波大学 2017 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(B 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码 : 3802 科目名称：
机械振动
1、右图所示单摆，摆杆质量忽略不计。求系统微幅 振动的动力学方程和通解；设摆杆初始偏角为θ0， 初速度为零，求系统的振动。（16 分）
2015年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案解析
目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (29)本试题含阅读文章大意分析，听力含答案解析，有听力原文。
医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
宁波大学智能数据处理2019--2020年考博初试真题
满足 F (ti ) di , for i 1,..., N ，显然是不切实际的，在这种情况下，请给
出一个合理的解决方案，并设计具体的学习算法。
(13 分)
3. Boltzmann 机是一个全相联的随机型神经网络，如果将其简化处理，限定为只
含一个可见层和一个隐单元层，取消层内连接，仅保留层间的加权连接，这种
（1）试画出 ER 图，并在图上注明属性、联系的类型。 （2）将 ER 图转换成关系模型，并注明主键和外键。
9.（ 8%） 数 据 库 的 并 发 操 作 会 带 来 哪 些 问 题 ？ 如 何 解 决 ？
10.（6%，每个小题 2 分）设有关系模式 R（职工编号，日期，日营业额，部门 名，部门经理），该模式统计商店里每个职工的日营业额，以及职工所在的部 门和经理信息。如果规定：每个职工每天只有一个营业额；每个职工只在一个 部门工作；每个部门只有一个经理。试回答下列问题： （1）根据上述规定，写出模式 R 的基本 FD 和关键码； （2）说明 R 不是 2NF 的理由； （3）分解 R 成 3NF 模式集。
层后，要求输出尽量与输入接近，其处理数据的效果非常类似于 PCA 分析， 请为 AutoEncoder 设计一个合理的学习算法（建议采用梯度下降法）。(12 分)
2. 假设一个含 M 单元的 RBF 网络的输出为
M
F (x) wj (|| x xj ||) ， j0
对于 N 个不同的学习样本 ti , i 1,..., N ，如果 N M ，要实现精确的插值，即
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宁波大学 2019 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(B 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码： 3809 总分值： 100 科目名称：
宁波大学弹性力学2012,2014,2015,2018,2019年考博真题
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宁波大学 2018 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码: 3801 科目名称：
弹性力学
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宁波大学 2019 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
（1） 经过此点且方程为
斜面上的全应力、正应力和剪应力的大小。
（2） 该点的三个主应力大小及第一个主应力相应的方向余弦。 5.（25 分）悬臂梁一端受集中力作用，梁高为 h，跨度为 L，如下图所示，若不考虑体积力，使用
应力函数 dxy3 bxy ，求该问题的应力和位移。
题5图
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宁波大学 2019 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
科目代码： 3801 总分值： 100 科目名称：
弹性力学
1.（10 分）什么是平面应变问题？写出应变和位移基本特点。 2.（15 分）导出体应变公式和体应变的虎克定律。
3.（15 分）试推导应力状态特征方程，并写出应力张量不变量的表达式。
4.（15 分）已知物体内某点的 6 个应力分量为
，
，
，
，试求：
4．(35 分) 写出弹性体的虚（可能）功原理并从它导出弹性力学的基本方程。
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考试科目: 适用专业:
宁波大学 2014 年攻读博士学位研究生
入 学 考 试 试 题(B 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
弹性力学 工程力学
科目代码： 3801
1. (35 分)已知下图所示问题的非零应力解为
且假设为小变形，试求：1）过点 0，2， − 1 的应变张量������������������ 和转动张量������������������ ；2） 该点的主应变。
宁波大学概率论与数理统计2015--2020年考博初试真题
8. 随机地从一批零件中抽取 16 个，测得长度 为：2.14，2.10，2.13，2.15，2.13，2.12，2.13，
2.10，2.15，2.12，2.14，2.10，2.13，2.11，2.14，2.11，设零件长度分布为正态分布，若 0.01， 试求总体 的 90％的置信区间。已知： z0.05 1.645 （10 分）
4. (15 分) 设(X,Y)的概率密度是:
f
(x,
y)
Ay(1
x),
0 x 1, 0 y x
0,
其它
求f x y
5. (15 分)
设 X 的概率密度为
f (x)
1 e x 2
,
x ,，求随机变量 X 的数学 X~N(22.40,0.032),气缸的直径 Y~N（22.50，0.042），X，Y 相互独立， 任取一个活塞，任取一只气缸，求活塞能装入气缸的概率。Ф(2)=0.9772.
6. 在总体 X~N(52,6.32)中抽取容量为 36 的样本，求样本均值落在 50.8 至 53.8 之间的的概 率。（计算结果以标准正态分布函数表示即可）（12 分）
7. 随机地取某零件 6 只，测得它们的直径（mm）为：9.01, 9.03,9.00, 8.98, 8.96, 9.02。试求 μ 和 σ2 的矩估计值。 （15 分）
（1）这两颗花籽都发芽的概率
（5 分）
（2）至少有一颗能发芽的概率
（5 分）
（3）恰有一颗能发芽的概率
（5 分）
2. (15 分)
设
X 的概率密度为
f
X
(
x)
x
/
8, 0,
0 x 其它
4
宁波大学半导体物理2014--2020年考博初试真题
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)下面对于p型半导体形成的MIS结构，说法正确的是（）。
A．强反型时，表面的少子浓度会大于体内的多子浓度；(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)第1页共3页科目代码：3823总分值：100科目名称：半导体物理一、选择题（40分每题2分）1.如果半导体中电子浓度等于空穴浓度，则该半导体以（）导电为主。
A.本征 B.受主 C.空穴 D.施主2.下列三种结构示意图属于多晶结构的是（）。
A B C 3.电子是带（）电的粒子。
A.正 B.负 C.零 D.准粒子4.当B 掺入Si 中时，它是（）杂质。
A.受主 B.深 C.浅 D.复合中心5.杂质半导体中的载流子输运过程的散射机构中，当温度升高时，电离杂质散射的概率和晶格振动声子的散射概率的变化分别是（）。
A.变大，变小B.变小，变大C.变小，变小D.变大，变大。
6.在热力学温度零度时，能量比F E小的量子态被电子占据的概率为（）。
A.大于1/2B.小于1/2C.等于1/2D.等于17.金属和半导体接触分为（）。
A.整流的肖特基接触和整流的欧姆接触B.整流的肖特基接触和非整流的欧姆接触C.非整流的肖特基接触和整流的欧姆接触D.非整流的肖特基接触和非整流的欧姆接触8.一块半导体材料，光照在材料中会产生非平衡载流子，若光照忽然停止t τ=后，其中非平衡载流子将衰减为原来的（）。
A.1/eB.1/2C.0D.2/e9.载流子在电场作用下的运动为（）。
A.漂移运动B.扩散运动C.热运动D.复合运动10.锗的晶格结构和能带结构分别是（）。
A.金刚石型和直接禁带型B.闪锌矿型和直接禁带型C.金刚石型和间接禁带型D.闪锌矿型和间接禁带型11.当半导体材料处于热平衡时，其电子浓度与空穴浓度的乘积为（）。
A.变化量B.常数C.杂质浓度和杂质类型D.禁带宽度和温度12.与绝缘体相比，半导体的价带电子激发到导带所需要的能量（）。
2015年宁波大学考博初试真题之3804材料物理A_2015年考博真题
时，到松弛时间的形变率为多少？最大平衡形变率为多少？如粘弹体原始长为 l 0 0.1m ，则平 衡时的弹性体长度为多少？（12 分） （ 注 ： Maxwell 模 型 表 达 式 ： 0 e / t ， Voigt-Kelvin 模 型 表 达 式 为 ：
(t ) (1 e t / )
宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(A 卷) (答案必须写在答4
金属物理部分：(80 分)
一、论述热力学三大定律以及能\热\熵\自由能的概念。（20 分） 二. 示意画出 Fe-Fe3C 相图，回答下列问题（18 分） （1）写出反应式：① 共晶反应 ② 共析反应 ③ 包晶反应；
0
E
[1 e t / )] ，其中，：为松弛时间）
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（2）计算含碳量 0.45%的钢中组织组成物的相对含量； （3）某铁碳合金组织中，珠光体占总质量的 40%，铁素体占 60%，求该钢的含碳量； （4）分析含碳量为 4.3 %的铁碳合金的平衡结晶过程，画出冷却曲线，并绘出室温组织示意图。 三、分析单晶体拉伸时发生的转动方向，说明原因。（12 分） 四、详细论述提高金属强度和塑性的方法（18 分） 五、如图为单晶的应力-应变（τ-γ）曲线示意图，试表出 各阶段并说明产生的机制。铝（层错能约为 200mJ/m2）和 不锈钢（层错能约为 10 mJ/m2）哪一种材料形变第Ⅲ阶段 开始得更早? 这两种材料滑移特征有什么区别?（12 分）
高分子物理部分：（20 分）
六、什么是高分子材料的粘弹性现象？（8 分） 七、如有一个粘弹体，已知其粘性系数 和弹性模量分别为00 MPa· s 和 108 N m-2,求：（1） 达到松弛时间的残余应力为多少？松弛 10 秒钟时的残余应力为多少？ （2） 当起始应力为 10 N m
2018年宁波大学考博试题3809智能系统(B卷)
科目代码: 3809 科目名称：智能系统
1. 机器学习通常可分为指导性学习和非指导性学习，学习模型则可分为生成模型和
判别模型二类。
假定现在要完成以下的任务：
（a）函数拟合与插值；（b）聚类分析；（c）模式识别，
请简要解释以下学习模型各自属于生成模型还是判别模型，可以胜任哪种任务：（1）深度学习网络，(2)RBF网络，(3)Boltzmann机，（4）SOM网络。
(10%) 2. 如果将异或（XOR）问题推广为3输入的parity问题，要求输入和输出实现如下
真值表：
输入1 输入2 输入3 输出
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
请设计一个多层网络实现3-parity，并给出相应的学习算法。
(12%)
3. Hopfield网络是全相连的反馈型网络，可以用于实现“吸引子”联想记忆，如果
要使一个Hopfield网络同时记住“A”、“I”、“Y”三个字母（3x4点阵），试为其设计一个合理的结构，并给出学习算法和具体的网络权值。
(12%)
科目代码: 3809 科目名称：智能系统
科目代码: 3809 科目名称：智能系统
；
同时生成模型则以产生出能够“愚弄”判别模型使其以为真的数据为目标，即极。
宁波大学心理学基础知识(普通心理学、发展心理学)考研真题试题2015年—2019年
宁波大学2015 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 心理学基础知识（普通心理学、发展心理学）科目代码：839 适用专业: 心理健康教育一、名词解释（每小题5分，共30分）1、原型启发2、前摄抑制和倒摄抑制3、注意的转移4、同化与顺应5、婴儿依恋6、最近发展区二、简答题（每小题8分，共40分）1、影响问题解决的因素主要有哪些?2、简述塞尔曼角色采择技能的发展阶段。
3、简要说明深度知觉产生有哪些线索。
4、简述初中生情绪表现的矛盾性特点。
5、简述佩里大学生思维发展的三阶段理论。
三、综合题（每小题20分，共80分）1、试述皮亚杰的认知发展理论及其对教学工作的启示。
2、试述少年期的自我中心性与幼儿时期的自我中心的异同。
3、试述斯金纳的儿童行为强化控制原理及其在实际中的应用。
4、详细阐述埃里克森人格发展阶段理论及其对不同年龄阶段儿童的教育启示。
第 1 页共 1 页宁波大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:心理学基础知识（普通心理学、发展心理学）科目代码：839适用专业:心理健康教育一、名词解释（每小题5分，共30分）1、精神分析学派2、暗适应3、知觉恒常性4、心理理论5、婴儿依恋6、顺应二、简答题（每小题8分，共40分）1、什么是概念形成，在概念形成中人们通常采用哪些策略？2、简述斯腾伯格的三元智力结构理论。
3、简述人格的五因素模型。
4、社会学习理论是如何看攻击行为的？5、试述为什么游戏是学前儿童的主导活动？三、综合题（每小题20分，共80分）1、综合运用各种动机理论，谈谈如何激发学生的学习动机？2、试述少年期的自我中心性与幼儿时期的自我中心的异同。
3、父母教养方式包括哪几种类型，对孩子有什么影响？什么类型的教养方式最有利于孩子的发展？为什么？4、试依据幼儿（3～6岁，童年早期）的心理特点说明心理发展是连续性与阶段性的统一，以及这一原理对教育实践的指导意义。
宁波大学3819微生物学2013--2018年考博初试专业课真题
二、比较题（每题 6 分，共 24 分）
1．琼脂与明胶 2．有氧呼吸与无氧呼吸 3．巴氏消毒法与灭菌 4．Isolation and fermentation
三、简答题（28 分）
1．写出几种微生物生长量的测定方法？测定的原理分别是什么？（6 分） 2．氧气对专性厌氧微生物具有毒害作用的基本原因，请加以简要分析。（4 分） 3．分别写出冻藏、干制、腌制保藏食物的微生物学原理分别是什么。（6 分） 4．试述初级代谢和次级代谢与微生物生长的关系。（6 分） 5．分析由微生物引起食物变质的基本因素是什么？请加以分析。（6 分）
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宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(B 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 适用专业:
微生物学 水产资源综合利用
科目代码： 3819
一、名词解释（24 分，每题 3 分）
1、质粒： 2．HMP 途径： 3．同型乳酸发酵： 4．点突变： 5ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱContinuous culture： 6．有氧呼吸： 7．抗体： 8．营养缺陷型：
宁波大学 2014 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(A 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 适用专业:
微生物学 水产资源综合利用
科目代码： 3819
一、 简答题（共 40 分，每题 10 分）
1、 请你谈谈微生物的分类，并简述微生物分类鉴定有哪些方法 2、 叙述 ELISA 的基本实验过程，并解释其原理？ 3、 大肠杆菌、酵母、乳酸菌在有氧和无氧条件下将丙酮酸分解生成的产物是什么？并列出其
二、简答与问题 （共 76 分）
1、简述微生物吸收营养物质的方式（12 分） 2、简述微生物分类的依据（12 分） 3、试述革兰氏染色的机理 （12 分） 4、分析以下几对概念的区别（16 分） 4.1 分生孢子与细菌芽孢 4.2 菌株与菌落 4.3 Complete medium 和 Minimal medium： 4.4 消毒与防腐： 5、简述微生物在发酵乳制品主要风味物质形成中的作用（12 分） 6、简述酵母菌在以淀粉为主原料制造酒类的发酵原理及黄酒、啤酒和葡萄酒生产的基本工艺原 理（12 分）
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。
2013-2015年宁波大学考博真题3816细胞生物学
入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:细胞生物学科目代码：3816适用专业:水产养殖、渔业资源一、名词解释（每个3分，共30分）1.亲核蛋白（karyophilic protein）2.管家基因(house-keeping genes)3.端粒(telomere)4.接触抑制（contact inhibition）5.分子伴侣（molecular chaperon）6.脂质体（liposome）7.内膜系统(endomembrane system)8.流动镶嵌模型（fluid mosail model）9.原代细胞（primary culture cell）10.细胞连接（cell junction）二、简答题（每个10分，共70分）1.请举出5种用于细胞形态结构观察的研究工具，并指明它们的主要用途。
2.简述物质的跨膜运输类型。
3.cAMP信号通路和磷脂酰肌醇信号通路有哪些联系和区别？4.微丝的结构与功能。
5.结合核仁的功能，谈谈为什么凡是蛋白质合成旺盛的细胞中核仁都明显偏大。
6.谈谈你对细胞核全能性和细胞全能性的认识。
7.细胞增殖的意义。
入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:细胞生物学科目代码：3816适用专业:水产养殖/渔业资源一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填在题前的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均不得分。
()1.有关原核细胞与真核细胞的比较，下列说法错误的是：(A)现有资料证明真核细胞由原核细胞进化而来，自然界真核细胞的个体数量比原核细胞多。
（B）真核细胞内有一个较复杂的骨架体系，原核细胞内并没有明显的骨架系统。
（C）真核细胞基因表达具有严格的时空关系，并具有多层次的调控。
（D）真核细胞内膜系统分化，内部结构和功能的区域化和专一化，是进化过程的一次飞跃。
()2.下列结构中，原核细胞具备而真核细胞缺少的是：（A）内含子（B）操纵子（C）重复序列（D）线状DNA分子()3．建立分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞是通过下列哪项技术构建的：（A）细胞融合（B）核移植（C）病毒转化（D）基因转移()4.细胞外基质中含量最高，刚性及抗张力强度最大的成分是：（A）胶原（B）氨基聚糖和蛋白聚糖（C）弹性蛋白（D）层粘连蛋白和纤连蛋白()5.下列对协助扩散的描述，不正确的是：（A）转运速率高，存在最大转运速率。
宁波大学2015年考研真题【001商学院】812管理学A
三、论述题（每题 25 分，共 50 分）
宁波大学 2015 年攻读硕士学位研究生
入 学 考 试 试 题(A 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 适用专业:
管理、旅游管理
一、名词解释（每题 4 分，共 20 分）
1.组织结构 2.战略性计划 3. 集权 4.负强化 5.控制
二、简答题（每题 10 分，共 80 分）
1.分析全球化背景下我国民营企业面临哪些挑战，民营企业家如何提升自己以适应全球化背 景下的企业管理。（共 25 分）
2.谈谈你对“民营企业的文化就是老板文化”的看法。
第1页共1页
2013-2015年宁波大学考博真题3809智能系统 A
5. 对 5 个不同省份的发展情况进行调查统计后，得到 以下每个省份 两两间 的距离矩阵： 4 6 1 6 0 0 9 7 3 4 D 6 9 0 10 5 10 0 8 1 7 6 3 5 8 0 试用类平均法 ( 均值 ) 对其进行聚类， 分别给出聚成 2 类和 3 类的结果。 (12%) 6. 对于下图所示的Boltzmann机,假设每个结点的阈值都为0，连接权值如图所示， 如何采用模拟退火(Simulated Annealing)技术,使网络尽快达到系统平衡态? 如 果达到了平衡态，请计算系统处在状态{S1=1,S2=1,S3=1,S4=1}的概率是多少？ 要求给出具体的计算过程。 （13%）
宁波大学 2014 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(B 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 适用专业: 智能系统 移动计算与人机交互 科目代码： 3809
1. 试设计一个感知器， 将下图中带黑点标志的输入 （001, 101, 110, 111） 与其它输入(000, 010, 011, 100) 区分开来，要求给出详细的感知器结构和具体权值，单元个数尽可能的少。 (10%)
k k
请详细解释这二个计算公式的含义。
第 1 页， 共 3
(12%)
页
宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题 (A 卷)
考试科目: 适用专业: 智能系统 (A)
(答案必须写在答题纸上)
科目代码：
3809
移动计算与人机交互
4. 如图所示的特征脸（Eigenfaces）是机器视觉领域中用于人脸图像分析的一组特征 向量，通过主元分析（PCA）得到。请问： （a）进行 PCA 的主要步骤有哪些？ （b）试给出运用 PCA 进行特征脸分析的详细过程，并指出如何进行高维人脸数 据降维。 （14%）
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宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题 (A 卷)
考试科目: 适用专业: 智能系统 (A)
(答案必须写在答题纸上)
科目代码：
3809
移动计算与人机交互
7. 下表是经过数据清理后的某地犯罪信息的训练集，请采用合适算法建立 决策树 , 分析性别、年龄、地区等属性对其涉嫌的案件种类的影响。
5. 对 5 个不同省份的发展情况进行调查统计后，得到 以下每个省份 两两间 的距离矩阵： 4 6 1 6 0 0 9 7 3 4 D 6 9 0 10 5 10 0 8 1 7 6 3 5 8 0 试用类平均法 ( 均值 ) 对其进行聚类， 分别给出聚成 2 类和 3 类的结果。 (12%) 6. 对于下图所示的Boltzmann机,假设每个结点的阈值都为0，连接权值如图所示， 如何采用模拟退火(Simulated Annealing)技术,使网络尽快达到系统平衡态? 如 果达到了平衡态，请计算系统处在状态{S1=1,S2=1,S3=1,S4=1}的概率是多少？ 要求给出具体的计算过程。 （13%）
w ( x) ，
i 0 i i
M
在通常情况下，学习样本个数 N>M, 因此网络无法做到精确插值，需要定义一 个如下的目标函数
ES
1 n ( y(t ) d n )2 ，并通过学习算法使其最小化。如果 2 n EC ，其中 EC 为系统复杂
要求网络在输出误差最小的同时，网络的结构也要尽量简化，即引入正则化要 求，这时系统的目标函数变成如下形式： E ES 度函数， 请为这种正则化 RBF 网络设计合理的学习算法， 并讨论正则化参数 取 不同大小值时对系统的影响。 (13%) 3．在 BP 算法中，各个神经元的局部梯度函数定义如下： 如果 j 是输出节点：
δ j (n ) ei j (vi (n )) a[d j (n ) o j (n )]o j (n )[1 o j (n )]
如果 j 是隐节点：
；
δ j ( n ) n )wkj ( n ) ay j ( n )[1 y j ( n )] δ k ( n )wkj ( n )
(12%) 8 ．如何快速从海量高维数据中找到与某个数据最相似的数据是一个难点。 目前，基于局部敏感哈希的方法能够比较好地解决这一问题。局部敏感 哈希是将原始数据空间中的两个相邻数据点通过相同的哈希运算后，在 新的数据空间中，这两个数据点落在同一个桶的概率比较大，而不相邻 的数据点被映射到同一个桶的概率比较小。这样，原始空间中相邻的数 据落入相同的桶内的话，那么在该桶中进行近邻查找就变得容易了。我 们希望原本相邻的数据经过映射后，都尽可能落入到相同的桶内；而不 相邻的数据经过映射后，都尽可能落入到不同的桶中。如果相邻的数据 被投影到了不同的桶内， 称为 false negative ；如果不相 邻的数据被投影 到了相同的桶内，称为 false positive 。 试 组 合 多 个 独 立 的 局 部 敏 感 哈 希 函 数 ， 尽 可 能 降 低 false negative rate 和 false positive rate 。设原来两个数据经过一个局部敏感哈希函数映射后 ，在一个桶内的概率是 p ，请写出具体方法，并计算采用该方法后，这两 个数据在一个桶内的概率。 (12%)
地区 A类 A类 A类 A类 A类 C类 A类 A类 B类 C类 C类 文化程度 小学 小学 小学 小学 中学 中学 小学 小学 中学 中学 小学 有无工作 无 无 无 无 有 有 无 有 有 无 无 发案季节 春 夏 秋 冬 夏 夏 夏 夏 夏 秋 秋 作案时年龄 青年 青年 青年 青年 青年 青年 中年 青年 青年 青年 青年 案件类型 ① ① ① ① ② ② ② ③ ② ① ② 同类型总计 15 25 17 18 5 3 4 9 4 6 5
宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题 (A 卷)
考试科目: 适用专业: 智能系统 (A)
(答案必须写在答题纸上)
科目代码：
3809
移动计算与人机交互
1. 一个感知器的网络结构和权值如下所示：
其中权值矩阵 W1 的行对应为隐单元权值, 如第一行为第一个隐单元权值。 试计算输入为 (0,0,0),(0,1,0),(1,0,0),(0,1,1),(1,1,0),(1,1,1)时，输出分别是多少？ 该感知器实现了一个什么布尔运算功能？ (12%) 2. 一个具有 M 个隐节点的径向基 （RBF） 网络的输出如下： y ( x )
第 3 页， 共 3 页
k k
请详细解释这二个计算公式的含义。
第 1 页， 共 3
(12%)
页
宁波大学 2015 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题 (A 卷)
考试科目: 适用专业: 智能系统 (A)
(答案必须写在答题纸上)
科目代码：
3809
移动计算与人机交互
4. 如图所示的特征脸（Eigenfaces）是机器视觉领域中用于人脸图像分析的一组特征 向量，通过主元分析（PCA）得到。请问： （a）进行 PCA 的主要步骤有哪些？ （b）试给出运用 PCA 进行特征脸分析的详细过程，并指出如何进行高维人脸数 据降维。 （14%）