计算机编程手册模板文档
IT6302 编程手册-CN
若未按照制造商指定的方式使用设备,则可能会破坏该设备提供的保护。 请始终使用干布清洁设备外壳。请勿清洁仪器内部。 切勿堵塞设备的通风孔。
环境条件
IT6302 电源仅允许在室内以及低凝结区域使用,下表显示了本仪器的一般环境要 求。
环境条件 操作温度 操作湿度 存放温度 海拔高度 污染度
要求
此 仪 器 符 合 WEEE 指 令 (2002/96/EC)标记要求,此附加产 品标签说明不得将此电器/电子产品 丢弃在家庭垃圾中。
此符号表示在所示的时间段内,危险 或有毒物质不会在正常使用中泄漏或 造成损害,该产品的使用寿命为十 年。在环保使用期限内可以放心使 用,超过环保使用期限之后则应进入 回收循环系统。
手册部件号
IT6302-402208
版本
第2版, 2014 年 12月 15 日发布 Itech Electronics, Co., Ltd.
商标声明
Pentium是 Intel Corporation在美国的注 册商标。
Microsoft、Visual Studio、Windows 和 MS Windows是 Microsoft Corporation 在美国和 /或其他国家 /地区的商标。
三路直流可编程电源
IT6302 编程与语法指南
型号:IT6302 版本号:V2.3
声明
© Itech Electronics, Co., Ltd. 2014 根据国际版权法,未经 Itech Electronics, Co., Ltd. 事先允许和书面同意,不得以任 何形式(包括电子存储和检索或翻译为其 他国家或地区语言)复制本手册中的任何 内容。
若需要送回 ITECH 公司作保固服务的产品,顾客须预付寄送到 ITECH 维修部的 单程运费,ITECH 公司将负责支付回程运费。
计算机编程手册(CPM)模板
计算机编程手册(CPM)说明:1.《计算机编程手册》(CPM)提供了一个程序员理解如何在给定的计算机上编程所需的信息.本手册专注于计算机本身,而不是运行于计算机上的特定软件。
2.CPM主要针对新开发的计算机、特定用途的计算机、其他不能利用商用的或其他编程手册的计算机。
计算机编程手册的正文的格式如下,1引言本章应分为以下几条1.1标识本条应包含本文档适用的计算机系统的制造商名、型号和其他的标识信息。
1.2计算机系统概述本条应简述本文档适用的计算机系统的用途。
1.3文档概述本条应概括本文档的用途和内容,并描述与其使用有关的保密性或私密性要求。
2引用文件本章应列出本文档引用的所有文档的编号、标题、修订版本和日期。
也应标识不能通过正常的供货渠道获得的所有文档的来源。
3编程环境适当的话,本章应分条提供以下信息:a.计算机系统的部件和配置;b.操作特性、能力和限制,(若适用),包括:1)机器时钟周期;2)字长;3)内存容量和特性;4)指令集的特性;5)中断能力;6)操作方式(例如批处理、交互式、特权级、非特权级);7)操作寄存器;8)错误指示器;9)输入/输出特性;10)特殊特性。
c.在计算机系统上执行编译与汇编所需的设备(例如磁带、磁盘、其他外围设备)描述。
(若适用)按名字与版本号标识编辑程序、连接程序、连接编辑程序、编译程序、汇编程序、交叉编译程序、交叉汇编程序和使用的其他实用程序。
并引用描述它们的用法的相应手册。
要着重强调如何加载、执行、记录结果所必需的特殊的标志或指令。
4编程信息适当的话,本章应分条提供以下信息:a.描述计算机指令集体系结构的编程特点。
(若适用)包括:1)数据表示(例如字节、字、整数、浮点数、双精度);2)指令格式和寻址方式;3)专用寄存器和字(例如堆栈指针、程序计数器);4)控制指令(例如分支、跳转、子程序和过程调用指令、特权级指令和它们的操作方式);5)子程序和过程(例如不可重人、可重人、宏代码例程、变元表、参数传递约定);6)中断处理;7)计时器与时钟;8)内存保护特点(例如只读内存);9)其他的特点,例如指令或数据的高速缓存的体系结构。
opencv 4计算机视觉应用程序编程手册
opencv 4计算机视觉应用程序编程手册OpenCV 4计算机视觉应用程序编程手册一、OpenCV 4简介与安装OpenCV(Open Source Computer Vision Library)是一款开源的计算机视觉库,广泛应用于图像处理、视频分析、特征提取、目标检测等领域。
OpenCV 4在性能和功能上均有显著提升,支持Python、C++等多种编程语言。
本手册将带领读者了解OpenCV 4的基本概念,并在各种平台上安装使用。
二、计算机视觉基础概念与原理计算机视觉是一门研究如何让计算机从图像或视频中获取有意义信息的科学。
其主要任务包括图像处理、特征提取、目标检测、目标跟踪等。
在本章节中,我们将学习计算机视觉的基本概念和原理,为后续的实际项目打下基础。
三、图像处理与分析图像处理是计算机视觉的核心任务之一,主要包括图像读取、显示、存储、滤波、边缘检测等操作。
在本章节中,我们将学习OpenCV 4中常用的图像处理函数,并了解其应用场景。
四、特征提取与匹配特征提取是计算机视觉中关键的一环,旨在从图像中提取具有代表性的特征点。
常见的特征提取算法有SIFT、SURF、ORB等。
特征匹配则是寻找两幅图像中对应的特征点,常用的方法有暴力匹配、FLANN等。
在本章节中,我们将学习这些算法的原理及使用方法。
五、目标检测与跟踪目标检测是在图像或视频中查找特定目标的过程,常用的算法有R-CNN、Fast R-CNN、Faster R-CNN、SSD、YOLO等。
目标跟踪则是跟踪目标在连续帧中的位置,常用的方法有TLD、KCF等。
在本章节中,我们将学习这些目标检测与跟踪算法的原理及实现。
六、3D建模与增强现实3D建模是将二维图像转换为三维模型的一种技术,常用的工具有Open3D、Maya等。
增强现实则是将虚拟物体叠加到真实场景中,常用的框架有ARCore、ARKit等。
在本章节中,我们将学习3D建模与增强现实的基本原理及应用。
25计算机编程手册(CPM)
身高体重分析
计算机编程手册(CPM)
组员:
目录
计算机编程手册(CPM) (1)
1引言 (3)
1.1标识 (3)
1.2计算机系统概述 (3)
1.3文档概述 (3)
2引用文件 (3)
3编程环境 (3)
4编程信息 (3)
附录 (4)
1引言
1.1标识
本文档适用于windows操作系统。
1.2计算机系统概述
本文档适用的计算机系统为家庭或个人用的电脑操作系统。
1.3文档概述
本文档提供了软件运行所需要的软硬件,系统环境与参数
本文档的阅读对象如下:
1、开发人员
2、测试阶段人员
3、对本文档进行评审的人员或机构
4、项目组及其他有权需要调用本文档的人员
2引用文件
《软件工程》第二版——高等教育出版社
《软件工程导论》第五版——清华大学出版社
《计算机软件文档编制规范》GB-T8567-2006
3编程环境
计算机系统须能运行exe文件。
身高体重分析软件的开发环境是visual C++,工具为VC里带的MFC工具。
4编程信息
软件源程序包含以下几个部分:
Stdafx.cpp
Stdafx.h
身高体重分析软件.cpp
身高体重分析软件.h
身高体重分析软件Dlg.cpp
身高体重分析软件Dlg.h
其中软件的主要实现程序都在“身高体重分析软件Dlg.cpp”里,其余的程序由编程环境自动生成。
附录
程序源代码请参考附件。
其余说明请参考其他手册。
计算机编程手册(CPM)文档标准模版
计算机编程手册(CPM)XXXX公司文件更改记录文件版本变更记录计算机编程手册(CPM)说明:1.《计算机编程手册》(CPM)提供了一个程序员理解如何在给定的计算机上编程所需的信息.本手册专注于计算机本身,而不是运行于计算机上的特定软件。
2.CPM主要针对新开发的计算机、特定用途的计算机、其他不能利用商用的或其他编程手册的计算机。
模版说明:1、文档字体设定:标题1:小一标题2:二号标题3:小二标题4:三号标题5:小三标题6:四号正文:四号2、文章编号,请使用格式刷刷,不要手工编号。
目前格式都是对的。
3、内容根据实际情况裁剪,一般可行性研究报告,模版章节不可缺。
4、封面图片请根据实际情况自行替换。
5、关于修订记录,请根据文档需要自行添加。
1.引言本章应分为以下几条1.1.标识本条应包含本文档适用的计算机系统的制造商名、型号和其他的标识信息。
1.2.计算机系统概述本条应简述本文档适用的计算机系统的用途。
1.3.文档概述本条应概括本文档的用途和内容,并描述与其使用有关的保密性或私密性要求。
2.引用文件本章应列出本文档引用的所有文档的编号、标题、修订版本和日期。
也应标识不能通过正常的供货渠道获得的所有文档的来源。
3.编程环境适当的话,本章应分条提供以下信息:a.计算机系统的部件和配置;b.操作特性、能力和限制,(若适用),包括:1)机器时钟周期;2)字长;3)内存容量和特性;4)指令集的特性;5)中断能力;6)操作方式(例如批处理、交互式、特权级、非特权级);7)操作寄存器;8)错误指示器;9)输入/输出特性;10)特殊特性。
c.在计算机系统上执行编译与汇编所需的设备(例如磁带、磁盘、其他外围设备)描述。
(若适用)按名字与版本号标识编辑程序、连接程序、连接编辑程序、编译程序、汇编程序、交叉编译程序、交叉汇编程序和使用的其他实用程序。
并引用描述它们的用法的相应手册。
要着重强调如何加载、执行、记录结果所必需的特殊的标志或指令。
蓝色计算机编程技术说明PPT模板下载
TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER
计算机发明者约翰·冯·诺依曼。计算机是20世纪最先进的科学技术发明之一,对人类的生产活动和社会活 动产生了极其重要的影响,并以强大的生命力飞速发展。它的应用领域从最初的军事科研应用扩展到社会的 各个领域,已形成了规模巨大的计算机产业,带动了全球范围的技术进步,由此引发了深刻的社会变革,计算 机已遍及一般学校、企事业单位,进入寻常百姓家,成为信息社会中必不可少的工具。
计算机发明者约翰·冯·诺依曼。计算 机是20世纪最先进的科学技术发明 之一,对人类的生产活动和社会活动 产生了极其重要的影响,并以强大的 生命力飞速发展。它的应用领域从最 初的军事科研应用扩展到社会的各个 领域,已形成了规模巨大的计算机产 业,带动了全球范围的技术进步,由此 引发了深刻的社会变革,计算机已遍 及一般学校、企事业单位,
TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER
计算机的应用在中国越来越普 遍,改革开放以后,中国计算机 用户的数量不断攀升,应用水 平不断提高,特别是互联网、通 信、多媒体等领域的应用取得 了不错的成绩。1996年至 2009 年,
2
逻辑算法核心
计算机发明者约翰·冯·诺依曼。计算 机是20世纪最先进的科学技术发明 之一,对人类的生产活动和社会活动 产生了极其重要的影响,并以强大的 生命力飞速发展。它的应用领域从最 初的军事科研应用扩展到社会的各个 领域,已形成了规模巨大的计算机产 业,带动了全球范围的技术进步,由此 引发了深刻的社会变革,计算机已遍 及一般学校、企事业单位,
1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
图形算法
TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER
计算机发明者约翰·冯·诺
(完整版)ST语言编程手册
ST语言编程手册目录1. ST基本原理 (6)1.1语言描述 (6)1.1.1语法图 (6)1.1.2语法图中的块 (6)1.1.3规则的意义(语义) (7)1.2基本元素的语言 (7)1.2.1 ST字符组 (7)1.2.2 ST中的标识符 (8)1.2.2.1标识符的规则 (8)1.2.2.2标识符举例 (9)1.2.3预留标识符 (9)1.2.3.1保护标识符 (10)1.2.4数字和布尔值 (16)1.2.4.1整数 (16)1.2.4.2浮点数 (17)1.2.4.3指数 (17)1.2.4.4布尔值 (17)1.2.4.5数字的数据类型 (18)1.2.5字符串 (18)1.3 ST源文件的结构 (19)1.3.1语句 (20)1.3.2注释 (21)1.4数据类型 (22)1.4.1基本数据类型 (22)1.4.1.1基本数据类型 (22)1.4.1.2基础数据类型的值的范围限制 (24)1.4.1.3普通的数据类型 (25)1.4.1.4基础系统数据类型 (26)1.4.2用户定义的数据类型 (26)1.4.2.1用户定义的数据类型 (26)1.4.2.2用户定义的数据类型的语法(类型声明) (27)1.4.2.3基础派生或派生的数据类型 (28)1.4.2.4 派生数据类型ARRAY (29)1.4.2.5 派生的数据类型—枚举 (30)1.4.2.6派生的数据类型STRUCT(结构) (31)1.4.3技术目标数据类型 (33)1.4.3.1技术目标数据类型的描述 (33)1.4.3.2轴属性的继承 (34)1.4.3.3技术目标数据类型的例子 (35)1.4.4系统数据类型 (36)1.5变量声明 (36)1.5.1变量声明的语法 (36)1.5.2所有变量声明的概述 (38)1.5.3变量或数据类型的初始值 (39)1.6赋值和表达式 (42)1.6.1赋值 (43)1.6.1.1赋值的语法图 (43)1.6.1.2基础数据类型的变量的数值指定 (44)1.6.1.3串基础数据类型的变量数值指定 (44)1.6.1.4位数据类型的变量的数值指定 (45)1.6.1.5派生的枚举数据类型的变量的数值指定 (47)1.6.1.6派生的阵列数据类型的变量的数值指定 (47)1.6.1.7派生的STRUCT数据类型的变量数值指定 (47)1.6.2表达式 (48)1.6.2.1表达式结果 (48)1.6.2.2表达式的解释顺序 (49)1.6.3运算对象 (49)1.6.4算术表达式 (50)1.6.4.1算术表达式的例子 (53)1.6.5关系表达式 (53)1.6.6逻辑表达式和位串行表达式 (55)1.6.7运算符的优先级 (56)1.7控制语句 (57)1.7.1 IF语句 (57)1.7.2 CASE语句 (59)1.7.3 FOR语句 (60)1.7.3.1处理FOR语句 (61)1.7.3.2 FOR语句规则 (61)1.7.3.3FOR语句例子 (62)1.7.4WHILE语句 (62)1.7.5REPEAT语句 (63)1.7.6EXIT语句 (63)1.7.7RETURN语句 (64)1.7.8WAIFORCONDITION语句 (64)1.7.9GOTO语句 (66)1.8数据类型转换 (66)1.8.1基础数据类型转换 (66)1.8.1.1隐式数据类型转换 (67)1.8.1.2显式数据类型转换 (69)1.8.2补充的转换 (70)2.功能,功能块和程序 (70)2.1创建和调用功能和功能块 (71)2.1.1定义功能 (71)2.1.2定义功能块 (72)2.1.3FC和FB的声明部分 (72)2.1.4FB和FC部分的语句 (74)2.1.5功能和功能块的调用 (75)2.1.5.1参数转移的原则 (75)2.1.5.2转移给输入参数的参数 (76)2.1.5.3参数转移给in/out参数 (77)2.1.5.4参数转移到输出参数(仅对FB) (78)2.1.5.5参数访问时间 (78)2.1.5.6调用一个功能 (78)2.1.5.7调用功能块(实例调用) (79)2.1.5.8 在FB外访问FB输出参数 (80)2.1.5.9在FB外访问FB输入参数 (81)2.1.5.10FB调用时的错误源 (81)2.2功能和功能块的比较 (82)2.2.1例子说明 (82)2.2.2带注释的源文件 (83)2.3程序 (84)2.4表达式 (86)3.在SIMOTION中ST的集成 (88)3.1源文件部分的使用 (88)3.1.1源文件部分的使用 (88)3.1.1.1interface部分 (88)3.1.1.2implementation部分 (90)3.1.1.3程序组织单元(POU) (90)3.1.1.4功能(FC) (91)3.1.1.5功能块(FB) (91)3.1.1.6程序 (92)3.1.1.7表达式 (93)3.1.1.8声明部分 (93)3.1.1.9语句部分 (94)3.1.1.10数据类型定义 (94)3.1.1.11变量声明 (95)3.1.2在ST源文件之间的导入和导出 (97)3.1.2.1单元标识符 (97)3.1.2.2一个导出单元的interface部分 (98)3.1.2.3一个导出单元的例子 (98)3.1.2.4在一个导入单元的USES语句 (99)3.1.2.5一个导入单元的例子 (100)3.2在SIMOTION中的变量 (101)3.2.1变量模型 (101)3.2.1.1单元变量 (103)3.2.1.2不保留的单元变量 (104)3.2.1.3保持单元变量 (105)3.2.1.4本地变量(静态和临时变量) (106)3.2.1.5静态变量 (108)3.2.1.6临时变量 (109)3.2.2全局设备变量的使用 (110)3.2.3变量类型的存储范围 (111)3.2.3.1存储区域的例子,有效关于KernelV3.1 (112)3.2.3.2本地数据栈变量的存储要求(kernel V3.1或更高) (115)3.2.4变量初始化的时间 (117)3.2.4.1保留全局变量的初始化 (117)3.2.4.2不保留的全局变量的初始化 (118)3.2.4.3本地变量的初始化 (119)3.2.4.4静态编程变量的初始化 (120)3.2.4.5功能块实例的初始化 (121)3.2.4.6技术目标的系统变量的初始化 (121)3.2.4.7全局变量的版本ID和下载时的初始化 (122)3.2.5变量和HMI设备 (123)3.3访问输入和输出(过程图像,I/O变量) (125)3.3.1访问输入和输出的概述 (125)3.3.2直接访问和过程图像访问的重要特征 (126)3.3.3直接访问和循环任务的过程图像 (127)3.3.3.1 直接访问和循环任务的过程图像的I/O地址的规则 (128)3.3.3.2为直接访问和循环任务的过程图像创建一个I/O变量 (129)3.3.3.3输入I/O地址的语法图 (130)3.3.3.4可能的I/O变量的数据类型 (131)3.3.4背景任务的固定过程图像的访问 (131)3.3.4.1背景任务的固定过程图像的绝对访问(绝对PI访问) (132)3.3.4.2一个绝对过程图像访问的标识符语法 (133)3.3.4.3背景任务的固定过程图像的符号访问(符号PI访问) (134)3.3.4.4可能的符号PI访问的数据类型 (135)3.3.4.5符号PI访问的例子 (135)3.3.4.6为访问背景任务固定过程图像而创建一个I/O变量 (135)3.3.5访问I/O变量 (136)3.4使用库 (136)3.4.1编辑一个库 (137)3.4.2库的know-how保护 (138)3.4.3从库中使用数据类型,功能和功能块 (139)3.5相同的标识符和命名空间的使用 (140)3.5.1相同的标识符的使用 (140)3.5.2命名空间 (142)3.6参考数据 (145)3.6.1交叉对照表 (146)3.6.1.1创建一个交叉对照表单 (146)3.6.1.2交叉对照表的内容 (146)3.6.1.3交叉对照表的使用 (147)3.6.2程序结构 (147)3.6.2.1程序结构的内容 (148)3.6.3代码属性 (148)3.6.3.1代码属性内容 (149)3.7控制预处理器和pragma编辑 (149)3.7.1控制一个预处理器 (149)3.7.1.1预处理器语句 (150)3.7.1.2预处理器语句的例子 (153)3.7.2属性控制编辑器 (154)3.8跳转语句和标签 (156)4.错误源和程序调试 (157)4.1避免错误和有效编程的注释 (157)4.2程序调试 (157)4.2.1程序测试的模式 (157)4.2.1.1SIMOTION设备模式 (157)4.2.1.2life-sign监视的重要信息 (159)4.2.1.3life-sign监视参数 (160)4.2.2符号浏览器 (161)4.2.2.1符号浏览器的属性 (161)4.2.2.2使用符号浏览器 (161)4.2.3在watch表中监视变量 (163)4.2.3.1在watch表中的变量 (163)4.2.3.2使用watch表格 (163)4.2.4程序运行 (164)4.2.4.1程序运行:显示代码位置和调用路径 (164)4.2.4.2参数调用栈程序运行 (165)4.2.4.3程序运行工具栏 (165)4.2.5程序状态 (165)4.2.5.1程序状态的属性 (165)4.2.5.2使用状态程序 (166)4.2.5.3程序状态的调用路径 (168)4.2.5.4参数调用路径状态程序 (169)4.2.6断点 (169)4.2.6.1设置断点的普通步骤 (169)4.2.6.2设置debug模式 (170)4.2.6.3定义debug任务组 (171)4.2.6.4debug任务组参数 (172)4.2.6.5debug表格参数 (173)4.2.6.6设置断点 (173)4.2.6.7断点工具栏 (175)4.2.6.8定义一个单独断点的调用路径 (175)4.2.6.9断点调用路径/任务选择参数 (177)4.2.6.10定义所有断点的调用路径 (178)4.2.6.11每个POU所有断点的调用路径/任务选择参数 (179)4.2.6.12激活断点 (180)4.2.6.13显示调用栈 (181)4.2.6.14断点调用栈参数 (182)4.2.7追溯 (182)1. ST基本原理此章节描述了ST中的语言资源和使用方法。
程序员开发手册范本
《安全生产信息化管理系统》程序员开发手册1概述1.1 目的1、方便代码的交流和维护。
2、不影响编码的效率,不与大众习惯冲突。
3、使代码更美观、阅读更方便。
4、使代码的逻辑更清晰、更易于理解。
1.2 范围本手册适用于开发部全体人员,作用于软件项目开发的代码编写阶段和后期维护阶段。
1.3 警示通过自动检查【Microsoft.StyleCop】或人工检查【部门主管或相关负责人】不符合编码规范的,必须在限期【部门主管或相关负责人指定时间】内修正,逾期视为工作过失,部门主管或相关负责人视具体情况做出相关处理。
1.4 术语定义1、匈牙利命名法【禁用】标识符的名字以一个或者多个小写字母开头作为前缀;前缀之后的是首字母大写的一个单词或多个单词组合,该单词要指明变量的用途。
例如:aUserId 数组 (Array)定义以小写字母a开头2、帕斯卡(pascal)命名法【推荐】将标识符的首字母和后面连接的每个单词的首字母都大写。
可以对三字符或更多字符的标识符使用Pascal 大小写。
例如:UserId3、骆驼(Camel)命名法【推荐】标识符的首字母小写,而每个后面连接的单词的首字母都大写。
例如:userId2代码格式2.1 列宽1、为了防止在阅读代码时不得不滚动源代码编辑器,每行代码或注释在一般显示频率下不得超过一显示屏,代码列宽控制在110字符左右。
2、系统中部分代码可以不遵循此原则。
如:VIWFormItemDetail[] dv =(VIWFormItemDetail[])MHelper.SQLCommand.query(sql, VIWFormItemDetail.TName, sqlParams);3、SQL语句拼接、字符串拼接、函数参数名过长、判断语句过长的代码要遵循以上原则。
2.2 换行1、当表达式超出或即将超出规定的列宽,一行被分为几行时,通过将串联运算符放在每一行的末尾而不是开头,清楚地表示没有后面的行是不完整的。
编程规范纲要模板
使用Tab缩进
及时折行
选低优先级操作符前换行 使换行适当缩进(至少一个Tab)
一行只写一条语句(只出现一次分号) if、for、do、while、case、switch、 default各占一行,且if、for、do、while 后无论语句多少都要加花括号
空行
定义变量与程序块之间 相对独立的程序块之间
/************************************* function:函数名称 description:函数功能描述 calls:被本函数调用的函数清单 called by:调用本函数的函数清单 input:输入参数,每个参数的作用、取值及关系 output:输出参数说明 return:函数返回值的说明 others:其它说明 **************************************/
命名的基本原则
标识符的命名要清晰、明了 对于变量命名,禁止取单个字符i、j等 不要使用数字或较奇怪的字符
变量名的命名规则
使用“匈牙利法则”
变量名=变量类型+变量的英文意思
开头部分
b i
类型
bool int
类型
double unsigned int 0结尾字符串 指针 全局变量 静态变量
第九部分 客观存在
用宏定义表达式时,要使用完备的括号 将宏所定义的多条表达式放在大括号中 使用带参数宏时,不要让参数变化
过程/函数中分配的内存退出之前要释放; 过程/函数中申请的文件句柄退出之前要 关闭 防止内存操作越界 编程时,防止差1错误 注意易混淆的操作符 建议if搭配else;switch使用default
编程手册
第一章系统概述1.1坐标系规定在数控机床上加工零件时,刀具与零件的相对运动,必须在确定的坐标系中才能按规定的程序进行加工。
为了便于编程时描述机床的运动,简化程序的编制方法,保证记录数据的互换性,数控机床的坐标和运动方向均已标准化。
机械工业部于1982 年颁布了JB 3051―82 数字控制机床坐标和运动方向的命名标准,其命名原则和规定如下:1.1.11.1.2 标准坐标系的规定1.1.3机床运动部件方向的规定(1)Z 坐标运动Z(2) X 坐标运动X坐标是水平的,的主要坐标。
移动为X1.1.4 机床参考点1.1.5工件坐标系所有坐标值,上处于同一绝对位置,其坐标值也不同。
为了保证加工中刀尖坐标的唯一性,必须确定坐例如:假设刀尖坐标为(则沿X 负方向走25mm 处为X 沿Z 负方向走250mm 处为Z 右图中的A 处)。
注1:在车床上,规定X 非通过坐标平移指令)。
浮动零点一旦确定,便构成实际加工中使用的工件坐标系。
程序中所有刀尖移动,均以该坐标系为参考。
坐标零点的确定,详见G92指令。
1.1.6换刀时刀补的原理:加工比较复杂的工件时,往往需要多把刀具。
而加工程序是按其中某一把刀具的刀尖进行编制的,换刀后,当前刀尖相对于前一把刀的刀尖在X 和Z 两个方向必定会有偏移,也就是说即使大小拖板不动,换刀后刀尖位置会变化,刀补的作用是来弥补这种变化。
例如:当前刀为T1,其刀尖位 置为A1;换成二号刀后(T2),二 号刀刀尖处于A2位置,换刀后刀尖 坐标由A1(X1,Z1)变为A2(X2, Z2),刀补的作用就是将刀尖坐标 值由原来的坐标(X1,Z1)转换成 (X2,Z2),A1和A2在X 、Z 方向的 相对差值是可以预先测出的,这个 值就是数控系统记忆的刀补值。
在 实际应用中,为了简化这一过程, 数控系统不是测出各把刀两两之间 的差值,而采取更简洁的方法来记 忆刀补值。
即记忆坐标值的方法来 确定。
例如:将每把刀的刀尖沿X 、Z 接触这一固定点时作为标准,工件尺寸的方法,相当于把轴线作为对刀基准,可以方便地对出外圆,内孔等刀具的刀补值,而且消除了工艺系统弹性变形造成的误差。
计算机编程参考手册
计算机编程参考手册一、引言计算机编程是一门复杂而又重要的技能,对于想要进入计算机行业或者提升自己的技术水平的人来说,了解编程语言和相关知识是必不可少的。
本手册旨在为初学者和有经验的程序员提供一个全面而又简洁的参考指南,帮助他们在编程过程中快速查找需要的信息。
二、编程语言1. C语言C语言是一种广泛应用于系统和应用程序开发的高级编程语言。
它具有简洁的语法和强大的功能,适用于开发各种类型的应用程序。
本节将介绍C语言的基本语法、数据类型、控制结构和函数等内容。
2. PythonPython是一种易于学习和使用的编程语言,被广泛应用于科学计算、Web开发和人工智能等领域。
本节将介绍Python的基本语法、数据类型、条件语句、循环语句和函数等内容。
3. JavaJava是一种面向对象的编程语言,具有跨平台性和强大的生态系统。
它被广泛应用于企业级应用程序和Android应用程序的开发。
本节将介绍Java的基本语法、面向对象编程、异常处理和多线程等内容。
三、数据结构与算法1. 数组数组是一种线性数据结构,用于存储相同类型的元素。
本节将介绍数组的定义、初始化、访问和常见操作等内容。
2. 链表链表是一种动态数据结构,用于存储非连续的元素。
本节将介绍链表的定义、插入、删除和常见操作等内容。
3. 栈和队列栈和队列是两种常用的数据结构,用于实现特定的操作。
本节将介绍栈和队列的定义、实现和应用场景等内容。
4. 树和图树和图是非线性的数据结构,用于表示具有层次关系的数据。
本节将介绍树和图的定义、遍历算法和常见应用等内容。
5. 排序和搜索算法排序和搜索算法是解决实际问题时常用的算法。
本节将介绍常见的排序算法(如冒泡排序、快速排序)和搜索算法(如线性搜索、二分搜索)等内容。
四、常用工具和框架1. 编辑器和集成开发环境(IDE)编辑器和IDE是编程过程中常用的工具,可以提高开发效率。
本节将介绍一些流行的编辑器和IDE,如Visual Studio Code、Eclipse和PyCharm等。
att汇编手册
att汇编手册ATT(Assembly Text)汇编手册是关于计算机编程语言汇编语言的一本手册。
它提供了关于汇编语言的语法、指令集、寄存器使用等方面的详细说明,是学习和使用汇编语言的重要参考手册。
以下是ATT汇编手册的一些主要内容:1、汇编语言概述:介绍汇编语言的起源、发展、应用领域以及与其他编程语言的比较。
2、语法规则:详细说明汇编语言的语法规则,包括指令格式、伪指令、宏指令等。
3、指令集:介绍汇编语言的核心指令集,包括算术指令、逻辑指令、移位指令、控制流指令等。
4、寄存器使用:介绍计算机中的寄存器及其在汇编语言中的使用方法,包括通用寄存器、特殊寄存器等。
5、系统调用和输入/输出:介绍如何在汇编语言中进行系统调用和输入/输出操作。
6、内存管理:介绍内存管理的基本概念和如何在汇编语言中进行内存分配和访问。
7、链接器和加载器:介绍链接器和加载器的基本概念,以及如何使用汇编语言进行程序链接和加载。
8、调试技术:介绍一些常用的汇编语言调试技术,包括使用调试器、设置断点、单步执行等。
9、性能优化:介绍一些性能优化的技巧和方法,以提高汇编语言的执行效率。
此外,ATT汇编手册还包含了一些示例程序和练习题,以帮助读者更好地理解和掌握汇编语言。
总的来说,ATT汇编手册是一本全面、系统地介绍汇编语言的书籍,是学习和使用汇编语言的重要参考手册。
如果你对计算机编程和底层系统开发感兴趣,或者想深入了解计算机系统的底层机制,那么学习汇编语言和阅读ATT汇编手册是很有必要的。
需要注意的是,由于计算机技术和汇编语言本身也在不断发展和变化,因此ATT汇编手册的内容可能不是最新的,也可能不适用于所有的计算机架构或汇编器。
因此,在学习和使用汇编语言时,还需要结合其他资源和实践经验,以达到更好的学习效果和应用能力。
STM8 FLASH编程手册
June 2011Doc ID 14614 Rev 31/27PM0051Programming manualHow to program STM8S and STM8A Flash program memory and data EEPROMIntroductionThis manual describes how to program Flash program memory and data EEPROM onSTM8 microcontrollers. It applies to access and performance line STM8S and medium and high density STM8A devices. It is intended to provide information to the programming tool manufacturers and to the customers who want to implement programming by themselves on their production line.The in-circuit programming (ICP) method is used to update the content of Flash program memory and data EEPROM while the user software is not running. It uses the Single wire interface module (SWIM) to communicate between the programming tool and the device.In contrast to the ICP method, in-application programming (IAP) can use anycommunication interface supported by the microcontroller (I/Os, SPI, USART , I 2C, USB, CAN...). IAP has been implemented for users who want their application software to update itself by re-programming the Flash program memory during program execution. The main advantage of IAP is its ability to re-program Flash program memory and data EEPROM when the chip has already been soldered on the application board and while the usersoftware is running. Nevertheless, part of the Flash program memory has to be previously programmed using ICP .Some devices also contain a bootloader embedded in a ROM memory. Through this firmware the device memory can be re-programmed using a standard communication interface. This programming method is not described in this document.For details on memory implementation and features, registers or stack top addresses, refer to the product datasheets.Related documents●STM8 SWIM communication protocol and debug module (UM0470)●STM8 bootloader user manual (UM0560)l●STM8S and STM8A microcontroller families reference manual (RM0016)●Basic in-application programming example using the STM8 I 2C and SPI peripherals (AN2737)●STM8 in-application programming example (AN2659)●Performance line datasheet (high density Flash program and data EEPROM)●Access line datasheets (low and medium density Flash program and data EEPROM)●STM8A datasheets (up to 32 Kbytes and up to 128Kbytes of Flash program memory)Contents PM0051Contents1Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Memory organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1Low density STM8S microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2Medium density STM8S microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3High density STM8S microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.4Medium density STM8A microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.5High density STM8A microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Memory protection strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.1Readout protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.2User Boot Code area protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.3Unwanted memory access protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Programming STM8 Flash microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.1Unlocking the Memory Access Security System (MASS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.2Block programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.3Word programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204.4Byte programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.5Programming the option bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.5.1Summary of memory dedicated option bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.5.2How to program the option bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.6Memory access versus programming method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.6.1ICP methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.6.2IAP method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5Flash program memory and data EEPROM comparison . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262/27Doc ID 14614 Rev 3PM0051List of tables List of tablesTable 1.Low density STM8S memory partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Table 2.Medium density STM8S memory partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Table 3.High density STM8S memory partition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Table 4.Medium density STM8A memory partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Table 5.High density STM8A memory partition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Table 6.Recommended minimum and maximum sizes of the UBC area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table 7.MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Table 8.Memory access versus programming method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table parison between STM8S and STM8A devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Table 10.Document revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Doc ID 14614 Rev 33/27Glossary PM0051 1 GlossaryThis section gives a brief definition of acronyms and terms used in this document:●BlockA block is a set of bytes that can be programmed or erased in one single programmingoperation. Operations that are available on a block are fast programming, erase only,and standard programming (which includes an erase operation). Refer to Section2:Memory organization for details on block size according to the device.●BootloaderThe bootloader is an IAP application embedded in the system memory of the device. Itis used to erase and program the device using a standard serial communication port.The bootloader is not available on small devices, and is not described in the presentdocument. Refer to STM8 bootloader user manual (UM0500) for more details.●DriverA driver is a control program defined by the application developer. It is used to managethe allocation of system resources to start application programs. In this document twodrivers are described, ICP and IAP drivers.●In-application programming (IAP)IAP is the ability to re-program the Flash program memory and data EEPROM (DAT A)of a microcontroller while the device is already plugged-in to the application and theapplication is running.●In-circuit programming (ICP)ICP is the ability to program the Flash program memory and data EEPROM of amicrocontroller using the SWIM protocol while the device is plugged-in to theapplication.●In-circuit debugging (ICD)ICD is the ability to debug the user software using the SWIM protocol. The user has theability to connect the device to a debugger and insert breakpoints in his firmware.Debugging may be intrusive (application patched to allow debugging) or non intrusive(using a debug module).●Memory access security system (MASS) keysThe Memory access security system (MASS) consists of a memory write protectionlock designed to prevent unwanted memory modifications due to EMS or programcounter loss. To unlock the memory protection, one or more keys must be written in adedicated register and in a specific order. When the operation (write or erase) iscompleted, the MASS must be activated again to provide good memory security.4/27 Doc ID 14614 Rev 3PM0051Glossary●PageA page is a set of blocks. The number of blocks in a page may differ from one device toanother. Refer to Section2: Memory organization for details on page size according tothe device.A dedicated option byte can be used to configure by increments of one page the size ofthe user boot code. Refer to Section5: Flash program memory and data EEPROMcomparison for a description of available areas and option bytes according to thedevices.●Read-while-write (RWW)The RWW feature provides the ability for the software to perform write operation ondata EEPROM while reading and executing the program memory. Execution time istherefore optimized. The opposite operation is not allowed: the software cannot readdata memory while writing program memory.The RWW feature is not available on all STM8 devices. Refer to Table9 for informationon devices with RWW capability.●Single wire interface module (SWIM)The SWIM is a communication protocol managed by hardware in the STM8microcontrollers. The SWIM main purpose is to provide non intrusive debug capability.It can also be used to download programs into RAM and execute them. It can also write(registers or RAM) or read any part of the memory space and jump to any memoryaddress. The SWIM protocol is used for ICP. It is accessed by providing a specificsequence on the SWIM pin either during the reset phase or when the device is running(if allowed by the application).●System memoryThe STM8 system memory is a small ROM accessible when the user software isexecuted. It contains the bootloader. The system ROM and the bootloader are notavailable on all STM8 devices.●User boot code area (UBC)The user boot code area is a write-protected area which contains reset vector, interruptvectors, and IAP routine for the device to be able to recover from interrupted orerroneous IAP programming.●User modeThe user mode is the standard user software running mode in the STM8. It is enteredeither by performing a power-on-reset on the device or by issuing the SWIM SRSTcommand from a development tool.●WordA word is a set of 4 bytes and corresponds to the memory granularity.Doc ID 14614 Rev 35/27Memory organization PM00516/27 Doc ID 14614 Rev 32 Memory organizationThis section describes the memory organization corresponding to:●Access line and performance line STM8S microcontrollers ●Medium and high density STM8A microcontrollersSTM8S microcontrollers offer low density (8Kbytes), medium density (from 16 to32Kbytes) and high density (from 32 to 128Kbytes) Flash program memory, plus data EEPROM.STM8A microcontrollers feature medium density (from 8 to 32Kbytes) and high density (from 32 to 128Kbytes) Flash memory, plus data EEPROM.The memory organization differs from one STM8 family to another. Refer to Section 2.1, Section 2.2, Section 2.3, Section 2.4, and Section 2.3 for a description of the memory organization according to microcontroller family and memory density.A memory accelerator takes advantage of the parallel 4-byte storage, which corresponds to a word. The Flash program memory and data EEPROM can be erased and programmed at byte level, word level or block level. In word programming mode, 4 bytes can beprogrammed/erased during the same cycle, while in block programming mode, a whole block is programmed/erase during the same cycle. Refer to Section 2.1, Section 2.2, Section 2.3, Section 2.4, and Section 2.3 for information on block size according to the devices.2.1 Low density STM8S microcontrollersThe memory array is divided into two areas:●8Kbytes of Flash program memory organized in 128 pages or blocks of 64 bytes each. The Flash program memory is divided into 2 areas, the user boot code area (UBC), which size can be configured by option byte, and the main program memory area. The Flash program memory is mapped in the upper part of the STM8S addressing space and includes the reset and interrupt vectors.●640 bytes of data EEPROM (DATA) organized in 10 pages or blocks of 64bytes each. One block (64bytes) contains the option bytes of which 11 are used to configure the device hardware features. The options bytes can be programmed in user, IAP and ICP/SWIM modes.Refer to T able 1 for a detailed description of the memory partition for low density STM8S microcontrollers.PM0051Memory organizationDoc ID 14614 Rev 37/272.2 Medium density STM8S microcontrollersThe memory is divided into two arrays:●From 16 to 32Kbytes of Flash program memory organized in up to 64 pages of 4blocks of 128 bytes each. The Flash program memory is divided into 2 areas, the user boot code area (UBC), which size can be configured by option byte, and the mainprogram memory area. The Flash program memory is mapped in the upper part of the STM8S addressing space and includes the reset and interrupt vectors.●1Kbytes of data EEPROM (DATA) organized in up to 2 pages of 4 blocks of 128bytes each. One block (128 bytes) contains the option bytes of which 13 are used toconfigure the device hardware features. The options bytes can be programmed in user, IAP and ICP/SWIM modes.Refer to T able 2 for a detailed description of the memory partition for medium density STM8S microcontrollers.Table 1.Low density STM8S memory partitionAreaPage number (1 page=1 block)Block number (1 block=64bytes)Address Data EEPROM000x004000-0x00403F 110x004040-0x00407F 220x004080-0x0040BF (9)90x004240-0x00427F Option bytes -0 (one block only)0x004800-0x00483F Flash program memory000x008000-0x00803F 110x008040-0x00807F 220x008080-0x0080BF (127)1270x009FC0-0x009FFFMemory organization PM00518/27 Doc ID 14614 Rev 3Table 2.Medium density STM8S memory partition (1)AreaPage number (1 page=4 blocks)Block number (1 block=128bytes)Address Data EEPROM 000x004000-0x00407F 10x004080-0x0040FF 20x004100-0x00417F 30x004180-0x0041FF 14-70x004200-0x0043FF Option bytes -0 (one block only)0x004800-0x00487F Flash program memory00x008000-0x00807F 10x008080-0x0080FF 20x008100-0x00817F 30x008180-0x0081FF 14-70x008200-0x0083FF... (63)2520x00FE00-0x00FE7F 2530x00FE80-0x00FEFF 2540x00FF00-0x00FF7F 2550x00FF80-0x00FFFF1.The memory mapping is given for the devices featuring 32Kbytes of Flash program memory.PM0051Memory organizationDoc ID 14614 Rev 39/272.3 High density STM8S microcontrollersThe memory is divided into two arrays:●From 32 to 128Kbytes of Flash program memory organized in up to 256 pages of 4 blocks of 128 bytes each. The Flash program memory is divided into 2 areas, the user boot code area (UBC), which size can be configured by option byte, and the mainprogram memory area. The Flash program memory is mapped in the upper part of the STM8S addressing space and includes the reset and interrupt vectors.●From 1 to 2Kbytes of data EEPROM (DATA) organized in up to 4 pages of 4 blocks of 128bytes each. The size of the DATA area is fixed for a given microcontroller. One block (128bytes) contains the option bytes of which 15 are used to configure the device hardware features. The options bytes can be programmed in user, IAP and ICP/SWIM modes.Refer to T able 3 for a detailed description of the memory partition for high density STM8S microcontrollers.Table 3.High density STM8S memory partition (1)AreaPage number (1 page=4 blocks)Block number (1 block=128bytes)Address Data EEPROM00x004000-0x00407F 10x004080-0x0040FF 20x004100-0x00417F 30x004180-0x0041FF 1 4 to 70x004200-0x0043FF 28 to 110x004400-0x0045FF 312 to 150x004600-0x0047FF Option bytes-0 (one block only)0x004800-0x00487FMemory organization PM005110/27 Doc ID 14614 Rev 32.4 Medium density STM8A microcontrollersThe memory is divided into two arrays:●From 8 to 32Kbytes of Flash program memory organized in up to 64 pages of 4 blocks of 128 bytes each. The Flash program memory is divided into 2 areas, the user boot code area (UBC), which size can be configured by option byte, and the main program memory area. The Flash program memory is mapped in the upper part of the STM8A addressing space and includes the reset and interrupt vectors.●From 384 bytes to 1Kbytes of data EEPROM (DATA) organized in up to 2 pages of 4 blocks of 128bytes each. One block (128 bytes) contains the option bytes of which 13 are used to configure the device hardware features. The options bytes can be programmed in user, IAP and ICP/SWIM modes.Refer to T able 4 for a detailed description of the memory partition for medium density STM8A microcontrollers.Flash program memory00x008000-0x00807F 10x008080-0x0080FF 20x008100-0x00817F 30x008180-0x0081FF 14 to 70x00 8200-0x00 83FF 28 to 110x00 8400-0x00 85FF... (255)10200x00 27E00-0x00 27E7F 10210x00 27E80-0x00 27EFF 10220x00 27F00-0x00 27F7F 10230x00 27F80-0x00 27FFF1.The memory mapping is given for the devices featuring 128Kbytes of Flash program memory and 2Kbytes of dataEEPROM.Table 3.High density STM8S memory partition (1) (continued)AreaPage number (1 page=4 blocks)Block number (1 block=128bytes)AddressPM0051Memory organizationDoc ID 14614 Rev 311/27Table 4.Medium density STM8A memory partition (1)AreaPage number (1 page=4 blocks)Block number (1 block=128bytes)Address Data EEPROM 000x004000-0x00407F 10x004080-0x0040FF 20x004100-0x00417F 30x004180-0x0041FF 14-70x004200-0x0043FF Option bytes -0 (one block only)0x004800-0x00487F Flash program memory00x008000-0x00807F 10x008080-0x0080FF 20x008100-0x00817F 30x008180-0x0081FF 14-70x008200-0x0083FF... (63)2520x00FE00-0x00FE7F 2530x00FE80-0x00FEFF 2540x00FF00-0x00FF7F 2550x00FF80-0x00FFFF1.The memory mapping is given for the devices featuring 32Kbytes of Flash program memory.Memory organization PM005112/27 Doc ID 14614 Rev 32.5 High density STM8A microcontrollersThe memory is divided into two arrays:●From 32 to 128Kbytes of Flash program memory organized in up to 256 pages of 4 blocks of 128 bytes each. The Flash program memory is divided into 2 areas, the user boot code area (UBC), which size can be configured by option byte, and the mainprogram memory area. The Flash program memory is mapped in the upper part of the STM8A addressing space and includes the reset and interrupt vectors.●From 1 to 2Kbytes of data EEPROM (DATA) organized in up to 4 pages of 4 blocks of 128bytes each. The size of the DATA area is fixed for a given microcontroller. One block (128bytes) contains the option bytes of which 15 are used to configure the device hardware features. The options bytes can be programmed in user, IAP and ICP/SWIM modes.Refer to T able 5 for a detailed description of the memory partition for high density STM8A microcontrollers.Table 5.High density STM8A memory partition (1)AreaPage number (1 page=4 blocks)Block number (1 block=128bytes)Address Data EEPROM00x004000-0x00407F 10x004080-0x0040FF 20x004100-0x00417F 30x004180-0x0041FF 1 4 to 70x004200-0x0043FF 28 to 110x004400-0x0045FF 312 to 150x004600-0x0047FF Option bytes-0 (one block only)0x004800-0x00487FPM0051Memory organizationDoc ID 14614 Rev 313/27Flash program memory00x008000-0x00807F 10x008080-0x0080FF 20x008100-0x00817F 30x008180-0x0081FF 14 to 70x00 8200-0x00 83FF 28 to 110x00 8400-0x00 85FF... (255)10200x00 27E00-0x00 27E7F 10210x00 27E80-0x00 27EFF 10220x00 27F00-0x00 27F7F 10230x00 27F80-0x00 27FFF1.The memory mapping is given for the devices featuring 128Kbytes of Flash program memory and 2Kbytes of dataEEPROM.Table 5.High density STM8A memory partition (1) (continued)AreaPage number (1 page=4 blocks)Block number (1 block=128bytes)Address3 Memory protection strategyThe STM8 devices feature several mechanisms allowing to protect the content of the Flashprogram and data EEPROM areas:●Readout protectionThe software can prevent application code and data stored in the Flash programmemory and data EEPROM from being read and modified in ICP/SWIM mode. Thereadout protection is enabled and disabled by programming an option byte inICP/SWIM mode. Refer to Section3.1 for details.●User boot code area (UBC)In order to guaranty the capability to recover from an interrupted or erroneous IAPprogramming, all STM8 devices provide a write-protected area called user boot code(UBC). This area is a part of the Flash program memory which cannot be modified inuser mode (that is protected against modification by the user software). The content ofthe UBC area can be modified only in ICP/SWIM mode after clearing the UBC optionbyte.The size of the user boot code area can be configured through an option byte byincrements of one page.Refer to Section3.2 for details on user boot code area.●Unwanted memory access protectionAll STM8 devices offer unwanted memory access protection, which purpose is toprevent unintentional modification of program memory and data EEPROM (for exampledue to a firmware bug or EMC disturbance).This protection consists of authorizing write access to the memory only through aspecific software sequence which is unlikely to happen randomly or by mistake. Accessto Flash program and data EEPROM areas is enabled by writing MASS keys into keyregisters.Refer to Section3.3 for details on unwanted memory access protection.protection3.1 ReadoutThe readout protection is enabled by writing 0xAA in the ROP option byte. It is disabled byreprogramming the ROP option byte with any value except for 0xAA and resetting thedevice.The readout protection can only be disabled in ICP/SWIM mode.When the readout protection is selected, reading or modifying the Flash program memory inICP mode (using the SWIM interface) is forbidden. When available, the data EEPROMmemory is also protected against read and write access through ICP.Erasing the ROP option byte to disable the readout protection causes the Flash programmemory, the DATA area and the option bytes to be erased.Even though no protection can be considered as totally unbreakable, the readout protectionfeature provides a very high level of protection for general purpose microcontrollers. Ofcourse, a software that allows the user to dump the Flash program memory content makethis readout protection useless. Table8 describes possible accesses to each memory areasversus the different modes and readout protection settings.14/27 Doc ID 14614 Rev 3Doc ID 14614 Rev 315/273.2 User Boot Code area protectionWhatever the memory content, it is always possible to restart an ICP session after a critical error by applying a reset and restarting the SWIM communication.On the contrary, during IAP sessions, the programming software driver must always be write protected to be able to recover from any critical failure that might happen during programming (such as power failure).The pages where the IAP driver is implemented must be located in the write-protected boot code area (UBC). The application reset and interrupt vectors and the reset routine must also be stored in the UBC. These conditions allow the user software to manage the recovery from potential critical failure by applying a reset and restarting the IAP routine from the protected boot area.The UBC size is defined by the user boot code (UBC) area option byte. This option byte may slightly differ from one product to another. See the following table for the minimum and maximum size of the UBC area. Its maximum size is equal to the full memory size3.3 Unwanted memory access protectionThe unwanted memory access protection consists of writing two 8-bit keys in the right order into dedicated MASS key registers.Writing the correct sequence of keys in the program memory MASS key register(FLASH_PUKR) enables the programming of the program memory area excluding the UBC. If wrong keys are provided, a reset must to be generated to be able to reprogram the right keys.Once the write memory protection has been removed, it is possible to reactivate the protection of the area by resetting the PUL bit in FLASH_IAPSR.To enable write access to the data EEPROM area, another specific MASS key register (FLASH_DUKR) and a different key sequence must be used. Once the dataEEPROM/option byte area is unlocked, it is possible to reactivate the protection of the area by resetting the DUL bit in FLASH_IAPSR.If wrong keys have been provided to the FLASH_PUKR register, the device must be reset before performing a new key program sequence. However, when wrong keys are provided to the FLASH_DUKR register, new keys can be entered without the device being previously reset.In order to be as effective as possible, the application software must lock again theunwanted memory access protection as soon as the programming is completed. Otherwise, the protection level of the MASS is significantly reduced. To activate the MASS protection again, the user must reset the corresponding bits in the FLASH_IAPSR register (DUL bit for data EEPROM or PUL bit for Flash program memory).Table 6.Recommended minimum and maximum sizes of the UBC areaSTM8 microcontroller familyRecommended minimum sizeof the UBC areaMaximum size of the UBC areaLow density STM8S2 pages = 128bytes Full memory size Medium density STM8S and STM8A 2 pages = 1KbyteFull memory sizeHigh density STM8S and STM8A16/27 Doc ID 14614 Rev 3Note:1The mechanism to lock and unlock unwanted memory access protection is identical for option bytes and data EEPROM (see Ta ble 7: MASS ).2Before starting programming program memory or data EEPROM, the software must verify that the area is not write protected by checking that the PUL or DUL bit is effectively set.4 Programming STM8 Flash microcontrollersThis section describes how to program STM8 single-voltage Flash microcontrollers.4.1 Unlocking the Memory Access Security System (MASS)The memory must be unlocked before attempting to perform any erase or write operation. To unlock it, follow the procedure described in Section 3.3: Unwanted memory access protection , and Table 7.The software must poll the PUL and DUL bit, before attempting to write to program memory and data EEPROM, respectively.4.2 Block programmingBlock write operations allow to program an entire block in one shot, thus minimizing theprogramming time.There are three possible block programming modes: erase, write only (also called fast programming) and combined erase/write cycle (also called standard block programming).Table 7.MASSMicrocontrollerfamilyData EEPROM and option bytes Program memoryUnlock Lock Unlock Lock STM8S and STM8AWrite 0xAE then56h in FLASH_DUKR (0x00 5064)(1)(2)1.The OPT and NOPT bits of FLASH_CR2 and FLASH_NCR2 registers must be set/cleared to enableaccess to the option bytes.2.If wrong keys have been entered, another key programming sequence can be issued without resetting thedevice.Reset bit 3 (DUL) in FLASH_IAPSR (0x00 505F)Write 0x56 then0xAE in FLASH_PUKR (0x00 5062)(3)3.If wrong keys have been entered, the device must be reset, and a key program sequence issued.Reset bit 1 (PUL) in FLASH_IAPSR (0x00 505F)。
fx2n232bd编程手册
fx2n232bd编程手册引言概述:FX2N232BD是一种基于Mitsubishi FX2N系列可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)的串行通信扩展模块。
本手册旨在提供给用户关于FX2N232BD的详细编程指南,使用户能够灵活地使用该模块实现PLC与外部设备之间的串行通信。
正文内容:1. FX2N232BD的基本介绍1.1 模块功能和特点在FX2N232BD手册中,首先要介绍该模块的基本功能和特点。
FX2N232BD模块是一种串口通信扩展模块,支持RS232标准串行通信协议。
它可以与FX2N系列的PLC进行连接,实现PLC与计算机或其他外部设备之间的数据传输。
1.2 硬件连接在FX2N232BD手册中,需要详细说明与该模块的硬件连接方法。
FX2N232BD模块需要通过模块保持器连接至FX2N系列的PLC,同时需要连接串行通信设备,如计算机、显示器等。
通过正确连接硬件设备,才能保证FX2N232BD模块的正常工作。
1.3 编程环境FX2N232BD手册还需要介绍针对该模块的编程环境。
用户需要安装PLC编程软件,并通过软件进行模块的初始化和设置。
编程环境的准备和设置是使用FX2N232BD模块的前提条件,它们对模块的使用和功能发挥具有重要的影响。
2. FX2N232BD的通信设置2.1 串行通信参数设置在FX2N232BD手册中,要介绍如何设置串行通信的参数。
用户需要根据实际通信需求,设置波特率、数据位、校验位、停止位等通信参数。
合理设置这些参数,可以确保串行通信的稳定和可靠。
2.2 通信模式选择FX2N232BD手册中,还要详细介绍不同的通信模式选择。
用户可以通过设置FX2N232BD模块的通信模式,选择合适的通信方式,如点对点通信、多点通信等。
不同的通信模式对于不同的应用场景具有重要的意义。
2.3 编程指令FX2N232BD手册也应该包含相应的编程指令。
用户需要学习如何使用PLC编程软件编写程序,以实现与FX2N232BD模块的交互。
计算机编程基础教程说明书
About the T utorialComputer programming is the act of writing computer programs, which are a sequence of instructions written using a Computer Programming Language to perform a specified task by the computer.Computer Programming is fun and easy to learn provided you adopt a proper approach. This tutorial attempts to cover the basics of computer programming using a simple and practical approach for the benefit of novice learners. AudienceThis tutorial has been prepared for the beginners who are willing to learn computer programming but they are unable to learn it due to lack of proper guidance. We are confident that after completing this tutorial, you will be at a level where you can code in C Programming language and will have a basic understanding of Java and Python programming languages as well from where you can continue further. If you are completely new to Computer Programming, then we recommend you to read this tutorial twice or even thrice. First reading will not give you much idea, but during your second reading, you will start grasping most of the concepts and you will enjoy writing computer programs.PrerequisitesWe do not expect much from you as prerequisites, however, we assume that you have some amount of exposure to computers and its peripherals like keyboard, mouse, screen, printer, etc.Copyright & DisclaimerCopyright 2014 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher.We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at **************************T able of ContentsAbout the Tutorial (i)Prerequisites (i)Copyright & Disclaimer (i)Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... i i 1. OVERVIEW .. (1)Introduction to Computer Program (1)Introduction to Computer Programming (2)Uses of Computer Programs (2)Computer Programmer (3)Algorithm (3)2. BASICS (5)3. ENVIORNMENT (7)Text Editor (8)Compiler (8)Interpreter (9)Online Compilation (10)4. BASIC SYNTAX (11)Hello World Program in C (11)Syntax Error (15)Hello World Program in Java (15)Hello World Program in Python (16)5. DATA TYPES (17)C and Java Data Types (18)Python Data Types (19)6. VARIABLES (20)Store Values in Variables (21)Access Stored Values in Variables (22)Variables in Java (23)Variables in Python (24)7. KEYWORDS (26)C Programming Reserved Keywords (27)Java Programming Reserved Keywords (27)Python Programming Reserved Keywords (28)8. OPERATORS (30)Arithmetic Operators (30)Relational Operators (32)Logical Operators (34)Operators in Java (36)Operators in Python (37)9. DECISION STATEMENTS (39)if...else statement .. (41)if...else if...else statement .. (42)The switch statement (44)Decisions in Java (46)Decisions in Python (47)10. LOOPS (48)The while Loop (50)The do...while Loop .. (51)The break statement (53)The continue statement (54)Loops in Python (56)11. NUMBERS (58)Math Operations on Numbers (59)Numbers in Java (62)Numbers in Python (63)12. CHARACTERS (65)Escape Sequences (66)Characters in Java (68)Characters in Python (69)13. ARRAYS (70)Create Arrays (71)Initializing Arrays (71)Accessing Array Elements (72)Arrays in Java (73)Arrays (Lists) in Python (74)14. STRINGS (76)Basic String Concepts (79)Strings in Java (79)Strings in Python (80)15. FUNCTIONS (81)Defining a Function (83)Calling a Function (83)Functions in Java (85)Functions in Python (86)16. FILE I/O (88)Computer Files (88)File Input/Output (88)File Operation Modes (88)Opening Files (89)Closing a File (90)Writing a File (90)Reading a File (91)File I/O in Java (92)File I/O in Python (93)17. SUMMARY (95)6Introduction to Computer ProgramBefore getting into computer programming, let us first understand computer programs and what they do.A computer program is a sequence of instructions written using a ComputerProgramming Language to perform a specified task by the computer.The two important terms that we have used in the above definition are: ∙Sequence of instructions∙Computer Programming LanguageTo understand these terms, consider a situation when someone asks you about how to go to a nearby KFC. What exactly do you do to tell him the way to go to KFC? You will use Human Language to tell the way to go to KFC, something as follows:Here, you have used English Language to give several steps to be taken to reach KFC. If they are followed in the following sequence, then you will reach KFC:Now, try to map the situation with a computer program. The above sequence of instructions is actually a Human Program written in English Language, which instructs on how to reach KFC from a given starting point. This same sequence could have been given in Spanish, Hindi, Arabic, or any other human language, provided the person seeking direction knows any of these languages.1.7Now, let's go back and try to understand a computer program, which is a sequence of instructions written in a Computer Language to perform a specified task by the computer. Following is a simple program written in Python programming Language:The above computer program instructs the computer to print "Hello, World!" on the computer screen.∙ A computer program is also called a computer software, which can range from two lines to millions of lines of instructions.∙Computer program instructions are also called program source code and computer programming is also called program coding.∙ A computer without a computer program is just a dump box; it is programs that make computers active.As we have developed so many languages to communicate among ourselves, computer scientists have developed several computer-programming languages to provide instructions to the computer (i.e., to write computer programs). We will see several computer programming languages in the subsequent chapters. Introduction to Computer ProgrammingIf you understood what a computer program is, then we will say:the act of writing computer programs is called computer programming.As we mentioned earlier, there are hundreds of programming languages, which can be used to write computer programs and following are a few of them: ∙Java∙ C∙C++∙Python∙PHP∙Perl∙Ruby8Uses of Computer ProgramsToday computer programs are being used in almost every field, household, agriculture, medical, entertainment, defense, communication, etc. Listed below are a few applications of computer programs:∙MS Word, MS Excel, Adobe Photoshop, Internet Explorer, Chrome, etc., are examples of computer programs.∙Computer programs are being used to develop graphics and special effects in movie making.∙Computer programs are being used to perform Ultrasounds, X-Rays, and other medical examinations.∙Computer programs are being used in our mobile phones for SMS, Chat, and voice communication.Computer ProgrammerSomeone who can write computer programs or in other words, someone who can do computer programming is called a Computer Programmer.Based on computer programming language expertise, we can name a computer programmers as follows:∙ C Programmer∙C++ Programmer∙Java Programmer∙Python Programmer∙PHP Programmer∙Perl Programmer∙Ruby ProgrammerAlgorithmFrom programming point of view, an algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to resolve any problem. An algorithm is an effective method expressed as a finite set of well-defined instructions.9Thus, a computer programmer lists down all the steps required to resolve a problem before writing the actual code. Following is a simple example of an algorithm to find out the largest number from a given list of numbers:The above algorithm has been written in a crude way to help beginners understand the concept. You will come across more standardized ways of writing computer algorithms as you move on to advanced levels of computer programming.10We assume you are well aware of English Language, which is a well-known Human Interface Language. English has a predefined grammar, which needs to be followed to write English statements in a correct way. Likewise, most of the Human Interface Languages (Hindi, English, Spanish, French, etc.) are made of several elements like verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, propositions, and conjunctions, etc.Similar to Human Interface Languages, Computer Programming Languages are also made of several elements. We will take you through the basics of those elements and make you comfortable to use them in various programming languages. These basic elements include:∙Programming Environment∙Basic Syntax∙Data Types∙Variables∙Keywords∙Basic Operators∙Decision Making∙Loops∙Numbers∙Characters∙Arrays∙Strings∙Functions∙File I/OWe will explain all these elements in subsequent chapters with examples using different programming languages. First, we will try to understand the meaning of all these terms in general and then, we will see how these terms can be used in different programming languages.2.11This tutorial has been designed to give you an idea about the following most popular programming languages:∙ C Programming∙Java Programming∙Python ProgrammingA major part of the tutorial has been explained by taking C as programming language and then we have shown how similar concepts work in Java and Python. So after completion of this tutorial, you will be quite familiar with these popular programming languages.12Though Environment Setup is not an element of any Programming Language, it is the first step to be followed before setting on to write a program.When we say Environment Setup, it simply implies a base on top of which we can do our programming. Thus, we need to have the required software setup, i.e., installation on our PC which will be used to write computer programs, compile, and execute them. For example, if you need to browse Internet, then you need the following setup on your machine:∙ A working Internet connection to connect to the Internet∙ A Web browser such as Internet Explorer, Chrome, Safari, etc.If you are a PC user, then you will recognize the following screenshot, which we have taken from the Internet Explorer while browsing .Similarly, you will need the following setup to start with programming using any programming language.∙ A text editor to create computer programs3. ENVIORNMENT13∙ A compiler to compile the programs into binary format∙An interpreter to execute the programs directlyIn case you don’t have sufficient exposure to computers, you will not be able to set up either of these software. So, we suggest you take the help from any technical person around you to set up the programming environment on your machine from where you can start. But for you, it is important to understand what these items are. T ext EditorA text editor is a software that is used to write computer programs. Your Windows machine must have a Notepad, which can be used to type programs. You can launch it by following these steps:Start Icon → All Programs → Accessories → Notepad → Mouse Click on Notepad It will launch Notepad with the following window:You can use this software to type your computer program and save it in a file at any location. You can download and install other good editors like Notepad++, which is freely available.14If you are a Mac user, then you will have TextEdit or you can install some other commercial editor like BBEdit to start with.CompilerYou write your computer program using your favorite programming language and save it in a text file called the program file.Now let us try to get a little more detail on how the computer understands a program written by you using a programming language. Actually, the computer cannot understand your program directly given in the text format, so we need to convert this program in a binary format, which can be understood by the computer.The conversion from text program to binary file is done by another software called Compiler and this process of conversion from text formatted program to binary format file is called program compilation. Finally, you can execute binary file to perform the programmed task.We are not going into the details of a compiler and the different phases of compilation.The following flow diagram gives an illustration of the process:15So, if you are going to write your program in any such language, which needs compilation like C, C++, Java and Pascal, etc., then you will need to install their compilers before you start programming.InterpreterWe just discussed about compilers and the compilation process. Compilers are required in case you are going to write your program in a programming language that needs to be compiled into binary format before its execution.There are other programming languages such as Python, PHP, and Perl, which do not need any compilation into binary format, rather an interpreter can be used to read such programs line by line and execute them directly without any further conversion.16So, if you are going to write your programs in PHP, Python, Perl, Ruby, etc., then you will need to install their interpreters before you start programming.Online CompilationIf you are not able to set up any editor, compiler, or interpreter on your machine, then provides a facility to compile and run almost all the programs online with an ease of a single click.So do not worry and let’s proceed further to have a thrilling experience to become a computer programmer in simple and easy steps.17Let’s start with a little coding, which will really make you a computer programmer. We are going to write a single-line computer program to write Hello, World!on your screen. Let’s see how it can be written using different programmi ng languages. Hello World Program in CTry the following example using our online compiler option available at .For most of the examples given in this tutorial, you will find a Try it option in our website code sections at the top right corner that will take you to the online compiler. Try to change the content inside printf(), i.e., type anything in place of Hello World!and then check its result. It just prints whatever you keep inside the two double quotes.This little Hello World program will help us understand various basic concepts related to C Programming.Program Entry PointFor now, just forget about the#include <stdio.h>statement, but keep a note that you have to put this statement at the top of a C program.Every C program starts with main(), which is called the main function, and then it is followed by a left curly brace. The rest of the program instruction is written in between and finally a right curly brace ends the program.4.18The coding part inside these two curly braces is called the program body. The left curly brace can be in the same line as main(){ or in the next line like it has been mentioned in the above program.FunctionsFunctions are small units of programs and they are used to carry out a specific task. For example, the above program makes use of two functions:main()and printf(). Here, the function main() provides the entry point for the program execution and the other function printf() is being used to print an information on the computer screen. You can write your own functions which we will see in a separate chapter, but C programming itself provides various built-in functions like main(), printf(), etc., which we can use in our programs based on our requirement.Some of the programming languages use the word sub-routine instead of function, but their functionality is more or less the same.CommentsA C program can have statements enclosed inside/*.....*/. Such statements are called comments and these comments are used to make the programs user friendly and easy to understand. The good thing about comments is that they are completely ignored by compilers and interpreters. So you can use whatever language you want to write your comments.WhitespacesWhen we write a program using any programming language, we use various printable characters to prepare programming statements. These printable characters are a, b, c,......z, A, B, C,.....Z, 1, 2, 3,...... 0, !, @, #, $, %, ^, &, *, (, ), -, _, +, =, \, |, {, }, [, ], :, ;, <, >, ?, /, \, ~. `. ", '. Hope I'm not missing any printable characters from your keyboard.Apart from these characters, there are some characters which we use very frequently but they are invisible in your program and these characters are spaces, tabs (\t), new lines(\n). These characters are called whitespaces.These three important whitespace characters are common in all the programming languages and they remain invisible in your text document:19A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line, and a C compiler totally ignores it.20End of ebook previewIf you liked what you saw…Buy it from our store @ https://。
计算机硬件软件程序编程规范手册
目 录1 排版 62 注释 113 标识符命名 184 可读性 205 变量、结构 226 函数、过程 287 可测性 368 程序效率 409 质量保证 4410 代码编辑、编译、审查 5011 代码测试、维护 5212 宏 53 华为计算机程序编程规范【最新资料,WORD 文档,可编辑修改】1 排版¹1-1:程序块要采用缩进风格编写,缩进的空格数为4个。
说明:对于由开发工具自动生成的代码可以有不一致。
¹1-2:相对独立的程序块之间、变量说明之后必须加空行。
示例:如下例子不符合规范。
if (!valid_ni(ni)){... // program code}repssn_ind = ssn_data[index].repssn_index;repssn_ni = ssn_data[index].ni;应如下书写if (!valid_ni(ni)){... // program code}repssn_ind = ssn_data[index].repssn_index;repssn_ni = ssn_data[index].ni;¹1-3:较长的语句(>80字符)要分成多行书写,长表达式要在低优先级操作符处划分新行,操作符放在新行之首,划分出的新行要进行适当的缩进,使排版整齐,语句可读。
示例:+ STAT_SIZE_PER_FRAM * sizeof( _UL );act_task_table[frame_id * STAT_TASK_CHECK_NUMBER +index].occupied= stat_poi[index].occupied;act_task_table[taskno].duration_true_or_false= SYS_get_sccp_statistic_state( stat_item );report_or_not_flag = ((taskno < MAX_ACT_TASK_NUMBER)&& (n7stat_stat_item_valid (stat_item)) &&(act_task_table[taskno].result_data != 0));¹1-4:循环、判断等语句中若有较长的表达式或语句,则要进行适应的划分,长表达式要在低优先级操作符处划分新行,操作符放在新行之首。
Windows编程基本手册范本
6.3 注意点1.路径分隔符是反斜杠\,但是在CreateFile等其他低级的API中正斜杠也可以用,最好避免造成不兼容性,目录和文件名大小不敏感,但是大小写保持,路径名最大为MAX_PATH 260长,但可以通过转义字符指定非常长的名称,如加上\ \ ?及使用Unicode字符避开这个限制,可以长达32K个字符的名称2. Unicode 字符集,使用#define _UNICODE 必须在<windows.h>前语句给出,默认使用的是8位字符,L使用的是16位字符,_T使用通用文本字符,包含tchar.h。
1.在所有的头文件之前加入#define UNICODE 和#define _UNICODE #include <tchar.h>2.tchar.h中的通用C库中没有memchr_fgettc,_itot替代itoa_stprintf替代sprintf_tcscpy替代strcpy_ttoi,_totupper,_totlower,以及_ftprintf(输出到文件)3.系统保留CONIN$和CONOUT$为控制台的输入输出,或直接使用GetStdHandle()4.CopyFile(lpExistingName,lpNewFileName,fFailifExists)如果已经有使用新名称的文件存在,那么只有在fFailIfExits等于FALSE 时这个文件才会被替换,CopyFile也复制文件的元数据,比如创建时间5.MoveFile如果新文件已经存在的话,一个进程在一个时间中只能有一个控制台6.利用va_list实现可变参数va_list arg_ptr:定义一个指向个数可变的参数列表指针;va_start(arg_ptr, argN):使参数列表指针arg_ptr指向函数参数列表中的第一个可选参数,说明:argN是位于第一个可选参数之前的固定参数,(或者说,最后一个固定参数;…之前的一个参数),函数参数列表中参数在存中的顺序与函数声明时的顺序是一致的。
C语言参考手册-电脑资料
C语言参考手册-电脑资料断言头文件唯一的目的是提供宏assert的定义,。
如果断言非真(expression==0),则程序会在标准错误流输出提示信息,并使程序异常中止调用abort() 。
定义:void assert (int expression);//#define NDEBUG#includeint main(int argc, char* argv[]){int a = 12;int b = 24;assert( a > b );printf("a is larger than b!");return 0;}上面的程序会发现程序中止,printf并未执行,且有这样的输出: main: Assertion `a > b' failed. 原因就是因为a其实小于b,导致断言失败,assert 输出错误信息,并调用abort()中止了程序执行。
<>字符类测试主要提供两类重要的函数:字符测试函数和字符大小转化函数。
提供的函数中都以int类型为参数,并返回一个int类型的值。
实参类型应该隐式转换或者显示转换为int类型。
int isalnum(int c); 判断是否是字母或数字。
int isalpha(int c); 判断是否是字母。
int iscntrl(int c); 判断是否是控制字符。
int isdigit(int c); 判断是否是数字。
int isgraph(int c); 判断是否是可显示字符。
int islower(int c); 判断是否是小写字母。
int isupper(int c); 判断是否是大写字母。
int isprint(int c); 判断是否是可显示字符。
int ispunct(int c); 判断是否是标点字符。
int isspace(int c); 判断是否是空白字符int isxdigit(int c); 判断字符是否为16进制。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
3) Condition codes set
4) Execution time
e) 机器码格式
f) 记忆码格式
5) Machine-code format
6) Mnemonic conventions
g) 其他特性
7) Other characteristics
计算机编程手册(CPM)—编程 信息
本文档密级为秘密,本文件的复制、分发应得到XXX所的授权,并遵循
XXX的保密规定……
计算机编程手册(CPM)—引用文 档
2 引用文档 •本章应列出引用文档的编号、标题、编写单位、修订版及日期 •应标识不能通过正常采购活动得到的文档的来源 文档编号
XXX-XX
文档名称
系统规格说明
发布日期
2009-05-25
计算机编程手册(CPM)—编程 信息
a) 数据表示法(例如:字节、 1) Data representation (e.g., byte, word, 字、整形、浮点、双精度等) integer, floating-point, double precision) b) 指令格式和寻址方式 2) Instruction formats and addressing modes
h) 错误指示器
i) 输入/输出特性 j) 特殊特性
8) Error indicators
9) Input/output characteristics 10) Special features
计算机编程手册(CPM)—软件 编程环境
3.3 编译、汇编和连接 本条应描述在计算机系统上执行编译与汇编所需要的设备(例如磁带、 磁盘、其他外围设备)。(若适用)按名称与版本号标识编辑程序、连 接程序、连接编辑程序、编译程序、汇编程序、交叉编译程序、交叉汇 编程序和其他实用程序,并引用适当的文档来描述他们的用法。对所有 加载、执行、记录结果所必需的特殊标志或指令要着重强调。 c. Description of the equipment (e.g., tapes, disks, other peripheral equipment) necessary to perform compilations and assemblies on the computer system. Identify (as applicable) by name and version number the editor, linker, link-editor, compiler, assembler, cross-compilers, cross-assemblers, and other utilities used, and reference appropriate manuals describing their use. Highlight any special flags or instructions necessary for loading, executing, or recording the results.
4.3 输入和输出控制 本条应描述输入和输出控制信息,(若适用)包括: c. Description of input and output control programming, including, as applicable:
a) 描述输入和输出控制的 编程
b) 计算机内存的初始加载 和校验
计算机编程手册(CPM)—编程 信息
4 编程信息 4. Programming information. This section shall be divided into paragraphs as appropriate to provide the following information. 4.1 编程特征 本条应描述计算机指令集体系结构的编程特征,(若适用)包括: a. Description of the programming features of the computer’s instruction set architecture, including, as applicable:
4) Interface components
f) 外围设备的设备号、操 作码以及内存单元
5) Device numbers, operational codes, and memory locations for peripheral equipment
计算机编程手册(CPM)—编程 信息
4.4 其他编程技术 本条应描述与计算机系统有关的附加的、受限的或专用的编程技术 (例如:微程序控制节的简述)。 d. Additional, restricted, or special programming techniques associated with the computer system (e.g., a concise description of the microprogram control section)
3.1 The Computer Programming Manual (CPM) provides information needed by a programmer to understand how to program a given computer. This manual focuses on the computer itself, not on particular software that will run on the computer. 3.2 The CPM is intended for newly developed computers, special-purpose computers, or other computers for which commercial or other programming manuals are not readily available.
b) 字长
c) 内存容量和特性 d) 指令集的特征 e) 中断能力 f) 操作方式(例如:批处理、 交互、特权、非特权等) g) 操作寄存器
2) Word length
3cteristics 4) Instruction set characteristics 5) Interrupt capabilities 6) Modes of operation (e.g., batch, interactive, privileged, non-privileged) 7) Operational registers
g) 定时器与时钟 h) 内存保护特征(例如:只读 内存) i) 其他的特征,例如指令或数 据的高速缓存的体系结构
6) Interrupt processing
7) Timers and clocks 8) Memory protection features (e.g., read-only memory) 9) Additional features, such as instruction or data cache architecture
计算机编程手册(CPM)—编程 信息
4.2 程序指令 本条应描述计算机系统的每条指令,(若适用)每条指令应包括: b. Description of each instruction, including, as applicable:
a) 使用方法 b) 语法 1) Use 2) Syntax
c) 条件码集合
c) 专用寄存器和专用字(例如: 3) Special registers and words (e.g., stack 堆栈指针、程序计数器等) pointer, program counter)
d) 控制指令(例如:分支、跳 4) Control instructions (e.g., branch, jump, 转、子程序和过程调用指令、 subroutine and procedure call instructions, 特权指令以及其操作模式) privileged instructions, and the modes they operate in)
计算机编程手册(CPM)—软件 编程环境
3.2 操作信息 本条应描述计算机系统的操作特性、能力和限制,(若适用)应包括: b. Operating characteristics, capabilities, and limitations, including, as applicable:
a) 时钟周期 1) Machine cycle time
计算机编程手册(CPM)——范围
1.1 标识 •描述本文档所适用的计算机系统的制造商名、型号和其他标识信息。 1.1 Identification Identification. This paragraph shall contain the manufacturer’s name, model number, and any other identifying information for the computer system to which this document applies.
计算机编程手册(CPM)
计算机编程手册(CPM)—概述
• 为程序员描述对指定的计算机进行编程所需要的信息
概述
• 软件编程环境:描述系统配置和操作信息,以及编译、 内容 汇编和连接所需要的设备和程序
• 编程信息:描述编程特征、程序指令、输入和输出控
制、错误检测和诊断特征以及其他编程技术等
计算机编程手册(CPM)—概述
XXX型号的计算机系统是为XXX环境下抗电磁干扰专门设计的专用计算机系统。
计算机编程手册(CPM)——范围
1.3 文档概述
•本条应概述本文档的用途和内容
•并描述与它的使用有关的保密性方面的要求