2011年武汉大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案

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2011年翻译硕士全国考卷大全(二)

希望对大家有帮助，也欢迎补充
二, 2011 MTI真题】山师MTI翻译硕士全套试题回忆
翻译硕士英语：
第一题是30个单选题，前15个是词汇题，是划出某个生僻词，然后从四个选项中选取同义词，后15个是语法题，比专四水平略高。
第二题是4篇阅读理解，第一篇关于美国细胞研究减速对国家的影响，第二篇是对某作家写的地中海历史一书的批评，第三篇是美国银行业性质的转变以及对美国消费的批评，这三篇都是单选题，一篇5个，第四篇是主观题，是关于现代人对于工作的失望，总体难度与专八差不多。
第三部分 60分
待价而沽的景观给了一篇文章摘自《“城”长的烦恼》让就文章中的某些观点发表看法，800字议论文
要求：用词优美文体合适结构合理
五, 2011年北京大学MTI，CAT，TT英汉互译真题，考场真实记录
——ziqijinghong手打
(考研论坛在我考研的时候给了我很大帮助，现在是回报的时候了，希望广大的后来者也将这一传统继承下去，给更多的后来者以帮助……考场上实在不会做了，于是将试题抄在了准考证上，希望对你们有帮助，另外，有考TT的同学们，还将会有TT基础英语的考场记录的试题——不知道TT或者CAT直接忽略就可以了，大家敬请期待吧。PS：翻译完之后我我看了看，然后就笑了，希望自己的翻译会给阅卷老师带来欢乐。)
作文?? 是否应该推广the general education
二、百科知识
名词解释??? 竟然不是预料的选择题型还是之前的解释形式。。。单位?? 华夏? 国务院?? 打酱油? 女娲?? 因特网?? 二战冷战? 苏联? 赤字?? 欧元区??? 大多是比较常见的都是用自己话答得?
应用文是自荐信
第三题是作文，400词，the essence of happiness

2011考研英语阅读翻译(正文+选项)

2011 Text 12009年纽约交响乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert担任下一任音乐指挥，这是自从突然宣布他的任命以来古典派音乐界一直谈论的话题。

大体上说，这种反应至少可以说是称赞性的。

连严肃认真的古典音乐评论家Anthony Tommasini 也写道，“很好哇！终于有结果啦！”然而，这次任命出人意料的原因之一是Gilbert相对来说，知名度不大。

甚至连在《时代》周刊上支持对Gilbert任命的Tommasini都把他称作为“一位不张扬的音乐家，他没有音乐指挥家那种令人生畏的傲气”。

作为对至今一直由Mahler和Pierre这样的音乐家指挥过的乐队的下一任音乐指挥的描述，上述说法似乎很可能使得至少一些《时代》的读者认为是一种菲薄的赞扬。

至于我，我不知道Gilbert是否是一位很棒的指挥家或者甚至是一位优秀的指挥家。

确实，他指挥了许多感人肺腑的、引人入胜的乐曲。

而我就不必访问Avery Fisher Hall，或者到任何其他地方去听令人感兴趣的管弦乐。

我要做的一切就是去我的CD架处，或打开我的计算机并从iTunes下载更多的录制的音乐。

那些听音乐会的发烧友回答说，录音音乐无法替代实况表演，但他们说错了。

就热爱艺术的公众的时间、精力和财力而论，古典乐器演奏家们必须不仅与歌剧院、舞蹈文工团、戏剧公司和博物馆竞争，而且与20世纪的伟大古典音乐家的录音表演竞争。

这些录音唱片廉价、随处可以买到，而且常常在艺术质量上比当今的实况表演高得多；此外，听者可以在任意选择的时间和地点来“消费享受”这些音乐唱片。

而且到处都能买到，因而造成了传统古典音乐会的体制危机。

一个可能的应对办法是，古典音乐表演家去设计有魅力的新的音乐，而这种音乐还没有被录制成唱片，所以买不到。

Gilbert 自己对新音乐的兴趣一直得到大家广泛的注意：古典音乐评论家Alex Ross认为他是一位能夠把纽约交响乐团转变成“一个明显不同的、更有生气的组织”。

武汉大学翻硕英汉互译真题

武汉大学翻硕英汉互译真题1.APEC 亚太经合组织2.CAT 计算机辅助翻译(Computer Aided Translation) ; （结合：CAD 计算机辅助设计）3.NATO 北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization）4.FIT 国外个人旅行（Foreign Independent Tour）5.GPS 全球定位系统（Global Position System）；6.IMF 国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)7.subtitling 字幕8.Morse code 摩尔斯电码9.Translation studies 翻译研究10.Jerusalem 耶路撒冷11.General Assembly 联合国大会12.Gallup poll盖洛普民意测验13.money order汇款单14.Think-Aloud Protocols有声思维15.translation norms翻译规范汉译英：16.双赢Win-win17.三国Three Kingdoms18.直译Literal translation19.信达雅faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance20.民族政策Ethnic policies21.科学发展观Scientific Outlook on Development；22.节约型社会conservation-oriented society23.节能减排Energy conservation and emission reduction24.次贷危机Sub-prime mortgage crisis25.服务型政府Service-oriented government26.扫黄打非Eliminate pornography and illegal publications27.灾害救助制度the natural disaster relief system28.和谐社会harmonious society29.职业翻译者professional translator30.国际关系民主化practice democracy in international relations1 ASEAN:东南亚国家联盟（东盟）（Association of Southeast Asian Nations)2 CPI:消费者物价指数（Consumer Price Index）；3 EQ:情商（Emotional Quotient）4 GMT:格林威治标准时间（Greenwich Mean Time）5 GNP：国民生产总值（gross national product）6 OPEC：石油输出国家组织（Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries）7 UNCF:联合国儿童基金会（the United Children's Fund ）8 UNESCO:联合国教科文组织（United Nations Educational，Scientific，and Cultural Organization)9 NGO:民间组织；非政府组织（Non-Governmental Organization）10 Dynamic Equivalence 动态对等11 Foreignizing Method 异化12 Intersemiotic Translation 符际翻译【扩展：翻译可从5种不同的角度来分类：从译出语和译入语的角度来分类，翻译可分为本族语译为外语、外语译为本族语；1）从涉及到的语言符号来分类，翻译分为语内翻译（intralingual translation）、语际翻译（interlingual translation）和符际翻译（intersemiotic translation）；2）从翻译的手段来分类，翻译可分为口译（oral interlingual translation）、笔译（written interlingual translation）和机器翻译（machine translation）；3）从翻译的题材来分类，翻译可分为专业文献翻译（translation of English for science and technology）、文学翻译（literary translation）和一般性翻译（practical writing translation）；4）从翻译的处理方式来分类，翻译可分为全译（full translation）、摘译（partial translation）和编译（translation plus editing）】13 Lingua Franca 通用语14 Polysystems Theory 多元系统理论15 Department of Homeland Security 国土安全局汉译英：1 即席翻译unseen translation2 稀土rare earth3 产品导向product-driven4 民族的先知prophet of a nation5 操纵汇率Exchange Rate Manipulation6 第三产业The tertiary industry7 宏观调控macro-control efforts8 虚拟经济Virtonomics9 生态补偿机制ecological compensation mechanism10 西部大开发largescale development of the western region11 抑制流动性curb liquidity12 可持续发展sustainable development13 全面战略伙伴关系the comprehensive strategic partnership14 转变政府职能The transformation of governmental functions15 国际金融新秩序a new international financial order。

2011MIT翻译硕士真题

2011MIT翻译硕士考研真题今天终于考完了，所以赶紧把能记得的题传上来供大家借鉴一下。

我报的是华南理工，它第一年招生，所以题目出的还算正规。

翻译硕士英语，30分的语法和词汇，以选择题的形式出现，难度一般，然后是50分的阅读理解，有选择题也有要求自己写的，作文20分，题目很俗What Translation Means to Me.英语翻译基础，15分的英译汉比较简单，我就一个不会MPA（公共管理硕士），其他的都是大家经常见的，如OPEC，IOC, NASA, CIA, fixed asset, value added tax, carbon footprint.汉译英我做的不太好，有几个都拿不准，如中介服务（intermediary services），外交豁免权diplomatic immunity，实况转播live broadcast，其他出现的有可持续发展战略，社保制度，基础设施建设。

英译汉题目是The art of living with others,译的不是很顺；汉译英是张汉熙英译中国当代散文的第一篇，李大钊写的艰难的国运与雄健的国民里的两段，（一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河，有时流到很宽阔的境界，平原无际，一泻万里。

有时流到很逼狭的境界，两岸丛山叠岭，绝壁断崖，江河流于其间，回环曲折，极其险峻。

民族生命的进程，其经历亦复如是。

人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。

旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。

老于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，固是高高兴兴地向前走，走到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。

）以前背过，可惜后来再没看过，所以译的一般，不管结果怎么样，我都准备把张汉熙的译本买回来好好看看。

其他以后要考的也可以好好看看这本书，会有用的。

汉语写作与百科知识，唉，我只能说题量真是大，要写的真多，说是今年第一题以选择题的形式出现结果还是得自己写，我用那种发的答题纸足足写了三页，题还算正，有科学发展观，十二五，可持续发展方式，文艺复兴，基督教，荷马史诗，圣经，亚里士多德，联合国，全球气候变暖，京都议定书，京都，老子，孔子，鲁班，屈原，战国策，世贸组织，关税，反倾销。

翻译硕士考试样题及参考答案

翻译硕⼠考试样题及参考答案全⽇制翻译硕⼠专业学位（MTI）研究⽣⼊学考试⼤纲总则全国翻译硕⼠专业学位教育指导委员会在《全⽇制翻译硕⼠专业学位研究⽣指导性培养⽅案》（见学位办[2009]23号⽂）中指出，MTI教育的⽬标是培养⾼层次、应⽤型、专业性⼝笔译⼈才。

MTI教育重视实践环节，强调翻译实践能⼒的培养。

全⽇制MTI的招⽣对象为具有国民教育序列⼤学本科学历（或本科同等学⼒）⼈员，具有良好的双语基础。

根据《全⽇制翻译硕⼠专业学位研究⽣指导性培养⽅案》以及教学司[2009]22号⽂件精神，现制定全⽇制翻译硕⼠专业学位研究⽣⼊学考试⼤纲。

.⼀、考试⽬的本考试旨在全⾯考查考⽣的双语（外语、母语）综合能⼒及双语翻译能⼒，招⽣院校根据考⽣参加本考试的成绩和《政治理论》的成绩总分（满分共计500分），参考全国统⼀录取分数线来选择参加复试的考⽣。

⼆、考试性质与范围本考试是全国翻译硕⼠专业学位研究⽣的⼊学资格考试，除全国统考分值100分的第⼀单元《政治理论》之外，专业考试分为三门，分别是第⼆单元外国语考试《翻译硕⼠X语》（含英语、法语、⽇语、俄语、韩语、德语等语种），第三单元基础课考试《X语翻译基础》（含英汉、法汉、⽇汉、俄汉、韩汉、德汉等语对）以及第四单元专业基础课考试《汉语写作与百科知识》。

《翻译硕⼠X 语》重点考查考⽣的外语⽔平，总分100分；《X语翻译基础》重点考查考⽣的外汉互译专业技能和潜质，总分150分；《汉语写作与百科知识》重点考查考⽣的现代汉语写作⽔平和百科知识，总分150分。

（考试科⽬名称及代码参见教学司[2009]22号⽂件）三、考试基本要求1. 具有良好的外语基本功，掌握6,000个以上的选考外语积极词汇。

2. 具有较好的双语表达和转换能⼒及潜质。

3. 具备⼀定的中外⽂化以及政治、经济、法律等⽅⾯的背景知识。

对作为母语（A语⾔）的现代汉语有较强的写作能⼒。

四、考试时间与命题每年1⽉份举⾏，与全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试同步进⾏。

2011年考研英语真题答案及解析

2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析文章出自2009年4月的《科学美国人》（Scientific American）,作者Steve Ayan,原文题目为How Humor Makes You Friendlier,Sexier：幽默如何使你更加有人缘且性感。

文章主要探讨了笑的作用以及情感和肌肉反应之间的相互关系。

第一段由古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的观点引出“笑是有益于健康的身体运动”。

第二、三段承接上文，阐述了笑能放松肌肉，从而帮助减轻心理紧张的程度。

第四段以在1988年公布的一项实验为例论证了情绪是肌肉反应的结果，笑这一行为可以使心情好转。

二、试题解析1.[A]among在……之中[B]except除了[C]despite尽管[D]like像，如同【答案】[C]【考点】上下文逻辑关系+介词辨析【解析】第一段第一句意思是：古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于健康的身体运动”，由连词but可知，第二句与第一句形成语义转折，即一些人提出相反的观点：笑不利于身体健康。

第二句逗号之后又提出：笑可能对身体健康几乎没有影响，这是对前两种观点的否定，由此判断第二句的句内逻辑是转折关系，[A]、[B]、[C]、[D]四个选项中只有[C]despite“尽管”表示转折，所以是正确答案。

2.[A]reflect反映[B]demand要求[C]indicate表明，预示[D]produce产生，引起【答案】[D]【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析【解析】上下文语境是“笑确实能对心血管功能短期的改变”，具体说明笑对身体产生的影响。

所选动词要与后面的changes构成动宾关系，并且带有“发生……作用，产生……效果”的含义。

四个选项中[A]reflect“反映”，[B]demand“要求”，[C]indicate“表明，暗示”，[D]produce“产生”，只有[D]选项“产生、引起”符合本句语境，所以是正确答案。

2011年考研英语答案及解析

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)参考答案Section I Use of English1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．A11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．B 16．D 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.B31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.C 38.D 39.D 40.BPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.FPart C Translation46. 艾伦的贡献在于提出了我们大家都认同的假设——我们不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思维——并且指出了这个假设是错误的。

47. 虽然仅通过显意识就能能够保持控制的错觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，那就是“为什么我不能设法完成这样或那样的事情。

48. 这似乎可能为必要时的忽视而正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于低层人们的劣势感。

49. 环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境。

50. 正面意义在于我们了解任何事情都取决于我们自己，之前我们受到一系列的限制，而现在我们成了权威。

Section III Writing51．小作文参考范文小作文范文一：Dear friend,I am writing, without hesitation, to share one of my favorite movies, Forest Gump, with you, which is not only conducive to your study, but also beneficial to your life.For one thing, the beautiful language in this original English movie may contribute to your study of English in listening, speaking, reading and writing. For another thing, the profound cultural elements implicit in the scene will equip you with foreign cultural background and, above all, enrich your daily life.W ould you like to see this movie after my recommendation? Remember to tell me your opinion about the movie. I am looking forward to your early reply.Y ours,Li Ming小作文范文二：Dear friend,Recently, a lot of new movies are on show, among which I love If Y ou Are The One most. Now I am recommending this movie to you for the reasons listed below.First of all, it has powerful cast which appeals to my attention. In addition, the classic and thought-provoking language makes it irresistible to all fans. Above all, the deep revelation of love touches my soul opens my mind.I am convinced that you are willing to see this movie after my enthusiastic recommendation. Remember to write and tell me how you feel. I am looking forward to your early reply.Y ours sincerely,Li Ming52．大作文参考范文The terrible scene depicted in the cartoon shows that some people in our life still lack the awareness of environmental protection. The picture illustrates that two tourists are chatting and eating happily on a boat and casually throwing their rubbish into the lake which is full of litter and waste. The drawing sets us thinking too much due to its far-reaching influence.Nowadays, though the awareness of protecting environment is being accepted bymore and more people, we can still see many unpleasant scenes especially in scenic spots. Why does this phenomenon arise? Many factors are accounting for it. First and foremost, to some people, the consciousness of protecting environment is still not so strong. They may not think it is a big deal to thro w rubbish everywhere. In addition, the environmental management system isn’t so satisfying. For example, in some places there’re few regulations or the implementation is seldom performed actually.From what has been discussed above, it is urgent to take some effective and relative measures. In the first place, we should continue to conduct more propaganda in communities and schools so as to let people realize the importance of protecting environment. In the second, more rules should be made and carried out by the ** to restrain the conduction of destroying environment. People should work together to create clean and beautiful surroundings.本文从法硕联盟论坛转载原文链接：/thread-107120-1-1.html2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek phil osopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparentlyaccomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New Y ork Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit A very Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. Thererecordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has b een widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orches tra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment ha s[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at A von and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get th e nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t t hink of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers法硕联盟论坛下载转载原文链接：/thread-107119-1-1.html Text 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companie s concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, otherstakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a ca se, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoke d to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are theleast happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. Y ou can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But mos t find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degr ees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewerstudents requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind profession alisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Y et quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G →41. →42. →E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get”success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justificat ion for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationY our should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2。

2011年考研英语真题及答案详解

2011年考研英语真题及答案详解Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But ---__1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the mo st part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to dois to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20thcentury. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must fir st change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regard ing Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two w eeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always la nded in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the siteseem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I loveMy Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on the ir “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: Englishde partments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universitieshave professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the producti on of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire,Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a r ationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案非官方，仅供参考Section I Use of English1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．A11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．B 16．D 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.B31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.D 38.A 39.D 40.BPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.FPart C Translation46. 我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。

2011年武汉大学文学考研真题

文学理论与现当代真题一、名词解释（每题5分）1、以禅喻诗2、原型3、《倪焕之》4、《哥德巴克猜想》二、简答题（每题10分）1、以下这首诗出自哪个作品并谈谈你对这首诗的理解。

玉壶买春，赏雨茅屋。

坐中佳士，左右修竹。

白云初晴，幽鸟相逐。

眠琴绿阴，上有飞瀑。

落花无言，人淡如菊。

书之岁华，其曰可读。

2、“悲剧艺术是一种特别艺术（即情节、性格、言词、思想、形象和歌曲。

）其中之二是摹仿的媒介，其中之一是摹仿的方式，其余三者是摹仿的对象，悲剧艺术的成分尽在于此。

”的出处及理论意义。

3、郭沫若《炉中煤》的思想艺术特色4、王蒙《蝴蝶》的思想艺术特色。

三、论述题（每题20分）1、什么是文学的话语蕴藉属性？试举例分析。

2、试分析巴金《家》中觉慧的性格。

3、舒婷诗歌的思想艺术特色。

四、文学作品评论（30分）路口。

（一个关于从众心理的小故事，即一人装腔作势骗人而后又有一帮人应和，此人溜走后返回发现原地已围了密密麻麻几层人。

类似于鲁迅《药》中庸众对革命者的评价）古代文学与外国文学一、简答题（每题10分）1、《诗经〃小雅〃采薇》中“昔我往矣，杨柳依依。

今我来思，雨雪霏霏。

”王夫之说是“以乐景写哀，以哀景写乐”，这样写有什么好处？并举处中国古代文学中其他作品运用此手法的例子。

2、王粲《登楼赋》中概括了古代哪几类失意文人的类型？结合作品中句子加以分析。

3、欧阳修在散文史上的地位和作用。

4、《堂吉诃德》的反讽艺术。

5、巴尔加斯〃略萨的叙事策略。

二、论述题（每题25分）1、赏析杜甫诗歌《登岳阳楼》昔闻洞庭水，今上岳阳楼。

吴楚东南坼，乾坤日夜浮。

亲朋无一字，老病有孤舟。

戎马关山北，凭轩涕泗流。

2、有人说《儒林外史》是一部反科举巨著。

你的看法如何？试加以分析。

3、托尔斯泰《复活》受《圣经》影响的创作特色。

4、试分析20世纪西方文学中漂泊主题的表现形态。

武汉大学2011年硕士研究生英语期末考试试题

English for Graduates (Paper A)20111229I. Listening Comprehension (20%)Directions: In this part, you are going to listen to four passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be read only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.1. A. He read a lot of books on management.B. He made every step safe enough.C. He prepared himself well beforehand.D. He had knowledge for the next phase.2. A. news reporter B. American dreamC. lucky boyD. poor child3. A. generals B. committees C. armies D. schools4. A. reading different books B. attending seminarsC. listening to audiotapesD. learning on one‟s own5. A. face-to-face contact B. eyeball-to-eyeball contactC. person-to-person contactD. call-to-call contactQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.6. A. More and more people take up the habit of smoking.B. There are more smoking women than smoking men in the USA.C. It is good news that more people have given up smoking.D. The U.S. has more smoking people than any other country.7. A. age, income and educationB. age, sex and incomeC. occupation, income and sexD. occupation, income and education8. A. City people are less likely to smoke.B. People in rural areas are more likely to smoke.C. Men with higher incomes tend to smoke.D. Well –educated men with high incomes are generally less likely to smoke.9. A. The situation is quite the same for women as for men.B. Better-educated women are likely to smoke heavily.C. There are more women smokers with low incomes.D. Women with higher incomes and higher education do not tend to smoke.10. A. The picture about the teenage smokers is similar to that of women smokers.B. The situation among teenagers is quite the same with men.C. High school students are more likely to smoke than college students.D. Farmers‟ children tend to smoke more.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.11. A. crying one‟s goods in the street B. signs with picturesC. wall paintingsD. wall signs12. A. signs with pictures B. tools over doorsC. wall paintingsD. symbols13. A. Because they are most recently developed.B. Because they can be understood by those who can neither read nor write.C. Because they are cheap and fast.D. Because they can be heard everywhere in a country.14.A. Only some large companies can afford radio commercials.B. Outdoor advertisements make up a small proportion of modern advertising.C. Ads printed in newspapers are one of the most popular forms of advertising.D. The ads called car trucks are almost part of our life.15. A. modern advertising B. development of advertisingC. origin of advertisingD. significance of advertisingQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.16. A. An educational institution that is open to anyone who wants to receive higher education.B. An educational institution that conducts courses by means of television, radio andcorrespondence courses.C. An educational institution that is free of charge to all the students.D. An educational institution that conducts its courses through open discussions.17. A. They laughed at it. B. They doubted whether it would work.C. They supported it.D. They rejected it.18. A. Because of its serious financial problems.B. Because of the lack of support from the government and the public.C. Because of the lack of qualified teachers.D. Because of the limited number of courses it could conduct.19. A. Seminars and lectures open to less advanced students are held from time to time.B. Short-term training courses are organized in different cities across the country.C. Over a dozen study centers have been set up all over the country.D. Special revision programs are broadcast on radio and TV.20. A. The Open University is the best form of higher education.B. When it was first on the air only a few people thought the Open University would succeed.C. British people prefer the Open University to other universities.D. The Open University is very good for those who want to strike a balance between furthereducation, career and family.II. Vocabulary (25%)Directions: There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.21. Cash flows should be managed to ________ the return from cash received and to minimize thecost of finance on conditions for its own uses.A. chooseB. spendC. expandD. optimize22. Teachers‟ unions attacked the plans as ________ the skills and work of early year teachers, andcreating a two-tier profession.A. praisingB. promotingC. undervaluingD. developing23. The government could then instruct all banks not to push companies into default and not todispose of any ________.A. collateralB. corporationC. debtD. exchange24. Fourthly, a successful terminal at Stratford would inevitably and inexorably ________ on theLea Valley regional park and reduce leisure facilities.A. increaseB. encroachC. stepD. ride25. The evening air had its accustomed November nip, but the groups making their way fromCeltic Crescent were ________ to it.A. ignorantB. imperviousC. resentedD. responsive26. As far as I am concerned, it is the only body that represents the prison officers, who workunder great ________.A. pressB. backfireC. duressD. screen27. Margate is sure that the scientific and technological ________ that has been developed is realand extremely valuable.A. synergyB. formationC. energyD. match28. They suggest therefore that greater emphasis be given to housing ________ in evaluatingrelative deprivation.A. terminationB. removalC. provisionD. tenure29. Are you sure that my staying here won‟t be an/a ________ into your domestic affairs?A. intentionB. troubleC. threatD. intrusion30. She remained there until last night when an ambulance took her to ________ with a family innearby Newton.A. discoverB. revitalizeC. recuperateD. reformulate31. Sunlight streamed into the church and through the stained glass windows, and a smell of grassand flowers ________ the air.A. flowedB. permeatedC. penetratedD. indulged32. Loss of license contact is a real ________ to potential traders in smuggled cigarettes.A. deterrentB. detailC. detainD. determine33. As these problems multiply and ________ resources, the range of options available to theorganization increasingly narrows.A. depleteB. decreaseC. lessenD. formulate34. For years, frequent flooding eventually ________ all traces of the community that used to livethere.A. killedB. releasedC. obliteratedD. measured35. Even the increase proposed will put pressure on Congress to hold down other spending or dipinto funds ________ for Social Security.A. remarkedB. earmarkedC. reboundD. reduced36. Members of extreme right wing parties are completely opposed to the ________ of blacks intowhite South African society.A. combinationB. formulationC. integrationD. segregation37. Nevertheless, to conceive of parents as utterly static in the child‟s psychological life is likely tobecome the ________ of the picture grossly.A. distortionB. reflectionC. representationD. confusion38. Clinton also asked Glickman to report back within 30 days with recommendations to help the________ of debt problems afflicting cattle producers.A. involvementB. releaseC. alleviationD. reflection39. The Piscataway school district in New Jersey had to dismiss one high school business teacherbecause of budgetary _______ both by the government and local authorities.A. inflationB. provisionC. concentrationD. constraints40. By setting up such a system yourself, you are potentially ________ any security systems yourcompany has in place.A. providingB. alleviatingC. promotingD. circumventing41. The policy by EU that imposes serious constraints on textile imports from China will definitely the bilateral trade in other areas.A. widenB. thwartC. recoverD. complete42. Friction between the generations is ________ when younger staff grasp the new idea and theircreativity is suddenly released.A. widenedB. exacerbatedC. recoveredD. competitive43. Many Americans who are learning Chinese think that the term “Lao Wai” is somehow an insult,and in fact the term “Lao Wai” doesn‟t have a negative _______ in Chinese.A. positionB. intentionC. extensionD. connotation44. Henry Kissinger was also ________ and frustrated by the Communists during his secretnegotiations with them.A. fooledB. overjoyedC. confrontedD. confounded45. Because of their past crimes, everything they do now will be subject to ________.A. utilityB. qualityC. scrutinyD. honestyIII. Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions: Read the following passages and choose the best answer to each question.Passage 1The heart is made up almost entirely of muscle. It is a large, tough organ, about the size of a clenched fist. It is positioned on the centre line of the body, about halfway down the chest, just beneath the breastbone. It is tilted so that the lower end points toward the left.The heart is basically a pump, which forces blood through a network of tubes, or blood vessels, throughout the whole body. Each of the billions of living cells that make up the body needs oxygen and food in order to live, and these are supplied by the blood. The circulation of the blood consists of two parts. First the blood is pumped from the heart, around the body, and is returned to the heart. At this stage oxygen has been used up, and waste materials like carbon dioxide (CO2) have entered the bloodstream. But, instead of being pumped back around the body, the blood isnow pumped to the lungs, where oxygen is replaced and CO2, removed. Then the blood is pumped back to the heart and around the body to begin the cycle again.A heart that works well can operate for sixty to a hundred years or more. The heart is made up of four distinct chambers. The entire four-chamber pump is surrounded by a protective layer called the pericardium, which contains a lubricating liquid. The four chambers of the heart consist of two upper chambers and two lower chambers. The upper chambers are thin walled and they receive blood returning to the heart from the large veins of the body. These chambers are called the left atrium and the right atrium. The lower chambers of the heart are called the left and right ventricles (心室). They are much larger and very much more muscular than the atria. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body. The left and right sides of the heart are divided by a tough wall called the septum. This thick wall separates the blood which is to be pumped to the lungs from the blood which will go to the rest of the body. Blood is kept moving in the proper direction by a series of valves. These are leathery flaps which are forced open by the pressure of blood and then shut to stop it draining back.It is very important that “fresh” or oxygenated blood is kept separate from “stale” or deoxygenated blood that has already been passed around the body. Blood returning to the heart from the body, laden with CO2, and containing little oxygen, first enters the right atrium（心房）, at the top of the heart. The atrium contracts gently, squeezing the blood through a one-way valve into the right ventricle(心室), immediately below. The right ventricle contracts powerfully, pumping the blood along arteries to the lungs, where oxygen is replenished and CO2 is removed. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium, and is in turn pumped through another valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle is the most powerful part of the heart‟s pump mechanism, and when it contracts, it forces blood all around the body.To summarize, the blood circulation passes from the heart to lungs, and back to the heart. Then it travels around the body, and back to the heart once more.Occasionally, a baby is born with a small hole in the septum dividing the right and left sides of the heart, allowing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix. Surgery is needed to correct this “hole in the heart”.As we age, body organs begin to wear out. Sometimes an organ wears out very rapidly, while the rest of the body is still relatively healthy. When this happens, a replacement, or transplant operation is sometimes possible. Transplants are never easy, as the body usually tends to attack or reject any strange material put into it.Heart valves sometimes become damaged by valve heart diseases which are unfortunately quite common and before the advent of open heart surgery they were very difficult to treat. Heart valves may even be defective in a newborn baby. This prevents proper blood circulation, and usually can be corrected by replacing the damaged valve with a plastic or metal substitute which will be accepted by the body without causing reaction in the tissue of the heart. The valve replacements are necessary to impose a greater control over blood flow from one chamber to another and from the heart into the arterial system. Early valve replacements are of mechanical variety. One kind of early artificial heart valve is a simple “ball in a cage” or tilting disc device which will open and close as the heart beats so as to allow blood to flow under near normal rheological (流变) conditions.Sometimes the heart muscle is too badly diseased to pump properly, and in rare cases, a heart transplant may be considered. This involves replacing all or part of the heart with one taken fromanother person, the donor. Donor hearts can only be taken from accident victims when their brain has permanently stopped working, and they are legally “dead”.The transplant operation itself is not technically difficult, but later there are often complications when the new heart may be rejected. Lifelong drugs are needed to prevent this rejection.Usually the right atrium of the “old” heart is attached to the new heart. This retains the timing mechanism for the heartbeat, and means that the nervous system can still control the new heart, speeding it up during exercise to increase blood flow.46.Which of the following has not been talked about in the above article:A. The blood circulatory system.B. The composition of blood.C. Heart valve replacement.D. The function of the heart.47. In the article, the author uses_________ as an analogy to explain the function of human heart.A. muscleB. fistC. pumpD. organ48. Where does the carbon dioxide (CO2) we breathe out come from?A. The blood pumped out of the left atrium.B. The blood pumped into the left ventricle.C. The blood pumped out of the right ventricle.D. The blood pumped into the right atrium.49. We can infer from the article that____________A. After the invention of mechanical valves, biovalves must have been tried.B. Valve heart diseases ar e rare and can‟t be treated.C. The heart valve replacements are difficult to find.D. There still exist many technical problems with the heart valve transplant operation.50. Tilting disc device is classified as____________A. a mechanical device.B. a false heart valve.C.an out-of-date device.D. a biovalve replacement.51. Which of the following is wrong according to the article?A. The heart is equipped with a series of one-way valves to keep blood flowing in theproper direction.B. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium, while deoxygenated bloodreturns from being pumped around the body to the right atrium.C. When atria contract, they open their valves and force blood into the ventricles.D. As the ventricles begin to contract, the atrial valves open again.52. What is the function of septum?A. Prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.B. Protect the whole heart.C. Lubricate the pumping chambers.D. Separate atria from ventricles.53. Where is the timing mechanism for the heartbeat in the body?A. In the brain.B. In the wall of the right atrium.C. On the pericardium.D. Between the lung and the right ventricle.54. If a patient has to replace his heart valve, what‟s the problem needed to be most concerned with?A. Whether the surgery is technically up to the standard.B. To find a donor who is willing to donate his heart.C. To prevent the happening of complications.D. The donor may be not legally dead.55. Which of the following words is the synonym of …replace‟?A. replenishB. substituteC. circulateD. positionPassage 2As if Chinese leaders did not have enough of a headache trying to manage the country's rising but still undervalued currency in the testy world of international trade, now the growing popularity of virtual money enters the already complex equation.The so-called "QQ" coin - issued by Tencent, China's largest instant-messaging service provider - has become so popular that the country's central bank is worried that it could affect the value of RMB Yuan. Li Chao, spokesman and director of the General Office of the People's Bank of China (PBOC), has expressed his concern in the Chinese media and announced that the central bank will draft regulations next year governing virtual transactions.Public prosecutor Yang Tao issued this warning: "The QQ coin is challenging the status of the RMB [Yuan] as the only legitimate currency in China." In an article published recently in the Nanfang Daily, the prosecutor wrote that the central government would act to "limit the application of QQ coins" and assure that their use is restricted to the virtual world.Tencent argues that Yang and the PBOC are overreacting, and some Internet analysts agree. Nevertheless, there is no question that the virtual-currency trend is catching on in China, and the end game is unclear.Tencent boasts more than 220 million users, and its QQ coins can be purchased with a bank, telephone or "QQ" card at an official price of 1 Yuan (12.5 cents) per coin. Originally, the virtual coins were designed to pay for Tencent services such as electronic greeting cards, online games and anti-virus software. Now, however, they have reportedly developed into an alternative currency traded on the black market and used for other, less savory services, such as online gambling and private chats with "QQ girls".Xinhua, China's official news agency, reports cases of people earning thousands of Yuan per month trading in QQ coins, which they can win by playing online QQ games that pay out one coin for every 10,000 points earned. Xinhua also reports that the operators of some Internet forums are now paid in QQ coins rather than the official currency. And there is evidence that other onlinesites not associated with Tencent also accept QQ coins.In addition, unofficial online vendors have sprung up to take advantage of QQ fever. They accumulate large numbers of coins by hiring professional game players to win them and also through gambling plays, inside connections at entertainment companies and even by hacking into user accounts and simply stealing them. Then they sell the virtual currency below its official value, at a rate of 0.4-0.8 Y uan per coin.Tencent introduced the coins in 2002 as tokens to pay solely for its online services and disavows any connection with this illicit trade"We do not have a mechanism to transfer unused QQ coins back to RMB Yuan," the company said in a statement, "and we do not support transactions made with QQ coins via dubious means."While there is no reason to doubt the Tencent statement, it is also true that the booming business in third-party sales of QQ coins clearly benefits the company. As there is an official premium on the number of available coins, a certain number of them are regularly removed from circulation, ensuring that new coins are always in demand from Tencent.Tencent's service operates much like MSN Messenger, except that it is part of a virtual economy whose currency is the QQ coin. Its users tend to be high-school or university students who spend an increasing amount of their time in cyberspace. And they are not just playing games and listening to their favorite music; many are also living alternative lives that can lead to the purchase of anything from virtual clothes to virtual pets to virtual automobiles.A small purchase - say, a pair of virtual Nike sneakers - may not cost much, but a whole wardrobe can add up. And don't forget the decorations for your chat avatar (a digital representation of a user in virtual reality) - that, too, will cost you.QQ coins also allow Tencent users to flout China's tough anti-gambling laws - which, despite more than 50 years on the books, have largely failed to curb the Chinese desire to place a bet. The company's game platform offers mahjong and a variety of card games with betting options, and Tencent takes a 10% cut from all bets.In the end, it's hard to know whether Tencent will have to face the regulator's questioning on the moral or the economic question or both. But it's never a good sign when the central bank lines you up in its sights.The PBOC has vowed to keep a sharp eye on the QQ phenomenon lest the coins enter general circulation, influencing the already internationally sensitive value of RMB Yuan. At present, sales in virtual money are estimated to add up to billions of Yuan annually and to be increasing 15-20% each year.Some US lawmakers - including Nancy Pelosi, soon to become Speaker of the House of Representatives for the 110th Congress - have accused Beijing of currency manipulation to keep the Yuan at an artificially low rate against the US dollar and other currencies. They threaten trade sanctions unless China acts to allow the Yuan‟s value to appreciate more rapidly.The Yuan has appreciated by 3.56% since it was revalued by 2.1% in July last year, and the currency reached a post-revaluation high of 7.8313 to the dollar last week. But US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, who is to visit Beijing this month, is pushing for a much faster rate of appreciation.So far, virtual currency has had no perceptible impact on the Yuan. But the central bank is worried about a future in which the popularity of virtual money grows to the point where it jumps from virtual to real goods.But this possible scenario has drawn skepticism from many analysts - primarily because true convertibility between the Yuan and the QQ coin would expose Tencent to enormous financial risks. It's unlikely the internet company will want to embrace the role of the Virtual Bank of China.In the end, it's more likely to be the morality police than the financial regulators who come knocking at Tencent's door.56.Which of the following is China‟s largest instant-messaging service-provider?A) Xinhua B) Tencent C) PBOC C) MSN Messenger57.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A)Till now virtual currency has had no noticeable impact on Yuan.B)Tencent introduced the coins in 2002 as tokens to pay solely for its online services.C)Tencent recognized its connection with the illicit trade.D)Tencent takes a 10% cut from all bets on the company‟s game platform.58.How will the central government act to limit the application of QQ coins?A)The central bank will draft regulations next year governing virtual transactions.B)The central bank will prohibit the issue of virtual currency.C)The central bank will issue another currency instead of QQ coins.D)The central bank will raise the exchange rate of Yuan against QQ coins.59.Which of the following can best describe Tencent‟s reaction to PBOC‟s concern about QQcoin?A)They argue it‟s overreacting.B)They argue it‟s optimistic.C)They argue it‟s appreciated.D)They argue it‟s insightful.60.Which of following is NOT true?A)People can make money by trading QQ coins.B)Unofficial online vendors have appeared to take advantage of QQ fever.C)Professional game players can hack into user accounts and steal them.D)Unused QQ coins can be transferred to RMB Yuan.61.Originally the virtual coins were designed to pay for Tencent services except_____.A)electronic greeting cardsB)anti-virus softwareC)online gamesD)chips for gambling online62.Who are the main customers of Tencent QQ coins?A)Primary school students.B)High-school or university students.C)Blue-collars.D)White-collars.63.What have some US lawmakers accused Beijing of?A)Chinese government applies too strict rules to the regulation of virtual currency.B)The value of Yuan was devalued by artificial currency manipulation.C)Beijing doesn‟t allow the setting up of the Virtual Bank of China.D)The Yuan has appreciated dramatically recently.64.What ca n you infer from the passage about Tencent‟s attitude towards QQ coin?A) dubious B) supportive C) sensitive D) demanding65.What is the best title for this passage?A) QQ coin and hackers B) QQ coin and virtual currencyC) QQ coin and its impact D) QQ coin and its competitorsIV. Translation 15%Part A Please translate the following sentences into Chinese (8%)1. A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico, and many other countries to “bargain” may unfairly interpret a hesitation or re quest from an international student as a move to manipulate preferential treatment. (2%)2.In many developing countries, communal lands remain a crucial source of biomass energy, yet privatization of these lands continue apace –reducing free access to fuel wood, and removing yet another area where cooperative decisions could be made on sustainable management of fuel wood sources. (3%)3. A free market that allows the same kind of incentives to operate as those that increasingly govern capital markets and product markets in China, would go a long way toward promoting skill formation.(2%)4. For this system to operate effectively, credit markets for schooling should be developed to allow students to borrow against future earnings.(1%)Part B Please translate the following sentences into English (7%)5. 当前最重要的任务是发展国民经济、提高国民生活水平。

2011年考研英语真题答案及解析

文章主要探讨了笑的作用以及情感和肌肉反应之间的相互关系。

第一段由古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的观点引出“笑是有益于健康的身体运动”。

第二、三段承接上文，阐述了笑能放松肌肉，从而帮助减轻心理紧张的程度。

第四段以在1988年公布的一项实验为例论证了情绪是肌肉反应的结果，笑这一行为可以使心情好转。

所选动词要与后面的changes构成动宾关系，并且带有“发生……作用，产生……效果”的含义。

2021_211翻译硕士英语(试题)

南京航空航天大学2011 年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（A卷）科目代码: 211满分: 100 分科目名称: 翻译硕士英语注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！I.Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)1.He proved himself a successor to the former Prime Minister.A.worthwhileB. worthinessC. worthyD. worth2.A.moneyB. fareC. feesD. tuition3.Anthony is a very person and never wastes anything.A.miserlyB. thriftyC. economicD. conservative4.He is seriously ill because his girlfriend has just deserted him. Why don’t you try someoccupational to remove his mind from distress?A.operationB. therapyC. injectionD. medicine5.The curtains have because of the strong sunlight.A.fadedB. dulledC. faintedD. weakened6.A.virtualB. exclusiveC. overallD. flexible7.During the races there were two accidents to motor-cyclists including one accident.A.fatalB. killingC. deadlyD. deathly8.We didn’t catch the train on of the traffic congestion.A.basisB. chargeC. accountD. behalf9.I haven’t enough money to buy a car, so I just have to do .A.nothingB. noneC. withoutD. nobody10.The of these islands is still in dispute and the three countries are to have aconference next month to settle the issue.A.sovereigntyB. rightC. authorityD. power11.The government used their emergency powers to the truth about the accident.A.suppressB. manipulateC. controlD. manage12.The ghostly presence was just a (n) sensation of some people.A.objectiveB. subjunctiveC. subjectiveD. objected13.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite .A.artisticB. artificialC. arbitraryD. mechanical14.When she was crossing the road, she was knocked down by a motor-car and lay bythe roadside.A.asleepB. thoughtlessC. unconsciousD. unaware15.The reader is urged to be a leader, rather than a follower; to rely on his own power, rather than to .rmB. conformC. deformD. reform16. it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.A.BelieveB. To believeC. BelievingD. Believed17.When I caught him I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.A.cheatingB. cheatC. to cheatD. to be cheating18.You see the lightning it happens, but you hear the thunder later.A.the instantB. for an instantC. on the instantD. in an instant19.A.beingB. isC. to beD. been20.It is reported that adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.A.the mostB. most ofC. mostD. the most ofII.Error Correction (10 points)Direction: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided.Americans this year will swallow 15000 tons ofaspirin, one of safest and most effective drugs --21.invented by man. The most popular medicines in the --22.world today, it is an effective pain reliever. Its badeffects are relatively mild, and it is cheap.For millions of people suffered from arthritis, --23.it is the only thing that works. Aspirin, in short, istruly the 20th-century wonder drug. It is also thesecond largest suicide drug and is the leading cause ofpoisoning among children. It has side effects that, if --24.relatively mild, are largely unrecognized between users. --25.Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, understood the medical valueof the leaves and tree bark which today is known to --26.contain salicylates, the chemical in aspirin. during the19th century, there was a great number of experimentation --27.in Europe with this chemical, and it led in the introduction --28.of aspirin. By 1915, aspirin tablets were availablein the United States.A small quantity of aspirin(two five-grain tablets)relieves pain and inflammation. It also reduces down --29.fever by interfering with some of the body's reactions.Specifically, aspirin seems to slow down the formationis not fully understood, and the slowing effect of aspirin --30.is well known.III.Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage One31.The main idea of this passage is that .[A]employers are checking more closely on applicants now[B][C]college degrees can now be purchased easily[D]employers are no longer interested in college degrees32.According to the passage, "special cases" refers to cases that .[A][B]students never attended a school they listed on their application[C][D]students attended a famous school33.We can infer from the passage that .[A]performance is a better judge of ability than a college degree[B]experience is the best teacher[C]past work histories influence personnel officers more than degrees do[D]34.This passage implies that .[A]buying a false degree is not moral[B]personnel officers only consider applicants from famous schools[C]most people lie on applications because they were dismissed from school[D]society should be greatly responsible for lying on applications35.The word "phony" (Para. 2) means .[A]thorough [B] ultimate [C] false [D] decisivePassage TwoIt is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the basis for the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be found in our past experiences, which are brought into the present by memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep information available for later use. It not only includes "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also involves any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is involved when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed (嗅出)something suspicious in the grain pile.36.Which of the following is TRUE about memory?[A]It helps us perceive things happening around us every day.[B]It is based on the decisions we made in the past.[C]It is rooted in our past habits and skills.[D]It connects our past experiences with the present.37.According to the passage, memory is helpful in one's life in the following aspects EXCEPT that .[A]it involves a change in one's behavior[B]it keeps information for later use[C]it warns people not to do things repeatedly[D]it enables one to remember events that happened in the past38.[A][B][C][D]39.What is the major characteristic of man's memory capacity according to the author?[A]It can be expanded by language.[B][C]It may keep all the information in the past.[D]It may change what has been stored in it.40.Human beings make themselves different from other animals by .[A]having the ability to perceive danger[B]having a far greater memory capacity[C]having the ability to recognize faces and places on sight[D]having the ability to draw on past experiencesPassage ThreeMost shoplifters (商店扒手)agree that the January sales offer wonderful opportunities for the hard-working thief. With the shops so crowded and the staff so busy, it does not require any extraordinary talent to help you to take one or two little things and escape unnoticed. It is known, in the business, as "hoisting".But the hoisting game is not what it used to be. Even at the height of the sales, shoplifters today never know if they are being watched by one of those evil little balls that hang from the ceilings of so many department stores above the most desirable goods.As if that was not trouble enough for them, they can now be filmed at work and obliged to attend a showing of their performance in court.Selfridges was the first big London store to install closed-circuit videotape equipment to watch its sales floors. In October last year the store won its first court case for shoplifting using a evidence a videotape clearly showing a couple stealing dresses. It was an important test case which encouraged other stores to install similar equipment.When the balls, called sputniks, first make an appearance in shops, it was widely believed that their only function was to frighten shoplifters. Their somewhat ridiculous appearances, the curious holes and red lights going on and off, certainly make the theory believable.It did not take long, however, for serious shoplifters to start showing suitable respect. Soon after the equipment was in operation at Selfridges, store detective Brian Chadwick was sitting in the control room watching a woman secretly putting bottles of perfume into her bag."For a moment she paused, but then she returned to counter and started putting everything back. When she had finished, she opened her bag towards the camera to show it was empty andhurried out of the store."41.January is a good month for shoplifters because .[A]they don't need to wait for staff to serve them[B]they don't need any previous experience as thieves[C]there are so many people in the store[D]January sales offer wonderful opportunities for them42.The sputniks hanging from the ceiling are intended .[A]to watch the most desirable goods[B]to make films that can be used as evidence[C]to frighten shoplifters by their appearance[D]to be used as evidence against shoplifters43.The case last October was important because .[A]the store got the dresses back[B]the equipment was able to frighten shoplifters[C]other shops found out about the equipment[D]the kind of evidence supplied was accepted by court44.The woman stealing perfume .[A]guessed what the sputniks were for[B]was frightened by its shape[C]could see the camera filming her[D]knew that the detective had seen her45.The woman's action before leaving the store shows that she .[A]was sorry for what she had done[B]was afraid she would be arrested[C]d ecided she didn't want what she had picked up[D]wanted to prove she had not intended to steal anythingPassage FourThe English have the reputation of being very different from all other nationalities. It is claimed that living on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it. Whatever the reasons, it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed some attitudes and habits distinguishing him from other nationalities.46.One explanation for the different character of English people is that .[A]they are geographically isolated from the European continent[B]they have nothing to do with the other Europeans[C]they like to keep quiet among their acquaintances[D]they tend to be reserved by nature47.The word "inhibited" (Para. 2) in this passage probably means .[A]unable to have good manners[B]unable to express and relax freely[C]able to act properly[D]able to talk freely48.[A]inquire about the code of behavior in the train[B]shake hands with all the passengers[C]shake hands with the person he knows[D]behave like an Englishman49.[A]the English are modest in most circumstances[B]the English feel no less than any other nationality[C]the English tend to display less emotion than they feel[D]50.What does the passage mainly discuss?[A]The differences between the English and the other Europeans.[B]The different character of the Englishman and its reason.[C]The reasons for English people's shyness.[D]The code of behavior of the nationalities in Europe.Part IV Short Answer Questions (10 points)In Britain, the old Road Traffic Act restricted speeds to 2 m.p.h. (miles per hour) in towns and 4 m.p.h. in the country. Later Parliament increased the speed limit to 14 m.p.h. But by 1903 the development of the car industry had made it necessary to raise the limit to 20 m.p.h. By 1930, however, the law was so widely ignored that speeding restrictions were done away with altogether. For five years motorists were free to drive at whatever speeds they likes. Then in 1935 the Road Traffic Act imposed a 30 m.p.h. speed limit in built-up areas, along with theintroduction of driving tests and pedestrian crossing.The main controversy (争论) surrounding speeding laws is the extent of their safety value. The Ministry of Transport maintains that speed limits reduce accidents. It claims that when the 30 m.p.h. limit was introduced in 1935 there was a fall of 15 percent in fatal accidents. Likewise, when the 40 m.p.h. speed limit was imposed on a number of roads in London in the late fifties, there was a 28 percent reduction in serious accidents. There were also fewer casualties (伤亡) in the year after the 70 m.p.h. motorway limit was imposed in 1966.Questions:51.During which period could British motorists drive without speed limits?52.What measures were adopted in 1935 in addition to the speeding restrictions?53.54.What is the opinion of British authorities concerning speeding laws?55.What reason do Americans give for the reduction in traffic accidents?V. Writing (30 points)。

2011年英语历年考研真题阅读翻译

2011年英语历年考研真题阅读翻译D但是，这个任命之所以一起人们惊讶的原因却是Gilbert相对而言并不是很有名.甚至在时代杂志上发文支持Gilbert任命的Tommasini都称其为：低调的音乐家，在他身上找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质.纽约爱乐乐团迄今为止都是由像Gustav Mahler(古斯塔夫•马勒)和Pierre Boulez布列兹那样的音乐家领导的.这样去描述这个乐团的下一位指挥，至少对于时代的读者而言，这是一种苍白的表扬.就我看来，我不知道Gilbert是否是一个伟大的指挥家或者是一个好的指挥.但是我能确定的是，他能表现出很多有趣的乐章，但是我却应该不会去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他地方去听一场有趣的交响乐演出.我要做的事情就是去我的CD架上，或者打开的我的电脑从ITUNES上下载更多的唱片.那些忠实的音乐会观众会讲唱片并不能代替现场的演出，但是他们忽略了一些事情.当下为了获得艺术爱好者的钱，时间，关注度，古典音乐的演奏家们(其实就是指交响乐团，同意复述)不仅要和剧院，舞蹈队，演出公司和博物馆竞争，而且还需要和那些记录了20世纪的伟大的古典音乐演奏者表演的唱片竞争.唱片很便宜，那里都能买到，并且比现在很多现场音乐会的艺术质量要高.进一步的讲，听众能选择听唱片的时间和地点.这些到处可以获得的唱片给传统的演出机构带来了危机.对于古典音乐演奏者而言，他们可能的一个回应就是排练出唱片上没有的曲目.Gilbert对新音乐兴趣已经被广泛的关注了：Alex Ross，一名古典音乐的批评家，就这样描述道：他能够把爱乐乐团变成一个完全不同，更加有活力的组织.但是那种不同的性质也是什么呢？可能仅仅增加乐团演出的曲目是不够的，如果Gilbert和他的乐团要进步的话，他们就必须首先改变美国最古老的乐团(就是纽约爱乐乐团)同他们想吸引的新观众间的关系.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my g oal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn Ferry，senior partner Dennis Carey :“I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of PepsiCo (PEP) a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”译文：当八月份，Liam McGee以总裁的身份从美国银行离职的时候，他的解释出人意料的直白.他没有忸怩的用平常的模糊的理由来遮掩他的离开，他很坦诚的讲他离开就是为了去追求他经营一家公司的目标.McGee说宣扬自己的目标就是自己的决定.两周后，他第一次和Hartford Financial Services Group的董事会第一次会谈，这家公司在9月29日提名他为董事会主席和CEO.他说在离开的时候并没有找好后面的职位(下家)，使他有时间去反思他到底想去经营一家什么样的公司.这同时也就他的激情和决心，给了外界一个清晰的信号.这样做的并不只是McGee一个人.最近几周，Avon and American Express的一些高级经理离职并解释说想需找一个CEO的职位.当董事会迫于股东的压力对一系列的计划进行审查的时候，那些计划被否定掉的经理们也会想离开.激烈的商业环境同样使得高级经理很小心，模糊的表态可能会破坏他们的声誉.当经济复苏的标志开始确定的时候，二把手们可能更愿意在没有网(新的工作)情况下换工作.第三季度，根据Liberum的调查，CEO的更迭和一年前相比减少了23%，这是由于紧张的董事会紧盯着他们的CEO们.随着经济的复苏和好转，对有理想的头儿们，机会是很多的.离开高管的职位去寻找一个更好的职位，并不是传统的做法.多年以来，经理们和猎头们都认同这样一个原则：最有吸引力的CEO的竞争是那些需要去挖来的人.Korn Ferry，senior partner Dennis Carey说道：我所做的每一次的招聘中，董事会都要求我从那些在任的CEO中寻找人选.那些没有找到工作就离开的人并不是很快就能找到顶级的职位.10年前，Tropicana被PepsiCo (PEP)收购了，她以经理的身份离职了，她说他想当CEO.但是花了一年的时间她才成为一家小型互联网交换公司的头.2005年Robert Willumstad带着想成为CEO的梦想离开了Citigroup.可是三年后他才成为了一家主要的金融机构的CEO.很多招聘的人都说对于高管而言，过去认为的丢脸的感觉(没有工作)已经慢慢消失了.金融危机已经使得跳槽，离开一个不好的工作变得更加可以接受了.一个猎头就说到：“传统的规则是待在你原来的地方会更加安全，但是现在已经彻底改变了. 那些受伤最厉害的就是那里在一个地方待太久的人.”Text 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. In fact，the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a cas e, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.译文：过去，市场营销的成功诀窍简而言之就是一分钱一分货.然而时过境迁.虽然传统的“付费”(paid)媒介，比如电视和广播广告、平面广告和路边广告牌等，仍然扮演着重要角色，但企业如今还可以利用许多其他形式的媒介.比如，痴迷于某种产品的消费者，可能会乐意将之推荐给朋友，从而为企业创造因产品的优良品质带来的“无偿”(earned)媒介.企业还可以利用“自有”(owned)媒介，通过邮件向其网站的注册用户发送产品和销售提示.事实上，如今消费者作出购买决定的方式，意味着市场营销的影响力来自于传统付费媒介之外的广泛因素.营销人员通过付费和自有媒介推销其产品，而在“无偿”媒介方面，营销人员就像是触发用户响应的初始催化剂.在某些情况下，某营销者的自有媒介会成为另一个营销者的付费媒介.比如，当某电子商务零售商出售其网站的广告空间时，我们就将这种“售出”媒介定义为拥有巨大流量、以致其他机构纷纷前来投放内容或电子商务引擎的自有媒介.我们认为，这种趋势已蓬勃发端于零售商和航空、酒店等旅游供应商，虽然还处于初始阶段，但无疑可以走得更远.比如，强生公司创建了著名网站BabyCenter，借以推广互补性乃至竞争性产品，而其他营销者的出现不仅带来了收入，还令该网站看起来公正客观，并且使企业有机会从其他公司的营销活动中获得可贵的信息，最后还有助于扩大所有相关企业的用户流量.剧烈的技术变革使营销人员获得了数量更多、种类更广的沟通选择，但同时也带来了更高的风险，因为激动的消费者能够以更迅速、更明显、更有害的方式来表达他们的意见.这就是与“无偿”媒介相对的“劫持”媒介：某项资产或活动变成了对某个品牌或产品不满的消费者、其他股东或积极分子的劫持物.比如，社交网络用户正领悟到，他们可以通过“劫持”媒介来对最初创建该媒介的企业施加压力.如果那种事情发生，激动的消费者试图劝服其他人共同抵制两家公司的产品，从而危及企业声誉.当这种事情发生的时候，如果企业的回应不够快或不够好，那么就可能酿成悲剧.比如，在今年较早前发生的召回危机中，丰田汽车公司采取了较快且较有序的社交媒体回应行动，包括在Twitter和社会新闻网站Digg等网站上与客户进行直接交流，从而挽回了部分损失.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen o ur moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you supportkitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.译文：毫无疑问，Jennifer Senior在有煸动意味的的杂志封面故事中表达了她的独到见解，“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我的生活”——这唤起了人们的谈兴.人们一谈到养孩子就会觉得这是一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事情.Jennifer Senior没有指出养孩子到底是使得父母快乐呢还是痛苦呢，她倒是认为，我们需要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该是一个个瞬间的快乐组合的可以被衡量的东西；我们应该把幸福视为一种过去式的状态.尽管抚养孩子的日子漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是Jennifer Senior认为，正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后却成为我们欢乐的源泉.杂志封面上一位给力的母亲抱着一个可爱的婴儿，这种圣母与圣子(麦当娜和孩子)的图画这周在杂志上多次出现.例如杂志上讲到最近刚收养孩子的母亲——有时是刚变成单身母亲——桑德拉布鲁克，以及那种很常见的“詹尼弗阿尼斯顿怀孕了”的新闻.实际上，每周都有至少一位名人母亲、或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者.在一个不断地庆祝生育的社会中，承认自己后悔生育孩子就相当于承认自己支持杀小猫，这难道不值得反思吗？把父母的后悔与孩子的后悔相比较，这显然并不合理.没有人会去让不情愿养孩子的父母去反思自己是否不该养孩子，但是那不幸福的没有孩子的人却为类似这样的信息所困扰：“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西”，显然，你们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除.当然，像美国周刊与人物这样的杂志提供的名人父母的形象是非常不切实际的.特别是像Bullock这样的单身母亲时更是如此.多项研究表明，有孩子的父母很少比没有孩子的夫妇更快乐，而单亲家庭是最不快乐的.这并不奇怪，因为一个人养一个孩子实在太麻烦了，没有人可以依靠.然而，你听听Sandra和Britney 说的话：自己“一个人”养孩子，其实非常简单.(她们当然觉得简单了，因为她们是在周围有一帮人全天侯的侯着啊.)很难想象有的人生孩子就只是很傻很天真因为Reese和Angelina这种名流使这种行为变的很光鲜，——多数成年人其实理解：养孩子可不是剪头发那样简单.但这确实有趣：反思一下我们每周看到的无忧无虑，幸福诱人的为人父母的生活会不会从一种微小的，无意识的方面加剧我们对于现实生活的不满.这种方式就好像：我们有那种想成为“ the Rachel”(老友记中的单身妈妈)的心理，这种心理，使得我们看上去有点像詹尼弗安尼斯顿(Rachel 的扮演者).。

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2011年武汉大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案历年真题是最权威的，最直接了解各专业考研的复习资料，考生要重视和挖掘其潜在价值，尤其是现在正是冲刺复习阶段，模拟题和真题大家都要多练多总结，下面分享武汉大学2011年翻译硕士考研真题及答案，方便考生使用。

I.Put the Following Terms into Chinese(15%)ASEAN:东南亚国家联盟(东盟)(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)CPI:居民消费价格指数(Consumer Price Index);消费者物价指数EQ:情商(Emotional Quotient)GMT:格林威治标准时间(Greenwich Mean Time)GNP:国民生产总值(Gross National Product)NGO:非政府组织(Non-Governmental Organization)OPEC:石油输出国组织(Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesUNCF:联合国儿童基金会(United Nations Children’s Fund)UNESCO:联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization)Dynamic Equivalence:动态对等[功能对等理论由美国人尤金·A·奈达(Eugene Nida)提出。

所谓“功能对等”，就是说翻译时不求文字表面的死板对应，而要在两种语言间达成功能上的对等]Foreignizing Method：异化法;异化策略(指对文化价值观的偏离主义的压力下，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情境)Intersemiotic Translation：符际翻译Lingua Franca：通用语;混合语;共通语Polysystem Theory：多元系统理论Department of Homeland Security：(美国)国土安全部II.Put the Following Terms into English(15%)即席翻译：Impromptu translation稀土:rare earth产品导向:product-oriented;Product Orientation民族的先知：the oracle of the nation;the prophet of the nation操纵汇率：to manipulate exchange rate第三产业：tertiary industry宏观调控：macro-control虚拟经济：virtual economy生态补偿机制：a mechanism for ecological compensation西部大开发：Go-West Campaign;China’s development campaign of the western regions 抑制流动性：curb/control liquidity;rein in liquidity全球战略伙伴关系:global strategic partnership转变政府职能:transform the functions of the government;transformation of governmentfunctions国际金融新秩序:a new international financial orderIII.Put the Following Passages into Chinese(60%)I stand here today humbled by the task before us,grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.I thank President Bush for his service to our nation,as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath.The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace.Yet,every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms.At these moments,America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office,but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers,and true to our founding documents.That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood.Our nation is at war,against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.Our economy is badly weakened,a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some,but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.Homes have been lost;jobs shed;businesses shuttered.Our health care is too costly;our schools fail too many;and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.These are the indicators of crisis,subject to data and statistics.Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land–a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable,and that the next generation must lower its sights.Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real.They are serious and they are many.They will not be met easily or in a short span of time.But know this,America–they will be met.参考译文：我今天站在这里，深感面前使命的重大，深谢你们赋予的信任，并铭记我们前辈所付的代价。

我感谢布什总统对国家的贡献以及他在整个过渡阶段给予的大度合作。

至此，有四十四个美国人发出总统誓言。

这些字词曾在蒸蒸日上的繁荣时期和宁静安详的和平年代诵读。

但是间或，它们也响彻在阴云密布、风暴降临的时刻。

美国能够历经这些时刻而勇往直前，不仅因为当政者具有才干或远见，而且也因为“我们人民”始终坚信我们先辈的理想，对我们的建国理念忠贞不渝。

这些是危机的迹象，数据统计将予以证明。

不易于衡量然而同样严重的是全国各地受动摇的信心——一种挥之不去的恐惧感，认为美国将不可避免地走下坡路，下一代人不得不放低眼光。

今天，我告诉大家，我们面临的挑战真实存在，并且严重而多重。

它们不可能在一个短时间内被轻易征服。

但是，美国，请记住这句话——它们将被征服。

IV.Put the Following into English(60%)有人问：世界上什么东西的气力最大?回答纷纭的很，有的说“象”，有的说“狮”，有人开玩笑似的说：是“金刚”，金刚有多少气力，当然大家全不知道。

这，也许特殊了一点、常人不容易理解，那么，你看见笋的成长吗?你看见过被压在瓦砾和石块下面的一颗小草的生成吗?他为着向往阳光，为着达成它的生之意志，不管上面的石块如何重，石块与石块之间如何狭，它必定要曲曲折折地，但是顽强不屈地透到地面上来，它的根往土壤钻，它的芽望地面挺，这是—种不可抗的力，阻止它的石块，结果也被它掀翻，一粒种子的力量的大，如此如此。

没有一个人将小草叫做“大力士”，但是它的力量之大，的确是世界无比。

这种力，是一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现，上面的石块，丝毫不足以阻挡，因为它是一种“长期抗战”的力，有弹性，能屈能伸的力，有韧性，不达目的不止的力。

种于不落在肥土而落在瓦砾中，有生命力的种子决不会悲观和叹气，因为有了阻力才有磨炼。

生命开始的一瞬间就带了斗争来的草，才是坚韧的草，也只有这种草，才可为傲然地对那些玻璃棚中养育着的盆花哄笑。

译文：Someone asked“What has the greatest strength on earth”The answers varied.Some said”The elephant.”Some said”The lion.”Some said jokingly“The fierce-browed guardian gods to Buddha.”But nobody of course could tell how strong the guardian gods were supposed to be.All the answers turned out to be wide of the mark.The mightiest thing on earth is the seed of a plant.The great strength which a seed is capable of is simply matchless.Here goes another story: The bones forming a human skull are so tightly and perfectly fit together that all physiologists or anatomists hard as they try are powerless to take them apart without damaging them.It so happened that at the suggestion of someone some seeds of a plant were placed inside a human skull awaiting dissection before heat and moisture were applied to cause them to grow. Oncethey started to grow they let loose a terrific force to separate all theskull bones leaving each of them intact.This would have been impossible withany mechanical power under the sun.See how powerful the seeds of a plant can be!This story may be somewhat too unusual for you to understand.Well have you ever seen the growth of a bamboo shoot Or the growth of tender grass from under a heap of rubble or rocks Seeking sunlight and survial the young plant will labour tenaciously through twists and turns to bring itself to the surface of the ground no matter how heavy the rocks overhead may be or how narrow the opening between them.While striking its roots deep into the soilthe young plant pushes its new shoots aboveground.The irresistable strengthit can muster is such as to overturn any rock in its way.See how powerful aseed can be!Though nobody descibes the little grass as a“husky”yet its herculean strength is unrivalled. It is the force of life invisible to the naked eye.It will display itself as long as there is life.The rock is utterly helpless before this force—-a force that will forever remain militant a force that is resilient and can take temporary setbacks calmly a force that is tenacity itself and will never give up until the goal is reached.When a seed falls under debris instead of on fertile soil it never sighs in despair because to meet with obstruction means to temper itself.Indomitableis the grass that begins its very life with a tough struggle.It is only fitand proper that the proud grass should be jeering at the potted flowers in aglass house.译文：Someone asked“What is the most powerful thing in the world”There was a variety of answers.“Elephant”someone said.“Lion”another said.“Buddha’s guardian warrior”still another said half-jokingly.As to how powerful the Buddha’s guardian warrior was,no one was sure.In fact none of the answers was correct.The most powerful thing in theworld is the seed of plants.The force displayed by a seed is simply incomparable.Here goes another story: The bones of a human skull are so tightly and firmly joined that no physiologist and anatomist had succeeded in taking them apart whatever means they tried.Then someone invented a method.He put some seeds of a plant in the skull to be dissected and provided the necessary3 temperature and moisture to make them germinate.Once the seeds germinated they manifested a terrible force with which he succeeded in opening up the human skull that had failed to be openedeven by mechanical means.This story tells us how powerful the seeds of plants can be.You may think this is too unusual a story to be grasped by the common mind.Well have you ever seen how the bamboo shoots grow?Have you ever seen how frail young grass grow out from under debris and rubble?In order to get the sunshine and bring its will to grow into play no matter how heavy the rocks are and how narrow the space between the rocks it will wind its way up irresistibly its roots drilling downward and its sprouts shooting upward.This is an irresistible force. Any rock lying in its way will be overturned.This again shows how powerful a seed can be. Though the little grass have never been said to be herculean the power it shows is matchless in the world.It is an invisible force of life.So long as there is life the force will show itself.The rock above it is not heavy enough to prevent it from growing because it is a force that keeps growing over a period of time because it is an elastic force that can shrink and expand because it is a tenacious force that will not stop growing until it is grown.The seed does not choose to fall on fertile land but among debris.If it isfilled with life it is never pessimistic or sad for it is tempered byresistance and pressure.The grass that fights its way out since the moment itis born can be called“strong”and”tenacious”only the grass that fightsits way up since its birth has the right to laugh with justified pride at thepotted plants in glassed green houses.。