英语语言学morphology

合集下载

语言学导论-第3章Morphology

语言学导论-第3章Morphology

(Note: receive, submit, permit, … one morpheme)

Free Morpheme 自由词素
Definition: can occur by itself, not attached to other morphemes
E.g.: girl, teach, book, class, the, of, etc.
feature: new examples are rarely added (but not impossible Open classto add) Closed class e.g.: Pro, (function words) 开放性词类 Prep, Conj, Art.封闭性词类
Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
Those socks are inexpensive. The strongest rower continued. The pitbull has bitten the cyclist. She quickly closed the book. The alphabetization went well. Jim needs the newer copy.
e.g. brunch breakfast+ lunch smog smoke+ fog motel motor+ hotel
newscast
news + broadcast
telex
teleprinter + exchange
bit
binary + digit
Reaganomics
Connection: Sound & Meaning

英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology

英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology

Bound Morphemes
• Derivational morphemes: to make new words in the L and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem; ness, -less, -ful, -ly, etc
morphemes • Bound stems and free stems (dress, care)
Free morphemes
• Lexical morphemes实意词素: a set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the ‘content’ of messages we convey
• Inflectional morphemes: indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form
• Allomorphs: actual forms of the morphs which result from the single morpheme
• All affixes in Eng are bound • Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic

英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology-PPT课件

英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology-PPT课件

Morphemes
• “A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.” • Reopened: re- + open + -ed • Tourists: tour + -ist + -s
Free and Bound Morphemes
• Free morphemes: can stand by themselves as single words: open, tour • Bound morphemes: cannot normally stand alone, but typically attached to another form: re-, -ist, -ed, -s. • All affixes in Eng are bound • Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem • Undress -ed • Prefix stem suffix • bound free bound
Free and Bound Morphemes
• This type of description is a partial simplification of the morphological facts of Eng. • Re- in words: receive, reduce, repeat • But –ceive, -duce- and –peat are not free morphemes • Bound stems and free stems (dress, care)

英语语言学概论Morphology形态学

英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
• Functional morphemes: prepositions, conjunct 虚词
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
• Bound morphemes(粘着词素): those that can not occur alone as separate words.-ful, -less, re- de, tele-vis-ion, un-happy
• blackboard=black+board • disagree=dis +agree • 2 meaningful: can not be further
divided without destroying its meaning • cap+tain, man+age==manage
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学, 词法学)
Internal structures of words and rules of word formation
英语语言学概论Morphology形态学
careful wonderful successful beautiful widen deepen shorten fasten sharpen Impossible, incorrect, improper, illegal, report, import export transport support porter respect inspect expect suspect prospect boys girls toys books tables bottles working, thinking speaking, cutting, hitting the, to,for,bird, leg, air, captain. suffixes,prefixes,roots,inflectional suffixes,free root

英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)

英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)

"basketball" (combination of "basket" and "ball")
"mother-in-law" (combination of "mother" and "in-law")
"blackboard" (combination of "black" and "board")
• Inflectional Variation: Morphology also deals with the inflectional variation of words, which refers to the changes in word form that indicate grammatical function or category. Understanding inflectional morphology is crucial for proper sentence structure and grammar.
Grammar
目录
• The Relationship between Morphology and Vocabulary
01
Morphological Overview
Definition and Purpose
Definition: Morphology is the study of the structure and forms of words in a language. It focuses on the internal composition of words, including the derivation of new words from existing words (derivational morphology) and the modification of words through the addition or deletion of affixes (inflectional morphology).

英语语言学概论morphology

英语语言学概论morphology
徐州工程学院教案
年至年第学期第周星期
课题名称(含教材章节):Morphology
教学目的和要求:本章介绍了形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别(包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间,前缀、后缀和中缀之间,屈折词缀和派生词缀之间,词根、词干和词基之间,语素、语子和语素变体之间,空语子和零语子之间)、直接成分分析、以及构词法。通过本章的学习,了解并掌握形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别(包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间,前缀、后缀和中缀之间,屈折词缀和派生词缀之间,词根、词干和词基之间,语素、语子和语素变体之间,空语子和零语子之间)、直接成分分析、以及构词法。
教学重点:语素的定义以及几组重要概念之间的关系或区别包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间,前缀、后缀和中缀之间,屈折词缀和派生词缀之间,词根、词干和词基之间,语素、语子和语素变体之间,空语子和零语子之间)。
教学难点:直接成分分析方法以及构词法。
教学内容(要点)
Definition of Morphology
Morpheme
Classification of Morpheme
Word formation
IC analysis
徐州工程学院教案纸
5. Orthographic change (拼写变化): Changes at the graphic level

英语语言学分支

英语语言学分支

英语语言学分支语言学是研究语言的科学,包括多个分支,每个分支关注语言的不同方面。

以下是一些主要的英语语言学分支:1. 音韵学(Phonetics and Phonology):研究语音的产生、传播和接收,以及语音单位在语言中的组合和分布。

音韵学关注语音的物理性质和声学特征。

2. 形态学(Morphology):研究语言中的词的内部结构和形态变化。

形态学关注单词如何形成,以及单词内部构建的规则。

3. 句法学(Syntax):研究句子的结构,包括词与词之间的关系,以及句子的组成方式。

句法学关注语法规则是如何用来生成合乎语法规范的句子的。

4. 语义学(Semantics):研究词和句子的意义。

语义学关注语言中词汇和句法单位的意义,以及它们如何组合形成合适的语言表达。

5. 语用学(Pragmatics):研究语言使用的上下文依赖性和语境中的语言交际。

语用学关注说话者和听话者之间的信息传递,以及言语行为在特定情境中的作用。

6. 社会语言学(Sociolinguistics):研究语言和社会之间的关系。

社会语言学关注方言、语言变异、语言政策等与社会因素相关的语言现象。

7. 心理语言学(Psycholinguistics):研究语言的心理过程,包括语言习得、语言记忆、语言理解等。

心理语言学关注语言在认知过程中的作用。

8. 历史语言学(Historical Linguistics):研究语言的历史演变和变化。

历史语言学关注语言家族、语言演化、语言接触等方面的变化。

9. 比较语言学(Comparative Linguistics):研究不同语言之间的相似性和差异。

比较语言学关注语言之间的语法结构、词汇和语音的比较。

这些分支共同构成了语言学的广阔领域,每个分支都有其独特的研究对象和方法。

morphology名词解释

morphology名词解释

morphology名词解释Morphology是语言学的一个重要分支,主要研究词形变化及其规律。

通俗地说,它关注的是词汇的构成和变化规则。

在语言学中,Morphology与其他语言层次如音韵学、句法学、语义学等密不可分。

一、Morphology的含义及分类Morphology来源于希腊文,意为“形态学”。

传统上,Morphology可以分为屈折语言和孤立语言。

屈折语言是指通过词形变化来表达语法变化的语言,例如德语、拉丁语、日语等。

而孤立语言则是指没有词形变化而通过词序和上下文来表达语法关系的语言,例如汉语、越南语、泰语等。

二、Morphology的研究方法Morphology的研究方法有两种:归纳法和演绎法。

归纳法是通过大量的数据来发现规律,从而得到结论;演绎法则是通过已知的规律推导出新的结论。

此外,Morphology的研究方法也包括对比分析、实证研究等。

三、Morphology的重要性Morphology在语言学中占有重要地位。

它不仅可以协助我们理解语言,还可以帮助我们分析语言的结构和变化规律。

在语言教学中,Morphology也具有重要的应用价值。

它可以帮助学生更好地掌握语法规则,提高语言表达能力,同时也可以帮助学者更好地创造新词汇和语法结构。

四、Morphology的研究对象Morphology研究的主要对象是单词及其构成形式。

单词是语言的基本单位,是形式与意义相结合的最小单位。

在不同的语言中,单词的构成形式可能包括前缀、后缀、词根、词缀、复合词等。

五、Morphology的研究内容Morphology研究的主要内容包括词素结构、词形变化和词汇的构成规则。

词素是单词的最小单位,它是具有一定语义的字或字组合。

词素结构指的是一个单词内部各个词素的组成方式。

词形变化是指单词在不同语法环境下形态的变化,例如英语的时态、语态、比较级等。

词汇构成规则是指单词的构成方式以及单词之间的关系,例如英语中的复合词、派生词等。

Chapter-3-Morphology--形态学(现代语言学)

Chapter-3-Morphology--形态学(现代语言学)

Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支,它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。

The aim of morphology is to find out these rules.形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则(单词构成的规则)。

Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支:屈折形态学和词汇形态学(也叫派生形态学)。

前者研究的是单词的屈折变化,后者研究的是构词法。

2.Morpheme 词素Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language词素:语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样,词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。

Monomorphemic words 单词素单词Types of morphemes 词素的类型Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes. Such as help, table, room, mate, quick, able.这些词素是独立的、可以自由使用的意义单位,所以它们就被称作自由词素。

英语语言学之Morphology

英语语言学之Morphology


Allomorph(词素变体):An allomorph is
the different variants of the same
morpheme. It can be phonologically or
morphologically conditioned.

See more on p. 82


形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语 形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.
What
is a word?
What
are the main features of a word?
What do you think of the following definitions of a word?
A word is symbolic. It stands for something else such as object, happening or ideas. “table” Words are part of the larger communication system we call language. “I teach linguistics” Words help human beings interact culturally with one another.(p.75)
How many allomorphs does the plural morpheme”-s‟ have? The plural “ s “has many morphologicallyconditioned allomorphs. For example. (1) –(e)s, as in “cats”, “matches” (2) –(r)en: as in “oxen”, “children” (3) –e-: as in “men”, “women” (4) –ee-, as in “feet”, “teeth” (5) zero, as in “sheep”, “deer”

戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第三章课件 Morphology

戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第三章课件 Morphology

Phoneme, morpheme and allomorph
Phoneme /p/ [p] Morpheme
{-s} plural marker of nouns Allomorphs:
[s] [z] [is]
3.4 Analyzing word structure
Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of
Stem
A stem is a form to which affixes can be attached.
Thus, in this usage, the English word friendships contains the stem friend, to which the derivational suffix -ship is attached to form a new stem friendship, to which the inflectional suffix -s is attached.
-ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, ion, etc.
Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
boy, girl, table, nation.
Bound morpheme: the morpheme that cannot occur alone as a word, e.g "s" in"dogs", "al" in "national" "dis" in disclosed",

27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 5 Morphology(word文档良心出品)

27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 5 Morphology(word文档良心出品)

Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学,词法学)5.1 what is morphology?什么是形态学?Morphology is one of subbranches of linguistics,and also a branch of grammar.形态学即使语言学的分支,也是语法的分支。

Morphology studies the internal structure of words,and the rules by which words are formed.形态学研究词的内部结构和构词规则。

可分为两个分支:inflectional morphology and lexical/derivational morphology屈折形态学和词汇或派生形态学5.2 morphemes (词素,语素)最简单的定义Morpheme is a minimal meaningful grammatical unit.语素是最小的有意义的语法单位。

Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.语素是在语音的语法系统中最小的意义单位。

1 minimal: smallest,it can not further be divided.2 meaningful: can not be further divided without destroying its meaning3 grammatical: not only lexical morphemes like ,but also grammatical ones,5.3 Classification of morphemes 语素的分类Semantically:morphemes :root morphemes and affixational morphemes根据语义,语素可分为词根和词缀Structurally:morphemes :free morphemes and bound morphemes根据结构,语素可分为自由语素和粘着语素5.3.1 interrelations between free morphemes,bound morphemes,roots and affixes自由语素、粘着语素、词根和词缀的相互关系1)Free morphemes are those which can exist as individual words.eg.book,store.自由语素是那些独立存在的单词。

英语语言学专业术语

英语语言学专业术语

英语语言学专业术语英语语言学是研究英语语言的起源、发展、结构和使用的学科。

以下是常见的英语语言学专业术语及其解释。

1. Phonetics(音系学):研究语音的学科。

主要研究语音发音过程,包括语音的组成、发音方式和特点等。

2. Phonology(音韵学):研究语音在语言中的功能和规律的学科。

主要研究语音在不同语境下的变化规律和相互关系,包括音素、音位和音系等。

3. Morphology(形态学):研究语言中单词的形态和构成的学科。

主要研究单词的基本单位和构成规律,包括词根、词缀和词类等。

4. Syntax(句法学):研究句子结构和句子组成的学科。

主要研究句子的构成和排列方式,包括短语、从句和主谓结构等。

5. Semantics(语义学):研究语言意义的学科。

主要研究语言符号和意义之间的关系,包括单词、短语和句子的意义等。

6. Pragmatics(语用学):研究语言使用的学科。

主要研究语言与社会文化环境的关系,包括语境、语用规则和交际意图等。

7. Discourse analysis(话语分析):研究语篇结构和语篇功能的学科。

主要研究语言在话语交际中的组织和作用,包括话语行为、话语结构和话语分析方法等。

8. Sociolinguistics(社会语言学):研究语言和社会文化因素之间的关系和影响的学科。

主要研究不同社会群体、文化背景和地理区域中语言使用的差异和变化,包括方言、语言变体和语言政策等。

9. Psycholinguistics(心理语言学):研究语言和心理过程之间的关系的学科。

主要研究语言理解、语言产生和语言习得等心理过程,包括语音知觉、语法处理和语言记忆等。

以上是英语语言学常见的专业术语及其解释,希望能够帮助你更好地了解英语语言学。

chapter 3 Morphology 英语专业语言学PPT

chapter 3  Morphology 英语专业语言学PPT

Derivational and inflectional morphemes (p.55)
Some derivational morphemes change the grammatical category of words (or grammatical class of words) and others
➢ the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content,
➢ a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
When the root of the word is a free morpheme, we say the word has a free root, such as e.g. hopeful, interpersonal
When it is a bound morpheme, we say the word has a bound root, such as e.g. precede, receive, submit, retain, recur
The identification of words
(2) Relative uninterruptibility(相对的不可 隔 断 性 ): new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in the word. (i.e. outlaws, touch-me-not)

英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)

英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)

{z}: /s/: after voiceless consonants except /s/, / /, and / /, books, maps streets; /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z/, / /, / /.bags, cars keys /iz/ after /s/, /z/, / /, / /, / /, / /. sizes, bridges bosses, matches
Semantically:root(词根 and affix 词根) 词根 affix( 词缀): prefix(前缀 suffix(后缀 ; 前缀), 后缀) 词缀 前缀 后缀 derivational affixes(派生词缀 and 派生词缀) 派生词缀 inflectional affixes(屈折词缀 屈折词缀) 屈折词缀 Structurally: free morphemes(自由词素 自由词素, 自由词素 即自由词根) and bound morphemes(粘 即自由词根 粘 着词素) 着词素
Affixes(词缀 those that lexically 词缀): 词缀 depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words. Interralation: all free morphemes(like bird) are roots but not all roots are free morphemes. (like spect). All affixes are bound morphemes but not all bound morphemes are affixes (like ceive)

英语语言学morphology

英语语言学morphology

3.8Compounding(
复合词)
Words are formed by putting two words together. Compounds have strict patterns : the first element in the compound receives the main stress ,but it is generally the second element that determines the compound’s new word class.
Adjective Compounds
n+adj:world-famous,snow-white, lifelong v+adj:stir-crazy adj+adj:red-hot,bitter-sweet, dark-blue adv+adj:ever-green,over-sensitive adj+n:part-time, second-hand, bare-foot num+n:five-year num+n+adj:five-year-old,sic-inch-tall num+ned:four-legged, six-storied , two-faced
能产性规则不能任意派生新词, 构词的形态规则处于变化之中, 可能变弱,消失,也可能变成能 产性规则。
Derivation(派生词)
• Derivation is an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its bases.

morphology语言学定义

morphology语言学定义

morphology语言学定义【形态学morphology】是语法学的一个分支,研究单词的内部结构和构词规则。

形态学有两个分支:曲折形态学和词汇或派生形态学。

曲折形态学研究语法曲折和语法意义的形态学;派生形态学研究单词的构成和词义的表达。

morphology什么意思?1、词法:词法研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法. 英语词类的形式变化有:名词和代词的数,格和性的形式变化;动词的人称、时态、语态、语气等形式变化;以及形容词和副词比较等级的形式变化。

2、句法(syntax)句法研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其安排的规律,。

3、构词学:构词学(morphology)是语言学中的一门比较简单的学问,主要研究的是词的构成. 最近几年,电脑领域的某些词汇有了一些改变,某些词汇渐渐不被人们使用,新的词汇取而代之. 例如说,以前我们说「执行」一个程式,现在则说「跑」一个程式。

资料拓展:morphology.n.形态学,形态论;词法,词态学。

短语:soil morphology土壤形态学;土壤形态。

urban morphology城市形态;城市形态学。

例句:And morphology and performance of the coating has been examined. 并对镀层的表面形貌和性能进行了测定。

We also analyzed the effect of morphology on field emission properties.我们还分析了形貌对场发射性能的影响。

He also gave a very accurate description of the morphology of his cells.他给他所发现的.细胞的形态学特征进行了非常精细的描述。

They attain complex morphology, appearing as branched, tubular processes.它们达到复杂的形态,出现分枝,管状突起。

语言学介绍morphology

语言学介绍morphology
General Linguistics
Morphology
目录 CONTENTS
1. Defining several terms 2. Classification of Morphemes 3. Word-formation processes 4. Discussing questions
1
viv-: to live; vit: life: revive, survive, vivid, vivacious, vital, vitamin.
–duce: to lead/take: produce, induce, deduce, abduct, viaduct.
–scrib (-script): to write: describe (description), prescribe, inscribe, scribble, manuscript, postscript.
dis-, non-, a-; another example: would
2
Classification of
Morphemes
2. Classification of Morphemes
free morphemes and bound morphemes free morpheme: It may constitute a word by itself. E.g. care, man bound morpheme: It must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free, in a word. Affixes are bound morphemes. e.g. careful, manly, credible

自考英语语言学Chapter 3 Morphology

自考英语语言学Chapter 3 Morphology

Chapter 3 Morphology形态学一、本章纲要二、本章重点1.DefinitionsIt is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Two sub-branches: inflectional morphology / lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies inflection and the latter word-formation. 形态学研究单词的内部结构和构词规则,有屈折形态学和词汇形态学两大分支,前者研究语法屈折和语法意义的表达,后者研究单词的构成和同义的表达。

2.Morpheme语素2.1 Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language语素:语言最小的意义单位。

(2004填空)The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. 单词不是语义的最小单位,因为单词可以解析为在意义上更小的意义成分。

语义的最小单位是语素。

语素表达的意义有两种:语法意义和词汇意义。

2.2 Types of morphemes语素的类型2.2.1 Free morphemes自由语素(2005,选择;2006,填空;2007选择)Morphemes, which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. 自由语素有着完整的语义,它们被称为自由语素是因为它们可以作为单词独立使用,如helpful中的help就是自由词素,因为help可以作为独立的单词来使用。

基面名词解释

基面名词解释

基面名词解释被认为是语言概念分析的理论基石,基面词汇解析(Morphology)是英语语言学研究中一个重要的主题。

基面指的是词的构成和结构,也就是说,它表示一个单词是如何建立的。

由于语言中的每个单词都是由更小的字符或语音单元组成的,因此基面词汇解析的研究成为一个令人关注的话题。

本文旨在探讨基面词汇解析中的主要概念,以及它为语言学研究带来的深刻影响。

在基面词汇解析中,最重要的概念是词性(Parts of Speech)。

词性是单词在句子中的角色,它指定了单词可以在句子中扮演的角色。

比如,名词(Nouns)是代表人,事物,地点等的单词,动词(Verbs)描述动作,形容词(Adjectives)描述属性,副词(Adverbs)描述额外信息等。

词性对于理解一个句子的意思是至关重要的,因为它决定了单词可以去做什么和可以做到什么程度,以及单词可以和其他单词结合在一起,以提供句子的更多信息。

基面词汇解析还涉及到词根(Word Root)。

词根是一个单词的基本组成成分,它可以被用来组成新的单词。

比如,“困-”是一个常见的词根,“困难”,“困惑”,“困境”等单词都是由这个词根组成的。

词根的理解有助于我们理解与学习更多的单词,同时也有助于我们理解一个单词的意义,因为单词的意义取决于它的词根。

另外,还有基面形式(Morphological Forms)。

基面形式指的是构成一个单词的词素的变体。

比如,动词“run”的过去式是“ran”,过去分词是“run”,而副词“slowly”的比较级是“slower”。

这些形式的理解有助于理解单词的发展以及语言的变化,也有助于我们用正确的词形来表达想法。

最后,基面词汇解析还包括关于单词释义(Word Meaning)的内容。

单词释义是指一个单词在语言中有何含义,它是可以被多个人理解的。

单词释义的研究有助于我们更好地理解和使用某一单词,因为它能够帮助我们更好地记住和理解一个单词。

基面词汇解析对于语言学研究绝对是一个重要的主题,因为它有助于我们更好地理解一个单词,以及它在句子中的语义和语法的影响,以及它和其他形式的单词的关系。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

Verb Compounds
noun+verb:day-dream,sun-bathe verb+verb:sleep-walk
adjective+verb:white-wash
adv+v:overcome,outgrow,uphold(支持)
能产性规则不能任意派生新词, 构词的形态规则处于变化之中, 可能变弱,消失,也可能变成能 产性规则。
Derivation(派生词)
• Derivation is an affixational process that rms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its bases.
Productive Prefix
• re-, pre-, non-, un-, de-, anti-, dis-, In/im/il/ir-, be-, mis-, auto-, self-,-post-, tele-, super-, en-…
Productive Suffix
adj.后缀:-er, -ness, -ese, ism, -ist,-ics… n.后缀:-able, -ish, -less, -ic… v.后缀:-ise/ize, -ify…
• The morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. • They are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category. • 1). Numbers: tables, apples. • 2). Tense: talk, talks, talking, talked. • 3). John’s
3.5 Derivational and inflectional morphemes
• Derivational morphemes(派生语素): • The morphemes which are added to the stem to create a word. They may change the meaning or grammatical class of words. • Black-blacken computercomputerize • Affection-affectionate alcoholalcoholic
3.8Compounding(
复合词)
Words are formed by putting two words together. Compounds have strict patterns : the first element in the compound receives the main stress ,but it is generally the second element that determines the compound’s new word class.
Noun Compounds
n+n v+n adj+n Ving+n pron+n adv+n v+adv adv+v n+prep+n bank-note,newspaper,cellphone pickpocket,break-water(防波堤) forehead,greenhouse,blackboard hiding-place,reading-room he-goat,she-wolf overcoat,inland break-in,breakdown,breakup output,overflow editor-in-chief,father-in-law,mother-in-law
Inflectional morphemes(屈折语素)
3.6 Morphological rules of word formation(构词词素音 位规则)
• A: kroup, rearn, slarm • B: slowly, clearly, quickly • The ways words are formed are called morphological rules. • Productive morphological rules (能产 性词素规则)
Some Common Rules
• • • • • • un+adj.=not+adj. re+v.=v.+again dis+adj.=not+adj. in/im/il/ir+adj.=not+adj anti+n.=being against/opposite to+n. v.+able=able to be+v.-ed
They are planning to computerize their entire accounting system. It is wet today. Cathy found it exciting to drive on the elevated road.
To has only a grammatical “meaning” as an infinitive(不定式标记), and, it, as a morpheme, is required by the syntactic rules of the language. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes.
Adjective Compounds
n+adj:world-famous,snow-white, lifelong v+adj:stir-crazy adj+adj:red-hot,bitter-sweet, dark-blue adv+adj:ever-green,over-sensitive adj+n:part-time, second-hand, bare-foot num+n:five-year num+n+adj:five-year-old,sic-inch-tall num+ned:four-legged, six-storied , two-faced
相关文档
最新文档