英语语言学morphology

Productive Prefix
• re-, pre-, non-, un-, de-, anti-, dis-, In/im/il/ir-, be-, mis-, auto-, self-,-post-, tele-, super-, en-…
Productive Suffix
adj.后缀：-er, -ness, -ese, ism, -ist,-ics… n.后缀：-able, -ish, -less, -ic… v.后缀：-ise/ize, -ify…
Verb Compounds
noun+verb:day-dream，sun-bathe verb+verb:sleep-walk
adjective+verb:white-wash
adv+v:overcome,outgrow,uphold(支持)
• The morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. • They are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category. • 1). Numbers: tables, apples. • 2). Tense: talk, talks, talking, talked. • 3). John’s
Some Common Rules
• • • • • • un+adj.=not+adj. re+v.=v.+again dis+adj.=not+adj. in/im/il/ir+adj.=not+adj anti+n.=being against/opposite to+n. v.+able=able to be+v.-ed
3.5 Derivational and inflectional morphemes
• Derivational morphemes(派生语素)： • The morphemes which are added to the stem to create a word. They may change the meaning or grammatical class of words. • Black-blacken computercomputerize • Affection-affectionate alcoholalcoholic
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
They are planning to computerize their entire accounting system. It is wet today. Cathy found it exciting to drive on the elevated road.
To has only a grammatical “meaning” as an infinitive(不定式标记), and, it, as a morpheme, is required by the syntactic rules of the language. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes.
Adjective Compounds
n+adj:world-famous,snow-white, lifelong v+adj:stir-crazy adj+adj：red-hot，bitter-sweet, dark-blue adv+adj:ever-green，over-sensitive adj+n:part-time, second-hand, bare-foot num+n:five-year num+n+adj:five-year-old,sic-inch-tall num+ned:four-legged, six-storied , two-faced
3.8Compounding(
复合词）
Words are formed by putting two words together. Compounds have strict patterns ： the first element in the compound receives the main stress ,but it is generally the second element that determines the compound’s new word class.
Inflectional morphemes(屈折语素)
3.6 Morphological rules of word formation(构词词素音 位规则）
• A: kroup, rearn, slarm • B: slowly, clearly, quickly • The ways words are formed are called morphological rules. • Productive morphological rules (能产 性词素规则)
能产性规则不能任意派生新词， 构词的形态规则处于变化之中， 可能变弱，消失，也可能变成能 产性规则。
Derivation（派生词）
• Derivation is an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its bases.
Noun Compounds
n+n v+n adj+n Ving+n pron+n adv+n v+adv adv+v n+prep+n bank-note，newspaper，cellphone pickpocket，break-water(防波堤) forehead，greenhouse，blackboard hiding-place，reading-room he-goat，she-wolf overcoat，inland break-in，breakdown，breakup output，overflow editor-in-chief，father-in-law，mother-in-law