生命周期分析 铝合金VS不锈钢(翻译)

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金属材料中英对照词汇

金属材料中英对照词汇

物料科学Material Science物料科学定义Material Science Definition加工性能Machinability强度Strength抗腐蚀及耐用Corrosion & resistance durability金属特性Special metallic features抗敏感及环境保护Allergic, re-cycling & environmental protection化学元素Chemical element元素的原子序数Atom of Elements原子及固体物质Atom and solid material原子的组成、大小、体积和单位图表The size, mass, charge of an atom, and is particles (Pronton,Nentron and Electron)原子的组织图Atom Constitutes周期表Periodic Table原子键结Atom Bonding金属与合金Metal and Alloy铁及非铁金属Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal金属的特性Features of Metal晶体结构Crystal Pattern晶体结构,定向格子及单位晶格Crystal structure, Space lattice & Unit cellX线结晶分析法X – ray crystal analyics method金属结晶格子Metal space lattice格子常数Lattice constant米勒指数Mill's Index金相及相律Metal Phase and Phase Rule固熔体Solid solution置换型固熔体Substitutional type solid solution插入型固熔体Interstital solid solution金属间化物Intermetallic compound金属变态Transformation变态点Transformation Point磁性变态Magnetic Transformation同素变态Allotropic Transformation合金平衡状态Thermal Equilibrium相律Phase Rule自由度Degree of freedom临界温度Critical temperture共晶Eutectic包晶温度Peritectic Temperature包晶反应Peritectic Reaction包晶合金Peritectic Alloy亚共晶体Hypoeutetic Alloy过共晶体Hyper-ectectic Alloy金属的相融、相融温度、晶体反应及合金在共晶合金、固熔孻共晶合金及偏晶反应的比较Equilibrium Comparision金属塑性Plastic Deformation滑动面Slip Plan畸变Distortion硬化Work Hardening退火Annealing回复柔软Crystal Recovery再结晶Recrystallization金属材料的性能及试验Properties & testing of metal化学性能Chemical Properties物理性能Physical Properties颜色Colour磁性Magnetisum比电阻Specific resistivity & specific resistance比重Specific gravity & specific density比热Specific Heat热膨胀系数Coefficient of thermal expansion导热度Heat conductivity机械性能Mechanical properties屈服强度(降伏强度) (Yield strangth)弹性限度、阳氏弹性系数及屈服点elastic limit, Yeung's module of elasticity to yield point伸长度Elongation断面缩率Reduction of area金属材料的试验方法The Method of Metal inspection不破坏检验Non – destructive inspections渗透探伤法Penetrate inspection磁粉探伤法Magnetic particle inspection放射线探伤法Radiographic inspection超声波探伤法Ultrasonic inspection显微观察法Microscopic inspection破坏的检验Destructive Inspection冲击测试Impact Test疲劳测试Fatigue Test潜变测试Creep Test潜变强度Creeps Strength第壹潜变期Primary Creep第二潜变期Secondary Creep第三潜变期Tertiary Creep主要金属元素之物理性质Physical properties of major Metal Elements工业标准及规格–铁及非铁金属Industrial Standard –Ferrous & Non – ferrous Metal磁力Magnetic简介General软磁Soft Magnetic硬磁Hard Magnetic磁场Magnetic Field磁性感应Magnetic Induction透磁度Magnetic Permeability磁化率Magnetic Susceptibility (Xm)磁力(Magnetic Force)及磁场(Magnetic Field)是因物料里的电子(Electron)活动而产生抗磁体、顺磁体、铁磁体、反铁磁体及亚铁磁体Diamagnetism, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetism,Antiferromagnetism & Ferrimagnetism抗磁体Diamagnetism磁偶极子Dipole负磁力效应Negative effect顺磁体Paramagnetic正磁化率Positive magnetic susceptibility铁磁体Ferromagnetism转变元素Transition element交换能量Positive energy exchange外价电子Outer valence electrons化学结合Chemical bond自发上磁Spontaneous magnetization磁畴Magnetic domain相反旋转Opposite span比较抗磁体、顺磁体及铁磁体Comparison of Diamagnetism, Paramagnetic & Ferromagnetism反铁磁体Antiferromagnetism亚铁磁体Ferrimagnetism磁矩magnetic moment净磁矩Net magnetic moment钢铁的主要成份The major element of steel钢铁用"碳"之含量来分类Classification of Steel according to Carbon contents铁相Steel Phases钢铁的名称Name of steel纯铁体Ferrite渗碳体Cementitle奥氏体Austenite珠光体及共释钢Pearlite &Eutectoid奥氏体碳钢Austenite Carbon Steel单相金属Single Phase Metal共释变态Eutectoid Transformation珠光体Pearlite亚铁释体Hyppo-Eutectoid初释纯铁体Pro-entectoid ferrite过共释钢Hype-eutectoid珠光体Pearlite粗珠光体Coarse pearlite中珠光体Medium pearlite幼珠光体Fine pearlite磁性变态点Magnetic Transformation钢铁的制造Manufacturing of Steel连续铸造法Continuous casting process电炉Electric furnace均热炉Soaking pit全静钢Kil led steel半静钢Semi-killed steel沸腾钢(未净钢) Rimmed steel钢铁生产流程Steel Production Flow Chart钢材的熔铸、锻造、挤压及延轧The Casting, Fogging, Extrusion, Rolling & Steel熔铸Casting锻造Fogging挤压Extrusion延轧Rolling冲剪Drawing & stamping特殊钢Special Steel简介General特殊钢以原素分类Classification of Special Steel according to Element特殊钢以用途来分类Classification of Special Steel according to End Usage易车(快削)不锈钢Free Cutting Stainless Steel含铅易车钢Leaded Free Cutting Steel含硫易车钢Sulphuric Free Cutting Steel硬化性能Hardenability钢的脆性Brittleness of Steel低温脆性Cold brittleness回火脆性Temper brittleness日工标准下的特殊钢材Specail Steel according to JIS Standard铬钢–日工标准JIS G4104 Chrome steel to JIS G4104铬钼钢钢材–日工标准G4105 62 Chrome Molybdenum steel to JIS G4105镍铬–日工标准G4102 63 Chrome Nickel steel to JIS G4102镍铬钼钢–日工标准G4103 64 Nickel, Chrome & Molybdenum Steel to JIS G4103高锰钢铸–日工标准High manganese steel to JIS standard片及板材Chapter Four-Strip, Steel & Plate冷辘低碳钢片(双单光片)(日工标准JIS G3141) 73 - 95 Cold Rolled (Low carbon) Steel Strip (to JIS G 3141)简介General美材试标准的冷辘低碳钢片Cold Rolled Steel Strip American Standard –American Society for testing and materials (ASTM)日工标准JIS G3141冷辘低碳钢片(双单光片)的编号浅释Decoding of cold rolled(Low carbon)steel strip JIS G3141材料的加工性能Drawing abillity硬度Hardness表面处理Surface finish冷辘钢捆片及张片制作流程图表Production flow chart cold rolled steel coil sheet冷辘钢捆片及张片的电镀和印刷方法Cold rolled steel coil & sheet electro-plating & painting method冷辘(低碳)钢片的分类用、途、工业标准、品质、加热状态及硬度表End usages, industrial standard, quality, condition and hardness of cold rolled steel strip硬度及拉力Hardness & Tensile strength test拉伸测试(顺纹测试) Elongation test杯突测试(厚度: 0.4公厘至1.6公厘,准确至0.1公厘3个试片平均数) Erichsen test (Thickness: 0.4mm to 1.6mm, figure round up to 0.1mm)曲面(假曲率) Camber厚度及阔度公差Tolerance on Thickness & Width平坦度(阔度大于500公厘,标准回火) Flatness (width>500mm, temper: standard)弯度Camber冷辘钢片储存与处理提示General advice on handling &storage of cold rolled steel coil & sheet防止生锈Rust Protection生锈速度表Speed of rusting焊接Welding气焊Gas Welding埋弧焊Submerged-arc Welding电阻焊Resistance Welding冷辘钢片(拉力: 30-32公斤/平方米)在没有表面处理状态下的焊接状况Spot welding conditions for bared (free from paint, oxides etc) Cold rolled mild steel sheets(T/S:30-32 Kgf/ μ m2)时间效应(老化)及拉伸应变Aging & Stretcher Strains日工标准(JIS G3141)冷辘钢片化学成份Chemical composition – cold rolled steel sheet to JIS G3141冷辘钢片的"理论重量"计算方程式Cold Rolled Steel Sheet – Theoretical mass日工标准(JIS G3141)冷辘钢片重量列表Mass of Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet to JIS G3141冷辘钢片订货需知Ordering of cold rolled steel strip/sheet其它日工标准冷轧钢片(用途及编号) JIS standard & application of other cold Rolled Special Steel电镀锌钢片或电解钢片Electro-galvanized Steel Sheet/Electrolytic Zinc Coated Steel Sheet简介General电解/电镀锌大大增强钢片的防锈能力Galvanic Action improving Weather & Corrosion Resistance of the Base Steel Sheet上漆能力Paint Adhesion电镀锌钢片的焊接Welding of Electro-galvanized steel sheet点焊Spot welding滚焊Seam welding电镀锌(电解)钢片Electro-galvanized Steel Sheet生产流程Production Flow Chart常用的镀锌钢片(电解片)的基层金属、用途、日工标准、美材标准及一般厚度Base metal, application, JIS & ASTM standard, and Normal thickness of galvanized steel sheet锌镀层质量Zinc Coating Mass表面处理Surface Treatment冷轧钢片Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip热轧钢片Hot-Rolled Sheet/Strip电解冷轧钢片厚度公差Thickness Tolerance of Electrolytic Cold-rolled sheet热轧钢片厚度公差Thickness Tolerance of Hot-rolled sheet冷轧或热轧钢片阔度公差Width Tolerance of Cold or Hot-rolled sheet长度公差Length Tolerance理论质量Theoretical Mass锌镀层质量(两个相同锌镀层厚度) Mass Calculation of coating (For equal coating)/MM锌镀层质量(两个不同锌镀层厚度) Mass Calculation of coating (For differential coating)/MM镀锡薄铁片(白铁皮/马口铁) (日工标准JIS G3303)简介General镀锡薄铁片的构造Construction of Electrolytic Tinplate镀锡薄钢片(白铁皮/马日铁)制造过程Production Process of Electrolytic Tinplate锡层质量Mass of Tin Coating (JIS G3303-1987)两面均等锡层Both Side Equally Coated Mass两面不均等锡层Both Side Different Thickness Coated Mass级别、电镀方法、镀层质量及常用称号Grade, Plating type, Designation of Coating Mass & Common Coating Mass镀层质量标记Markings & Designations of Differential Coatings硬度Hardness单相轧压镀锡薄铁片(白铁皮/马口铁) Single-Reduced Tinplate双相辗压镀锡薄钢片(马口铁/白铁皮) Dual-Reduction Tinplate钢的种类Type of Steel表面处理Surface Finish常用尺寸Commonly Used Size电器用硅[硅] 钢片Electrical Steel Sheet简介General软磁材料Soft Magnetic Material滞后回线Narrow Hystersis矫顽磁力Coercive Force硬磁材料Hard Magnetic Material最大能量积Maximum Energy Product硅含量对电器用的低碳钢片的最大好处The Advantage of Using Silicon low Carbon Steel晶粒取向(Grain-Oriented)及非晶粒取向(Non-Oriented) Grain Oriented & Non-Oriented电器用硅[硅] 钢片的最终用途及规格End Usage and Designations of Electrical Steel Strip电器用的硅[硅] 钢片之分类Classification of Silicon Steel Sheet for Electrical Use电器用钢片的绝缘涂层Performance of Surface Insulation of Electrical Steel Sheets晶粒取向电器用硅钢片主要工业标准International Standard –Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Silicon Steel Sheet for Electrical Use晶粒取向电器用硅钢片Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel晶粒取向,定取向芯钢片及高硼定取向芯钢片之磁力性能及夹层系数(日工标准及美材标准)Magnetic Properties and Lamination Factor of SI-ORIENT-CORE& SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI B Electrical Steel Strip (JIS and AISI Standard)退火Annealing电器用钢片用家需自行应力退火原因Annealing of the Electrical Steel Sheet退火时注意事项Annealing Precautionary碳污染Prevent Carbon Contamination热力应先从工件边缘透入Heat from the Laminated Stacks Edges提防过份氧化No Excessive Oxidation应力退火温度Stress –relieving Annealing Temperature晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢片–高硼(HI-B)定取向芯钢片及定取向芯钢片之机械性能及夹层系数Mechanical Properties and Lamination Factors of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B and SI-ORIENT-CORE Grain Orient Electrical Steel Sheets晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢;片–高硼低硫(LS)定取向钢片之磁力及电力性能Magnetic and Electrical Properties of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢片–高硼低硫(LS) 定取向钢片之机械性能及夹层系数Mechanical Properties and Lamination Factors of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS晶粒取向电器用硅(硅)钢片-高硼(HI-B)定取向芯钢片,定取向芯钢片及高硼低硫(LS)定取向芯钢片之厚度及阔度公差Physical Tolerance of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B, SI-ORIENT-CORE, & SI-CORE-HI-B-LS GrainOriented Electrical Steel Sheets晶粒取向电器用硅(硅)钢片–高硼(HI-B)定取向芯钢片,定取向芯钢片及高硼低硫(LS)定取向芯钢片之标准尺寸及包装Standard Forms and Size of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B,SI-CORE, & SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Sheets绝缘表面Surface Insulation非晶粒取向电力用钢片的电力、磁力、机械性能及夹层系数Lamination Factors of Electrical, Magnetic & Mechanical Non-Grain Oriented Electrical电器及家电外壳用镀层冷辘[低碳] 钢片Coated (Low Carbon) Steel Sheets for Casing,Electricals & Home Appliances镀铝硅钢片Aluminized Silicon Alloy Steel Sheet简介General镀铝硅合金钢片的特色 Feature of Aluminized Silicon Alloy Steel Sheet用途End Usages抗化学品能力Chemical Resistance镀铝(硅)钢片–日工标准(JIS G3314)Hot-aluminum-coated sheets and coils to JIS G 3314镀铝(硅)钢片–美材试标准(ASTM A-463-77)35.7 JIS G3314镀热浸铝片的机械性能Mechanical Properties of JIS G 3314 Hot-Dip Aluminum-coated Sheets and Coils公差Size Tolerance镀铝(硅)钢片及其它种类钢片的抗腐蚀性能比较Comparsion of various resistance of alu mini zed steel & other kinds of steel镀铝(硅)钢片生产流程Aluminum Steel Sheet, Production Flow Chart焊接能力Weldability镀铝钢片的焊接状态(比较冷辘钢片)Tips on welding of Aluminized sheet in comparasion with cold rolled steel strip钢板Steel Plate钢板用途分类及各国钢板的工业标准包括日工标准及美材试标准Type of steel Plate & Related JIS, ASTM and Other Major Industrial Standards钢板生产流程Production Flow Chart钢板订货需知Ordering of Steel Plate不锈钢Stainless Steel不锈钢的定义Definition of Stainless Steel不锈钢之分类,耐腐蚀性及耐热性Classification, Corrosion Resistant & Heat Resistance of Stainless Steel铁铬系不锈钢片Chrome Stainless Steel马氏体不锈钢Martensite Stainless Steel低碳马氏体不锈钢Low Carbon Martensite Stainless Steel含铁体不锈钢Ferrite Stainless Steel镍铬系不锈钢Nickel Chrome Stainless Steel释出硬化不锈钢Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel铁锰铝不锈钢Fe / Mn / Al / Stainless Steel不锈钢的磁性Magnetic Property & Stainless Steel不锈钢箔、卷片、片及板之厚度分类Classification of Foil, Strip, Sheet & Plate by Thickness表面保护胶纸Surface protection film不锈钢片材常用代号Designation of SUS Steel Special Use Stainless表面处理Surface finish薄卷片及薄片(0.3至2.9mm厚之片)机械性能Mechanical Properties of Thin Stainless Steel(Thickness from 0.3mm to 2.9mm) – strip/sheet不锈钢片机械性能(301, 304, 631, CSP)Mechanical Properties of Spring use Stainless Steel上链发条Wind-up Spring倒后擦发条Pull Back Power Spring圆面("卜竹")发条Convex Spring Strip拉尺发条Measure Tape魔术手环Magic Tape魔术手环尺寸图Drawing of Magic Tap定型发条Constant Torque Spring定型发条及上炼发条的驱动力Spring Force of Constant Torque Spring and Wing-up Spring定型发条的形状及翻动过程Shape and Spring Back of Constant Torque Spring定型发条驱动力公式及代号The Formula and Symbol of Constant Torque Spring边缘处理Edge Finish硬度Hardness高碳钢化学成份及用途High Carbon Tool Steel, Chemical Composition and Usage每公斤发条的长度简易公式The Length of 1 Kg of Spring Steel StripSK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤长的重量/公斤(阔100-200公厘) Weight per one meter long (kg) (Width 100-200mm)SK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤之长度(阔100-200公厘) Length per one kg (Width 100-200mm)SK-5 & AISI-301 每公尺长的重量/公斤(阔2.0-10公厘)Weight per one meter long (kg) (Width 2.0-10mm)SK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤之长度(阔2.0-10公厘)Length per one kg (Width 2.0-10mm)高碳钢片High Carbon Steel Strip分类Classification用组织结构分类Classification According to Grain Structure用含碳量分类–即低碳钢、中碳钢及高碳钢Classification According to Carbon Contains弹簧用碳钢片CarbonSteel Strip For Spring Use冷轧状态Cold Rolled Strip回火状态Annealed Strip淬火及回火状态Hardened & Tempered Strip/ Precision –Quenched Steel Strip贝氏体钢片Bainite Steel Strip弹簧用碳钢片材之边缘处理Edge Finished淬火剂Quenching Media碳钢回火Tempering简介General电镀金属捆片的优点Advantage of Using Plate Metal Strip金属捆片电镀层Plated Layer of Plated Metal Strip镀镍Nickel Plated镀铬Chrome Plated镀黄铜Brass Plated基层金属Base Metal of Plated Metal Strip低碳钢或铁基层金属Iron & Low Carbon as Base Metal不锈钢基层金属Stainless Steel as Base Metal铜基层金属Copper as Base Metal黄铜基层金属Brass as Base Metal轴承合金Bearing Alloy简介General轴承合金–日工标准JIS H 5401Bearing Alloy to JIS H 5401锡基、铅基及锌基轴承合金比较表Comparison of Tin base, Lead base and Zinc base alloy for Bearing purpose易溶合金Fusible Alloy焊接合金Soldering and Brazing Alloy软焊Soldering Alloy软焊合金–日本标准JIS H 4341Soldering Alloy to JIS H 4341硬焊Brazing Alloy其它焊接材料请参阅日工标准目录Other Soldering Material细线材、枝材、棒材Chapter Five Wire, Rod & Bar线材/枝材材质分类及制成品Classification and End Products of Wire/Rod铁线(低碳钢线)日工标准JIS G 3532Low Carbon Steel Wires ( Iron Wire ) to JIS G 3532光线(低碳钢线),火线(退火低碳钢线),铅水线(镀锌低碳钢线)及制造钉用低碳钢线之代号、公差及备注Ordinary Low Carbon Steel Wire, Annealed Low Carbon Steel Wire, Galvanized low Carbon Steel Wire & Low Carbon Steel Wire for nail manufacturing - classification, Symbol of Grade, Tolerance and Remarks.机械性能Mechanical Properites锌包层之重量,铜硫酸盐试验之酸洗次数及测试用卷筒直径Weight of Zinc-Coating, Number of Dippings in Cupric Sulphate Test and Diameters of Mandrel Used for Coiling Test冷冲及冷锻用碳钢线枝Carbon Steel Wire Rods for Cold Heading & Cold Forging (to JIS G3507)级别,代号及化学成份Classification, Symbol of Grade and Chemical Composition直径公差,偏圆度及脱碳层的平均深度Diameter Tolerance, Ovality and Average Decarburized Layer Depth冷拉钢枝材Cold Drawn Carbon Steel Shafting Bar枝材之美工标准,日工标准,用途及化学成份AISI, JIS End Usage and Chemical Composition of Cold Drawn Carbon Steel Shafting Bar冷拉钢板重量表Cold Drawn Steel Bar Weight Table高碳钢线枝High Carbon Steel Wire Rod (to JIS G3506)冷拉高碳钢线Hard Drawn High Carbon Steel Wire(to JIS G3521, ISO-84580-1&2)化学成份分析表Chemical Analysis of Wire Rod线径、公差及机械性能(日本工业标准G 3521)Mechanical Properties (JIS G 3521)琴线(日本标准G3522)Piano Wires ( to G3522)级别,代号,扭曲特性及可用之线材直径Classes, symbols, twisting characteristic and applied Wire Diameters直径,公差及拉力强度Diameter, Tolerance and Tensile Strength裂纹之容许深度及脱碳层Permissible depth of flaw and decarburized layer常用的弹簧不锈钢线-编号,特性,表面处理及化学成份StainlessSpring Wire –National Standard number, Charateristic, Surface finish & Chemical composition弹簧不锈钢线,线径及拉力列表Stainless Spring Steel, Wire diameter and Tensile strength of Spring Wire处理及表面状况Finish & Surface各种不锈钢线在不同处理拉力比较表Tensile Strength of various kinds of Stainless Steel Wire under Different Finish圆径及偏圆度之公差Tolerance of Wire Diameters & Ovality铬镍不锈钢及抗热钢弹簧线材–美国材验学会ASTM A313 – 1987Chromium –Nickel Stainless and Heat-resisting Steel Spring Wire – ASTM A313 – 1987化学成份Chemical Composition机械性能Mechanical Properties305, 316, 321及347之拉力表Tensile Strength Requirements for Types 305, 316, 321 and 347A1S1-302 贰级线材之拉力表Tensile Strength of A1S1-302 Wire日本工业标准–不锈钢的化学成份(先数字后字母排列)JIS – Chemical Composition of Stainless Steel (in order of number & alphabet)美国工业标准–不锈钢及防热钢材的化学成份(先数字后字母排列)AISI –Chemical Composition of Stainless Steel & Heat-Resistant Steel(in order of number & alphabet)易车碳钢Free Cutting Carbon Steels (to JIS G4804 )化学成份Chemical composition圆钢枝,方钢枝及六角钢枝之形状及尺寸之公差Tolerance on Shape and Dimensions for Round Steel Bar, Square Steel Bar, Hexagonal Steel Bar易车(快削)不锈钢Free Cutting Stainless Steel易车(快削)不锈钢种类Type of steel易车(快削)不锈钢拉力表Tensile Strength of Free Cutting Wires枝/棒无芯磨公差表(μ) (μ = 1/100 mm)Rod/Bar Centreless Grind Tolerance易车不锈钢及易车钢之不同尺寸及硬度比较Hardness of Different Types & Size of Free Cutting Steel扁线、半圆线及异形线Flat Wire, Half Round Wire, Shaped Wire and Precision Shaped Fine Wire加工方法Manufacturing Method应用材料Material Used特点Characteristic用途End Usages不锈钢扁线及半圆线常用材料Commonly used materials for Stainless Flat Wire & Half Round Wire扁线公差Flat Wire Tolerance方线公差Square Wire Tolerance。

铝合金行业专业术语中英文对照

铝合金行业专业术语中英文对照

铝合金行业专业术语中英文对照表面预处理surface pretreatment 冰晶石cryolite 薄铝片aluminum foil  彩铝板colore Aluminum plate 槽型铝材aluminum channel超高铝制烟囱aluminum skyscraper 超声波清洗ultrasonic clesning 成型薄铝板aluminum profile sheet 成型薄铝板aluminum profile sheet 成型铝板aluminum profile panel 成型铝板aluminum profile panel 除灰esmutting 纯碱alkali 纯铝板pure Aluminum plate 磁电设备magnetoelectricity Equipment 磁性上辊magnetic roller 催化剂catalyzer 打渣剂fluxing meium 带式磨光belt grining 氮化铝aluminum nitrie 道路照明铝制电杆aluminum street lighting column 电镀electroplating 电解electrolysis 电解浸蚀electrolytic etching 电解滤液electrolyse filtrate 电解铝electrolyse aluminum 电解抛光electroplishing 电解液electorlyte 电解增光electrobrightening 电流密度current ensity 电流效率current efficiency 镀铝aluminum plating 缎面处理satin finishing 锻用铝合金aluminum alloy for temper 锻制铝合金aluminum wrought alloy 多孔铝制天花板aluminum perforate ceiling 矾土水泥aluminum cement 防腐剂anticorroant 防腐剂anticorrosive agent 防腐涂料anticorrosive paint 防蚀铝线alumite wire 防雨铝板aluminum flashing 废铝aluminium scrap 分布能力throwing power 氟化铝aluminium fluorie 氟化盐fluorie salt 辅助电极auxiliary electroe 复合铝板cla aluminium 覆盖剂covering agent 刚铝石水泥alunum cement 钢芯铝绞线aluminium cable steel reinforcing 12345678 高岭土aluminum flake 高铝矿渣aluminous clinke 高铝陶瓷alumina ceramics 高铝砖alumina brick 隔热设备Thermal-insulation Equipment 工业炉Inustrial furnace 工业铝原料inustrial Aluminum materials 工业毛毡Inustrial felt 功能性氧化膜functional coating 挂架rack (jig) 光亮浸渍brighe ipping 硅酸铝aluminum silicate 硅酸铝aluminum silicate 硅酸铝耐火材料aluminosilicate refractory 滚动式铝格栅aluminum rolling grille 滚筒磨光tumbling 过滤板screen plate 过滤器filter 含铝材料alumina-bearing material 焊接设备Jointing equipment 厚纸板carboar 花纹铝板Aluminum embosse sheet 花纹铝箔aluminum checker/checkere foil 化学镀electroless plating 化学抛光chemical polishing 化学增光chemical brightening 化学转化chemical conersion 活化activation 机械设备Machinery equipment 挤压铝窗台extrue aluminum sill 挤压铝管extrue aluminum pipe 挤压铝制品aluminum extrusion 挤压设备extrusion equipment 夹层铝板aluminum sanwch panel 剪切设备shearing equipment 检测设备inspection equipment 焦碳. coke 浸蚀etching 精拉铝管finishing Aluminum tube 精炼剂refining agent 净化设备Purifying Equipment 卷开铝质百叶窗aluminum rolling shutter 冷轧设备Col-rolle Equipment 临界电流密度critical current ensity 硫酸铝aluminum sulphate 硫酸铝aluminum sulphate sulfate 楼面铝aluminum floor covering 楼面铝覆面层aluminum flooring 楼面铝覆面层aluminum flooring finish 滤清油filtering oil 铝百叶aluminum shutter 铝板Aluminum Boar/plate/sheet 12345678 铝板放护板aluminum slatte blin 铝板隔墙aluminum partition 铝板卷开百叶窗aluminum slatte rollor blink 铝板条aluminum strip 铝板贴面吸声天花板aluminum absorbent ceiling 铝板屋顶aluminum eck/eck roof 铝板屋面aluminum sheet roof 铝板屋面aluminum sheeting roof 铝棒Aluminum stick/ro 铝包皮aluminum skin 铝标牌aluminium scutcheon 铝箔Aluminum foil 铝箔背衬aluminum foil backing 铝箔绝热aluminum foil insert 铝箔绝热aluminum foil insertion 铝箔制品Aluminumfoil proucts 铝材aluminum prouct 铝仓筒aluminum silo 铝车身aluminum boy 铝衬裹aluminum lining 铝窗格aluminum gri 铝窗框aluminum sash 铝窗装置aluminum winow furniture 铝打底涂料aluminum primer 铝带/铝条Aluminum strip 铝电极法aluminum electroe methe 铝电解设备aluminium electrolysis Equipment 铝电解设备Aluminum electrolyse Equipment 铝钉aluminum nail 铝顶板构件aluminum eck unit 铝锭Aluminum Ingot 铝镀覆层aluminize coat 铝锻件Aluminum forge 铝矾土bauxite 铝粉Aluminum power 铝扶手aluminum railing 铝盖Aluminum cover 铝钢aluminum steel 铝铬钢aluminum chrome steel 铝管Aluminum pipe/tube 铝管避雷器aluminium cell lightning arrester 铝硅合金aluminum silicon alloy 铝硅酸盐aluminosilicate 铝轨aluminum track 铝辊式破碎机aluminum rolling plant 铝焊料aluminum soler 铝焊料aluminum soler 铝焊条aluminum weling ro 铝合金Aluminum alloy 铝合金洗涤盒aluminum sink 铝合金洗涤盒aluminum sink unit 铝合金线Aluminum alloy wire 12345678 铝化合物aluminum compoun 铝化荧光屏aluminize screen 铝黄铜aluminum brass 铝黄铜aluminum brass 铝基硅镁合金anticoroal 铝基合金aluminum base alloy 铝挤压型材:Aluminum Extrusion 或Aluminium Extrusion 铝结构型材aluminum section 铝结构型材aluminum shape 铝结构型材aluminum trim 铝金aluminum gol 铝卷Aluminum roll 铝矿aluminum ore 铝雷管aluminum blasting cap 铝雷管aluminum cap 铝梁aluminum beam 铝檩条aluminum purlin 铝轮毂aluminum wheel spier/hub 铝螺丝aluminum screw 铝铆钉aluminum rivet 铝镁合金aluminum magnesium alloy 铝镁合金aluminum magnesium alloy 铝门窗Aluminum oors & Winows 铝门拉手aluminum pull 铝门拉手aluminum pull hanle 铝密封alumiseal 铝密封垫圈aluminum gasket 铝模aluminum moul 铝模板aluminum shuttering 铝木组合结构aluminum woo composite system 铝幕墙Aluminum curtain wall 铝镍合金aluminum nickel alloy 铝皮镶面aluminum sheet facing 铝皮镶面aluminum sheet lining 铝皮镶面aluminum sheet surface 铝片sheet aluminium 铝铺面aluminum surfacing 铝汽封aluminum vapor barrier 铝砌合屋顶屋面aluminum bone roof covering 铝墙板aluminum siing 铝墙纸aluminum wallpaper 铝桥aluminum brige 铝青铜aluminum bronze 铝青铜aluminum bronze 铝青铜涂料aluminum bronze paint 铝曲管bene aluminium tube 铝热法aluminothermic process/ aluminothermy 铝热焊aluminothermic weling 铝热还原aluminothermic reuction 铝熔炼厂aluminum smelting plant 铝砂aloxite 铝声控天花板aluminum soun control ceiling 12345678 铝石砖alunum tile 铝饰镶面aluminum facing 铝丝布aluminum wire cloth 铝塑板Aluminum plastic boar 铝酸aluminicaci 铝酸盐aluminate 铝酸盐夹杂物aluminate inclusion 铝梯Aluminum stairs 铝天花Aluminum ceiling 铝铁aluminum iron 铝铁合金aluminum iron alloy 铝铜合金aluminum copper alloy 铝涂料aluminum paint 铝土矿alumyte 铝网aluminum mesh 铝纤维aluminum wool 铝线Aluminum threa/wire 铝箱Aluminum trunk 铝斜坡Aluminium Ramps 铝心电缆aluminum cable 铝心电缆甲套aluminum cable sheath 铝芯电缆aluminum conuctor 铝型材:Aluminium Profile 或Aluminum profile 铝型材地板Aluminium Flooring Profiles 铝型材挤压模具Aluminum Section-Bar Extruing Moul 铝型材生产工艺中常用到的专业术语: 铝颜料aluminum pigment 铝氧粉alunum 铝圆棒Aluminum roun bar 铝圆片Aluminum wafer 铝皂aluminum soap 铝皂润滑脂aluminum grease 铝支承结构aluminum bearing structure 铝支柱底板aluminum outrigger base 铝指板aluminum finger plate 铝制波纹构件aluminum corrugate unit 铝制波纹片aluminum corrugate sheet 铝制波纹形aluminum corrugate profile 铝制波纹型材aluminum corrugate section 铝制玻璃格条aluminum patent glazing bar 铝制扶手aluminum han railing 铝制格栅aluminum grille 铝制过梁aluminum lintel 铝制建筑板材aluminum builing sheet 铝制建筑板材aluminum sheet 铝制建筑构件aluminum builing member 铝制建筑构件aluminum builing unit 铝制建筑构件aluminum component 铝制建筑构件aluminum member 铝制建筑构件aluminum unit 铝制建筑外门aluminum builing entrance oor 12345678 铝制建筑外门aluminum entrance oor 铝制建筑制品aluminum builing prouct 铝制铰链aluminum hinge 铝制结构立面aluminum facae 铝制结构立面aluminum front 铝制卷板条aluminum rolling slat 铝制框架aluminum frame 铝制模板aluminum form 铝制模板aluminum form work 铝制品Aluminum proucts 铝制器皿aluminium ware 铝制网格天花板aluminum gri ceiling 铝制围栏aluminum fence 铝制屋顶aluminum roofing 铝制小五金aluminum fillings 铝制小五金aluminum hanware 铝制檐沟aluminum eave gutter/ trought 铝制遮阳板aluminum sunblin 铝制遮阳板aluminum sunbreaker 铝制折板屋顶aluminum fole plate roof 铝制支架底板aluminum stabilizer base 铝柱aluminum post 铝铸件Aluminum casting 铝铸件aluminium castings 铝装饰型材aluminum ecorative section 铝装饰型材aluminum ornamental section 氯化铝aluminum chlorie 镁助熔剂eliminate magnesium flux 门窗幕墙设备oors& Winowsan Curtain Wall Equipment 密封铝皮aluminum seal/sealing sheeting 明矾石alumite 明矾石alumstone 磨光grining 耐火材料refractory material 耐蚀铝合金corrosion-proof/ corrosion- resistant/ corrosion resisting aluminum alloy 抛光polishing 抛光剂polishing composition 抛光设备polishing unit 喷玻璃丸glass bea blasting 喷磨abrasive blasting 喷砂san blasting 喷涂设备spraying equipment 喷丸shot blasting 其他others 气体发生设备gas generation equipment 气体发生设备Gas processing Equipment 铅制结构正面aluminum face 切割设备cutting apparatus 切割设备Cutting Equipment 氢氧化铝aluminum hyrate 12345678 氢氧化铝Hyrogen alumina 清洗cleaning 清洗设备cleaning equipment 去磁器emagnetizer 去离子作用eionization 去氧化物处理eoxiizing 热轧设备Heat-rolle Equipment 熔剂油flux oil 熔炼焊剂smelting flux 熔铸设备Founing Equipment 乳烛液脱脂emulsion egreasing 软铝棉aluminum soft wool 软轮抛光buffing 散热器Raiator 伸缩铝管extension Aluminum tube 渗铝aluminizing 石灰石limestone 刷光brushing 双开式弹簧铝门aluminum swing oor 水洗rinsing 酸洗pickling 添加剂aitive 铁分离器iron separator 涂层设备Coating equipment 涂料coating 推拉式铝门aluminum sliing oor 脱膜stripping 脱脂egreasing 无缝铝管seamless Aluminum pipe 稀土tombar thite/ rare-earth(RE) 硝酸铝aluminum nitrate 锌铝aluminum zinc 型材拉弯设备Profiles Bening Equipment 絮凝flocculate 絮凝剂flocculating agent/ amixture 压延设备Plain Rolle Equipment 压铸铝aluminum ie casting 亚光处理matte finnishing 阳极anoe 阳极效率anoe efficiency 阳极氧化anoic oxiation 阳极氧化复合膜combine anoic coating 阳极氧化膜anoic oxie coating 阳极氧化膜再活化reactivation (of an anoic oxie coating) 氧化铝alumina ,aluminum oxie 氧化铝板alumite tile 氧化锌zinc oxie 液碱 液压油hyraulic liqui/meium 阴极cathoe 银粉漆涂层aluminum paint coating 银灰漆aluminum paste 硬铝板uralumin sheet 硬脂酸铝aluminum stearate 有机聚合物喷涂膜spraying coating 有机溶剂脱脂organic solvent egreasing 有效面significant surface 原辅材料Raw Materials 12345678 原铝virgin Aluminum 增光brighetning 振动筛vibration sieve 整型机integer machine 纸板paperboar 纸管paper tube 纸制品paper proucts 铸铝aluminum casting 铸铝合金aluminum casting alloy 铸扎设备Founing Equipment 自然氧化natural oxiation包装材料PackagingMaterial 包装设备packagingequipment 表面处理设备SurfaceTreatmentEquipment表面预处理surfacepretreatment 冰晶石cryolite 薄铝片aluminumfoil 彩铝板coloredAluminumplate 槽型铝材aluminumchannel 超高铝制烟囱aluminumskyscraper 超声波清洗ultrasonicclesning 成型薄铝板aluminumprofilesheet 成型薄铝板aluminumprofiledsheet 成型铝板aluminumprofilepanel 成型铝板aluminumprofiledpanel 除灰desmutting 纯碱alkali 纯铝板pureAluminumplate 磁电设备magnetoelectricityEquipment 磁性上辊magneticroller 催化剂catalyzer 打渣剂fluxingmedium 带式磨光beltgrinding 氮化铝aluminumnitride 道路照明铝制电杆aluminumstreetlightingcolumn 电镀electroplating 电解electrolysis 电解浸蚀electrolyticetching 电解滤液electrolysefiltrate 电解铝electrolysealuminum 电解抛光electroplishing 电解液electorlyte 电解增光electrobrightening 电流密度currentdensity 电流效率currentefficiency 镀铝aluminumplating 缎面处理satinfinishing 锻用铝合金aluminumalloyfortemper 锻制铝合金aluminumwroughtalloy 多孔铝制天花板aluminumperforatedceiling 矾土水泥aluminumcement 防腐剂anticorrodant 防腐剂anticorrosiveagent 防腐涂料anticorrosivepaint 防蚀铝线alumitewire 防雨铝板aluminumflashing 废铝aluminiumscrap。

中国不锈钢产品市场的生命周期分析和存在的主要不足

中国不锈钢产品市场的生命周期分析和存在的主要不足

中国不锈钢产品市场的生命周期分析和存在的主要不足——来源:《我要不锈钢》1、不锈钢产品市场的生命周期分析从全球范围来看,由于不同区域市场经济能力、对外贸易、不锈钢产品的生产技术和装备水平以及消费习惯等方面存在较大差异,因此,不同区域的不锈钢产品市场所呈现出来的生命周期曲线也不尽相同。

依据产品市场周期的基础理论和阶段特征(具体详见图表1),将近期相邻的相对成熟的国内与国外不锈钢产品市场发展的阶段特点进行对照分析判断(具体详见图表2),从进入成长期算起,发达国家不锈钢产品市场生命周期的第一市场寿命线(图表2中的实曲线)大约四十年左右,而中国不锈钢产品市场生命周期的第一市场寿命线大致三十年左右。

中国不锈钢产品市场进入成长期和成熟期的时间节点都相对大体滞后于发达国家不锈钢产品市场二十年,而预计中国不锈钢产品市场进入衰退期大约要相对滞后十年左右。

这主要是由于发达国家的不锈钢企业在2000-2010年间成功开发并较好地维持了对中国市场的大量出口工作,因此,发达国家不锈钢产品市场生命周期在成熟期大致延长十年左右。

目前,发达国家不锈钢产品市场正处在接近衰退期的成熟期,而中国不锈钢产品市场刚从成长期步入成熟期,综合考虑国内市场的现状特点及发展趋势,预计未来中国不锈钢产品市场在第一市场寿命线上将有十年左右的成熟期。

因此,未来十年,国内不锈钢的整体竞争将会更加剧烈,这必然会进一步促使企业采取差异化和创新经营模式的策略来保持和提升核心竞争力。

随着不锈钢产业链上越来越多的企业个体不断的对经营模式创新、新市场开发、产品更新、工艺创新和品牌重新定位,会促使不锈钢产品市场生命周期可能在某个环节得到延长,步入衰退期的产品市场也可能会又进入第二个成长期,进入第二市场寿命线(图表2中的粗虚曲线)。

图表1 产品市场生命周期的阶段特征备注:根据资料显示,发达国家SS产品诞生于1912年,中国SS产品诞生于1952年。

考虑到1980年之前,国内外SS产品处于开发阶段、生产工艺处在不断提升之中和下游消费领域也相对狭窄,SS 产品市场的开发和导入期也相对较长。

RCVD翻译 21章 中英文对照

RCVD翻译 21章 中英文对照

Suspension spring悬架弹簧Intriduction介绍In this chapter we will discuss ways to calculate(approximately)certain properties of在这一章中我们将讨论如何计算(约)的某些特性suspension system springs.We will concentrate on spring rate and maximum stress but弹簧悬挂系统。

我们将集中在春季率和最大应力而also touch OU problems associated with usage,i.e.,fatigue。

The types of springs covered也抚摸你相关的问题与使用,即,fatigue.the类型的弹簧盖will include torsion springs,coil springs,and leafsprings.将包括扭力弹簧,螺旋弹簧,和leafsprings。

The material covered is insufficient for detailed design engineering calculations--for that材料覆盖是不够详细的工程计算,设计——the reader will have to go to the literature,especially the referenced SAE design hand-读者将要去的文学,尤其是汽车设计方面的参考—books and spring manufacturers’handbooks.书籍和弹簧manufacturers'handbooks。

21.1 Torsion Springs21.1个扭转弹簧In a torsion spring the elastic properties ofa long thin“bar'’in torsion(twist)is used to在扭簧的弹性性能的细长的酒吧去扭转(扭曲)是用来produce a rectilinear spring rate that is comparable to that era coil spring,The spring产生直线弹簧率相比,时代的螺旋弹簧,弹簧load or forceis usually converted to torque around the centerline of the bar by means负载或forceis通常转化为扭矩围绕中心线的酒吧的手段of a lever arm at one or both (anti-roll bar)ends.Figure 21.1 gives the basic geometry of杠杆臂的一个或两个(防侧倾杆)ends.figure21.1给出了基本几何a torsion spring.扭转弹簧。

铝的生命周期评价与铝工业的环境影响

铝的生命周期评价与铝工业的环境影响

・综述・铝的生命周期评价与铝工业的环境影响陈伟强1①,万红艳2,武娟妮1,石磊1(1.清华大学环境科学与工程系国家环境保护生态工业重点实验室,北京100084;2.中国铝业股份有限公司,北京100082)摘要:介绍了生命周期评价方法及在铝的生命周期评价研究中的应用,并利用国外的研究成果对比分析了原生铝工业、再生铝工业和铝加工工业的环境影响。

结果表明:(1)原生铝工业的环境影响大大超过再生铝工业和铝加工工业的环境影响;(2)铝加工工业的环境影响大于再生铝工业的环境影响;(3)在铝加工工业中,生产铝箔的环境影响最大,铝板带的环境影响最小,而铝挤压材的环境影响居中;(4)在再生铝工业中,重熔新铝废料生产再生铝的环境影响小于回收循环旧铝废料生产再生铝的环境影响;(5)电力生产和供应环节造成的环境影响在铝工业的总体环境影响中占有很大的比重。

作者建议我国应针对铝工业的各个生产系统和生产环节,开展大规模的调查,建立定量的生命周期评价的基础数据系统,为我国铝工业持续地改善资源、能源与环境绩效提供有益的方向性指导和实现指标比对。

关键词:铝工业;生命周期评价;环境影响中图分类号:F407.3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002-1752(2009)05-03-8Life cycle assessment of aluminium and the environmentalimpacts of aluminium industryCHEN Wei-qiang1,WAN Hong-yan2,WU J uan-ni1and SHI Lei1(1,Depart ment of Envi ronmental Science and Engi neeri ng,S EPA KeyL aboratory on Eco-i ndust ry,Tsi nghua U niversity,Beiji ng100084,Chi na;2,A l um i num Corporation of Chi na L i m ited,Beiji ng,100082,Chi na)Abstract:This paper introduces the life cycle assessment method and the status quo of aluminium life cycle assessment.Based on reports of aluminium life cycle assessment released by European Aluminium Association and International Aluminium Institute,the envrionmental impacts of primary alumini2 um industry,aluminium recycling industry,and aluminium semi-production industry are compared quantitively.Some important findings are as fol2 lows:(1)the environmental impacts of primary aluminium industry are much higher than that of aluminium recycling industry and aluminium semi-production industry;(2)the environmental impacts of aluminium semi-production industry are a little higher than that of aluminium recycling indus2 try;(3)for the aluminium semi-production industry,the environmental impacts of foil production is highest,with that of aluminium extrusion pro2 duction lower,and that of aluminium sheet production lowest;(3)for the aluminium recycling industry,producing recycled aluminium from old scrap brings on more environmental burdens than from new scrap;(5)a great part of environmental burdens of aluminium industry are from the production of electricity consumed by the industry.The authors suggest that the life cycle assessment method be applied in China and national LCA database of alu2 minium industry should be constructed,because it will help to improve the resources efficiencies and the environmental performances of China’s alu2 minium industry.K ey w ords:aluminium industry;life cycle assesssment,LCA;environmental impact1 前言生命周期评价(life cycle analysis或life cycle as2 sessment,LCA)的本质是检查、识别和评估一种材料、产品、过程或系统在其整个生命周期中的环境影响。

铝合金材料的发展(英文)

铝合金材料的发展(英文)

Development of aluminum alloy materials2015330300124 SongPeng What is aluminum alloy?This question should be familiar to everyone. It is a very common alloy in life.Aluminum alloy is one of the most widely used non-ferrous metal structural materials in industry. it has been widely used in aviation, aerospace, automobile, machinery manufacturing, ship and chemical industry. With the rapid development of industrial economy, the demand for aluminum alloy welded structural parts is increasing, which makes the research on weldability of aluminum alloy in depth. At present, aluminum alloy is the most widely used alloy.What are the advantages of aluminum alloy?Aluminum alloy density is low, but the strength is relatively high, close to or more than high quality steel, good plasticity, can be processed into various profiles, has excellent electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance, widely used in industry, the use of second only to steel. Some aluminum alloys can obtain good mechanical properties, physical properties and corrosion resistance by heat treatment. Aluminum alloys are easy to process and have a high degree of heat dissipation. In particular the engine part of the vehicle, is particularly suitable for the use of aluminium alloy materials. Here is almost entirely aluminum alloy.What are the shortcomings of aluminum alloy materials?First,Metal fatigue is poor.Metal fatigue principle is: metal under a certain amplitude can withstand how many times, more than this number is more than the fatigue limit of metal, deformation will occur.Second,The elastic modulus of different alloys is also different, and the elastic modulus will change with the change of temperature, the higher the temperature, the smaller the elastic modulus. The modulus of elasticity of that aluminum alloy at room temperature is about 72,000 MPa, which is significantly different from other material such as 45 # steel.Third,The melting point of aluminum is low,The melting point of aluminum alloy is about 650℃, 45 # steel melting point 1350℃.Although aluminum alloy is a good material, but we also need to pay attention to when choosing to use whether appropriate. Ordinary decoration, or decoration, aluminum alloy is no problem, but in some specific environment aluminum alloy is not competent.Classification of aluminium alloys. According to the processing method, aluminum alloys can be divided into two categories: wrought aluminum alloys and cast aluminum alloys. Wrought aluminum alloys can withstand pressure machining. Can be processed into aluminum alloy materials with various shapes and specifications. Mainly used for manufacturing aviation equipment, building doors and windows, etc.Wrought aluminum alloys are divided into non - heat - treatable strengthened aluminum alloys and heat - treatable strengthened aluminum alloys. Non - heat - treatable strengthening type cannot improve mechanical properties by heat treatment, but can only be realized by cold working deformation. it mainly includes high-purity aluminum, industrial high-purity aluminum, industrial pure aluminum and rust-proof aluminum, etc. Heat - treatable reinforced aluminum alloys can be classified into hard aluminum, wrought aluminum, ultra-hard aluminum and special aluminum alloys by heat treatment such as quenching and aging to improve mechanical properties.Prospects for aluminum alloys.Aluminum alloy is the fastest and most widely used light metal in automobile, this is mainly because the performance of aluminum alloy itself has reached the requirements of light weight, high strength, corrosion resistance. Early aluminum alloys were used only in transmission housings, oil pumps, oil dispensers and other parts that were not strongly impacted. Now, after adding the strengthening element to the aluminum material, the strength is greatly enhanced, and the aluminum material still has the characteristics of light weight, good heat dissipation and the like, so that the aluminum material can meet the requirements of severe working environments such as engine pistons, cylinder heads and the like. The improvement of the aluminum alloy further reduces the weight of the whole vehicle and improves the economy of the whole vehicle.The aluminum alloy material has the advantages of high strength, large elongation, good ductility and forming performance and good corrosion resistance, and can be used as balcony guardrails, signs, automobile aerospace, ships, military industry, large-scale building structures and the like of high-rise buildings, besides being applied to doors, windows and curtain walls of aluminum alloy buildings. Because of its good corrosion resistance, not only can put an end to carbon steel, cast iron guardrail due to rust caused by repeated maintenance costs and troubles, and colorful surface, can be matched with the building of the human environment effect, greatly enriched the facade of the building, enhance the overall aesthetic feeling of the building. At present, the results are further to the traffic highway guardrail, automobile and other more extensive industry penetration promotion.。

外文翻译----产品生命周期理论

外文翻译----产品生命周期理论

外文翻译----产品生命周期理论The Product Life Cycle (PLC) theory。

XXX by Raymond Vernon in his book "nal Investment and nal Trade in the Product Cycle"。

refers to the entire process of a product's market life。

from its XXX。

Just like human life。

a product goes through stages of development。

growth。

maturity。

XXX with varying levels of technological advancement。

XXX n of the same productin different XXX these countries。

XXX)。

XXX countries。

XXX.The typical product life cycle can be divided into four stages: n。

growth。

maturity。

and decline。

When a new product enters the market。

it enters the n stage。

At this stage。

the product has fewer varieties。

and customers are not yet familiar with it。

Apart from a few XXX。

few people buy the product。

To expand sales。

producers have to XXX the product。

At this stage。

due to technical ns。

生命周期清单分析

生命周期清单分析

产品系统仅考虑显示器,不考虑CPU等 功能单元和阴极射线管显示器 类 别 规 格 尺 寸 17 ″(CRT) ;15″ (FPD) 本体面积 15.9″(CRT) ;15″(FPD) 图像面积 12.5″×9.5″(CRT) ;12×9″(FPD) 视频模式 1024×768 亮 度 200cd/m2 对比度 100:1 颜 色 262000色
生命周期清单分析
Life Cycle Inventory LCI
LCA第二阶段的工作
概 说




生命周期清单分析(Life Cycle Inventory LCI ) 是LCA中环境影响评价的基础,也可直接指导 实际应用 LCI是对产品、工艺或活动等被研究系统在整 个生命周期阶段资源、能源的使用与向环境排 放废物的定量技术过程 清单分析包括数据的收集和计算程序,目的是 对产品系统的有关输入和输出进行量化 LCI需要收集系统边界内每一单元过程中需要 纳入清单的数据。数据分定性和定量两类
第二节 生命周期评价在产品中的应用
电脑显示器的生命周期分析 美国对电脑液晶显示器(FPD)和阴极射线管 显示器(CRT)进行LCA和比较 1目的和范围 目的 用LCA方法和清洁技术替代物方法建 立评价FPD和CRT的科学基准 建立LCA模型,提供改进显示器环境特性的 必要信息 评价考虑与资源、能源、空气资源、水资源、 固体废物、人类毒性和生态毒性有关的环境 影响
全球变暖的影响
全球变暖潜能(GWP)—该物质与二氧化碳相 比对全球变暖的贡献值,三氯甲烷的GWP 11700、六氟化硫23900,苯63 计算公式 (ISGW)i=EFGWP×AMTGG 式中 (ISGW)i——每功能单位温室气体全球 变暖影响指标 EFGWP ——i物质的GWP系数 AMTGG ——每功能单位排放i物质数量

不锈钢产品生命周期评价研究与探索

不锈钢产品生命周期评价研究与探索

O f e n e r g y s a v i n g a n d e mi s s i o n r e du c t i o n u n d e r t h e n e w s i t u a t i o n , S t a i n l e s s s t e el Co . , L t d p u t
节 能 论 坛
不锈钢产 品生命周期评价研 究与探 索
宝 钢 不锈 钢 有 限 公 司 宝钢 股 份 研 究 院 金 周 何 焱彬 刘 颖 昊 周 晶

要 :不锈钢产 品是 宝铜 重要发 展 的产 品 、 组成单元 , 立足 新形 势下节能减排思考 , 宝钢 不锈 钢有 限公
司提 出 了以 生 态 化 、 低碳化 为主线 , 以绿 色 生产 、 固废 利 用 、 低 碳 经 济 为抓 手 的 “ 环 境 经 营” 实践 新 思路 , 基 于该 背
b e f u r t h e r c a r r i e d o u t .
Ke y wo r d s :L i f e Cy c l e E s t i ma t e; L CA Mo dl e ; CO2 Em i s s i o n ; E n e r g y S a v i n g a n d Re du c i n g
f o r wa r d n e w i d e a s c al l e d ” E n v i r on me n t a l ma n a g e me n t " , wh i c h u s e d t h e e c o l o g i c a a l n d l o w
( 1 )建立 集碳钢 和 不锈钢 产 品一体 的 L C A评
了钢铁产品生命周期清单 的模型化 方法和钢铁产

不锈钢资料中英文互译

不锈钢资料中英文互译

中英文互译Translate documents between English and Chinese不锈钢棒材类:不锈钢黑棒、不锈钢光亮棒、不锈钢圆棒、不锈钢光圆、不锈钢方棒、不锈钢六角棒、不锈钢异型棒、不锈钢易切削棒(303、303CU)等。

Stainless steel rod class: stainless steel HeiBang, stainless steel bar, stainless steel light round rods, stainless steel, stainless steel round light sticks, stainless steel hex party sticks, stainless steel bar, stainless steel of cutting bar (303, 303 CU), etc.不锈钢线材类:不锈钢丝、不锈钢氢退丝、不锈钢光亮丝、不锈钢冷墩丝、不锈钢螺丝线、弹簧线(硬光亮线、全硬线、雾面线)、光亮线(中硬线、硬光线、车轴线)、氢退线(全软线)、不锈钢异型丝(如:扁丝、三角丝、五角丝)等。

ˎStainless steel wire kind: stainless steel wire, stainless steel wire, stainless steel hydrogen back light wire, stainless steel wire, stainless steel screw cold mound line, spring line (hard light line, all the hard line, mist side line), bright line (hard line, hard in light, car axis), hydrogen back line (the soft line), stainless steel alien silk (such as: flat silk, triangle silk, the silk), etc.不锈钢型材类:不锈钢扁钢、不锈钢角钢、不锈钢槽钢、不锈钢方钢、不锈钢工字钢等;包括:热轧扁钢、酸白扁钢、冷拉扁钢、光亮扁钢、抛光扁钢、镜面扁钢;热轧角钢、酸白角钢、等边角钢、不等边角钢、光亮角钢、抛光角钢、非标角钢、焊接角钢;热轧槽钢、酸白槽钢、焊接槽钢、非标槽钢、不锈钢大槽钢等。

铝合金寿命曲线图

铝合金寿命曲线图
第2 2卷第2期
獭年6月
机械


噩X糯翼AL 0F副嚣C鞋越咀眦裔限鞘Ⅻ锕
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No.2
2∞0
铝台金光试样的霞一S一Ⅳ曲线和等寿命图“
R~SL一珏Ⅳ飘FCoI歉熙AⅦLlS热A烈N理D蛭FAALT菱IG匍UE暇寝DH哇G∞R舢 T珏鸸S至O匿F Cc熟oN耍孵NS甜盯
丁遂栋”
釜汉掰
(郑州工贼大学数理力学系,郑州450002)(河南财税高等专耕学校,郑州45。002)
昕 83 J85 128 104 86
2lO I右o
95
83
_72
一1
计算值 117 l∞ 83 应
试验值

217 159 125
1帕
174 127
97 83 185 128 104 86
210 l砷 95
83
72
∞2
143 117 98
228
180 108
l∞ 83
一O.6
}}薯萤 i签


力 试验值 18l l甜 13s
大斑力.Ⅳ隽攘劳毒念)整线方疆彝等寿禽蕊线方程的普避表达式,送嚣蝰趣铝鲁垒建进祥翦霆一s—j ̄盐钱方程和荨
寿命曲线方秘及用方糕绘制铝古金光试榉的R—s一Ⅳ曲线和等寿命图的新方法。只要测得材料在对称循环(拧=一1)
下鲢s一Ⅳ弛线,就可以用丑一s一Ⅳ曲线方程翻等寿命曲线方程缭制材料的宾一s一Ⅳ曲线和等寿命嗣,为疲势强度估 葬和寿命估鞯提供依据。用等寿命曲线方程绘制菩寿命舀与传统方法相比雕减步回%~70%盼疲劳试验量。
定,即
n=l,C矗
(3)
符合得很好。
其哮|e为与奏|辩程试群(是试群或皱罄试嚣)舂美豹 常数。这样式(2)可篝成

铝合金行业专业术语中英文对照

铝合金行业专业术语中英文对照

铝合金行业专业术语中英文对照铝合金行业专业术语中英文对照铝合金行业专业术语中英文对照表面预处理surface pretreatment 冰晶石cryolite 薄铝片aluminum foil彩铝板colore Aluminum plate 槽型铝材aluminum channel超高铝制烟囱aluminum skyscraper 超声波清洗ultrasonic clesning成型薄铝板aluminum profile sheet 成型薄铝板aluminum profile sheet成型铝板aluminum profile panel 成型铝板aluminum profile panel 除灰esmutting 纯碱alkali 纯铝板pure Aluminum plate 磁电设备magnetoelectricity Equipment 磁性上辊magnetic roller 催化剂catalyzer 打渣剂fluxing meium 带式磨光belt grining 氮化铝aluminum nitrie 道路照明铝制电杆aluminum street lighting column 电镀electroplating 电解electrolysis 电解浸蚀electrolytic etching 电解滤液electrolyse filtrate 电解铝electrolyse aluminum 电解抛光electroplishing 电解液electorlyte 电解增光electrobrightening 电流密度current ensity 电流效率current efficiency 镀铝aluminum plating 缎面处理satin finishing 锻用铝合金aluminum alloy for temper 锻制铝合金aluminum wrought alloy 多孔铝制天花板aluminum perforate ceiling 矾土水泥aluminum cement 防腐剂anticorroant 防腐剂anticorrosive agent 防腐涂料anticorrosive paint 防蚀铝线alumite wire 防雨铝板aluminum flashing 废铝aluminium scrap 分布能力throwing power 氟化铝aluminium fluorie 氟化盐fluorie salt 辅助电极auxiliary electroe 复合铝板cla aluminium 覆盖剂covering agent 刚铝石水泥alunum cement 钢芯铝绞线aluminium cable steel reinforcing 12345678高岭土aluminum flake 高铝矿渣aluminous clinke 高铝陶瓷alumina ceramics 高铝砖alumina brick 隔热设备Thermal-insulationEquipment 工业炉Inustrial furnace 工业铝原料inustrial Aluminum materials 工业毛毡Inustrial felt 功能性氧化膜functional coating 挂架rack (jig) 光亮浸渍brighe ipping 硅酸铝aluminum silicate 硅酸铝aluminum silicate 硅酸铝耐火材料aluminosilicate refractory 滚动式铝格栅aluminum rolling grille 滚筒磨光tumbling 过滤板screen plate 过滤器filter 含铝材料alumina-bearing material 焊接设备Jointing equipment 厚纸板carboar 花纹铝板Aluminum embosse sheet 花纹铝箔aluminum checker/checkere foil 化学镀electroless plating 化学抛光chemical polishing 化学增光chemical brightening 化学转化chemical conersion 活化activation 机械设备Machinery equipment 挤压铝窗台extrue aluminum sill 挤压铝管extrue aluminum pipe 挤压铝制品aluminum extrusion 挤压设备extrusion equipment 夹层铝板aluminum sanwch panel 剪切设备shearing equipment 检测设备inspection equipment 焦碳. coke 浸蚀etching 精拉铝管finishing Aluminum tube 精炼剂refining agent 净化设备Purifying Equipment 卷开铝质百叶窗aluminum rolling shutter 冷轧设备Col-rolle Equipment 临界电流密度critical current ensity 硫酸铝aluminum sulphate 硫酸铝aluminum sulphate sulfate 楼面铝aluminum floor covering 楼面铝覆面层aluminum flooring 楼面铝覆面层aluminum flooring finish 滤清油filtering oil 铝百叶aluminum shutter 铝板Aluminum Boar/plate/sheet 12345678铝板放护板aluminum slatte blin 铝板隔墙aluminum partition 铝板卷开百叶窗aluminum slatte rollor blink 铝板条aluminum strip 铝板贴面吸声天花板aluminum absorbent ceiling 铝板屋顶aluminum eck/eck roof 铝板屋面aluminum sheet roof 铝板屋面aluminum sheeting roof 铝棒Aluminum stick/ro铝包皮aluminum skin 铝标牌aluminium scutcheon 铝箔Aluminum foil 铝箔背衬aluminum foil backing 铝箔绝热aluminum foil insert 铝箔绝热aluminum foil insertion 铝箔制品Aluminum foil proucts 铝材aluminum prouct 铝仓筒aluminum silo 铝车身aluminum boy 铝衬裹aluminum lining 铝窗格aluminum gri 铝窗框aluminum sash 铝窗装置aluminum winow furniture 铝打底涂料aluminum primer 铝带/铝条Aluminum strip 铝电极法aluminum electroe methe 铝电解设备aluminium electrolysis Equipment 铝电解设备Aluminum electrolyse Equipment 铝钉aluminum nail 铝顶板构件aluminum eck unit 铝锭Aluminum Ingot 铝镀覆层aluminize coat 铝锻件Aluminum forge 铝矾土bauxite 铝粉Aluminum power 铝扶手aluminum railing 铝盖Aluminum cover 铝钢aluminum steel 铝铬钢aluminum chrome steel 铝管Aluminumpipe/tube 铝管避雷器aluminium cell lightning arrester 铝硅合金aluminum silicon alloy 铝硅酸盐aluminosilicate 铝轨aluminum track 铝辊式破碎机aluminum rolling plant 铝焊料aluminum soler 铝焊料aluminum soler 铝焊条aluminum weling ro 铝合金Aluminum alloy 铝合金洗涤盒aluminum sink 铝合金洗涤盒aluminum sink unit 铝合金线Aluminum alloy wire 12345678铝化合物aluminum compoun 铝化荧光屏aluminize screen 铝黄铜aluminum brass 铝黄铜aluminum brass 铝基硅镁合金anticoroal 铝基合金aluminum base alloy 铝挤压型材:Aluminum Extrusion 或Aluminium Extrusion 铝结构型材aluminum section 铝结构型材aluminum shape 铝结构型材aluminum trim 铝金aluminum gol 铝卷Aluminum roll 铝矿aluminum ore 铝雷管aluminum blasting cap 铝雷管aluminum cap 铝梁aluminum beam 铝檩条aluminum purlin 铝轮毂aluminum wheel spier/hub 铝螺丝aluminum screw 铝铆钉aluminum rivet 铝镁合金aluminum magnesium alloy 铝镁合金aluminum magnesium alloy 铝门窗Aluminum oors & Winows 铝门拉手aluminum pull 铝门拉手aluminum pull hanle 铝密封alumiseal 铝密封垫圈aluminum gasket 铝模aluminum moul 铝模板aluminum shuttering 铝木组合结构aluminum woo composite system 铝幕墙Aluminum curtain wall 铝镍合金aluminum nickel alloy 铝皮镶面aluminum sheet facing 铝皮镶面aluminum sheet lining 铝皮镶面aluminum sheet surface 铝片sheet aluminium 铝铺面aluminum surfacing 铝汽封aluminum vapor barrier 铝砌合屋顶屋面aluminum bone roof covering 铝墙板aluminum siing 铝墙纸aluminum wallpaper 铝桥aluminum brige 铝青铜aluminum bronze 铝青铜aluminum bronze 铝青铜涂料aluminum bronzepaint 铝曲管bene aluminium tube 铝热法aluminothermic process/ aluminothermy 铝热焊aluminothermic weling 铝热还原aluminothermic reuction 铝熔炼厂aluminum smelting plant 铝砂aloxite 铝声控天花板aluminum soun control ceiling 12345678铝石砖alunum tile 铝饰镶面aluminum facing 铝丝布aluminum wire cloth 铝塑板Aluminum plastic boar 铝酸aluminic aci 铝酸盐aluminate 铝酸盐夹杂物aluminate inclusion 铝梯Aluminum stairs 铝天花Aluminum ceiling 铝铁aluminum iron 铝铁合金aluminum iron alloy 铝铜合金aluminum copper alloy 铝涂料aluminum paint 铝土矿alumyte 铝网aluminum mesh 铝纤维aluminum wool 铝线Aluminum threa/wire 铝箱Aluminum trunk 铝斜坡Aluminium Ramps 铝心电缆aluminum cable 铝心电缆甲套aluminum cable sheath 铝芯电缆aluminum conuctor 铝型材:Aluminium Profile 或Aluminumprofile 铝型材地板Aluminium Flooring Profiles 铝型材挤压模具Aluminum Section-Bar Extruing Moul 铝型材生产工艺中常用到的专业术语:铝颜料aluminum pigment 铝氧粉alunum 铝圆棒Aluminum roun bar 铝圆片Aluminum wafer 铝皂aluminum soap 铝皂润滑脂aluminum grease 铝支承结构aluminum bearing structure 铝支柱底板aluminum outrigger base 铝指板aluminumfinger plate 铝制波纹构件aluminum corrugate unit 铝制波纹片aluminum corrugate sheet 铝制波纹形aluminum corrugate profile 铝制波纹型材aluminum corrugate section 铝制玻璃格条aluminum patent glazing bar 铝制扶手aluminum han railing 铝制格栅aluminum grille 铝制过梁aluminum lintel 铝制建筑板材aluminum builing sheet 铝制建筑板材aluminum sheet 铝制建筑构件aluminum builing member 铝制建筑构件aluminum builing unit 铝制建筑构件aluminum component 铝制建筑构件aluminum member 铝制建筑构件aluminum unit 铝制建筑外门aluminum builing entrance oor 12345678铝制建筑外门aluminum entrance oor 铝制建筑制品aluminum builing prouct 铝制铰链aluminum hinge 铝制结构立面aluminum facae 铝制结构立面aluminum front 铝制卷板条aluminum rolling slat 铝制框架aluminum frame 铝制模板aluminum form 铝制模板aluminum form work 铝制品Aluminum proucts 铝制器皿aluminium ware 铝制网格天花板aluminum gri ceiling 铝制围栏aluminum fence 铝制屋顶aluminum roofing 铝制小五金aluminum fillings 铝制小五金aluminum hanware 铝制檐沟aluminum eave gutter/ trought 铝制遮阳板aluminum sunblin 铝制遮阳板aluminum sunbreaker 铝制折板屋顶aluminum fole plate roof 铝制支架底板aluminum stabilizer base 铝柱aluminum post 铝铸件Aluminum casting 铝铸件aluminium castings 铝装饰型材aluminum ecorative section 铝装饰型材aluminum ornamental section 氯化铝aluminum chlorie 镁助熔剂eliminate magnesium flux 门窗幕墙设备oors& Winows an Curtain Wall Equipment 密封铝皮aluminum seal/sealing sheeting 明矾石alumite 明矾石alumstone 磨光grining 耐火材料refractory material 耐蚀铝合金corrosion-proof/ corrosion- resistant/ corrosion resisting aluminum alloy 抛光polishing 抛光剂polishing composition 抛光设备polishing unit 喷玻璃丸glass bea blasting 喷磨abrasiveblasting 喷砂san blasting 喷涂设备spraying equipment 喷丸shot blasting 其他others 气体发生设备gas generation equipment 气体发生设备Gas processing Equipment 铅制结构正面aluminum face 切割设备cutting apparatus 切割设备Cutting Equipment 氢氧化铝aluminumhyrate 12345678氢氧化铝Hyrogen alumina 清洗cleaning 清洗设备cleaning equipment 去磁器emagnetizer 去离子作用eionization 去氧化物处理eoxiizing 热轧设备Heat-rolle Equipment 熔剂油flux oil 熔炼焊剂smelting flux 熔铸设备Founing Equipment 乳烛液脱脂emulsion egreasing 软铝棉aluminum soft wool 软轮抛光buffing 散热器Raiator 伸缩铝管extension Aluminum tube 渗铝aluminizing 石灰石limestone 刷光brushing 双开式弹簧铝门aluminum swing oor 水洗rinsing 酸洗pickling 添加剂aitive 铁分离器iron separator 涂层设备Coating equipment 涂料coating 推拉式铝门aluminum sliing oor 脱膜stripping 脱脂egreasing 无缝铝管seamless Aluminum pipe 稀土tombar thite/ rare-earth(RE) 硝酸铝aluminum nitrate 锌铝aluminum zinc 型材拉弯设备Profiles Bening Equipment 絮凝flocculate絮凝剂flocculating agent/ amixture 压延设备Plain Rolle Equipment 压铸铝aluminum ie casting 亚光处理matte finnishing 阳极anoe 阳极效率anoe efficiency 阳极氧化anoic oxiation 阳极氧化复合膜combine anoic coating 阳极氧化膜anoic oxie coating 阳极氧化膜再活化reactivation (of an anoic oxie coating) 氧化铝alumina ,aluminum oxie 氧化铝板alumite tile 氧化锌zinc oxie 液碱液压油hyraulic liqui/meium 阴极cathoe 银粉漆涂层aluminum paint coating 银灰漆aluminum paste 硬铝板uralumin sheet 硬脂酸铝aluminum stearate 有机聚合物喷涂膜spraying coating 有机溶剂脱脂organic solvent egreasing 有效面significant surface 原辅材料Raw Materials 12345678原铝virgin Aluminum 增光brighetning 振动筛vibration sieve 整型机integer machine 纸板paperboar 纸管paper tube 纸制品paper proucts 铸铝aluminum casting 铸铝合金aluminum casting alloy 铸扎设备Founing Equipment 自然氧化natural oxiation包装材料PackagingMaterial 包装设备packagingequipment 表面处理设备SurfaceTreatmentEquipment 表面预处理surfacepretreatment冰晶石cryolite 薄铝片aluminumfoil 彩铝板coloredAluminumplate槽型铝材aluminumchannel 超高铝制烟囱aluminumskyscraper超声波清洗ultrasonicclesning 成型薄铝板aluminumprofilesheet成型薄铝板aluminumprofiledsheet成型铝板aluminumprofilepanel成型铝板aluminumprofiledpanel 除灰desmutting纯碱alkali 纯铝板pureAluminumplate磁电设备magnetoelectricityEquipment 磁性上辊magneticroller催化剂catalyzer 打渣剂fluxingmedium 带式磨光beltgrinding 氮化铝aluminumnitride道路照明铝制电杆aluminumstreetlightingcolumn 电镀electroplating电解electrolysis 电解浸蚀electrolyticetching电解滤液electrolysefiltrate 电解铝electrolysealuminum电解抛光electroplishing电解液electorlyte电解增光electrobrightening电流密度currentdensity电流效率currentefficiency镀铝aluminumplating缎面处理satinfinishing锻用铝合金aluminumalloyfortemper锻制铝合金aluminumwroughtalloy多孔铝制天花板aluminumperforatedceiling 矾土水泥aluminumcement防腐剂anticorrodant防腐剂anticorrosiveagent防腐涂料anticorrosivepaint防蚀铝线alumitewire防雨铝板aluminumflashing废铝aluminiumscrap。

用于汽车车身材料的铝合金生命周期环境影响评价

用于汽车车身材料的铝合金生命周期环境影响评价

用于汽车车身材料的铝合金生命周期环境影响评价Environmental Impact Assessment for the Life Cycle of Aluminium Alloy Used as a Material for Manufacturing Automotive Body付君伟 (浙江农业商贸职业学院,绍兴 312071)Fu Junwei (Zhejiang Agricultural Business College, Shaoxing 312071)摘要 汽车动力消耗与整车质量息息相关,在保持原有安全性、灵便性和舒适性前提下,用铝合金板材替代钢板制造车身及覆盖件可以明显降低整车质量。

参照ISO 14040-1999标准,利用GaBi软件,通过对原铝生产、铝合金板材生产、铝合金车身及覆盖件的制造、使用及报废回收等5个阶段生命周期里的碳足迹和水足迹基本数值进行详细测算,表明没有必要刻意追求汽车车身材料为全铝,最好根据车身部件位置、形状和功能等实际情况综合优化材料应用,充分发挥不同材料的性能优势。

关键词:铝合金 车身材料 碳足迹 水足迹 生命周期 环境影响评价Abstract Power consumption was closely related to the weight of automobiles. On the premise of keeping existing safety, handiness and comfort, the use of aluminium alloy plate to replace steel for manufacturing automotive body and panels could significantly reduce the vehicle weight. According to ISO 14040-1999 and by using GaBi software, the design should take account of the material and energy consumption and emission impact on the environment in the entire life cycle including raw material acquisition, parts production, and vehicle operation, till scrap recycling. Based on the measurement and estimation of carbon footprints and water footprints in detail, it has indicated that there would be no need to deliberately pursue all-aluminium body. It was better to optimise synthetically the adoption of materials according to the position, shape and function of components, so as to give full play to the performance advantages of different materials.Key words:Aluminium alloy Car body material Carbon footprint Water footprint Life cycle Environmental impact assessment随着科技快速发展,纯电动汽车、无人驾驶汽车等概念不断涌现,无论现代汽车还是未来汽车,动力消耗与整车质量都息息相关。

建筑物生命周期外文翻译中英文2020

建筑物生命周期外文翻译中英文2020

建筑物生命周期外文翻译中英文2020原文What are we discarding during the life cycle of a building? Case studiesof social housing in Andalusia, SpainMadelyn Marrero,Cristina Rivero-Camacho,M. Desirée Alba-RodríguezAbstractThe paper evaluates for the first time the embodied impact in CDW during the buildings life cycle by means of the bill of quantities of construction projects. The main objective is to be able to predict the future CDW to be generated by a project in the design stage, by means of the bill of quantities of the urbanization, construction, renovation, rehabilitation and demolition projects. The tools already in place for cost control can be used as an instrument for the introduction of sustainability considerations in construction projects. The methodology proposes a connection between the different stages of a building’s life cycle, more precisely its budget. The latter is linked to other future budgets for building renovations or retrofitting projects. The result shows that urbanization and demolition generate 90% of CDW, the former is caused by earthworks and the latter isdue to the elimination of all building materials. The building is removed 1.3 times, in terms of material weight, energy and water. Finally, traditional models for economic control and waste management in construction projects can be the vector which introduce environmental assessment through the building life cycle.Keywords:Embodied energy,Embodied water,Economic impact,Urbanization,Construction and demolition waste,Social housing1.IntroductionIn order to measure overall environmental impacts of buildings, all life cycle stages need to be assessed, including their environmental impact concerning construction materials, construction activities, dismantling operations and materials at end of life (Blengini, 2009). Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) has been widely applied to assess the environmental performance of buildings, the embodied energy and carbon emissions or their products, materials and waste (Bovea and Powell, 2016). The construction and demolition waste (CDW) life cycle has also been studied;Butera et al. (2015)study 1 Mg of mineral of classified waste, which is either utilised in road construction as a substitute for natural aggregates or landfilling soil. The scenarios comprised all stages of the end-of-life management of CDW, until final disposal of all residues.Laurent et al. (2014)reviewed studies that focused on the application of LCA to waste management in general, concluding that few LCA studiesaddress CDW. Specifically, the CDW life cycle has been assessed in different environmental impact categories such as: global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, eutrophication suspended particulate matter, solid waste and land consumption (Wang et al., 2018).In Spain the concern on the assessment of CDW started over a decade ago. First, the European Directive 2006/12/EC has been implemented successfully. During the first decade of the present century, the construction sector was very active and a large amount of CDW ended up in uncontrolled landfills. See Table 1. But after 2008, Spain implemented Royal Decree 105/2008 in order to promote prevention, re-use, recycling and other forms of recovery, ensuring that disposal operations receive adequate treatment, and contribute to sustainable construction activity (Integrated Waste Plan, 2007).Table 1summarizes the impact of this legislation up to 2012.For the decree to be effective, the amount of waste expected during construction need to be determined. The forecasted quantities establishes the container sizes and collection frequency, and defines the nature of material recycling and/or re-use (Marrero et al., 2017). An adjusted forecasting prevents contamination and deterioration (Río Merino et al., 2017). A more recent political strategy is the inclusion of environmental impact assessment in awarding public contracts (Ley9/2017). In this regard, it is important to incorporate simple methodologies that can be easilyunderstood by society whose application is faster more simple and direct (Freire-Guerrero et al., 2019).For the waste quantification, many models and software development can be found in the work by Cheng and Ma (2013).Wu et al. (2014)review 57 international proposals for the classification and quantification of CDW, structuring them into: site visits, calculation of average generation (Yost and Halstead, 1996), material flow analysis (Cochran and Townsend, 2010), systems by variables (Aguirre et al., 2005,Mokhtar et al., 2011,Wimalasena et al., 2010) and cumulative systems.The cumulative systems are the most used in the literature (Coelho and de Brito, 2011,Llatas, 2011,Mercader-Moyano and Ramírez-de-Arellano-Agudo, 2013,Solís-Guzmán et al., 2009). In these methods a systematic classification of construction works is necessary; these represent the basis of the calculation and estimates for each construction material. These systems offer an effective way of determining waste, defining specific strategies for each stream and combining computer programs or calculation tables.The present authors, have established a quantification model to evaluation the amount of waste produced by a series of construction projects, such as new constructions, demolition work, rehabilitations, and others (Solís-Guzmán et al., 2009). The model of quantification has been verified at the Province of Seville, Spain treatment plants (Pérez-Carmonaet al., 2013). The cataloguing code used is employ by Spanish quantity surveyors to obtain the budget of quantities, what simplifies that the model is easy to implement and to understand (Marrero and Ramirez-De-Arellano, 2010). Subsequently the work units are fragmented down into three types of elements: machinery, manpower and materials. Embodied energy, virtual water or emission factors are then assessed for those elements.Three representative housing projects are analysed: single family, 4 and 10 floor multifamily buildings. The current work establishes a method in order to estimate the amounts of waste and the energy and embodied water that is incorporated at the different life stages of the building.The model evaluates for the first time the embodied impact in CDW during the buildings life cycle by means of the bill of quantities of construction projects. The main objective is to be able to predict the future CDW to be generated by a project from the design stage, by means the bill of quantities definition of the urbanization, construction, renovation, rehabilitation and demolition projects. The already in place tool for cost control can be used as instrument for the introduction of sustainability considerations in construction projects.2.System boundariesThe sustainability of construction works, like so the environmental performance and the calculation method, define the building life cycle according UNE-EN 15978 (2012).Fig. 1shows the different stages of thelife cycle of the building accordingly and the construction phases identified in the CDW quantification model, developed in the present work. The limits of the system are the waste produced by the construction materials, demolition waste, and their transport.Urbanization: The work necessary to transform rural land into an urban plot that has all the necessary services such as running water, sewerage, electricity, roads, pavements, signage, etc. The C&DW includes any construction materials that cannot be included in the transformation, such as material packaging and losses, broken parts or soil from earth works (Marrero et al., 2017).Construction: The construction of a building starts on a developed plot (Law 22/2011, 2011). The waste generated is from construction materials that are not part of the new building, such as in the case of urbanization (Solís-Guzmán et al., 2009).Retrofitting/renovation: Retrofitting (including maintenance) is the work needed in the building due to obsolescence or deterioration of some of its elements and is programmed to happen after it reaches 50 and 75 years (Ruiz-Pérez et al., 2019). The waste generated is from construction materials that cannot be included in the retrofit works and the corresponding packaging.Rehabilitation or Demolition: in the UNE-EN 15978 sustainability of construction works standards are established. The rehabilitation occurswhen the building ceases to be habitable and a major rehabilitation takes place, then significant changes also occur in its use profile, installations, materials and energy demand, and the building can no longer be considered the same as it was before the intervention (ECO/805, 2003). In this way, the rehabilitated building starts a new service life. Contrarily, if the end of life is reached, the building is demolished, and all building materials become waste (Alba-Rodríguez et al., 2017,Alba-Rodríguez et al., 2013).In summary, it is considered that the only activity which takes place during the first year is urbanization, during the second, construction, and occupancy in the subsequent 100 years (CTE, 2006), and, at the end of service life, rehabilitation or demolition can take place, that is the only activity during the last year of life; the time for renovations to be completed is also assumed to be the only construction-related activity in the 50th and 75th years of service life.The maintenance of urbanization is not analysed or quantified in this study. The reason is that this work is done by municipalities and therefore, these impacts are not applicable to management of the building and are deemed outside the scope of the BLC. Other minor activities such as cleaning, polishing and minor repairs, painting, etc. that take place several times during the life of the building are not included either.3.MethodologyThe methodology proposed starts with a good description of theconstruction project. A precise and robust definition of all the elements in the project is necessary in order to determine correctly the amount of waste expected. For this, because construction cost are well controlled in projects as part of a long tradition, which includes a detailed description of its work units. For the work unit definition, construction work breakdown systems (WBS) are a generally used in the construction industry. The most frequently used are: MasterFormat (CSI/CSC, 2016), Uniformat (UniFormatTM, 1998), Standard Method of Measurement of Civil Engineering (Telford, 1991), Uniclass (Omniclass, 2012) and ISO 12006-2 (2015).A WBS is employed for the calculation and prediction at different life stages of the CDW quantification; they transform the construction project into small parts that can then be easily added to form the whole.Once all the elements necessary in the construction project are codified, information about the nature of each element is allocated which allows the calculation and classification of waste. This is done by the definition of transformation coefficients; the method is develop by the authors among others in previous work (Solís-Guzmán et al., 2009) is implemented.Finally, the material quantities are expressed in kilograms and the machine and trucks consumption in working hours, both are transformed into environmental indicators such as embodied water, energy andCO2emissions, by means of LCA databases. Each step is explained in detail in the following sections.4.Case studiesThe selected projects are representative of the most commonly built dwellings from 2006 to 2010 in Spain (González-Vallejo et al., 2015). Dwelling construction represents 85% of all new builds during that period. Single family dwellings are 24%, four-floor multifamily buildings are 32% and ten or more floor buildings represent 18%.Three social housing construction projects in Andalusia, Spain are assessed. P1 is single family and P2 and P3 are multifamily buildings, all do not have basements. The structures are reinforced concrete. The flooring is of terrazzo tiles except for ceramic tiles in kitchen and bathroom floor. All partition walls are made of gypsum board with steel frame. Interior doors are wooden and widows have aluminium frames and double glasses.The projects are analysed by the following steps:1. Quantity plotting is carried out on dwelling construction projects.2. The elements or basic costs that produce waste are identified which are mainly wood (pallets and trees), metals (steel, copper and aluminium), concrete, plastic, ceramics, and soil.3. The coefficients (CR, CC and CT) defined in Annex A are employed.4. The embodied energy, emissions and virtual water are assessed inthe projects.The construction works carried out at each stage of the life cycle are shown in Fig. 4, where the first column is the budget chapter, the second its title, and the third the sub-chapter code per ACCD. The next column are the measurement units employ in the construction sector for those specific works. The remaining columns are the chapters that intervene in each life stage. Each chapter is define in a pyramidal way,Fig. 2, which means that each action to be taken in the building correspond finally to a unitary cost in a project budget. The units are formed by materials, machinery and manpower.The action taken at each stage are defined by the budget of each project:• Urbanization: Road works, sewerage and installations, public services, etc.• Construction: The building construction.• Retrofitting 50: Energy retrofitting of the facade (including windows) and roof including their insulation. New installation of air conditioning and heating, and domestic hot water production by solar thermal panels.• Retrofitting/renovation 75: Repairs of fissures and cracks and replacement of all installations: electricity, water and sewerage.• Demolition: Complete demolition of residential buildings.译文在建筑物的生命周期中我们要丢弃什么?西班牙安达卢西亚社会住房案例研究摘要本文首次通过建筑工程量清单评估了建筑生命周期中建筑垃圾CDW的具体影响。

中国钢材生命周期清单分析

中国钢材生命周期清单分析
第 22 卷第 4 期 2002 年 7 月
环 境 科 学 学 报 ACTA SCIENT IAE CIRCUMSTANTIAE
中图分类号 : X82 文献标识码 : A
Vol. 22, No. 4 Jul. , 2002
文章编号 : 0253 2468( 2002) 04 0519 04
中国钢材生命周期清单分析
石灰石开采 矿石开采 运输 石灰生产 钢 球化及运输 烧结 高炉炼铁 制氧 炼焦 采煤及运输 锰铁矿开采及运输 钢材生产系统边界 图1 Fig. 1 中国钢材生产系统边界 炼钢 轧钢 材 回收废钢
边角料再循环
Syst em boundary of steel product ion in China
钢铁工业是我国的一个十分重要的基础工业部门 , 而且在世界钢铁业中也占据重要地位 . 1996 年我国钢铁产量达 10124 万 t, 占世界总产量约 20% , 居世界首位 . 钢铁工业的发展与资 源、 环境问题密切相关. 钢铁原料提取、 制备、 生产、 使用和废弃过程消耗大量的资源和能源, 同 时也排放出大量的废气、 废水和工业固体废弃物, 污染环境 , 恶化人类赖以生存的空间. 例如钢 铁工业能耗占我国国民经济总能耗的 10% 左右 , 排在工业能耗大户之首 . 所排放废水、 废气占 工业排放量的 13% 体废弃物 .
位. 从能源的消耗过程来看, 主要是能源使用过程 ( 即燃煤 ) 过程, 占 60% . 其次是燃料生产过 程, 其中一部分能量并不是以燃料的形式出现 , 而是存在于原料中, 燃料运输过程能耗则相对 很少 .
表2 钢材生产主要工艺的功能单位能耗 ( MJ kg) Table 2 Energy requirement for select ed unit operations of steel production 主要工序 焦化工序 烧结工序 炼铁工序 转炉 平炉工序 电炉工序 原料 能 1. 11 运输 直接能耗 间接能耗 总 直接能耗 耗能 ( 燃料 ) ( 燃料 ) 能耗 比重 , % 0. 24 0. 06 2. 15 4. 16 6. 40 14. 51 2. 82 9. 66 0. 05 2. 11 4. 31 9. 36 10. 68 4. 79 10. 89 1. 46 13. 01 30. 76 40. 34 71. 40 17. 53 56. 65 3. 98 16. 54 13. 53 15. 86 20. 32 41 16. 87 6. 38 18. 20 9. 94 36. 27 2. 55 7. 37

不锈钢常用术语简解中英对照

不锈钢常用术语简解中英对照

不锈钢常用术语简解中英对照不锈钢是一种具有抗腐蚀性能的合金材料,广泛应用于各个领域。

了解不锈钢的常用术语,有助于我们更好地了解和应用这种材料。

本文将为大家介绍一些常用的不锈钢术语,并提供中英对照。

1. 不锈钢(Stainless Steel)不锈钢是一种合金钢,其中含有至少10.5%的铬。

它具有优异的耐腐蚀性能,是一种常用的结构材料。

2. 铬(Chromium)铬是不锈钢中最主要的合金元素之一,它能够与氧气反应形成一层致密的氧化铬膜,有效阻止金属进一步腐蚀。

3. 镍(Nickel)镍是不锈钢中常用的合金元素之一,能够提高不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能,并增加材料的强度和韧性。

4. 钢号(Steel Grade)钢号是不锈钢的标识,用来表示不同材料的成分和性能。

常见的钢号有304、316等。

5. 合金元素(Alloying Elements)合金元素是指添加到不锈钢中的其他金属元素,用来改变不锈钢的组织结构和性能。

常见的合金元素有铬、镍、钼、锰等。

6. 铁素体(Ferrite)铁素体是一种晶体结构,具有较高的磁导率和低的硬度。

不锈钢中的铁素体含量会影响材料的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能。

7. 奥氏体(Austenite)奥氏体是一种具有面心立方结构的晶体结构,具有良好的塑性和韧性。

不锈钢中的奥氏体含量会影响材料的强度和耐腐蚀性能。

8. 铁素体奥氏体不锈钢(Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel)铁素体奥氏体不锈钢是一种含有铁素体和奥氏体两种晶体结构的不锈钢,具有良好的耐腐蚀性能和强度。

9. 铁素体不锈钢(Ferritic Stainless Steel)铁素体不锈钢是一种含有主要由铁素体组成的晶体结构的不锈钢,具有良好的耐腐蚀性能和磁性。

10. 奥氏体不锈钢(Austenitic Stainless Steel)奥氏体不锈钢是一种主要由奥氏体组成的不锈钢,具有良好的耐腐蚀性能、塑性和韧性。

不同金属的市场生命周期分析报告

不同金属的市场生命周期分析报告

不同金属的市场生命周期分析报告一、引言金属是人类最早开采、使用的资源之一。

在现代工业中,不同种类的金属被广泛应用于建筑、机械、航空航天、汽车、电子、能源等领域。

在市场领域,不同金属的价格和供求关系也会随着市场的变化而不断波动。

因此,本文将以常见的若干种金属为例,对不同金属的市场生命周期进行分析与研究。

二、铝市场生命周期分析铝是一种轻质金属,具有良好的韧性、导电性和导热性,广泛应用于建筑、航空航天、汽车和电子等领域。

铝产能集中在少数几个国家,如中国、俄罗斯和加拿大等。

在国际市场上,铝的价格受到生产、需求和国际政治和经济形势等多种因素的影响。

铝市场生命周期表现出以下特点:1.生长期:20世纪50年代至70年代是铝市场的生长期,全球需求快速增加,尤其是美国、欧洲等发达国家的节能需求增加,推动了铝的需求大幅度上升。

铝的生产技术得到了不断改进,铝价也相对稳定上升。

2.成熟期:20世纪70年代后期至21世纪初,铝市场进入成熟期。

全球需求增长放缓,但是仍保持正增长,尤其是中国等新兴经济体对铝的需求增长。

铝生产商为了面临市场竞争,不断地拓展市场,强化市场营销,铝价波动逐渐加大。

3.衰退期:21世纪初至今,铝市场进入衰退期,全球铝需求增速放缓,尤其是模具铝合金、铝加工服务等下游市场需求减少,铝生产商面临产能过剩、竞争激烈等困境,铝价不断下跌。

三、铜市场生命周期分析铜是一种重要的有色金属,它具有优良的导电性和导热性,广泛应用于电力、电子、建筑和交通运输等领域。

铜的产量主要集中在智利、中国和秘鲁等几个国家,因此,铜的价格受到这几个国家产量和市场需求变化等因素的影响。

铜市场生命周期表现出以下特点:1.生长期:20世纪50年代至70年代是铜市场的生长期,这个时期,全球工业化和城市化进程促进了铜的需求猛增,铜价持续上升。

同时,技术革新也在铜行业上启动,开拓了智利等产铜国家的新铜矿,提高了铜的产量。

2.成熟期:20世纪70年代后期至21世纪初,金属市场进入成熟期,铜市场也无外乎。

外文翻译----产品生命周期理论

外文翻译----产品生命周期理论

外文翻译:产品生命周期理论原文来源:Raymond Vernon..《International investment and international trade in the product cycle》译文正文:产品生命周期(product life cycle),简称PLC,是产品的市场寿命,即一种新产品从开始进入市场到被市场淘汰的整个过程。

费农认为:产品生命是指市上的的营销生命,产中和人的生命一样,要经历形成、成长、成熟、衰退这样的周期。

就产品而言,也就是要经历一个开发、引进、成长、成熟、衰退的阶段。

而这个周期在不同的技术水平的国家里,发生的时间和过程是不一样的,期间存在一个较大的差距和时差,正是这一时差,表现为不同国家在技术上的差距,它反映了同一产品在不同国家市场上的竞争地位的差异,从而决定了国际贸易和国际投资的变化。

为了便于区分,费农把这些国家依次分成创新国(一般为最发达国家)、一般发达国家、发展中国家。

典型的产品生命周期一般可以分成四个阶段,即介绍期(或引入期)、成长期、成熟期和衰退期。

就像是人类,产品也有它自己的生命周期,从出生到死亡经过各种阶段。

新产品投入市场,便进入了介绍期。

此时产品品种少,顾客对产品还不了解,除少数追求新奇的顾客外,几乎无人实际购买该产品。

生产者为了扩大销路,不得不投入大量的促销费用,对产品进行宣传推广。

该阶段由于生产技术方面的限制,产品生产批量小,制造成本高,广告费用大,产品销售价格偏高,销售量极为有限,企业通常不能获利,反而可能亏损。

当产品进入引入期,销售取得成功之后,便进入了成长期。

成长期是指产品通过试销效果良好,购买者逐渐接受该产品,产品在市场上站住脚并且打开了销路。

这是需求增长阶段,需求量和销售额迅速上升。

生产成本大幅度下降,利润迅速增长。

与此同时,竞争者看到有利可图,将纷纷进入市场参与竞争,使同类产品供给量增加,价格随之下属,企业利润增长速度逐步减慢,最后达到生命周期利润的最高点。

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生命周期分析铝合金VS不锈钢
从成本,工程的生命周期考虑,对于建筑工程而言,铝是耐用性好,免维修的
材料选择。

本篇旨在提供关于铝和钢之间总拥有成本的定量分析。

本篇在MAADI 小组和加拿大铝业协会的帮助下,由德勤事务所提供。

所有本篇中涵盖的信息由MAADI小组或第三方机构提供。

所有金融模型由德勤基于所提供的数据完成。

项目生产周期:
审核总拥有成本
昂贵的项目决策往往倾向于现有的做法,而不是开发新的机会来节约长期成本。

当新
的工艺,原材或效益可以在市场上找到时,投资决策过程往往是不被更新地,循旧的。

评定标准通常不会考虑能真正反映项目生命周期的时间表,这会妨碍使用替代工艺和/或原材选择,这些往往能够在一个项目生命周期中起到节省长期成本的作用。

当涉及
到选择合适的桥梁材料时,这些因素是显而易见的。

在未考虑替代原材或工艺对一座
桥总成本和生命周期所产生的影响时,钢曾经是首选。

在项目生产周期上,决策者应当考虑总拥有成本框架来比较铝和钢材料的选择。

每个
项目都会是独一无二的挑战。

对于大型的土木工程项目,方法思路和项目选择将会证
明拥有整体长期成本观念的重要性。

这种综合方案证明在项目生产周期上,相对于钢
而言,铝是一种有效的成本效益替代材料。

评估实际项目成本
The Gartner 小组协助推广总拥有成本(TCO)思路。

在遇到评估多个在效益和成本结构上有很大差异的解决方案时,TCO思路很快被计算机硬件,软件和运输行业所采用。

重要的是,TCO思路通过考虑项目生产周期总成本来提供可持续评估。

比如说,我们买辆新车,通常会倾向于购置成本低的,尽管可能会碰到稳定性差和昂贵的修理费等后续问题。

只有在考虑车辆整个生命周期成本时,才有可能评估所有备选方案。

这种思路可以应用于大型的土木工程项目。

图1 这种生锈的钢铁桥横梁比耐蚀的铝桥需要更多的维修成本。

土木工程项目经营成本
当评估一个土木工程项目时,必须考虑四个成本种类:购置费,安装费,维修费&操作费,配置费。

购置费通常是项目前期最大的成本,购置费包括材料,部件,土
地等费用。

安装一般包含购置费,代表所有的费用(包含运输)使资产实
现功能化。

安装成本差异很大,受其位置,管理,项目时
间表,气候和其它项目具体细节限制
维修和操作维修成本是每年必须的支出用来在所期望的生命周期中维
护资产安全,使其功能化。

配置往往被忽略,配置成本是关于解构去除,废弃物/回收和场
地整治的所有成本和收入
表1. 土木工程项目的成本目录
与其它行业相比,很多土木工程项目都是相对很高的购置费。

尽管如此,当投资任何一个土木工程项目时,必须考虑维修和操作费用。

总拥有成本思路提供了一种方法来评估备选方案,考虑项目生命周期中所有产生的费用。

这通常是公共设施机构用于评估备选方案的首选方法。

铝的优势
很多土木工程项目,通常选择钢和混凝土,然而在一些项目中,原材比如说铝,必须考虑其优势所带来的效益。

当替换钢时,铝能在总拥有成本比较低的情形下,提供同样的效益。

图2,铝桥在极度寒冷的气候下,仍能保持结构强度和耐腐蚀性。

铝的优势包括:
1,分量轻---铝的重量比大多数金属轻,只有钢,铁,铜,黄铜的三分之一重。

铝的重量轻减少了运输费用和操作费用,并且通过替换钢,延长了生命和最大限度地提高桥梁的承载能力。

2,强度高----铝型材的结构强度能满足大部分应用所需。

特别是在气候寒冷的情况下,铝的表现更好,因为随着气温的下降,铝的强度会变得更强。

3,无腐蚀性—铝自然产生一种保护性氧化物涂层,具有高抗腐蚀性,大大降低维护成本,无锈外观保持其美观。

4,导热和电—基于重量和整体成本,铝导热、冷性能优于其它普通金属,其导电是铜的两倍
5,弹性—铝结合了强度性和灵活性,能在负载下弯曲或受到冲击弹回。

6,可回收—铝具有较高的报废率,可以回收和重复使用,不失去任何优越特性,其配置会产生收益可能性。

铝的重熔只需要很少的能量,在回收过程中,只需要5%的能量即可生产出原生金属。

7,可抛光—铝可以通过使用各种常见的技术来抛光,包括原漆,粉末漆,阳极氧化,电镀。

8,无缝—形状复杂的型钢可以用一片挤压法生产出来,无需机械连接法。

这样做出来的部件强度高,不太可能泄露或松动,可以增加结构的生命周期并降低安装成本。

铝VS钢
基本特征和成本比较
很多土木工程项目,铝和钢是实用性的材料选择。

这份研究把铝和三种钢防护饰面做了比较。

下表提供了铝和钢种类的概述用来比较
表2. 铝和钢涂层基本特征
为了准确的比较,我们选择了一个步行桥项目。

此项目有以下特征:
表3. 行人桥描述
图3. 这个铝桥描绘了在城市里一个典型的行人桥。

此项分析在城市和海洋环境中进行。

城市环境代表了此项目最普通的环境,海洋环境则清楚地证明了铝耐腐蚀性的优势。

项目相关费用如下:
如上所说,由于地理位置,气候,供应商距离远近,设计理念的不同,此处不具体考虑安装成本。

不管怎样,安装中铝重量轻,在运输和操作中比钢节省了很多成本。

当桥的尺寸和重量增加时,铝的重量优势会越来越重要。

最近一个项目考虑了两个相同大小的桥梁则突出证明了这个动态。

案例中钢结构比铝重60%,增加的重量需要更大的吊车,增加的操作成本超过了200%。

方法思路
贴现现金流用来评估TCO,它有很多优势,包含:
--最健全的估价方法
--前瞻性,评估项目生命周期所有成本
--用金钱的时间价值来评估购置,维修,还有救助成本
--向内寻找,依靠基础业务或资产,受外部不稳定因素较少
--依靠现金流,较少受会计实务与假设的影响
--允许不同组件的业务或协同效应(成本)单独估价
某些情况下,税收,补贴和会计惯例可能会受益于购置成本,维修费用,考虑到1)很多土木工程项目有政府机构发起;2)税收和补贴在时间和地理位置上可能有很大的不同。

这就是为什么现金流或现金支付仍然是评估项目的最佳方法。

关于贴现现金流,以下假设被使用:
结论(美元)
下表表示每项成本的现值(PV)和每个选项的总拥有成本(TCO)
*由于所有的计算都是基于成本,配置值被认为是一个负值。

表6. 现值和总拥有成本在城市和海洋环境中,使用3%的贴现率
图1. 超过50年,现值和总拥有成本在城市和海洋环境中,使用3%的贴现率
图2. 使用3%的贴现率,超过50年生命周期,铝和钢维修成本对比
使用这3%的贴现率,在城市环境下,铝比其它钢选项总拥有成本超出7000美元,海洋环境下超出16000美元。

从图2我们可以清楚地看到,在城市环境下33年后,铝的总拥有成本与镀锌钢相同,在海洋环境下则是21年后。

原材钢-2层涂层钢-3层涂层钢-热镀锌钢-热镀锌铝自然层色环境城市&海洋城市&海洋城市海洋城市&海洋现值:购置26875 29690 26938 26938 30979
现值:维修25435 8894 3276 7514 0
-57 -57 -57 -57 -909
现值:配置
残余价值
总成本72681 48331 34913 43451 30070
*由于所有的计算都是基于成本,配置值被认为是一个负值。

表7. 现值和总拥有成本在城市和海洋环境中,使用6%的贴现率
图3. 超过50年,现值和总拥有成本在城市和海洋环境中,使用6%的贴现率
图4. 使用6%的贴现率,超过50年生命周期,铝和钢维修成本对比
当采用6%的贴现率时,在城市和海洋环境中,铝的总拥有成本比其它任何钢选项超出4000美元,除了热度锌在城市环境下。

这种情况下(热镀锌城市环境),铝和钢50年后在总拥有成本上接近相等。

从图4我们可以清楚的看到,在城市环境下,铝的总拥有成本50年后与镀锌钢相等,在海洋环境下则是21年。

表8包含了一份钢结构与铝结构保本时间的总结。

表8. 保本时间点,当总拥有成本等同于铝
表9. 铝总拥有成本等同于钢所需要的贴现率
任何贴现率低于6%使铝在任何环境下相对于钢而言是比较好的选择。

公共土木工程如桥梁等更有可能得到比较低的折扣。

使用6%的贴现率是保守的,这种性质的投资经常有需求,而且政府机构不会产生收入或盈利。

最近一篇论文证实了我们的结论,并且突出了一个铝结构(似乎是一座桥在魁北克阿维德)拥有的成本和技术优势。

在降低长期成本的情况下,铝结构使桥梁增加了其负载能力。

此外,这篇文章突出了加拿大标准协会对于铝合金高速桥梁结构的计算做了相应改变,这促使建筑师和工程师尊重协会的严格规范,开发设计铝合金材料。

结论
决策者应该不再认为投资土木工程建筑时,钢永远是最好最经济的选择。

本篇,用一个步行桥为例,证明了在考虑总拥有成本时,铝可以和钢一较高下。

当项目处在高腐蚀性的环境下,铝的优势更加显而易见。

因此,每个项目都是独一无二的,铝在投标过程中应该有其一席之地,而且应该被认为是土木工程项目一个比较经济的方案。

可以证明铝结构在其整个生命周期中,在安装,维修,操作和配置成本方面是最好的选择。

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