华南农业大学833生态学2009年考研真题考研试题
考研生化题
15.(哈尔滨工业大学2008年考研试题）DNA的大部分序列被转录为mRNA，因而mRNA在细胞中的含量高于rRNA和tRNA。
答案：错。
虽然DNA的大部分序列被转录为mRNA，其种类多但数量少，且不稳定，所以含量并不高于rRNA和tRNA。
16.（山东大学2006年考研试题）RNA的合成和DNA的合成一样，在起始合成前需要有RNA引物参加。
答案：错。
DNA的合成在起始合成前需要有RNA引物参加。
而RNA合成在起始合成前不需要有RNA引物参加。
17.（山东大学2005年考研试题）在具备转录的条件下，DNA分子中的两条链在体内都可能被转录成RNA。
答案：错。
在具备转录的条件下，不是DNA分子中的两条链在体内都可能被转录成RNA，而是只有一条链参与转录成RNA。
18.（山东大学2005年考研试题）一种能阻碍RNA合成的抑制剂通常会立即影响DNA的合成。
答案:对。
19.（郑州大学2008年考研试题)大肠杆菌在葡萄糖和乳糖均丰富的培养基中优先利用葡萄糖而不利用乳糖，是因为此时阻遏蛋白与操作基因结合而阻碍乳糖操纵子的开放。
答案：错。
大肠杆菌在葡萄糖和乳糖均丰富的培养基中优先利用葡萄糖而不利用乳糖，是因为激活蛋白CAP与操纵基因结合而阻碍乳糖操纵子的开放。
20.（武汉大学2005年考研试题)在E.coliRNA的生物合成中，放线菌素D是模板抑制剂。
答案;对。
21.（南京师范大学2007.2008年考研试题）真核生物的基因均有内元。
答案;对。
22.（南京师范大学2007.2008年考研试题）启动子总是在被转录基因的上游方向。
答案;错。
启动子并不总是在被转录基因的上游方向，也有在被转录基因的下游方向的，只是这些在被转录基因的下游方向的启动子，一般都不会起作用。
三、（陕西师范大学2005年考研试题）RNA只能以DNA为模板合成。
答案;错。
病毒的RNA可以不经过逆转录为DNA，直接以RNA为模板合成，因此RNA不是只能以DNA为模板合成的。
2009年中国林科院博士入学考试生态学真题
中国林业科学研究院2009年博士学位研究生入学考试生态学试题一、名词解释（15分，每个3分）1 原生演替和次生演替：发生在原生裸地上的演替称为原生演替，发生在次生裸地上的演替称为次生演替。
1生物群系：凡是建群种或共建群种相同的植物群落的联合。
2林德曼效应：是指n+1营养级所获得的能量占n营养级获得能量之比，这是Lindemans的经典能流研究所提出的，它相当于同化效率、生产效率和消费效率的乘积。
4 耐受性定律：任何一个生态因子在数量上或质量上的不足或过多，即当其接近或达到某种生物的耐受限度时会使该种生物衰退或不能生存。
5 食物链：在生态系统内，各种生物按其取食和被取食关系而排列的链状顺序叫做食物链。
二、简答题（35分）1 什么是生态系统管理？简述生态系统管理的基本特征和应注意的科学问题（10分）1.生态系统管理是在对生态系统组成、结构和功能过程加以充分理解的基础上，制定适应性的管理策略，以恢复或维持生态系统整体性和可持续性。
基本特征：（1）以生态学原理为指导；（2）实现可持续性；（3）重视社会科学在森林经营中的作用；（4）进行适应性经营。
应考虑的科学问题：根据管理的对象确定生态系统管理的定义，该定义必须把人类及其价值取向整合进生态系统；确定明确的、可操作的目标；确定生态系统管理的时间和空间尺度；收集适量数据，理解生态系统的复杂性和相互作用，提出合理的生态模式；监测并识别生态系统内部的动态特征，确定生态学限制因子；确定影响生态系统管理的政策、法律和法规；选择和利用生态系统管理的工具与技术。
2 简述群落成层性及其生态学意义（13分）成层性主要指群落的分层现象。
陆地群落的分层与光的利用有关。
森林群落从上往下，依次可划分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和地被层等层次。
成层现象是群落中各种群之间以及种群与环境之间相互竞争和相互选择的结果。
它不仅缓解了植物之间争夺阳光、空间、水分和矿质营养的矛盾，而且由于生物在空间上的成层排列，扩大了植物利用环境的范围，提高了同化功能的强度和效率。
2009考研农学门类联考生物化学真题及答案
2009考研农学门类联考生物化学及参考答案五、单项选择题：22～36 小题，每小题 1 分，共 15 分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
22.世界上首次人工合成具有生物活性酵母 tRNAAla 的国家是A.美国 B.中国 C.英国 D.法围23.真核生物 mRNA 中 5’一末端的 m7G 与第二个核苷酸之间的连接方式是 A .5’→2’ B .5’→3’ C. 3’→5’ D. 5’→5’24.下列 DNA 模型中，属于左手双螺旋的是A.Z —DNAB.C—DNAC.B—DNA D A—DNA25.下列氨基酸中，[α ]TD=0 的是A.GlnB.GluC.GlyD. Ile26.1961 年国际酶学委员会规定：特定条件下 1 分钟内转化 l μ mol 底物的酶量是A. 1 U B .1 U/mg C .1 Kat D. 1 IU27.可使米氏酶 Km 增大的抑制剂是A.竞争性抑制剂B.非竞争性抑制荆C.反竞争性抑制剂D.不可逆抑制剂28.下列化合物巾，属于氧化磷酸化解偶联剂的是A.鱼藤酮B.抗霉素 AC.氰化物D. 2，4 一二硝基苯酚29.脂肪酸合酶系的终产物是A.丙二酸单酰 CoAB.琥珀酰 CoAC.硬脂酰 CoAD.软脂酰 CoA 30.肉碱脂酰转移酶存在的部位是A.核膜B.细胞膜C.线粒体内膜D.线粒体外膜31.下列参与联合脱氨基作用的酶是A.解氨酶、L 一谷氨酸脱氢酶B.转氨酶、L 一谷氨酸脱氢酶C.解氨酶、L 一氨基酸氧化酶D. 转氨酶、L 一氨基酸氧化酶32.氨基酸脱羧基作用的产物是A.有机酸和 NH3B.有机酸和 CO2C.胺和 CO2D.胺和 NH333.嘌呤核苷酸从头合成途径中产生的第一个核苷酸是A .XMP B.IMP C GMP D.AMP34.劳氏肉瘤病毒逆转录的产物是A. DNAB. cDNAC. ccDNAD.Ts—DNA35.下列含有与 SD 序列互补序列的 rRNA 是A. 16S rRNAB. 18S rRNAC.23S rRNA D .28S rRNA 36.大肠杆菌 RNA 聚合酶核心酶的亚基组成是A.α 2ββ’σB.αβ 2β’C.α 2ββ’ D .αββ’σ六、简答题：37—39 小题，每小题 8 分，共 24 分。
2009年专升本(生态学基础)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2009年专升本（生态学基础）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 选择题 2. 填空题 3. 判断题 4. 简答题 5. 论述题选择题1．下列概念中，由德国科学家海克尔首次提出的是( )A．生态学B．生物圈C．生物群落D．生态系统正确答案：A2．对冬小麦完成春化过程起决定作用的是( )A．高温B．低温C．长日照D．短日照正确答案：B3．下列生态因子中，属于间接因子的是( )A．温度B．光照C．水分D．海拔正确答案：D4．下列不属于森林生态系统功能的是( )A．净化环境B．涵养水源C．增强温室效应D．保护生物多样性正确答案：C5．决定陆地植物群落分布的两个最主要气候因子是( )A．风力和降水B．风力和温度C．温度和降水D．温度和光照正确答案：C6．我国东部森林土壤从北到南呈现有规律的变化，这是土壤分布的( ) A．纬度地带性B．经度地带性C．垂直地带性D．非地带性正确答案：A7．从弃耕地开始发展到森林的群落演替过程属于( )A．原生演替B．次生演替C．逆行演替D．周期性演替正确答案：B8．下列生态系统中，食物网结构最复杂的是( )A．热带雨林B．荒漠C．农田D．苔原正确答案：A9．在种群增长的逻辑斯谛方程中，K表示( )A．内禀增长率B．瞬时增长率C．环境容量D．种群数量正确答案：C10．生态系统发展到成熟阶段具有的特征之一是( )A．环境变化剧烈B．结构趋于简单C．种群数量变化大D．系统趋于稳定正确答案：D11．光补偿点是指植物光合作用吸收的二氧化碳与呼吸作用放出的二氧化碳相等时的( )A．光照时数B．光照强度C．光谱成分D．温度正确答案：B12．某二森林中的所有马尾松在生态学上可称为一个( )A．群系B．群落C．群丛D．种群正确答案：D13．地球上的碳素绝大部分存在于( )A．岩石圈B．大气圈C．水圈D．土壤圈正确答案：A14．对植物群落的结构和环境形成起主导作用的物种是( )A．稀有种B．伴生种C．优势种D．亚优势种正确答案：C15．下列生态系统中，分解作用最弱的是( )A．热带雨林B．温带草原C．常绿阔叶林D．冻原正确答案：D16．一个种群的年龄锥体呈下宽上窄的金字塔形，则该种类的年龄结构属于( )A．稳定型B．增长型C．衰退型D．混合型正确答案：B17．地球表面全部生物及与之发生相互作用的自然环境总称为( )A．水圈B．岩石圈C．大气圈D．生物圈正确答案：D18．下列元素的生物地球化学循环属于典型沉积型的是( )A．碳B．氮C．磷D．氧正确答案：C19．与r对策生物相比，K对策生物一般来说( )A．出生率低，寿命长B．出生率低，寿命短C．出生率高，寿命长D．出生率高，寿命短正确答案：A20．2007年我国太湖出现蓝藻大发生的现象，从种群数量变动的角度来看这属于( )A．年间波动B．种群大暴发C．生物入侵D．季节性消长正确答案：B填空题21．既满足当代人需要，又不对后代满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展模式即为______。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。
华南农业大学825理论力学(A卷)2009年考研真题考研试题
考试时间：３小时满分150分 （机 密）华 南 农 业 大 学年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：理论力学(A 卷)用题专业：机械电子、机械设计及理论、车辆、农机化、农业水土、农业生物环境与能源工程、现代农业装备与设施工程（考生注意：全部答案必须写在答卷纸上，写在试题上无效。
答案要注明题号，不用抄题。
答卷纸 封面需填写自己的考生编号与试题一并交回。
）一．判断题：对者打√，错者打×，并说明理由。
（5分×4=20分）（1）平面任意力系向平面某点简化得到的主矢就是该力系的合力。
（ ）（2）平面汇交力系的平衡方程中，选择的两个投影轴不一定要满足垂直关系。
（ ）（3）物体的重心和形心总是重合的。
（ ）（4）平动刚体上的点的运动轨迹也可能是空间曲线。
（ ）二．选择题（5分×5=25分）1．下图所示正三角形板各边分别作用大小相同的力F ，则该板处于（ ）状态。
A ．平衡B ．移动C ．转动D ．既移动又转动2．下图所示为平面汇交力系F 1, F 2, F 3, F 4的力多边形（封闭），则该力系（ ）。
A ．可合成为一个力偶B ．可合成为一个力C ．可简化为一个力和一个力偶D ．力系的合力为零，力系平衡3．刚体绕定轴转动时，（ ）。
A ．当转角φ＞0时，角速度ω为正；B ．当角速度ω＞0时，角加速度ε为正；C ．当ω与ε同号时为加速转动，当ω与ε异号时为减速转动；D ．当ε＞0时为加速转动，当ε＜0时为减速转动。
4．重W 的匀质圆柱放在的V 型槽内，接触面摩擦系数相同。
对圆柱施加图示转动力偶矩M ，则圆柱两侧面所受的法向力关系为（ ）。
页码，1/42012-10-23。
华中农业大学2009年生态学A试题
A. 研究生物与环境相互关系的科学 B. 研究生态系统结构与功能的科学 C. 研究环境问题发生规律及环境保护的科学 D. 研究可持续发展的科学 2. 生态学的主要研究对象是( )。 A. 生物 B. 生态系统 C. 生物群落 D. 环境 3．系统分析的过程为（ ） 。 A. 定量研究——定性分析——模型分析——系统结构优化 B. 定性分析——定量研究——模型分析——系统结构优化 C. 定量研究——模型分析——系统结构优化——定性分析 D. 系统结构优化——定性分析——模型分析——定量研究 4．下列生态系统中，开放程度最大的是（ ） 。 A．稻田 B．热带雨林 C．池塘 D．水库 5．寄生蜂将卵产生寄生昆虫的卵内，一般要缓慢地杀死寄主，这种物种间的关 系属于（ ） 。 A．偏利作用 B．原始合作 C．偏害作用 D．拟寄生 6．某一种群的年龄锥体的形状为基部较狭、顶部较宽，这样的种群属于（ A．增长型种群 C．下降型种群 7．旱生原生演替系列的先锋群落是（ A．草本群落 C．大型真菌群落 8．生态系统的信息传递方式是（ A. 单向的 B. 双向的 ） 。 C. 循环的 D. 递减的 B．稳定型种群 D．混合型种群 ） 。 B．苔藓群落 D．地衣群落 ）
3.48105 0.25 3.48105 30.24
二．是非判断题（正确打√,错误打×，每小题 1 分,共 14 分) 1. 农田生态系统是一个人为抑制了其演替进程的系统，处于群落演替的中期阶 ) 段。( 2. 在不稳定的环境中 r-对策生物比 K-对策生物更易灭绝。( ) 3. 生态系统的结构决定系统的功能， ( ) 系统的功能对系统的结构没有影响。 4. 耐性范围可以人为改造加宽。( ) 5. 在初级生产力估算中，实际产量上限是指光温生产潜力。( ) 6. 自然农业是一种生态上比较合理的替代农业。( ) 7. 热带雨林的生活型谱中，占绝对优势的植物是高位芽。( ) 8. 机体论认为群落是客观存在的实体，是一个有组织的生命系统，可以重复出 现，有特定的组成、结构和特征。 （ ） 9. 群落交错区增大了交错区中物种的多样性和种群密度，而且增大了某些生物 种的活动强度和生产力，这一现象称为边缘效应。 （ ） 10. 半自然生态系统生物成员简化，生产力提高，抗逆性下降，环境被改造，开 放程度相对封闭。 （ ） 11. 水生植物的通气组织和机械组织发达，根系活力强。 （ ） 12. 亲缘关系较远的植物越不会有相同的生活型。 （ ） 13. 反刍动物的瘤胃具有密度很高的细菌，这些细菌与反刍动物的关系是寄生关 系。 （ ） 14. 国外生态农业以减少污染、提高能效为目标，在生产中不使用化学物质，系 统结构相对简单，其生态农业是个人行为，推广面相对较小。 （ ）
中南林业科技大学普通生态学2009年考研真题
中南林业科技大学二〇〇九年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题第 1 页（试题附在试卷内交回）共 2 页科目：814普通生态学一、将下列英文名词翻译为中文名词或将中文名词翻译成英文名词（每个名词1分，共20分）1. evolutionary ecology2. habitat3. life table4. spatial pattern5. dominant species6. niche7. disturbance8. climatic climax9. NPP (net primary productivity) 10. biodiversity 11. 尺度12. 周转时间13. 生态效率14. 群丛15. 种群16. 分解者17. 食物链18. 生态系统19. 演替20. 恢复生态学二、名称解释（每题3分，共30分）1. 生态幅2. 物候3. 生物入侵4. 他感作用5. 生活型6. 多元顶极论7. 生物地球化学循环8. 全球变化9. 生物量10. 景观三、填空题（每空1分，共15分）1. 生态因子是指环境中对生物生长、发育、生殖、行为和分布有直接或间接影响的＿＿＿＿＿＿。
2. 根据植物对水因子的适应性，陆生植物可划分为湿生植物、中生植物和＿＿＿＿＿＿＿3类。
3. 种群的空间格局大致可分为均匀型、＿＿＿＿＿＿和成群型3大类。
4. 种群调节假说有＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、生物学派、食物因素和自动调节学说。
5. 种群在有限环境下的逻辑斯谛增长模型方程式为＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿，其中式中的K代表＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
6. 乔木的重要值计算公式为：重要值=相对密度+相对频度+＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
7. 生物学家把岛屿作为研究进化论和生态学问题的天然实验室，许多研究证实，岛屿面积越大，物种数＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
8. 按照群落代谢特征，群落演替可分为＿＿＿＿＿＿＿和＿＿＿＿＿＿2类。
9. 对于陆地生态系统，生物量或初级生产量测定通常采用＿＿＿＿＿＿＿测定法。
华南农业大学829物理化学2009年考研真题考研试题
页码，1/3考试时间：３小时满分150分（机 密）华 南 农 业 大 学年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：物理化学用题专业：应用化学/生物化学（考生注意：全部答案必须写在答卷纸上，写在试题上无效。
答案要注明题号，不用抄题。
答卷纸封面需填写自己的考生编号与试题一并交回。
）一、选择题（每小题2分，10小题共20分）1、CO2的临界温度T c=304 K，则373 K，5070 Pa时，CO2的对比温度T r为（A）1.23 （B）1 （C）0.82 （D）692、对于电池Zn(s) | Zn2+(a2)‖Ag+( a1) | Ag(s)，应选用下列哪种物质作盐桥？（A）KCl （B）KNO3（C）ZnSO4（D）AgNO33、原电池在定温定压可逆的条件下放电时，其在过程中与环境交换的热量为（A）Δr H m（B）零（C）TΔr S m（D）Δr G m4、下列说法不属于可逆电池特性的是（A）电池的工作过程肯定为热力学可逆过程（B）电池放电与充电过程电流无限小（C）电池内的化学反应在正逆方向彼此相反（D）电池所对应的化学反应Δr G m = 05、某反应物的浓度与时间成线性关系时，该反应的半衰期与反应物的初始浓度（A）平方成反比（B）成反比（C）成正比（D）无关6、根据碰撞理论，温度升高反应速率增大的主要原因是（A）活化能降低（B）碰撞频率提高（C）碰撞数增加（D）活化分子增加7、光化学反应与热化学反应的相同之处在于下列哪种情况？（A）温度系数小（B）化学平衡常数与光强度无关（C）反应都需要活化能（D）反应都向ΔG m减小的方向进行8、将0.010dm3浓度为0.02 mol·dm-3的AgNO3溶液，缓慢地加入到0.1 dm3浓度为0.005 mol·dm-3的KCl 溶液中，可得到AgCl溶胶。
下列哪种物质对其聚沉能力最大？（A）Ca(NO3)2（B）Fe(NO3)3（C）NaNO3（D）CuSO49、将高分子溶液作为胶体体系来研究，因为它（A）粒子大小在胶体范围内 （B）热力学不稳定体系（C）对电解质很敏感 （D）是多相体系10、日出和日落时，太阳呈红色的原因是（A）红光波长长，透射作用显著（B）红光波长长，散射作用显著（C）蓝光波长短，透射作用显著（D）蓝光波长短，散射作用显著二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1、夏天将室内电冰箱的门打开，接通电源并紧闭门窗（设墙壁、门窗均不传热），则将会使室内的温度。
华南农业大学微生物学考研试题
华南农业大学09年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题〔A卷〕一、填空题〔每空分，共20分〕1.依据微生物获取能源和碳源的方式，将其分为四种营养类型，即：___________、________、__________和。
2.抗生素作为放线菌的次生代谢产物一样是在生长的期，或菌丝的生长时期才会被合成。
3.微生物产生的次级代谢产物包括：、、、抗生素和维生素。
4.真菌的有性孢子有卵孢子、、和等。
5.毒性〔裂解〕噬菌体的增殖进程为、、、和释放。
6.支原体突出的形态特点是，因此它对青霉素不灵敏。
7.微生物的产能方式〔呼吸类型〕分为、、。
8.常见的肠道致病菌Escherichia coli O157:H7，其中O表示，H表示。
9. 菌种保藏的方式有、、和真空冷冻枯燥保藏等。
10.食物的卫生标准中微生物指标包括、和。
11.细菌分类鉴定的经典方式主假设是依照细菌和和来确信它们在分类系统的地位。
12.专性厌氧菌受到氧迫害的缘故是_________________________________。
13.细菌细胞壁中的肽聚糖分子是由肽与聚糖两部份组成，其中的肽有四肽尾和肽桥两种，聚糖那么由和彼此距离连接而成。
14.原核微生物基因重组的要紧方式有、和。
15.微生物推动氮循环事实上是氮化合物的氧化复原反映，其循环进程包括：固氮作用、、和。
二、选择题〔每题1分，共20分〕1．马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培育基适合培育。
a. Bacteria b．Fungi c．Actinomycetes2. 在一样条件下灭菌，pH=8的培育基较pH=5的培育基所需的时刻。
a．长 b.短 c.一样3．细胞壁的大体骨架是a. Peptidoglycanb. Lipopolysaccharidec. Teichoic acids 4．利用选择培育基的原理，用富集法富集醋酸菌时须添加的营养物是a 葡萄糖b 淀粉c 乙醇d 乙酸。
5． is the first man who used solid media to culture microorganisms.a. Louis Pasteurb. Robert Kochc. Richard Petri6．的生长不需要氧气，氧气对其生长乃至有迫害作用。
新版华南农业大学生态学考研经验考研参考书考研真题
若在几十年前，我们的父辈们或许还可以告诉我们，未来从事怎样的职业，会有很好的发展，不至于失业。
而如今，他们大抵再也不能如此讲话了，只因这个世界变化的如此之快，在这变化面前，他们大概比我们还要慌乱，毕竟他们是从传统的时代走来的，这个更新换代如此迅速的世界只会让他们措手不及。
但是，虽然如此，他们却可以告诉我们一条永远也不会过时的生存法则，那就是掌握不断学习的能力。
所以，经过各种分析考量我终于选择了考研这条路，当然，这是只是，千万条路中的一条。
只不过我认为，这条路可操作性比较强，也更符合我们当下国情。
幸运的是，我如愿以偿，考到自己希望的学校。
一年的努力奋斗，让自己从此走上了截然不同的人生道路。
秋冬轮回，又是一年春风吹暖。
在看到录取名单之后，我终于按捺不住发了我一条朋友圈，庆祝考研胜利。
当时收到了很多平时不太联系的同学，发来的询问信息，这也促使我想将我的备考经验写下来，希望真的可以帮助接下来备考的学弟学妹们！因为想要讲的话太多，所以这篇文章会比较长，希望各位能够一点点看完。
或许会从我的经验教训中找到自己的方向以及方法来面对考研。
在结尾处会奉上我的学习资料供大家下载。
华南农业大学生态学初试科目：(101)思想政治理论(201)英语一(315)化学（农）或(601)高等数学(805)植物生理学或(833)生态学参考书目：《生态学》，李博，高等教育出版社《植物生理学》，潘瑞炽等，高等教育出版社《高等数学》(上,下册),同济大学,高等教育出版社关于英语复习的建议考研英语复习建议:一定要多做真题，通过对真题的讲解和练习，在不断做题的过程中，对相关知识进行查漏补缺。
对于自己不熟练的题型，加强训练，总结做题技巧，达到准确快速解题的目的。
虽然准备的时间早但因为各种事情耽误了很长时间，真正复习是从暑假开始的，暑假学习时间充分，是复习备考的黄金期，一定要充分利用，必须集中学习，要攻克阅读，完形，翻译，新题型！大家一定要在这个时间段猛搞学习。
农业生态学试卷A及答案
农业生态学试卷A及答案注：装订线内禁止答题，装订线外禁止有姓名和其他标记。
华南农业大学考试题农业生态学（A）一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1. 生物群落：2. 农业生态系统：3. 食物网：4. 现存量：二、单项选择题（每题3分，共45分）1.自然界中食物链的长度一般有多少级（）A. 4-5级B. 6-7级C. 7-8级D. 9级2.以下哪些是初级生产的生产者（）A.猪B.牛C.羊D.水稻3.我国水资源分布的特点是（）A.南方多于北方B.内陆多于沿海C.平原多于山地D.都是4.属于可更新资源的是（）A.磷矿资源B.钾C.钙D.水资源5. 物质循环中，属于沉积型循环的是（）A.氮B.氢C.水D.钾6.草食动物牛、羊属于（）A.初级消费者B.次级消费者 C,生产者 D.分解者7.生物防治利用某一生物种群压制另一类生物种群，使其不能为害农作物，是利用生物种间的（A）A.负相互作用B.正相互作用C. 中性作用D.偏利作用8.消费者处于食物链的种间环节，属于异养生物，如下面的（D）A.草B.小麦C.水稻D.牛9.森林减少在一定程度上可以导致（B）A.厄尔尼塔现象B.温室效应C.拉尼拉现象D.赤潮10.利用天敌来消灭害虫是生物种间的（C）A.原始合作B.互利共生C.捕食D.共栖11.生物学放大作用是指有毒物质在食物链上的（A）A.浓缩B.降低C.平衡D.毒害12.农业生态系统具有生命特征是因为其中包括（A）A.生物组分B.环境组分C.太阳辐射D.水13我国现有耕地约为（A）A.15亿亩B.30亿亩C.144亿亩D.5亿亩14目前农业上最突出的生态危机是（A）A.污染危机B.粮食C.石油D.化肥15.农田生态系统的生产水平较高是因为增加了（B）注：装订线内禁止答题，装订线外禁止有姓名和其他标记。
A.腐食食物链B.捕食食物链C.寄生食物链D.其他三、多项选择题（每题2分，共16分）1. 农业生态系统的结构包括（）A.物种结构B.时空结构C.营养结构D.信息结构2. 现代农业的辅助能投入包括（）A.基因性投入B.科技性投入C.资源性投入D.设施性投入E.保护性投入3. 下列哪些元素的循环是气相循环（）A.磷B.氮C.铁D.碳E.氧4. 农业生态系统养分循环的调节途径有（）A.常规投入B.结构调整C.措施优化D.信息投入E.合理的消费方式5. 合理的农业生态系统追求的目标是（）A.生态效益B.社会效益C.经济效益D.产量E.产值6. 温室效应产生的原因是（）A.CO2 增多B.森林减少C. O2增多D.森林增多E. 其它7. 农业资源具有的特性包括（）A.整体性B.区域性C.有限性D.变动性E.多用性8. 能量的主要形态有（）A.日光能B.食物能C.化学能D.动能E.热能四、简答题（共19分）1. 简述我国生态农业的特点。
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页码，1/7考试时间：３小时 满分150分（机 密）
华 南 农 业 大 学
年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生态学
用题专业：生态学
（考生注意：全部答案必须写在答卷纸上，写在试题上无效。
答案要注明题号，不用抄题。
答卷纸封面需填写自己的考生编号与试题一并交回。
）
一、选择题：1-20小题，每小题1分，共20分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，选出一项最符合题目要求的答案。
1、一块农田，作为一个生态系统，至少具有（ ）。
A 环境，生产者，消费者
B 生产者，消费者，分解者
C 环境，生产者，消费者，分解者
D 环境，消费者，分解者
2、任一时间某一地方某一群落（营养级或生态系统）有机物的总重量称为（ ）。
A 生物量 B生产力 C生产量 D生活量
3、生态系统中，能量来源完全来自于周围的无机环境的生物属于( )。
A自养生物 B异养生物 C次级生产者 D分解者
4、在生态系统中，能量主要是沿食物链流动的。
成熟的天然森林生态系统是以（ ）占优势的功能系统。
A草牧食物链 B腐生食物链 C寄生食物链 D捕食食物链
5、在理想的条件下，亚热带地区低山丘陵的植被是（ ）。
2012-10-23。