常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(纽约派诗人 沉思型诗歌 黑山派诗人)【圣才出品】

第22章纽约派诗人•沉思型诗歌•黑山派诗人
22.1 复习笔记
I. The New York School（纽约派诗人）
1. Features of the New York School（纽约派诗歌的特点）
The so-called New York School became well known with the publication of Donald Allen’s 1960 anthology. The poets of the New York School were different in their separate pursuits, but their poetry reveals something they shared in common.
(1) For one thing, they were all vehemently up against the dominant New Critical values such as the impersonal presentation of images, and tried to assert their individual poetic voice.
(2) They also introduced the popular and the low features of life into their writings like popular songs, comic strip figures, and Hollywood movies.
(3) Thirdly, they exhibited a huge sense of humor, offering room as their poems did for elements like the vulgar and the sentimental.
(4) Finally, they experimented with Surrealism, for a while.
所谓的纽约派是随着唐纳德·艾伦1960年发表的文集而出名的。

纽约派诗人的追求各异，但他们的诗歌都有相同的特点。

(1) 首先，他们都强烈反对占主导的新批评价值观如客观意象的展现，都力图表达个人的诗歌特点。

(2) 他们也把大众化的，比较低俗的生活特色，如通俗歌曲，卡通连环画和好莱坞电影等引入诗歌中。

(3) 第三，他们都展现了浓郁的幽默感，他们的作品中也不乏粗俗和伤感成分。

(4) 最后，他们都在一段时期内尝试过超现实主义。

2. Representatives of the New York School（纽约派代表诗人）
Frank O’Hara弗兰克·奥哈拉
Kenneth Koch 肯尼斯·科克
John Ashbery 约翰·阿什贝里
James Schuyler 詹姆斯·舒伊勒
II. Frank O’Hara (1926-1966)（弗兰克·奥哈拉）
1. Features of O’Hara’s poetry（奥哈拉诗作的特点）
(1) O’Hara’s works were a lot of them “occasional” poems written for a birthday, a thank-you etc. His poems are full of names of people, place, and literary works without proper introduction.
(2) O’Hara’s early poems were mostly surreali stic, and as such were often painfully obscure though there is a good deal of wit there.
(3) In his poems, O’Hara expresses a tragic vision.
(4) His poems is also noted for his language. His language is colloquial,
anecdotal, bare of ornaments, so he was very definitely well in step with the contemporary anti-literary, anti-artistic tradition.
(1) 奥哈拉的很大一部分作品都是“即景生情”类，例如致生日、致谢等。

他的诗满是人名、地名、作品名，没有特别的注释。

(2) 奥哈拉早期的诗歌大部分都是超现实主义的。

因此虽颇有禅机，却通常晦涩难懂。

(3) 在其诗歌中，奥哈拉有种悲剧思想。

(4) 他的诗歌因其语言而著名。

他的语言通俗、闲适、随意、不经雕琢，因此他与反文学反艺术的传统绝对搭调。

2. Major works（主要作品）
The Lunch Poems《午餐诗》
“Second Avenue”《第二大街》
“Why I Am Not a Painter”《我为何不是一个画家》
“The Day Lady Died”《黛女士死的那天》
“Joe’s Jacket”《乔的夹克》
III. John Ashbery (1927-)（约翰·阿什贝里）
John Ashbery was for quite some time regarded as one member of the New York School. But as he moved into the more mature phase of his career, his poetry reveals, more and more, the salient features of a meditative mind. Now Ashbery has become one of the most meditative poets in contemporary America.
很长一段时间以来，约翰·阿什贝里被看作是纽约派的成员。

但当他在事业上走向成熟
阶段，他的诗歌越来越显示了沉思型思想的突出特征。

如今阿什贝里已成为当代美国最有沉思型特色的诗人。

1. Features of his poems（诗歌特点）
(1) Ashbery is probably the most obscure of contemporary American poets. Reading his poetry, the readers frequently toil not so much to discover its surface meaning—his language very often offers little difficulty, it is the undercurrent of meaning that his verbal structure embodies.
(2) Ashbery’s poetry, meditative to a fault, serves as a record of these extravagant “mental acts”. His mind operates in its own way and on its own terms, often defying obvious canons of well-received logic.
(3) His poetry, long or short, is normally a record of a consciousness flowing, observing whatever attracts its momentary notice, and commenting profusely along the way, using its own images and language so that it appears discursive, disjunctive, indeterminate, mysterious, an amalgam of the rational with the irrational.
(1) 阿什贝里可能是当代最隐晦不明的诗人。

读他的诗歌，读者并不需费大力去理解它的字面意思，困难的是文字结构所代表的潜在意义。

(2) 阿什贝里的诗歌对错误进行反思，做这些放纵的“精神行为”记录。

他的思想运作方式独特，别具一格，通常会打破广为接受的逻辑原则。

(3) 他的诗歌，无论长短，一般都是意识流式的记录，观察任何暂时吸引人的东西，同时进行大量的评论，运用自身意象和语言，因此显得东拉西扯，毫不相干，寓意不明，神秘
莫测，是理性和谬误的结合。

2. Major works（主要作品）
Some Trees《一些树》
The Tennis Court Oath《网球场誓言》
Rivers and Mountains《河与山》
The Double Dream of Spring《双重春梦》
Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror《凸镜中的自画像》
The Vermont Notebook《佛蒙特笔记本》
Houseboat Days《船家日子》
As You Know《如你所知》
Shadow Train《影子列车》
A Wave《波浪》
Selected Poems《诗选》
April Galleons《四月的古帆船》
Flow Chart《流程图》
Hotel L’Autreamont《洛特雷阿蒙酒店》
Can You Hear, Bird《鸟儿，你能否听见》
IV. A. R. Ammons (1926-)（A. R.阿蒙斯）
Ammons is another major contemporary meditative poet. He writes often in the Romantic tradition.
阿蒙斯是当代另一位主要的沉思型诗人。

他常以浪漫主义的传统方式写作。

◆Major works（主要作品）
“Corson Inlet”《科尔森水湾》
“Mountain T alk”《山地语言》
“So I Said I am Ezra”《我说我是艾兹拉》
V. The Black Mountain Poets（黑山派诗人）
It refers to a group of poets active on the contemporary scene included, among others, Charles Olson, Denise Levertov, Robert Duncan, and Robert Creeley. As these people were either associated with Black Mountain College, or with Black Mountain Review, they have become known as the “Black Mountain Poets.” The Black Mountain poets made their significant addition to contemporary American literature.
黑山派指的是活跃在当代的一群诗人，包括查尔斯·奥尔森、丹尼斯·莱弗托夫、罗伯特·邓肯和罗伯特·克瑞里。

他们这些人要么与黑山学院有关，要么与《黑山评论》杂志有关，因此被称为“黑山派诗人”。

黑山派诗人在当代美国文坛留下了辉煌的一页。

VI. Charles Olson (1910-1970)（查尔斯·奥尔森）
1. Brief Introduction about Olson（奥尔森简介）
Charles Olson was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, grew up there and did the course work for the Ph. D. at Harvard. He did excellent work as a scholar in such。