在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料
乡村旅游外文翻译文献
乡村旅游外文翻译文献乡村旅游外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:Factors for success in rural tourism tourism developmentSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because oftourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities’economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural developmentstrategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion:the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components.While the above components and a community’s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks)directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).乡村旅游发展成功因素作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社中文译文：20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。
旅游的英语论文带翻译
- "What are the operating hours for [attraction]?"
- "Is there a guided tour available?"
- "Are there any discounts for students or seniors?"
Traveling is a popular activity that many people partake in, whether it is for leisure, education, or business purposes. It allows individuals to explore new places, learn about different cultures, and create memories that last a lifetime. In this paper, we will delve into the topic of travel in English, discussing its importance, the benefits it provides, and providing useful templates and sample phrases for different travel-related situations.
旅游是许多人参与的一项流行活动，无论是为了休闲、教育还是商务目的。它使个人能够探索新的地方，了解不同的文化，并创造一生难忘的回忆。在本论文中，我们将深入探讨英语中的旅游主题，讨论其重要性，提供的好处，并为不同的旅行相关情景提供有用的模板和例句。
沙漠旅行英文作文带翻译
沙漠旅行英文作文带翻译Title: A Journey Through the Desert。
The desert, a vast expanse of sand and sky, holds a mystical allure for adventurers seeking the thrill of the unknown. My recent expedition into the heart of the desert was both exhilarating and enlightening, as I ventured into the sandy abyss with a spirit of curiosity and determination.Our journey began at the crack of dawn, as the first rays of sunlight painted the dunes with hues of gold and amber. With our supplies carefully packed and our camels laden with water and provisions, we set off into the endless sea of sand. The heat was intense, shimmering waves rising from the ground like a mirage, but we pressed on, guided by the promise of discovery.As we traversed the rugged terrain, the desert revealed its secrets to us gradually. We encountered oases nestledamidst the dunes, their lush greenery a stark contrast to the arid landscape that surrounded them. These oasis offered us a respite from the relentless sun, a chance to replenish our water supplies and rest our weary limbs before pressing onward.But it was not just the natural beauty of the desert that captivated us—it was also the sense of solitude and serenity that enveloped us like a cloak. In the vast emptiness of the desert, there were no distractions, no noise pollution to drown out the whispers of our own thoughts. It was a place of introspection, where the mind could wander freely amidst the silence and solitude.Yet, for all its beauty and tranquility, the desert could also be a harsh and unforgiving mistress. We faced countless challenges along the way, from sandstorms that whipped through the dunes with ferocious intensity to scorching temperatures that tested our endurance to the limit. But with each obstacle we overcame, our bond grew stronger, our resolve more resolute.As the days turned into weeks, our journey through the desert became a test of both our physical and mental fortitude. But despite the hardships we faced, we emerged from the desert not as conquerors, but as humble seekers of wisdom and truth. For in the heart of the desert, amidst the shifting sands and endless skies, we found not only adventure, but also a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us.And so, as we emerged from the desert, weary but triumphant, we carried with us the memories of our journey—a journey that had tested us in ways we could never have imagined, but had ultimately enriched our lives in ways we could never have foreseen.在沙漠中旅行的经历。
研学旅行的英语作文加翻译
English Composition on Study ToursTitle:The Enrichment of Study ToursStudy tours have become an integral part of modern education,offering students a unique opportunity to learn beyond the confines of the classroom.These educational journeys are designed to provide a holistic learning experience,combining academic study with cultural immersion and practical application.Introduction:The concept of a study tour is not new however,its significance in the educational sphere has grown exponentially in recent years.Schools and educational institutions are increasingly recognizing the value of experiential learning,which is at the heart of study tours.These trips allow students to step out of their comfort zones,engage with new environments,and apply the knowledge they have acquired in a classroom setting to realworld situations.Body:1.Cultural Exchange:One of the most significant benefits of study tours is the opportunity for cultural exchange.Students are exposed to different customs,languages,and traditions,which broadens their perspectives and fosters a greater understanding of global issues.This exposure can also inspire a lifelong interest in foreign cultures and languages.2.Practical Learning:Study tours often involve field trips to places relevant to the subjects being studied.For instance,a history class might visit historical sites,while a biology class could explore natural habitats.This practical application of theoretical knowledge helps to solidify learning and makes it more tangible for students.3.Teamwork and Social Skills:Traveling in a group requires cooperation and collaboration.Students learn to work together,solve problems,and communicate effectively,which are essential skills for both academic and professional success.The camaraderie developed during study tours can also lead to lasting friendships.4.Independence and Responsibility:Being away from home,even for a short period,can be a transformative experience for young people.It encourages them to take responsibility for their actions and becomemore independent.This is a crucial step in their personal growth and development.5.Career Exploration:Study tours can also provide insights into potential career paths.Visiting universities, companies,or research institutions can help students make informed decisions about their future education and career goals.Conclusion:In conclusion,study tours are a valuable addition to the educational curriculum.They offer a wealth of opportunities for personal and academic growth.As students navigate new environments and experiences,they gain a deeper understanding of the world around them and develop the skills necessary to succeed in an increasingly globalized society.Translation:标题：研学旅行的丰富性研学旅行已经成为现代教育不可或缺的一部分，为学生提供了一个在教室之外学习的独特机会。
大学生论文旅游发展外文文献
Measuring the Impact of Tourism upon Urban Economies:A Review of LiteratureKTHC – Knowledge, Technology, Human CapitalUgo Gasparino, Elena Bellini, Barbara Del Corpo and William MaliziaAbstractTourism is increasingly seen as a potential lever towards high economic growth, measured both in terms of income and employment. In recent years, interest in tourism has spread rapidly throughout many small and medium European cities, which previously have not considered themselves as tourist destinations. This paper reviews and summarizes the existing literature on the economic assessment of tourism with the objectives of, firstly, identifying the main categories of impacts and, secondly, constructing an inventory of methodologies available to assess them. We will progress step by step, starting from the most simplistic approaches and relaxing assumptions as we proceed. Firstly, we assume a static setting, with spare capacity. In such a setting (partial equilibrium), prices do not respond to demand shocks: only quantities (production, income and jobs) adjust. Secondly, we relax this assumption and assume that there is no spare capacity: prices respond to increasing demand (general equilibrium), leading to reallocation of resources across sectors. We then move from a static to a dynamic setting and survey those contributions that look at the relationship between tourism specialisation and long-run growth.Keywords: Tourism, Economic Impacts, Input-Output Analysis, General and PartialEquilibrium Analysis1 The partial equilibrium analysisPartial equilibrium analysis assumes that there is spare capacity unemployed resources and that, as a consequence, prices do not respond to increasing demand (perfect elastic supply). Adjustment takes place only through quantities (production, jobs, and therefore income).The basic concept of partial equilibrium analysis is that of ‘multiplier’ although, as noticed by Archer, «there is perhaps more misunderstanding about multiplier analysis than almost any other aspect of tourism research» (Archer, 1982). Multipliers measure the present economic performance of the tourism industry and the effects of short-run economic adjustments to a change in the level of tourist expenditure.The definition of multiplier, in terms of Keynes, is unequivocal: the multiplier measures the increase in economic activity generated in an economy by a unit increase in tourismgenerated in an area by an additional unit of tourist spending: for instance, if tourists spend an extra EUR 1 million in the area and this generates EUR 800,000 of income, the Keynesian multiplier is 0.81. However, alternative definitions of multipliers can be found in tourism literature. The mo st popular of these is the use of ‘ratio’ multiplier, where for example the income multiplier tends to be expressed as the ratio of a ‘total’ income generated by tourism expenditure (see Section 1.1) to the ‘direct’ income. Depending on what is meant by ‘total’ income, three types of ‘ratio’ multipliers can be generated.Despite the strong assumptions implicit in their calculation, multipliers are widely used in policy-making. They are used to study the impact of tourism on business turnover, income and employment and can be used to compare the impact of increased demand on other sectors of the economy or different policy options.In what follows, we firstly introduce the economic meaning of multipliers, analysing how the tourist expenditure ripples through the economy. Secondly, we present two widely used methodologies to calculate multipliers. Finally, we briefly discuss and compare some of the empirical results.2 The economic meaning of multipliersIn the destination tourists spend their money to buy certain goods and services. This initial tourist expenditure is generally directed to very specific sectors of the economy (lodging, restaurant, amusement, retail trade, transportation – which we will refer to asAlthough the correct methodology would require the calculation of the multiplier at the margin, it is common practice (mainly because of data limitation) to calculate income effects in terms of average, rather than marginal, tourism expenditure and to assume that there is no significant difference between them. This implies that the economy has available capacity to meet future demandTourism industries and represents additional revenues for these activities. These are the so-called direct effects.Part of those revenues is used to buy intermediate goods and services that will be used in ‘future production cycles’ (intermediate demand). A remaining part will be used to buy the services of production factors: labour, capital and land (wages, interests and profits, and rents –gross value added), to pay taxes to central and local governments, or saved. In all cases, some money could go outside the area, to intermediate producers and production factors located outside the area (i.e., it ‘leaks’ out of the local economy).However, some will remain within the area: local tourism industries will hire new localworkers (paying a bigger number of wages) and demand additional goods from local producers. As a result, local output increases, employment opportunities increase and local income rises (due to the increase in the number of wages). These are the so-called indirect effects.The increase in employment brings to an increase in the total income of local residents.Part of this income is saved and part is spent in consumption goods. This in turn generates additional demand which, as before, translates into additional production and employment (and so on). These are the so-called induced effects. Indirect and induced effects are often called secondary effects. The effect of tourism on the local economy is influenced by a few key factors: The characteristics and the spending patterns of the local tourists, affecting the direct impact on the economy. Essential features here include: The reason for travel (tourists travelling for cultural reasons spend more/less and put more/less pressure on natural and cultural resources than sun&beach tourists);The length of stay (tourists staying for the day are likely to spend a smaller share of total expenditure in locally produced goods); The accommodation chosen (hotels are more expensive than campsites).The characteristics of the tourism industries and of the local economy. Key features here include the ability of local economy to satisfy the demand of tourism industries, as well as the size and the shares of tourism industries that are locally owned. The extent of the indirect effects depends on the size of the area under study (e.g., municipal, regional, national) and on the extent to which business firms in the area supply each other with goods and services (the more likely the more diversified and interlinked is the local economy). In general, the smaller the scale of the economy and the higher the share of initial expenditure that leaks out of the local area, the fewer are these linkages and the smaller are the indirect effects. Moreover, the magnitude of indirect and induced effects depends on the share of capital, land and labour that is locally owned. For instance, small family-owned hotels and restaurants are more likely to buy local intermediate inputs than chain hotels and tourist villages. If factors are locally owned, their remunerations – profits, rent and wages – will stay locally and local community will strongly benefit from them.3. Direct, indirect and induced benefits and effects on the economy triggered by touristSpending Several types of multiplier are commonly used:Sales (or transactions) multiplier refers to the effect on business turnover (value of business turnover created by a unitary increase in tourism expenditure); Output multiplier refers to the effect on the level of output of the economy. With respect to the sales multiplier it does not only take into account the impact on turnover of local businesses, but also any changes in the level of stocks they hold. This can be useful in identifying potential supply shortfalls, or bottlenecks; Government revenue multiplier refers to the effects on governmental revenues from all sources (e.g., direct and indirect taxation, duties, licenses and fees); Income multiplier refers to the effect on incomes (sales net of intermediate consumption, including wages, salaries and profit). This is commonly regarded as the most important indicator of the economic performance of tourism industry. Income multipliers vary depending on whether they include or not incomes accruing to nonnationals residing in the region under investigation, and whether they include or not income accruing to governments. The multiplier can be measured as disposable income –the income available to individuals to spend or save, which is net of tax – or value added income – the income which includes tax and other expenditures which are defined according to national income accounting rules; Employment multiplier refers to the effect on employment. It is usually derived from the output or income multipliers. It can be expressed as the ratio of the number of ‘total’ additional jobs (e.g., direct and indirect or direct and secondary) to either the number of direct jobs (‘ratio’ multiplier) or to the initial tourist expenditure(Keynesian multiplier). Employment can be measured in terms of full time equivalent jobs, or the actual number of jobs including part-time jobs.Suppose additional tourist expenditure of EUR 1 million generating EUR 2.5 million of extra output and EUR 500 000 of direct and secondary income. It also creates 200 jobs directly and 180 secondarily. In Keynesian terms the multipliers are, respectively: 2.5 (output), 0.5 (income) and 3.8 jobs for 10 000 EUR of tourist expenditure (employment).On the other side employment, in terms of ‘ratio’ multipliers (i.e., total employment generated to direct employment) can alternatively be expressed as 1.9 (i.e., 380/200).The various multipliers are inextricably linked to each other. Sales and Output multipliers have limited use from the policy point of view, except as an indicator of the degree of economic internal linkages. On the other side, it is important for policymakers to be aware of the income and employment effects of any anticipated changes in final demand, making income and employment multipliers the most often quoted types of multipliers.Multipliers are not only influenced by the economy and tourism characteristics of the area ofconcern, but they also reflect its size (and population). Studying the impact of local tourism one of the most common errors, when the available resources do not allow independent and consistent estimations, is to ‘borrow’ multipliers evaluated at national scale (or in areas erroneously considered to be ‘equivalent’ to the area of concern) and to apply them uncritically to sub-national areas (e.g., municipalities, regions). The use of national multipliers tends usually to yield inflated estimates of impacts.The model is static and assumes that there are (unlimited) idle resources (including labour, natural resources and capital goods), which means that any increase in final demand can simply be met by proportionally increase in sectoral outputs. As a consequence, prices do not respond to increasing demand (perfect elastic supply) and the growth of tourism do not lead to a reallocation of resources across sectors. Even granted that in most economies there is some unemployment of labour, this assumption seems rather unlikely. The ability of the economy of a study area to respond immediately to changes in final demand (i.e., the absence of capacity and supply constraints) has seriously been questioned by many researchers (Briassoulis, 1991);Technologies are fixed. All firms in each sector employ the same technology, and there are neither economies nor diseconomies of scale and no substitution among inputs;The outputs of each sector are homogeneous. An industrial sector cannot increase the output of one specific product unless it proportionally increases the output of all its other products;In calculating the employment effect, the model assumes a fixed employment/output ratio. Productivity increases are not taken into consideration (any additional demand for labour translates into a proportional increase in the number of employees);It is a ‘data hungry’ methodology, as it relies on the existence and availability of a reliable case study-specific I-O matrix;The I-O matrix approximates the actual economy with respect to the year it is estimated. The farther away we are from the I-O table year, the less the evaluation corresponds to actual economy. Tourism, as any economic activity, passes through several stages during its development. The early stages of tourist development of an area are characterized by dynamic, short-term changes implying that technical coefficients do not remain stable at least for some period. Furthermore, tourism can induce developments and infrastructures in the host region that otherwise would not probably occur. As a tourist region matures, the assumption of constant coefficients may be more acceptable (but the coefficients cannot be assumed to remain constant for time periods longer than, typically, five years). At the level of multipliers,it has to be noticed that the income multiplier, expressed as ratios of money to money may not significantly change over time; Keynesian employment multiplier, however, being expressed as a ratio of number of employees to tourism expenditures, will be affected by inflation. These limitations become increasingly binding the greater the simulated change in demand. Although real world production relationships are most probably non-linear, it is not unreasonable to approximate these with linear specifications as long as the changes from the starting point remain relatively small. On the other hand, simulations that involve drastic changes from the means are likely to have poor predictive abilities.Despite of these limitations, an understanding of the caveats can help the analyst to overcome the weaknesses.Depending on the characteristics of the area of concern and on the tourist spending patterns, the assumptions at the base of I-O analysis could bias the values of the derived tourism multipliers (Fletcher, 1989; Briassoulis, 1991). As already noticed, for the employment multiplier values to hold true, it must be assumed that an increase in final demand will result in each sector increasing their demand for labour in a linear way. This will only be reasonable if every sector is operating at full utilization. Any underutilization will mean that sectors can expand output without resorting to employing additional staff. In the short run it is likely that most sectors will meet additional demand by either better utilization of existing personnel or by increasing over-time. In such cases, the employment multiplier will over-estimate the effects on employment. This can be particularly critical in the case of tourism, where the restaurant & hotel industry is typically characterized by capacity under-utilization (reflected in hotel occupancy rates lower than 100%). This means that additional tourists can be accommodated by existing hotels and restaurants with only a marginal increase in employment and in the inputs required from the other sectors of local economy. Further difficulties inherent to the assessment of employment impacts are related to seasonality problems (particularly important for sun&beach tourism) and to the fact that it is very common in tourismrelated establishments that many people employed in tourism also hold another job and part-time employment.Furthermore, it is also quite conceivable that some industries will not be able to respond to an increase in demand (particularly in the short-term run) and any increase in demand will need to be met by an increase in imports rather than an increase in the level of output of the domestic industries.There is a wide range of literature on (tourism) multipliers. We do not aim at discussing allfindings, but rather at identifying those factors that influence the values of multipliers and that might be relevant to our discussion. We will firstly discuss issues relative to the calculation of multipliers. This part will help to clarify some of the definitions presented in previous sections and to assess the range of changes involved with the different definitions. Secondly, we will discuss issues relative to the destination regions (and how they influence the value of multipliers). This will help to clarify the regional factors that we need to take into consideration in the empirical studies. Thirdly, we will discuss the relevant features of tourism and tourists’ patterns. This is very relevant for policy-making in the field of tourism; different strategic choices must be compared. Finally, we willdiscuss the issues concerning the impact on employment.Caution must however be exercised when comparing quantitatively multipliers from different studies, since multipliers might have been generated by different methodologies, include different assumptions, reflect different distributions of expenditures (e.g., more on hotel, less on shopping).Types of multiplier and their range of values.Multipliers have been widely used in research and policy support. However, their use has been often characterized by confusion and misunderstanding concerning the typologies of the used multipliers (Archer, 1982). Here we discuss the range of changes in empirical findings involved when different typologies of multipliers are used.A first distinction refers to the range of effects taken into account by the multiplier. In Singapore, income and output multiplier increase by 30% when induced effects are included (Heng and Low, 1990); the increase in the income multiplier, when also induced effects are considered, is found by Del Corpo et al (2008) to vary from 20% in Sicily to 65% in Spain. Feedback effects from surrounding regions can also be considered. Sinclair and Sutcliffe (1988) take into account feedback effects from surrounding economies and show that the size of multiplier increases by 2-7%.The second distinction refers to the affected variable (sales, output, income or employment multiplier). This is a simple and clear issue, but it is very relevant when comparing different values of multipliers. It is important to note that different definitions of multipliers are relevant for different policy objectives. The relevant multipliers should be therefore chosen when comparing different policy options with respect to a specific objective (either the maximisation of the employment, income or government revenues effect). Sales and output multipliers tend to be around the double of income multipliers (Heng and Low, 1990).Multipliers and features of destination regionThe value of the multipliers crucially depends on leakages, and therefore on the share of imports to total output. In turn, the share of import is heavily dependent on the size of theregion (small economies are relatively less self-contained than larger economies). In the specific case of tourism multipliers, the interrelationships of tourism industries with the rest of the local economy (and specifically the extent to which demand from tourism industries is satisfied with imports), is also a crucial factor.Income multipliers reach a maximum for large countries such as Turkey and the UK and in self-contained small island economies (Jamaica, Mauritius), where they vary in the range 0.50-1.20. They are just smaller for US0.90 – Archer, 1988), but sensibly lower in very open regional and urban economies such as US and UK counties (range 0.20-0.50 – Fletcher, 1989; Archer, 1982). Baaijens et al (1998) analyzed statistically (regression models) income multipliers extracted from 11 studies. A positive relationship was found with the logarithm of the population (several alternative regional characteristics –as area size, number of tourist arrivals – were also tested). A similar result was found by Chang (2001), analyzing more than 100 regional IO models varying in size and economic development (covering five US-states: California, Colorado, Florida, Michigan and Massachusetts), generated by means of the IMPLAN I-O modelling system. A ‘tourism multiplier’ was defined as a weighted sum of multipliers derived from four tourism-related sectors (lodging, eating and drinking, recreation and retail). For all the four analyzed Type II ‘tourism multipliers’ (sa les, income, value added and job) the most significant predictor, in a stepwise regression analysis, was found to be the logarithm of population. While sales, income and value added multipliers increased almost linearly with the logarithm of population, the employment multiplier showed a negative correlation (interpreted on the basis that, in the contest of the analyzed dataset, regions characterized by a smaller number of inhabitants tend to correspond to less economically developed rural areas). Using hotels as an example, higher job to sales ratio could be a result of lower room rates, or more part-time and seasonal jobs (resulting in lower average wages). Type II multipliers vs. Log (Population) for 114 US regions. The empty diamonds report the results obtained through I-O modelling (IMPLAN), while the squares correspond to the corresponding results from a statistical regression analysis with Log (Population) as dominant predictors. The lines report empirical multipliers proposed from a straightforward classification of the different regions in: ‘rural’, ‘small me tro’, ‘large metro’ and ‘State’. Multipliers and features of tourism and tourists’ patternsTourists differ in behavioural and expenditure patterns. This has consequences for the size and range of economic effects. This question is crucial when confronting different policy choices for tourism development (e.g., privileging short vs. long stays, beach resort vs. cultural tourism, etc.). Two key issues must be taken into account here.Firstly, the impact on the local economy varies not only depending on the value of the multipliers, but also on the value of the multiplicand: even if the multiplier is high, the final impact on local income will be low if the direct injection of tourist expenditure in the destination region is low. Previous research shows that tourist spending taking place through tour operators, international airlines and chain hotels often leaks out immediately without even reaching the destination economy. For example, only 42% of the price of a package holiday was received by Spain when tourists travelled on a non-Spanish airline (Istituto Espanol de Turismo, 1987). Similar results hold for Kenya: only 38% of UK tourists’ spending travelling in package holidays reached Kenya.Improving options locally available to tourists would magnify the size of economic impacts. In the case of Kenya, the use of local airlines could considerably increase the share of expenditure accruing to the Country: up to 66% if local airlines are used for internal travels, up to 80% if Kenyan airlines are used for international flights also (Sinclair, 1991). Secondly, the impact on the local economy varies with the patterns of tourist’s expenditure, in turn influenced by the motivation of the trip (pleasure vs. business, for example), the nationality of tourists, the accommodation chosen. Research shows that accommodation is a key factor, as confirmed among others by Del Corpo et al (2008). Sinclair and Sutcliffe (1988) find that the income multiplier in Malaga is lower for tourists staying in flats or villas and higher for tourists staying in hotels. This is due to the different relationships that these types of accommodation create with the local economy.On the contrary, the nationality of the tourist does not seem to be so relevant. Archer and Fletcher (1996) find no evidence that nationality of tourists made a significant difference to the size impact of tourism on the economy of Seychelles. The difference is found to be negligible also in the three case studies used by Del Corpo et al (2008), that is Bergen, Elche and Syracuse, even though in general Spanish tourists in Elche present a higher direct impact than foreigners. Finally, Heng and Low (1990) find no evidence that tourists from developing countries had a different impact than tourists from developed countries.The impacts on employmentThe ability of tourism to create jobs is of high relevance for policy-makers.As discussed in Section 1.1, employment multipliers are easily calculated in multiplier exercises. The values of the multiplier are influenced by the same factors discussed in previous sections, and therefore differ quite widely. Heng and Low (1990) find that tourism in Singapore creates over 30 jobs per million dollar of expenditure when induced effects are included and just above 25 jobs when only direct and indirect effects are calculated. Fletcher (1989) finds a similar value for Jamaica. He shows that values might be even higher for smaller economies such as Gibraltar, where he also finds that the employment multiplier of tourism expenditure is nearly the double than Ministry of Defence and other Government departments’ expenditure.Sinclair (1998) discusses few additional features concerning employment effects of tourism (based both on case studies and multiplier analysis):Tourism industries are relatively skill-intensive. This was pointed out by Diamond (1974), in his research on Turkey, and confirmed by following studies. Delos Santos etal (1983) further noticed that only 16% of employment in the tourism sector in the Philippines was unskilled and that nearly 40% was semi-skilled;Much of the employment in the catering and accommodation is on a part-time seasonal basis or family-related without a formal wage. Sinclair and Bote Gomez (1996) find that just below 10% of part-time workers in hotels and guesthouses in Spain were without a formal wage. Farver (1984) finds that hotel employment in Gambia nearly doubled in the high season with respect to the low season. He also finds that top managerial posts are usually occupied by foreigners. This appears to be true also for the Fiji Islands (Samy, 1975). However, in Kenya this trend has been reversed and top managerial posts are now being taken by residents (Sinclair, 1990).These results point out to potential important employment gains from tourism, under both a quantity and a quality perspective (although seasonality remains a problem).4 ConclusionsBased on the review of literature, we can propose a rather general classification of the impacts of tourism on urban economies:The impacts that take place through market interactions;The impacts that do not involve market interactions;The key issues that affect the size and sign of the impacts.4.1 Impacts taking place through market interactionsTourists typically demand a set of services and goods. Some of these are provided by themarket, such as restaurants, hotels, private transportation (we referred to them as tourism industries). This additional demand generates a series of impacts on the local economy: Increased expenditure by tourists increases local production (and incomes). Assuming that there is idle capacity (and prices do not respond to increased demand), the final increase is bigger than the initial increase (multiplier effect);The additional income brings with it additional jobs: directly, in the tourism sector and indirectly in the sectors serving the tourism sector;When relaxing the assumption of idle capacity, prices (as well as quantities) respond to the additional demand. Theory shows that, finally, the benefits of tourism are capitalized in higher prices of non-tradable sectors (hotels, restaurants, houses, prices of locally produced goods) and that they finally accrue to the immobile factors (e.g., land) employed in the non-tradable sector (which is able to charge higher prices).The above effects imply that there is a distributional issue, as tourism leads to a contraction of the traded sector (e.g., manufacturing) and to a decrease of real returns to all the other factors; The structural change induced in the economy may affect its capability to grow in the long run. The crucial question is whether a region relatively specialized in tourism will grow slower or faster than, for example, regions specialized in knowledge intensive industries. Theoretically, the answer depends on the long-run dynamics of prices of tourist goods compared to, for example, knowledge-intensive goods.4.2 Impacts taking place through non-market interactionsTourists do not only demand goods and services provided by the market. They also demand access to natural and cultural resources and to publicly provided goods and services (such as water, public transportation, health and security, a clean environment).This additional demand generates the following impacts.Firstly, the additional pressure on natural and cultural resources can lead to their overexploitation and degradation.Secondly, the pressure on public services will also increase, as a consequence of the additional demand for water, waste and water treatment, public transportation. The additional costs will be compensated (to some extent) by an increase of fiscal revenues following the increase of incomes and jobs.Thirdly, there is a pure external effect in terms of the congestion (noise, traffic jams) caused by the arrival of tourists.From the discussion above it follows that the size and sign of impacts will depend on the。
社交媒体旅游外文文献
社交媒体旅游外文文献社交媒体在旅游领域的外文文献非常丰富，涵盖了各个方面的研究。
以下是一些相关的外文文献，供你参考：1. Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research. Tourism management, 29(4), 609-623.这篇文章回顾了过去20年旅游业中信息技术的发展，特别关注了互联网和电子旅游研究的进展。
2. Xiang, Z., Du, Q., Ma, Y., & Fan, W. (2017). A comparative analysis of major online review platforms: Implications for social media analytics in hospitality and tourism. Tourism management, 58, 51-65.这篇研究比较了主要的在线评论平台，探讨了社交媒体分析在酒店和旅游业中的应用。
3. Sigala, M. (2018). Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality: Theory, practice and cases. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.这本书探讨了社交媒体在旅游和酒店业中的理论、实践和案例，提供了全面的视角和深入的研究。
4. Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism management, 29(3), 458-468.这篇文章研究了电子口碑在酒店和旅游管理中的作用，分析了其对消费者行为和决策的影响。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
外文文献翻译译稿和原文【范本模板】
外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的，包含噪声的，通过对物体位置的观察序列(可能有偏差）预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。
在很多工程应用（如雷达、计算机视觉）中都可以找到它的身影。
同时，卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。
例如，对于雷达来说，人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标.但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。
卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息，设法去掉噪声的影响，得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计.这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计(滤波),也可以是对于将来位置的估计（预测），也可以是对过去位置的估计（插值或平滑).命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫。
E。
卡尔曼(Rudolph E. Kalman）命名，但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。
斯坦利。
施密特（Stanley Schmidt)首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。
卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时,发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用，后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。
关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling（1958）、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy（1961）发表。
目前,卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现.卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。
除此以外，还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种.也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环，它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。
以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。
卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型(hidden Markov model）上.其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的线性算子上的。
系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示.随着离散时间的每一个增加，这个线性算子就会作用在当前状态上，产生一个新的状态,并也会带入一些噪声,同时系统的一些已知的控制器的控制信息也会被加入。
旅游埃及的英语作文带翻译
旅游埃及的英语作文带翻译Travelling to Egypt。
Egypt is one of the most fascinating and mysterious countries in the world. Its rich history, diverse culture, and stunning landscapes make it a must-visit destinationfor any traveler. I recently had the opportunity to travel to Egypt and explore its wonders, and it was an experience that I will never forget.My journey began in Cairo, the capital city of Egypt. The first thing that struck me was the chaotic traffic and the noise of the city. However, as I explored the city, I found that it was full of hidden gems. The Egyptian Museum, for example, is a treasure trove of ancient artifacts, including the famous Tutankhamun exhibit. The Citadel of Salah El-Din is another must-visit attraction, offering stunning views of the city and a glimpse into its rich history.From Cairo, I traveled to Luxor, a city located on the banks of the Nile River. Luxor is home to some of Egypt's most famous ancient sites, including the Valley of the Kings and the Karnak Temple Complex. The Valley of the Kings is where many of Egypt's pharaohs were buried, and the hieroglyphics and intricate artwork inside the tombs are simply breathtaking. The Karnak Temple Complex is a vast open-air museum with numerous temples, statues, and obelisks that date back thousands of years.Next, I visited Aswan, a city located in the south of Egypt. Aswan is known for its beautiful scenery and the Nubian culture. One of the highlights of my trip was taking a felucca, a traditional Egyptian sailboat, down the Nile River at sunset. The colors of the sky and the water were simply magical, and it was a peaceful and relaxing experience.Finally, I visited the famous city of Sharm El-Sheikh, located on the Red Sea. Sharm El-Sheikh is a populartourist destination, known for its beautiful beaches and crystal-clear waters. I spent my days snorkeling, scubadiving, and soaking up the sun. It was the perfect way to end my trip to Egypt.Overall, my trip to Egypt was an unforgettable experience. From the bustling streets of Cairo to the serene waters of the Red Sea, Egypt has something for everyone. I highly recommend it to anyone who is interested in history, culture, and natural beauty.埃及旅游。
自驾游发展外文文献翻译字数3000多字
自驾游发展外文文献翻译字数3000多字This article discusses the rise。
n。
and development of self-driving travel。
Self-driving XXX。
XXX in research and development。
The potential benefits of self-driving travel include increased safety。
ced n。
and XXX for those who cannot drive。
However。
there are also concerns about the XXX。
XXX and has the potential to nize the way we travel in the future.The development of self-XXX。
The rise of smartphones and the。
has enabled the development of advanced sensors and n systems。
XXX and n have led to a greater XXX result。
major companies such as Google。
Tesla。
and Uber have XXX-driving research。
XXX to support the development of this XXX.One of the key potential benefits of self-driving XXX-driving vehicles have the potential to greatly ce the number of accidents caused by human error。
which XXX。
self-driving vehicles XXX。
外文文献翻译译文
环境管理会计（EMA）是管理会计发展的趋势Christine Jasch摘要：组织机构和会计师们为什么应该关心环境问题？来自供应链、资金提供商、监管机构以及其他利益相关者对于环境绩效及其信息披露的压力，导致组织机构的与环境相关的成本不断增加。
但同时提高环境绩效能够带来潜在的货币利益这一观点也逐渐得到人们的认同，传统的会计实务不能充分提供对于环境管理和与之相关的战略决策所需要的信息。
由于联合国可持续发展事务署下的环境管理会计工作组的成立，以及由它主办的出版物的发行，环境管理会计得到了促进和提升。
最近，国际会计师联合会发行了一份关于环境管理会计的指导性文件，这将进一步推动环境管理会计在会计师中的应用。
这期《清洁生产》杂志的关于环境管理会计的这个特别问题，侧重于它的方法论背景，以及来自澳大利亚、奥地利、阿根廷、加拿大、日本和立陶宛的案例研究经验。
正文：环境问题伴随者相关费用,收入和利益,正被世界上大多数国家的公民,政府组织,合作型领导人给予越来越多的关注.但是,有一个越来越广泛的共识,那就是,传统的会计不能为合理的支持在环境管理责任方面的决策制定提供准确的信息.为了填补这个差距,目前,EMA的新兴领域已经受到持续增加的关注.在19世纪九十年代早期,美国环保署是第一个成立了正式的项目去促进EMA的采纳的国家机构.从那时起,在30个国家的组织已经开始推动和落实EMA的许多不同类型的与环保相关的管理措施. 对于EMA的广泛关注是由于联合国可持续发展事务司对EMA的提倡以及其对EMA书籍的委托出版。
国际会计师联合会决定授权在由联合国科学发展司EMA工作组发表的最早的关于EMA 两本出版物的基础上发展一个关于EMA的指导性文件以整合关于EMA的最好的信息并与此同时进行必要的更新和添加.这个文件既不是有规定的要求的标准,也不是个描述性研究报告.它意在成为一个提供指导性信息的文件,作为监管要求,标准和纯粹信息的中间地带.这样, 它的目标是提供了一个总体框架和EMA的定义是相当全面，这是一致的可能与其他现有的，广泛应用于环境会计框架与EMA必须通力合作，以减少一些就这一重要议题的国际混乱功能。
在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料
文献出处：U Gretzel. The business model innovation of online travel in E-commerce environment [J]. Tourism management, 2015, 31(2): 179-188.原文The business model innovation of online travel in E-commerce environmentU GretzelAbstractOnline travel industry as the combination of tourism and the Internet, have different characteristics with the traditional tourism. In this process, the Internet is always playing an important role in the world. With the progress of the society, the Internet technology perfect fusion together with the traditional commerce, has given rise to a new economic form, namely the electronic commerce. Electronic commerce appeared was penetrated into society at an alarming rate of all walks of life, to bring all walks of life the subversive, new changes. The speeding up of the modernization process, making online travel services and online travel services business model also have different characteristics and features.Keywords: e-commerce, online travel, business model1 IntroductionCompared with a previous any technological revolution in the computer network is widely used for the symbol of the social impact of modern science and technology revolution in both depth and breadth is unprecedented, it is in the human into the information age also created a new industry, information technology industry. Electronic commerce if it shows strong vitality and influence, its impact on the society as a whole both in breadth and in depth are far more than any time before the scientific and technological achievements. On the one hand, it forced firms to transfer the line of sight to the traditional business constraints, across the existing competition boundaries to create a new market. On the other hand, it also create conditions for the adjustment of enterprise business model. Enterprise business model, its essence is business model design and implementation of business model of systemic framework and tools. Therefore, in this with differentiation, personalized for the demand of the mainstream market environment, companies can create, practice its strategy isessentially refers to the enterprise business model innovation is valid.The biggest characteristic is to customers of tourism demand elasticity, sensitive to the environment. The penetration of the thorough application of the Internet and e-commerce is bound to have a significant impact on the development of the industry. Therefore, the enterprise can be in a whole new perspective of business model innovation as the starting point is the access to resources, improve ability and the key to achieve strategic competitive advantage.2 Literature reviewThe rise of online travel services and development, and changed from the wooden curve of the development of tourism industry and tourism enterprises operating mode and business process, influence is more, I want to focus ten online travel service management, the relationship of relevant interest groups, business model, sales, and pure way, successful experience and the development trend of the future.Fesenraaier (2008) analyzed the business situation and business models. Think there are three kinds of operation mode: general tourist information service website, online travel booking service agents, travel service and travel products suppliers directly. Analyzes the travel website works in the United States, the U.S. travel sites is the brand cooperation, preferential prices, the network marketing, service fees and other measures to boost profits.Sigak (2007) discusses the social network such as the use and management of new technology of web 2.0, web 2.0 combined with online travel is a new innovation, will set up a new online travel business model, the use and management of web 2.0 will be to influence business decisions.Reuver, etc. (2008) studied the importance of online travel website domain name online, online domain influence consumer concern for its tourism website on the Internet, analyze the importance of the search engine's influence on online travel and tourism search engine.Olson (2010) through the travel sites, travel sites users and tourism service providers to three aspects of survey, reveals the most is a regional tourist destination travel website supplier organization, provides comprehensive local tourism information and online services. Analyzed the user's satisfaction, discuss the obstaclesfor realizing the online travel service lies in technology and finance, Internet speed is slow and high cost, and put forward the possible methods to improve the quality of service of online travel.Terwiech (2005) studied the NYOP consumer behavior, analysis to simulate the NYOP intermediate distributors and bargaining between a group of consumers buying and selling model.NYOP middlemen to accept potential buyers choose to accept or reject after quotation. Bargain buying and selling model through price discrimination to show us how to use this NYOP business model set limits the price the retailer and get a better profit.Fay (2004) studied the NYOP business model of repeated issue quotation. Enterprise’s single bid of Priceline it may cause repeated bidding procurement, paper studies the limit consumer the behavior is not conducive to the number of bid NYOP company's profits. Results show that the number of repeat for the impact on the profit is not unified, too high and too low will repeat to NYOP bidding behavior and the impact on profits.3 Online travel enterprise business model analyses3.1 The summary of online travel related3.1.1 The meaning of online travelOnline tourism is refers to the use of the Internet technology route query reservation and travel products, online services and other related tourism products, include sharing tourism process through the network or tourist experience, and the interactions between passengers. Specific include: tourism and the corresponding prepared; ongoing interaction and tourism after the sharing and review. In general, the online travel is the travel service industry and the combination of electronic commerce, with the "online" to serve "tourism", and got a new forms of operation in the service industry, in a narrow sense, tourism electronic commerce, broadly speaking is the online travel industry chain.3.1.2 The characteristics of online travelDepending on the technology of online travel refers to the network through online access and booking travel products, and can travel through the network to share or travel experience. Online travel and primarily due to the traditional tourism mode and refer to the difference of information, not in addition to no other difference.Online travel service is a kind of means, through the Internet or mobile Internet to facilitate everybody. No matter traditional website is now online travel agency, is with the nature of the agents, provide passengers with scenic area as the center of the related tourism products experience, the ultimate goal of all of them is to get benefits, to maximize profit.Online travel cost is low; the travel agency for the launch of advertising is increased, but the return on investment is small. It can take advantage of the Internet, reducing the costs of tourist information filtering. Through the vertical search engine, users can learn different price differences, price-sensitive online users will be able to buy relatively cheap travel products, as a result, passengers can travel through online channels to get product price, price advantage. Online travel to maximize the integration of the world in the fan of tourist information, diversified services to realized. Mobile network application is breakthrough space constraints, promoted the growth of online travel. The travel speed of network marketing, transmission range is wide, advertising effect is obvious. Tourism product differentiation, service content, the advantage of diversity and tourism users do not need to on-the-spot investigation, can through online access to other tourists travel information sharing. Network interactive advantage user confidence is in the tourism product, the tourism become a group of potential customers.3.2 The online travel business model and its operationOnline travel market size, and has huge potential, online travel companies in competition, many different kinds of business models, and to diversify its business model include:The agent service is business model. See this business model is more. The online travel companies act as the role of intermediate distributors, provide trading services for users and product suppliers, and draw a certain proportion in the trading commission. The business model of the lower trading revenues, but the income is stable.Single reservation mode, subdividing the individual content of tourism experience, have special only responsible for hotel reservation website, onlyresponsible for car rental Booking website and only make a reservation for flight Booking website, etc., such as hotel reservation services only Agora and Booking, etc., only provide Avis car rental service.Social media everything is business model. The model through the Internet for reviews of tour and travel guides, tourism information sharing, novel share gathered a large number of the target group of social interaction, produce traffic, at the same time use the display of the contents and advertisements in mass effect, its main source of profits is content display and ads. This new online is travel enterprise profit model with on behalf of the enterprise.Users' bid mode is namely the NYOP business model. The business model pioneered in the United States, the main business hotel reservation, ticket booking, tankers, car rental and destination scenic area cooperation business, with the product quantity and relatively fixed price to get the corresponding goods, online travel service providers as intermediate distributors have pricing power, provide fuzzy information to consumers, the asymmetric information of earn commodity price bidding behavior. Income is higher; the model of single deal main profit source is the product of the difference.E-commerce development model is online tourism Commodity Exchange acceleration, goods online mall. Due to the traditional tourism holds the proportion of the resources, the advantage of electric business model makes the traditional travel agencies to consider online services, using the offline products online sales network, both online and offline sales channels. Tourism market in the future, there will be no difference between traditional tourism and online travel sites, online travel companies to offline channels, and traditional tourism enterprises start to online service channel, tourism enterprises double channels of the online and offline two-way integration of the business model inevitable trend. Related business model a relatively stable earnings, due to the power of the web, price difference is not obvious, profit space is small.4 ConclusionsOnline travel industry is the development trend of intelligent tourism and socialservices, so the development of online travel service business model to the intelligent and high quality of service development. Information to continue to strengthen, the advantages of using new technology to adapt to the needs of social development, meet people's needs, intelligent is means. Tourism is a service industry experience, the ultimate purpose is to improve the service and customer satisfaction, information into a consumer experience, no matter how tourism landscape changes, to serve the community for the purpose. Future, information technology will further development, the development of the online travel industry chain are built on the basis of the mobile network to develop, the online travel service from the user needs to have the necessary quality of service, moreover also requires attention to two-way integration of online and offline business.译文电子商务环境下的在线旅游模式创新U Gretzel摘要在线旅游业作为旅游业与互联网的结合,有着与传统旅游业不同的特点。
关于旅游的外文文献
关于旅游的外文文献旅游已经成为全球最重要的经济产业之一，也是人们最常见的休闲方式之一。
以下是关于旅游的外文文献：1. 'Tourism and Sustainable Development' by David B. Weaver (2002)这篇文章探讨了旅游业对可持续发展的影响和贡献。
作者分析了旅游业对经济、社会和环境的影响，并提出了一些可行的解决方案，以使旅游业能够更好地实现可持续发展。
2. 'Tourism and Economic Development' by Richard Sharpley (2014)这篇文章探讨了旅游业对经济发展的影响，以及旅游业如何成为促进经济发展的工具。
作者分析了旅游业对就业、收入和国际贸易的影响，并提供了一些案例来支持这些观点。
3. 'Tourism and Culture' by Kaye Sung Chon and Turgut Var (2012)这篇文章探讨了旅游业与文化之间的联系。
作者提供了一些案例来说明旅游业如何对文化遗产的保护和传承产生积极影响，同时也指出了旅游业对文化产业的挑战和机遇。
4. 'Tourism and Climate Change' by Daniel Scott and C. Michael Hall (2011)这篇文章探讨了旅游业对气候变化的影响和贡献，以及旅游业如何应对气候变化。
作者提供了一些案例来说明旅游业如何减少碳排放和推广可再生能源等方面的努力。
5. 'Tourism and Technology' by Dimitrios Buhalis and Adele Ladkin (2015)这篇文章探讨了旅游业与技术之间的联系。
作者分析了移动设备、社交媒体、虚拟现实等技术对旅游业的影响，并提出了一些未来的趋势和挑战。
在线旅游外文文献翻译译文资料
文献出处：U Gretzel. The business model innovation of online travel in E-commerce environment [J]. Tourism management, 2015, 31(2): 179-188.原文The business model innovation of online travel in E-commerce environmentU GretzelAbstractOnline travel industry as the combination of tourism and the Internet, have different characteristics with the traditional tourism. In this process, the Internet is always playing an important role in the world. With the progress of the society, the Internet technology perfect fusion together with the traditional commerce, has given rise to a new economic form, namely the electronic commerce. Electronic commerce appeared was penetrated into society at an alarming rate of all walks of life, to bring all walks of life the subversive, new changes. The speeding up of the modernization process, making online travel services and online travel services business model also have different characteristics and features. Keywords: e-commerce, online travel, business model1 IntroductionCompared with a previous any technological revolution in the computer network is widely used for the symbol of the social impact of modern science and technology revolution in both depth and breadth is unprecedented, it is in the human into the information age also created a new industry, information technology industry. Electronic commerce if it shows strong vitality and influence, its impact on the society as a whole both in breadth and in depth are far more than any time before the scientific and technological achievements. On the one hand, it forced firms to transfer the line of sight to the traditional businessconstraints, across the existing competition boundaries to create a new market. On the other hand, it also create conditions for the adjustment of enterprise business model. Enterprise business model, its essence is business model design and implementation of business model of systemic framework and tools. Therefore, in this with differentiation, personalized for the demand of the mainstream market environment, companies can create, practice its strategy is essentially refers to the enterprise business model innovation is valid.The biggest characteristic is to customers of tourism demand elasticity, sensitive to the environment. The penetration of the thorough application of the Internet and e-commerce is bound to have a significant impact on the development of the industry. Therefore, the enterprise can be in a whole new perspective of business model innovation as the starting point is the access to resources, improve ability and the key to achieve strategic competitive advantage.2 Literature reviewThe rise of online travel services and development, and changed from the wooden curve of the development of tourism industry and tourism enterprises operating mode and business process, influence is more, I want to focus ten online travel service management, the relationship of relevant interest groups, business model, sales, and pure way, successful experience and the development trend of the future.Fesenraaier (2008) analyzed the business situation and business models. Think there are three kinds of operation mode: general tourist information service website, online travel booking service agents, travel service and travel products suppliers directly. Analyzes the travel website works in the United States, the . travel sites is the brandcooperation, preferential prices, the network marketing, service fees and other measures to boost (2007) discusses the social network such as the use and management of new technology of web , web combined with online travel is a new innovation, will set up a new online travel business model, the use and management of web will be to influence business , etc. (2008) studied the importance of online travel website domain name online, online domain influence consumer concern for its tourism website on the Internet, analyze the importance of the search engine's influence on online travel and tourism search (2010) through the travel sites, travel sites users and tourism service providers to three aspects of survey, reveals the most is a regional tourist destination travel website supplier organization, provides comprehensive local tourism information and online services. Analyzed the user's satisfaction, discuss the obstacles for realizing the online travel service lies in technology and finance, Internet speed is slow and high cost, and put forward the possible methods to improve the quality of service of online (2005) studied the NYOP consumer behavior, analysis to simulate the NYOP intermediate distributors and bargaining between a group of consumers buying and selling middlemen to accept potential buyers choose to accept or reject after quotation. Bargain buying and selling model through price discrimination to show us how to use this NYOP business model set limits the price the retailer and get a better (2004) studied the NYOP business model of repeated issue quotation. Enterprise’s single bid of Priceline it may cause repeated bidding procurement, paper studies the limit consumer the behavior is not conducive to the number of bid NYOP company's profits. Results show that the number of repeat for the impact on the profit is not unified, too high and too low will repeat to NYOP bidding behavior and the impact on profits.3 Online travel enterprise business model analysesThe summary of online travel relatedThe meaning of online travelOnline tourism is refers to the use of the Internet technology route query reservation and travel products, online services and other related tourism products, include sharing tourism process through the network or tourist experience, and the interactions between passengers. Specific include: tourism and the corresponding prepared; ongoing interaction and tourism after the sharing and review. In general, the online travel is the travel service industry and the combination of electronic commerce, with the "online" to serve "tourism", and got a new forms of operation in the service industry, in a narrow sense, tourism electronic commerce, broadly speaking is the online travel industry chain.The characteristics of online travelDepending on the technology of online travel refers to the network through online access and booking travel products, and can travel through the network to share or travel experience. Online travel and primarily due to the traditional tourism mode and refer to the difference of information, not in addition to no other difference. Online travel service is a kind of means, through the Internet or mobile Internet to facilitate everybody. No matter traditional website is now online travel agency, is with the nature of the agents, provide passengers with scenic area as the center of the related tourism products experience, the ultimate goal of all of them is to get benefits, to maximize profit.Online travel cost is low; the travel agency for the launch of advertising is increased, but the return on investment is small. It can take advantage of the Internet, reducing the costs of tourist informationfiltering. Through the vertical search engine, users can learn different price differences, price-sensitive online users will be able to buy relatively cheap travel products, as a result, passengers can travel through online channels to get product price, price advantage. Online travel to maximize the integration of the world in the fan of tourist information, diversified services to realized. Mobile network application is breakthrough space constraints, promoted the growth of online travel. The travel speed of network marketing, transmission range is wide, advertising effect is obvious. Tourism product differentiation, service content, the advantage of diversity and tourism users do not need to on-the-spot investigation, can through online access to other tourists travel information sharing. Network interactive advantage user confidence is in the tourism product, the tourism become a group of potential customers.The online travel business model and its operationOnline travel market size, and has huge potential, online travel companies in competition, many different kinds of business models, and to diversify its business model include:The agent service is business model. See this business model is more. The online travel companies act as the role of intermediate distributors, provide trading services for users and product suppliers, and draw a certain proportion in the trading commission. The business model of the lower trading revenues, but the income is stable.Single reservation mode, subdividing the individual content of tourism experience, have special only responsible for hotel reservation website, only responsible for car rental Booking website and only make a reservation for flight Booking website, etc., such as hotel reservationservices only Agora and Booking, etc., only provide Avis car rental service.Social media everything is business model. The model through the Internet for reviews of tour and travel guides, tourism information sharing, novel share gathered a large number of the target group of social interaction, produce traffic, at the same time use the display of the contents and advertisements in mass effect, its main source of profits is content display and ads. This new online is travel enterprise profit model with on behalf of the enterprise.Users' bid mode is namely the NYOP business model. The business model pioneered in the United States, the main business hotel reservation, ticket booking, tankers, car rental and destination scenic area cooperation business, with the product quantity and relatively fixed price to get the corresponding goods, online travel service providers as intermediate distributors have pricing power, provide fuzzy information to consumers, the asymmetric information of earn commodity price bidding behavior. Income is higher; the model of single deal main profit source is the product of the difference.E-commerce development model is online tourism Commodity Exchange acceleration, goods online mall. Due to the traditional tourism holds the proportion of the resources, the advantage of electric business model makes the traditional travel agencies to consider online services, using the offline products online sales network, both online and offline sales channels. Tourism market in the future, there will be no difference between traditional tourism and online travel sites, online travel companies to offline channels, and traditional tourism enterprises start to online service channel, tourism enterprises double channels of theonline and offline two-way integration of the business model inevitable trend. Related business model a relatively stable earnings, due to the power of the web, price difference is not obvious, profit space is small.4 ConclusionsOnline travel industry is the development trend of intelligent tourism and social services, so the development of online travel service business model to the intelligent and high quality of service development. Information to continue to strengthen, the advantages of using new technology to adapt to the needs of social development, meet people's needs, intelligent is means. Tourism is a service industry experience, the ultimate purpose is to improve the service and customer satisfaction, information into a consumer experience, no matter how tourism landscape changes, to serve the community for the purpose. Future, information technology will further development, the development of the online travel industry chain are built on the basis of the mobile network to develop, the online travel service from the user needs to have the necessary quality of service, moreover also requires attention to two-way integration of online and offline business.译文电子商务环境下的在线旅游模式创新U Gretzel摘要在线旅游业作为旅游业与互联网的结合,有着与传统旅游业不同的特点。
关于旅游作文英语带翻译
关于旅游作文英语带翻译Sure, I can help you with that. Here's a travel essay in English along with its translation:---。
Exploring the Charms of Travel。
Traveling is a journey of discovery, an adventure into the unknown, and an exploration of the beauty that the world has to offer. Whether it's wandering through ancient ruins, basking in the serenity of nature, or immersing oneself in the vibrant culture of a new place, every journey leaves an indelible mark on the traveler's soul.Translation:探索旅行的魅力。
旅行是一场发现之旅，是一次踏入未知的冒险，也是对世界美好的探索。
无论是漫步于古老的废墟中，沐浴在大自然的宁静中，还是沉浸在一个新地方充满活力的文化中，每一次旅程都会在旅行者的心灵上留下深刻的印记。
---。
The allure of travel lies in its ability to broaden our horizons and challenge our perspectives.Translation:旅行的魅力在于它能够拓展我们的视野，挑战我们的观念。
---。
As I embarked on my recent journey to the picturesque landscapes of New Zealand, I was filled with anticipation and excitement.Translation:当我开始最近的新西兰风景如画之旅时，我充满了期待和激动。
外文文献翻译原文+译文
外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。
旅游埃及的英语作文带翻译
旅游埃及的英语作文带翻译Exploring Egypt: An Unforgettable Journey。
Egypt, with its rich history, captivating culture, and mesmerizing landscapes, has always been a dream destination for travelers worldwide. Last summer, I embarked on a journey to explore the wonders of this ancient land, and it turned out to be an experience of a lifetime.埃及探索之旅，难忘的旅程。
埃及，拥有丰富的历史、迷人的文化和令人着迷的景观，一直是全球旅行者梦寐以求的目的地。
去年夏天，我踏上了探索这片古老土地奇迹的旅程，这成为了一次终身难忘的经历。
---。
Introduction to Egypt。
Before delving into the details of my journey, let meprovide a brief overview of Egypt. Situated in North Africa, Egypt is renowned for its iconic ancient civilization, the mighty Nile River, and the majestic pyramids. From the bustling streets of Cairo to the tranquil shores of the Red Sea, Egypt offers a diverse range of experiences for travelers.埃及简介。
在深入讲述我的旅程细节之前，让我简要介绍一下埃及。
自助游旅游外文文献翻译2011年译文2000多字
外文出处: Romita T, Perri A. The DIY Tourist[J]. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 2011, 6(2): 277-292.原文THE D.I.Y. TOURISTTullio; AntonellaAbstractIn this work we will be dealing with the figure of the D.I.Y. Tourist originated from the local development processes based on the “cottage tourist industry” concept. We will be doing this by using part of the results obtained through a research started more than three years ago, by which we are studying what happens in the territorial contexts where tourism develops mostly on a spontaneous basis, that is in the presence of a widespread and pervasive undetected tourism practiced through private accommodation and mostly self-managed.Keywords: spontaneous tourist context, D.I.Y. Tourist, sustainable tourism, undetected tourism.INTRODUCTIONIn a study carried out more than thirty years ago, Cohen (1974) proposed a conceptual distinction of the tourist figure into three typologies, a distinction which is still widely shared among tourism scholars all over the world.According to such distinction the tourist can be a vacationer, a sightseer and a drifter: in the case of the vacationer tourists, we are dealing with people who prefer relaxing and sedentary holidays in the resort of their choice, where there s no need to move from the hotel or accommodation they re staying at. They privilege habitual behaviours which are the result of routine - same beach, same umbrella, breakfast at the same bar, frequent meetings with friends and relatives; The sightseer tourist is constantly seeking for change and new experiences, he explores the new territory,tries to get in contact with the local folklore and easily changes type and standard of accommodation; finally, the drifter tourist is a person who has similar ways of travelling and vacationing as those of the wanderer, since he leaves without planning where he s going, what he will be doing and how long he will be staying. The part of the results we will be using in this work is the one which highlights the D.I.Y. tourist figure, that is the tourist who autonomously chooses the tourist resort where to spend his holiday and the holiday-making mode.The research has been carried out with the aim of verifying whether the whole series of theoretical and conceptual data available on the tourist figure, mostly related to the tour operators-guided tourist whose needs and characteristics are well known, were also appropriate to understand the D.I.Y. tourist s tourist behaviour: that is of the tourist who makes little or no use of the tourist operators intermediation and who doesn t purchase ready-made products.THE D.I.Y. TOURISTThere is, therefore, a typology of subjects who don t entrust others with the organisation and management of their own tourist experience. It s the tourist who, because of his self-directed behaviour we define as D.I.Y. tourist: “such is who organises holiday time and space, that is one s own tourist experience, in total autonomy, lodging in private accommodation and simply bearing in mind the basic rules of life, particularly those of the host tourist resort. A typology which, for obvious reasons, dominates those that we defined as the spontaneous tourist context”.It is important to point out how many tourist market operators and most part of the scientific tourist literature tend to commonly and improperly denote as D.I.Y. also another tourist typology. According to these, tourists are to be considered as D.I.Y. when they don t seem incline to make use of tourist packages organised by others, or of group trips and of the all-inclusive formula type of holiday. That is, the tourists who choose autonomously, or advised by a travel agency and/or by other people, among the available tourist destinations and services. To our opinion, such tourist typology is not properly classifiable as D.I.Y., since only a small part of its tourist behaviour is not decided by others , as he/she indeed makes use of services andproducts which are already available on the market and eventually because the responsibility of choice is someone elses.While the research and analyses on the hetero-directed tourist are many and diverse, both at a national and international level , data on the D.I.Y tourist is quite limited, therefore it is difficult to understand or evaluate his role, behaviour, attitude, choices. In order to fill in this gap, the D.I.Y. tourist figure has become, in recent years, object of study and research. The dimensions which qualify the tourist experience as D.I.Y. derive from the analysis of the D.I.Y. tourist s behaviour carried out in the summer 2007 and which has an exploratory character. The research has been carried out through a series of interviews with D.I.Y. tourists holidaying in Calabria s tourist sea resorts (60%) and mountain resorts (40%) with the highest density of private homes for holiday use. As many readers know, Calabria is one of the Italian regions counting a higher number of second homes.As far as the content is concerned, the questionnaire has been conceived keeping into account the empirical research carried out at a national level on similar matters, and in particular those carried out by Istat within its surveys on “The Italians holidays”. Before starting the survey campaign some pilot-interviews (about ten) were carried out in order to outline the questionnaire. In its final draft the questionnaire is organised into six subject macro-sections: 1) questions about the attachment to the holiday resort; 2) questions on the holidays habits in general; 3) questions on the motivations and on the tourist behaviour; 4) questions on tourist communication; 5) questions on modes and condition of stay; 6) questions on the interviewees socio-economic conditions. The survey has been produced by the Tourist Research Centre of the Department of Sociology and Political Science of the University of Calabria.THE D.I.Y. TOURIST EXPERIENCEOn the basis of the information gathered through the survey we can state the dimensions which qualify the tourist experience as a D.I.Y. experience.- The D.I.Y. tourist is not keen on extremely new experiences and perceives the holiday as an opportunity to interrupt everyday life routine more in a perspective of abreak than of a new experience: his stay is quite long (more than three weeks); during his stay he attends public meeting places and participates into local tourist events; he rarely goes on a trip or excursion in other territories; The most practiced activities are going for a walk and reading. During the holiday he is not willing to move to other locations and prefers staying at the resort of his choice. He tends to make the most of the opportunities of entertainment and of the natural and cultural resources available within the host community. He tries to be accepted by the local community by searching for opportunities for daily relationships and establishing friendship relationships.- The D.I.Y. tourist is faithful to his resort. He spends his holidays at the same resort for several years in a row or sometimes returns there after a few years break, maybe resuming a family tradition which had been interrupted for some reasons at a certain point. Even in the case they are not the owners but simply the tenants of the holiday home, they usually rent the same house for years and also leave personal belongings which they will need for their next holiday. The D.I.Y. tourist goes back to the same resort even for short periods during the year (Easter, Christmas, week-ends).- The D.I.Y. tourist is satisfied with the resort. On the one hand, he points out its faults and downsides, on the other hand, he shows a high satisfaction with the chosen resort not simply because, as we saw beforehand, he often returns there, but also because he s ready to recommend the resort to both relatives and friends. Such apparent incoherence depends on the variables which may more or less strongly affect the opinion (eg. the ownership of a property; its being at an easy reach; the closeness of relatives and friends; etc.) as well as especially on the fact that because the D.I.Y tourist s choices are totally auto-directed and well pondered, they hardly ever clash with their own expectations.译文DIY式自助游图利奥；东内拉摘要本文主要研究的是D.I.Y自助旅游，最早起源于当地旅游业开发过程种的“小屋旅游业”的概念。
研学旅行的英语作文加翻译
研学旅行的英语作文加翻译As the sun broke through the morning mist, our excitement was palpable. Today was the day we would embark on oureducational trip, a journey that promised to be asenlightening as it was enjoyable. Our destination was the historical city of Beijing, a place rich in culture andhistory that would serve as the perfect backdrop for ourstudy tour.Upon arrival, we were greeted by the grandeur of the Great Wall, a symbol of China's resilience and strength. We spentthe day hiking along the wall, learning about itsconstruction and the stories of the people who built it. The panoramic views of the surrounding mountains and valleys were breathtaking, and the experience was humbling, reminding usof the scale of human endeavor.The next stop was the Forbidden City, a sprawling complexthat was once the imperial palace for the Ming and Qing dynasties. Our guide, a historian with a passion for his work, led us through the intricately designed halls and gardens, explaining the significance of each architectural feature and the history of the emperors who once resided there.We also visited the National Museum of China, where we were immersed in a world of art and artifacts that spanned China's long and diverse history. The exhibits were a visual feast, showcasing the artistic achievements and cultural heritage ofthe Chinese people.One of the highlights of our trip was the opportunity to engage with local students. We participated in a cultural exchange program, where we shared our experiences and learned about their daily lives, education, and aspirations. This exchange was not only educational but also a heartwarming reminder of the commonalities that unite us all.The trip was not all history and culture, though. We also enjoyed the vibrant nightlife of Beijing, sampling local delicacies and exploring the bustling streets of Wangfujing Snack Street. The food was a delightful surprise, with each dish offering a unique blend of flavors and textures that were both familiar and exotic.As our journey came to an end, we reflected on the lessons learned and the memories made. The study tour was more than just a travel experience; it was a chance to broaden our horizons, to learn about a different culture, and to understand the world from a different perspective. It was a journey that would stay with us long after we returned home.当太阳穿透晨雾，我们的兴奋感是显而易见的。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料The online travel industry。
which combines tourism and the。
has unique features that distinguish it from XXX industry。
and as society advances。
it has XXX commerce to create a new economic form - electronic commerce。
This has XXX accelerates。
online travel services and their business models have also XXX.2 The business model of online travelThe business model of online travel is based on the。
and merce。
It is a customer-centric model that provides users with a -shop for travel-related services。
including booking flights。
n。
and activities。
Online travel agencies (OTAs) have emerged askey players in this industry。
with their business models XXX pricingXXX.3 Business model XXXIn recent years。
online travel companies have been innovating their business models to stay ahead of the n。
One ofthe key XXX of social media into their platforms。
allowing usersto share their XXX is the use of big data and artificial XXX。
some online travel companies have expanded their services to include n。
dining。
and other travel-related activities。
XXX.4 nThe online travel industry has XXX years。
driven by the n of the。
and merce。
Online travel companies have XXX a widerange of travel-related services。
With the XXX。
XXX industry。
XXX.XXX。
the widespread use of computer orks XXX of the impact of modern science and technology。
It has not only ushered humanity into the n age but also created a new industry - the nXXX industry。
Electronic commerce。
with its strong vitality and influence。
has had a far-reaching impact on society as a whole。
surpassing the XXX。
On one hand。
merce has XXX to create new markets。
On the other hand。
it has also created XXX business model is the design and XXX and tools for the business model。
Therefore。
in order to differentiate and personalize their offerings for the mainstream market。
XXX.Tourism XXX and sensitive to environmental factors。
making it a unique industry。
The increasing use of the。
and merce is set to have a XXX。
companies should focus on business model n to access resources。
improve their abilities。
XXX.In this literature review。
we will focus on the impact of online travel services on the tourism industry and XXX。
we will explore the management of online travel services。
the XXX groups。
business models。
sales strategies。
successful experiences。
and XXX.Fesenraaier (2008) conducted an analysis of business models and ns in the tourism industry。
Three n modes were identified: general tourist n service websites。
online XXX。
and direct travel service and product suppliers。
In the United States。
travel websites use brand n。
preferential pricing。
ork marketing。
andservice XXX (2007) explored the use and management of new web 2.0 XXX a new online travel business model。
and the use of web 2.0 will influence XXX(2008) studied the importance of domain names for online XXX。
The study also analyzed the impact of search engines on online travel and tourism search results。
Olson (2010) XXX websites。
users。
and XXX tourism n and online services。
The study also identified obstacles to realizing online travel services。
XXX finance。
slow。
speed。
and high cost。
Possible methods to improve the quality of service were also proposed。
Terwiech (2005) analyzed consumer r in the Name Your Own Price (NYOP) model and simulated the bargaining een a group of consumers and intermediaries。
The study found that NYOP intermediaries accept potential buyers' XXX bargaining model can set limits on the price of the retailer and XXX (2004) studied the NYOP business model of XXX。
The study found that a single bid by an enterprise like Priceline could cause repeated bidding procurement。
and consumer r is not conducive to the number ofbid NYOP company's profits。
The study showed that the impactof repeat bidding on profits is not unified。
and too high or too low will impact XXX.Online travel refers to the use of XXX route queries。
ns。
travel products。
online services。
and other related tourism products。
It includes sharing XXX。
as well as XXX tourism n。
ongoing ns。
and tourism reviews。
In general。
online travel is the n of XXX industry and electronic commerce。
with "online" serving "tourism" and creating new forms of n in the service industry。
In a narrow sense。
it refers to tourism electronic commerce。
and in a broader sense。
it passes the XXX.XXX。
it is convenient and fast。
XXX。
it provides a wide range of ns for travel products。
including flights。
hotels。
tours。
XXX。
it offers competitive prices and discounts。