科技类常用词汇和短语

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科技英语的词汇和结构的几个特点

科技英语的词汇和结构的几个特点

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客 观地 介绍对 某 一 专题 的研 究成就
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因 此说
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科技 英语是 在特 定 的专 业 领 域 中使 用 的 语言
科 技英 语 的 词 汇

不 同 的 专业 的 科技 英语 有着 各 自独有 的 专 业 词 汇
虽 然在 各 专 业 中也使 用半科 技 和
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非科技 词 汇
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但 它们大 都是 以 新 的含 义 出现 的


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就 科技 英语 词 汇 总体而 言
这 是科 技 词 汇 的核 心

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科 技英语 词 汇 由 三 个部 份 组 成 科 技迅 速 地 发 展 是 在百 年 来
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在科 技英 语 词 汇 中 占 较 大瓦 例的是 本专 业 的专 业 词 汇 新 的科 技 词 汇 产 生 了
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其 中 一 些 词 是在 希 腊 和 拉 丁 词 的基础 上 就 其来 源而 言 这类 词 大部 份 来 自生 活
,

科技英语构词法和单词

科技英语构词法和单词

4.名词+动名词(n.+v.ing)
paper-making 造纸 ship-building 造船 Machine-shaping ? 加工成型

5.其他构成方式
By-product 副产品(介词+名词) Make-up 化妆品(动词+副词) Out-of-door 户外 (副词+介词+名词) Pick-me-up 兴奋剂 (动词+代词+副词)

2.形容词+名词(adj.+n.)
其意义关系是前者修饰后者 蓝图 Blueprint 元素周期表 periodic table 混合粉 mixed-powder 原子量 atomic weight
3.动名词+名词(v.ing+n.)
动名词所表示的是与被修饰词有关的 动作,而名词所表示的是可用的场所或物 品。 Launching site 发射场 flying-suit 飞行衣 navigating instrument ? 导航仪
二、 科技英语构词法
武夷学院 生态与资源工程系
构词法也就是词的构成方法,即词在结构上的规律, 科技术语总的构成规则主要有以下几种:
2.1 合成法(Composition)

凡是将两个或两个以上的词合成为一个词 的方法就叫做合成法。目前,这种方法在 英语的构词法中十分普遍,在科技英语中 占有较大的比重。
3.副词+分词:
(其中副词表示程度、状态)
Hard-working 勤劳的 far-ranging 远程的 well-known 著名的 newly-invented 新发明的

4.形容词+分词

科技英语翻译

科技英语翻译

被动语态的翻译




译成汉语主动句: These materials are increasingly being used for commercial purposes such as fillers,opacifiers, catalysts, semiconductors, cosmetics, microelectronics, and drug carriers. 纳米材料不断在商业领域得到应用。比如:填充剂、遮光 剂、催化剂、半导体、化妆品、微电子、药物载体等领域 。 译成汉语被动句 The current era is that of passive nanostructures, materials designed to perform one task. 现在所处的阶段是被动的纳米结构,纳米材料被用来完成 一项任务。
意义上的否定




通常由单词否定前缀(im-, un-)或者否定单词(little,few)形 成 Although this scenario is implausible from an energy as well as a structural assembly viewpoint… 虽然这场景从能量和结构组件的角度看是令人难以置信的 …… Although very little is currently known about this area… 尽管现在对这一领域知之甚少……
词汇特点
通过构词法形成科技术语,采用原有的单词构成词组来形 成新的概念。 1.名词+名词:particle toxicology 粒子毒理学 Size effect 尺度效应 2.形容词+名词particulate matter 颗粒物质 biological effects 生物效应 3.常用词缀 nano- nanolevel 纳米层次 nanomaterials纳米材料nanostructure纳米结构 4.多复合词:physicochemical 物理化学性质的 5.多缩略词:NM(nanomaterials 纳米材料) UV(ultraviolet紫外线的)

四级翻译常用词汇(最全完整版)

四级翻译常用词汇(最全完整版)

四级翻译常用词汇民俗文化类1、京剧Peking opera2、昆曲Kunqu opera3、秦腔Qin opera4、功夫Kungfo5、太极Tai Chi6、口技ventriloquism7、木偶戏puppet show8、皮影戏shadow play9、杂技acrobatics10、相声witty dialogue comedy11、刺绣embroidery12、苏绣Suzhou embroidery13、泥人clay figure14、书法calligraphy15、中国结Chinese knot16、中国画traditional Chinese painting17、水墨画Chinese brush painting18、山水landscape painting19、花鸟flower and bird20、草虫grass and insect21、毛笔writing brush22、书法calligraphic art23、书法家calligraphic artist24、楷体formal script/regular script高科技类1、网络世界cyber world2、网络犯罪cyber crime3、网上购物online shopping4、高科技园high-tech park5、工业园区industrial park6、电子货币e-currency7、人工智能artificial intelligence (AI)8、生物技术bio-technology9、基因工程genetic engineering10、转基因食品genetically modified food (GM food)11、三维电影three-dimensional movie12、信息化informationization13、电子商务e-business; e-commerce14、科技发展scientific and technological advancement15、重点项目key project教育就业类1、高等学府institution of higher education2、综合性大学comprehensive university3、高分低能high scores and low abilities4、高考(university/college) entrance examination5、教育界education circle6、教育投入input in education7、九年义务教育nine-year compulsory education8、考研take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools9、课外活动extracurricular activities10、学历record of formal schooling11、学分credit12、人才交流talent exchange13、人才战competition for talented people14、素质教育quality-oriented education15、填鸭式教学cramming method of teaching16、研究生graduate student; post-graduate (student)17、应届毕业生graduating student; current year's graduate18、校园文化campus culture19、学汉语热enthusiasm in learning Chinese20、应试教育exam-oriented education21、职业道德work ethics; professional ethics22、职业培训job training经济改革类1、快速发展旅游业fast development of tourism2、地区差异regional disparity3、跳槽job-hopping4、消费者consumers5、就业与失业employment and unemployment6、住房问题housing problems7、城市交通问题urban traffic problems8、小康社会a well-to-do society9、人民生活people's livelihood10、生活水平living standards11、生活质量quality of life12、住房条件housing conditions13、文化程度educational level14、就业率employment rate15、生活费用cost of living16、衣食住行food, clothing, sheltering and means of traveling17、购买力purchasing power18、贫困家庭the needy family19、贫困地区poverty-stricken region20、下岗be laid off21、小康relative affluence22、安居乐业live a good life23、城市人口urban population24、农业人口agriculture population25、出生率birth rate26、少数民族ethnic minorities/ minority peoples 真题常用表达1、享有更高声誉enjoy a higher reputation2、相比之下by contrast3、形成develop4、对……的影响the impact on/the influence on5、使……无法做prevent from6、涉及,提及refer to7、版本version8、超过surpass/exceed9、……的普及the popularity of10、自古以来since ancient times11、不可或缺的indispensible12、自我修养self-cultivation13、普遍的universal14、人生追求the pursuit of life15、国内外at home and abroad16、具有深远意义have profound meanings17、与……结合起来combine with18、心境state of mind19、身心physical and spiritual20、成形take shape21、闻名于世well-renowned22、采取……方针follow the policy of23、享有……美誉with the good reputation of。

科技词汇

科技词汇

科技词汇常用科技词汇一、物理学1. 功率power2. 稳定性stability3. 载荷load4. 概率probability5. 势能potential energy6. 动量momentum7. 电流current8. 直流电direct current9. 交流电alternating current10. 电压voltage11. 变压器transformer12. 静态的static13. 动态的dynamic14. 薄膜thin film15. 量子理论quantum theory 16. 黑洞black hole17. 参数parameter18. 变量variable19. 因子factor20. 乘法、繁殖multiply21. 光学optics22. 合金alloy23. 陶瓷ceramics24. 不对称asymmetry25. 摩擦friction26. 流体力学fluid mechanics27. 重力,地心引力gravity28. work 做功29. 辐射radiation30. 杠杆作用,杠杆效率leverage31. 声纳sonar32. 分贝decibel33. 漂白bleach34. 锅炉boiler35. 沸点boiling point36. 晶体管transistor37. 容量capacity38. 离心力centrifugal force39. 向心力centripetal force40. 电荷charge41. 带电粒子charged particle42. 公式formula43. 等式equation44. 净化器cleaner45. 系数coefficient46. 生化biochemistry47. 压缩compression48. 传导性conductivity 49. 导体conductor50. 常数constant51. 含量content52. 转化conversion53. 冷却器cooler54. 自动化automation55. 临界点critical point56. 晶化crystallize57. 纹理texture58. 电磁辐射electromagnetic radiation59. 中子neutron60. 统计学statistics61. 等离子plasma62. 奇点singularity63. 湿度humidity64. 频率frequency65. 频谱frequency spectrum66. 动力学dynamics67. 力学mechanics68. 重心center of gravity69. 撞击,冲击impact70. 电力系统power system71. 绝缘insulation72. 磁场magnetic field73. 放电discharge74. 断电,停电blackout75. 放射性的radioactive76. 分子molecule77. 金属metal78. 钙calcium79. 二氧化硫sulfur dioxide80. 氢弹H-bomb81. 原子atom82. 核nucleus 83. 暗物质dark matter84. 零点能zero energy85. 发动机motor86. 磁暴magnetic storm87. 超新星Supernova88. 相对论theory of relativity89. 大爆炸理论Big Bang Theory100. 光年light year 101. 紫外光UV (ultraviolet) radiation 102. 红外线infrared ray103. 可见光visible light104. 混沌chaos 105. 波长wavelength106. 电极electrode 107. 保险丝,熔丝fuse 108. 波谱,光谱spectrum109. 泵pump110. 属性property 111. 特征characteristic 112.负极negative pole.113. 正极positive pole二、数学1. 定理theorem2. 计算calculation3. 运算operation4. 假设hypothesis, hypotheses (pl.)5. 命题proposition6. 统计statistics7. 平均数average8. 加权平均数weighted average9. 方差variance10. 标准差standard deviation11. 比例propotion 12. 百分比percent13. 百分点percentage14. 百分位数percentile15. 排列permutation16. 组合combination17. 图表graph18. 条形统计图bar graph19. 柱形统计图histogram20. 曲线统计图curve diagram21. 扇形统计图pie diagram22. 常量constant23. 变量variable24. 算术arithmetic25. 和sum26. 差remainder27.乘times (prep.), multiply (v.),multiplication (n.)28. 乘数multiplicator29. 积product30. 商quotient31.等于equals, is equal to, is equivalent to32. 整数integer33. 偶数even numbers34. 奇数odd numbers35. 小数decimal 36. 小数点decimal point37. 分数fraction38. 分子numerator39. 分母denominator40. 比ratio41. 正positive42. 负negative43. 零null, zero, nought, nil44. 十进制decimal system45. 二进制binary system46. 十六进制hexadecimal system47. 四舍五入round48. 下舍入round down49. 上舍入round up50. 代数algebra51. 一次方程simpleequation52. 二次方程quadratic equation53. 对数logarithm54. 开方evolution, extraction55. 二次方根,平方根square root56. 三次方根,立方根cube root57. 逻辑logic58. 集合(集)set59. 映射mapping60. 元素element61. 子集subset62. 全集universe63. 交集intersection64. 并集union65. 逻辑logic66. 原命题original proposition67. 充分条件sufficient condition 68. 必要条件necessary condition 69. 充要条件sufficient and necessarycondition70. 函数function71. 自变量argument72. 定义域domain, field of definition73. 区间interval74. 对数logarithm75. 最大值maximum76. 最小值minimum77. 周期period78. 最小正周期minimal positive period79. 周期函数periodic function80. 常量constant81. 变量variable82. 周期性periodicity83. 微积分calculus84. 实数real number85. 虚数imaginary number86. 矩阵matrix87. 几何geometry88. 点point89. 线line90. 面plane91. 体solid92. 线段segment93. 射线radial94. 平行parallel95. 相交intersect96. 角angle97. 角度degree98. 锐角acute angle99. 直角right angle 100. 钝角obtuse angle101. 三角形triangle 102. 锐角三角形acute triangle103. 直角三角形right triangle104. 直角边leg 105. 斜边hypotenuse 106. 勾股定理Pythagorean theorem 107. 钝角三角形obtuse triangle108. 正弦定理sine theorem109. 余弦定理cosine theorem110. 矩形rectangle 111. 菱形diamond 112. 正方形square 113. 梯形trapezoid 114. 五边形pentagon 115. 六边形hexagon116. 多边形polygon 117. 圆circle118. 圆心centre(BrE), center(AmE)119. 半径radius 120. 直径diameter 121. 圆周率pi122. 弧arc123. 半圆semicircle 124. 扇形sector 125. 椭圆ellipse 126. 圆周circumference127. 周长perimeter 128 面积area129. 立方体cube 130. 多面体polyhedron131. 棱锥pyramid 132. 旋转rotation 133. 轴axis134. 圆锥cone 135. 圆柱cylinder 136. 球sphere137. 半球hemisphere 138. 表面积surface area139. 体积volume 140. 坐标系coordinates141. 坐标轴x-axis, y-axis, z-axis142. 横坐标x-coordinate143. 曲线curve 144. 正弦曲线sine curve145. 余弦曲线cosine curve146. 坐标法method of coordinate147. 解析几何analytic geometry 148. 标准方程standard equation 149. 一般方程general equation 150. 参数方程parameter equation 151. 参数parameter 152. 椭圆ellipse 153. 焦点focus, focal points三、化学1. 二氧化碳carbon dioxide2. 易燃的inflammable3. 可燃的combustible4. 化学仪器chemical apparatus5. 蒸馏distill6. 蒸馏水distilled water7. 催化剂catalyst8. 盐水brine9. 气泡bubble10. 比例ratio11. 酸acid12. 化学组成chemical composition13. 化合物chemical compound14. 化学元素chemical element15. 化学反应chemical reaction16. 化学药品chemicals17. 浓度concentration18. 试管test tube19. 过滤器filter20. 一氧化碳carbon monoxide21.吸附剂adsorbent22.吸附作用adsorption23. 活性炭activated carbon24. 分子molecule 25. 金属metal26. 钙calcium27. 二氧化硫sulfur dioxide四、航空航天1. 国际空间站ISS(InternationalSpace Station)2. 轨道orbit3. 人造卫星artificial satellite4. 载人航天manned space flight5. 航天器spacecraft6. 宇宙cosmos7. 太阳系solar system8. 彗星comet9. 八大行星:水星(Mercury)、金星(Venus)、地球(Earth)、火星(Mars)、木星(Jupiter)、土星(Saturn)、天王星(Uranus)、海王星(Neptune)10. 太空探测器space probe11. 航天飞机space shuttle12. 载人飞船manned spacecraft13. 无人飞船unmanned spacecraft 14. 外太空outer space15. 太空研究spaceexploration /space research16. 驾驶舱cockpit17. 发射装置launcher18. 推进器propeller19. 外星人alien20. 战斗机fighter21. 轰炸机bomber22. 机头nose23. 机翼wing, airfoil24. 飞机跑道airstrip25. 飞机引擎aeroengine26. 飞行技术wingmanship27. 嫦娥二号Chang'e-2 (moon probe)28. 神舟七号Shenzhou VII (spacecraft)29. 载人航天manned space flight30.多级火箭multistage rocket 31. 太空舱capsule32. 返回式卫星recoverable satellite 33. 通信卫星communication satellite34. 遥感卫星remote sensing satellite35. 运载火箭carrier rocket; rocket launcher36. 长征二号F运载火箭Long MarchII F carrier rocket 37. 气象卫星weathersatellite /meteorologicalsatellite38. 轨道舱orbital module39. 返回舱re-entry module40. 推进舱propelling module 41. 指令舱command module 42. 服务舱service module43. 登月舱lunar module44. 发射台launch pad45. 太阳能电池板solar panel46. 太空升降舱space elevator47. 哈勃太空望远镜Hubble SpaceTelescope48. 月球车lunar rover49. 银河系Milky Way50. 太空服space outfits(space suits) 51. 太空食物space food52. 着陆区landing area53. 主着陆场mainlanding field/primary landingsite54. 天线antenna55. 航天员astronaut56. 太空舱capsule57. 多级火箭multistage rocket 58. 第二级secondstage59. 第三级third stage60. 登月舱lunar module61. 着陆架landing pad62. 上升段ascent stage 63. 下降段descent stage64. 舱口hatch65. 扶梯ladder66. 生命维持系统life support system67. 大气输运airborne transport五、医药、生命科学、基因工程1. 干细胞stem cells2. 基因工程genetic engineering3. 克隆clone4. 转基因食品genetically modified foods (GM foods)5. 免疫系统immune system6. 获得性免疫缺陷综合征(艾滋病) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)7. 细菌bacteria8. 可卡因cocaine9. 抗体antibody10. 复制duplication 11. 基因gene12. 基因库gene pool13. 遗传病筛查genetic screening14. 遗传密码genetic code15. 人类基因组计划Human GenomeProject16. 继承的,遗传的inherited17. 白血病leukemia18. 糖尿病diabetes19. 肺结核tuberculosis (TB)20. 甲肝hepatitis A21. 乙肝hepatitis B22. 昏迷(状态)coma23. 歇斯底里hysteria24. 健忘症amnesia25. 失眠insomnia26. 针灸acupuncture27. 妄想症paranoia28. 大麻marijuana29. 吗啡morphine30. 鸦片opium 31. 整形手术plastic surgery32. 维生素,维他命vitamin33. 突变mutation34. 蛋白质protein35. 综合征syndrome36. 荷尔蒙,激素hormone37. 流产abortion38. 急性的acute39. 慢性的chronic40. 草药herbal medicine41. 血管blood vessel42. 牙齿校正orthodontics43. 注射injection44. 紧急救护first aid45. 眩晕的dizzy46. 热量calorie47. 抗生素antibiotics48. 超级病毒supergerm49. 毒素toxin50. 肿瘤tumor51. 外科surgery 52.内科internal medicine53. 神经系统nervous system六、机械1. 精度precision2. 误差error3. 弹性elasticity4. 可靠性reliability5. 齿轮gear6. 发电机generator7. 疲劳fatigue8. 阀门valve9. 老化速率aging rate10. 链chain11. 压碎机crusher12. 圆筒cylinder13. 刀片blade14. 三角尺set square15. 磁悬浮列车Magnetically Levitated Train16. 安全阀safety valve17. 自动化automation18. 缓冲器buffer19. 接头,连接点joint20. 管tube21. 安全帽helmet22. 油箱fuel tank23. 总开关main switch24. 螺丝刀,起子screw driver25. 软水管hose26. 工具包toolkit27. 校准calibrate 28. 金属板,钣金sheet metal七、计算机、通讯、电子1. 卫星定位系统Global PositioningSystem (GPS)2. 电缆cable3. 中央处理器central processing unit (CPU)4. 人工智能artificial intelligence5. 网际空间,虚拟空间cyberspace6. 数字图书馆Digital Library (DL)7. 通信卫星communicationsatellite (comsat)8. 博客blog9. 光纤通信Optical Fiber Communication 10. 蓝牙技术Bluetooth11. 技术要求technical requirements12. 垃圾邮件spam13. 高保真High Fidelity (Hi-Fi)14. 短信服务SMS:Short Message Service 15. 客户身份识别卡SIM卡:SubscriberIdentity Module 16. 数码摄像机DV:Digital Video17. 计算器calculator18. IC卡IC (integrated circuit) card19. 液晶Liquid Crystal20. 液晶显示器,液晶电视liquid crystaldisplay (LCD) 21. 遥感remote sensing22. 信息时代information era/age23. 二进制的binary24. 超文本hypertext25. 浏览器browser26. 鼠标mouse27. 智能系统intelligent system28. 黑客hacker29. 电子助听器electronic hearing aid 30. 网上犯罪cyber crime31. 光标cursor32. 条形码bar code33. 无绳电话cordless telephone34. 加密encryption35. 光纤技术fiber optic technology36. 信息产业IT-industry37. 家用电器electrical appliances 38. 调制解调器modem39. 桌面desktop40. 内存memory41. 显示器monitor42. 路由器router43. 网络摄影webcam44. 使计算机化computerize45. 优盘flash disc八、资源、环境、气候1. 京都议定书Kyoto Protocol2. 太阳电池solar cell3. 酸雨acid rain4. 太阳能solar energy5. 温室效应greenhouse effect6. 水资源Water Resources7. 核能nuclear energy8. 循环经济Recycling Economy9. 气压计barometer10. 臭氧层ozone layer11. 煤气coal gas12. 玷污contamination13. 可替代能源alternative energy 14. 生物多样性bio-diversity15. 动物栖息地habitat16. 除草剂herbicide17. 热岛效应heat island effect18. 不降解的non-degradable19. 绿党green party20. 燃料fuel21. 能源危机energy crisis22. 废气exhaust gas23. 垃圾掩埋地landfill24. 误用,滥用misuse25. 可再生资源renewable energysources26. 天然资源,自然资源natural resources 27. 濒危物种endangered species 28. 寿命life expectancy, life span 29. 可持续发展sustainable development30. 气候变化climate change31. 温室气体greenhouse gases32. 有毒的poisonous, toxic33. 侵蚀erosion34. 处理掉(废品等)dispose35. 污染物pollutant 36. 信风trade wind37. 热带的tropical38. 海啸tsunami39. 毛毛雨drizzle40. 雨夹雪sleet41. 冰雹hail42. 冻雨ice rain43. 气流air current44. 气流侵袭air intrusion45. 气团air mass46. 酸雾acid mist47. 大气化学air chemistry48. 航空气候学aeronautical climatology49. 余震aftershock50. 绿化,造林afforestation九、军事1. 高技术战争high-tech warfare2. 雷达radar3. 航空母舰aircraft carrier4. 雷管blasting cap5. 大规模杀伤性武器weapons of massdestruction6 . 机关枪machine gun7. 步枪,来复枪rifle 8. 冲锋枪tommy gun9. 机枪scatter-gun10. 大炮cannon11. 子弹bullet12. 卡宾枪carabin13. 轰炸bombard14. 自杀式攻击suicidal attack15. 人体炸弹flesh bomb16. 炮弹shell17. 散兵坑foxhole十、其他1. 基础研究basic research2. 研发research and development3. 瓶颈bottleneck4. 专利patent5. 纳米技术nanotechnology6. 应用研究Application Research7. 可行性研究feasibility study8. 知识经济knowledge economy 9. 对照试验control test10. 化妆品cosmetic11. 知识产权intellectualproperty rights、intellectualownership12. 过程分析procedure analysis 13. 土木工程civil engineering14. (技术)诀窍know-how 15. 基础设施infrastructure16.不利效应,不利影响adverse effect17. 杀虫剂pesticide18. 化肥fertilizer19. 食物添加剂food additive20. 农业气象学agrometeorology21. 农用化学品agrochemicals。

快速掌握学术论文中常用的科技词汇

快速掌握学术论文中常用的科技词汇

快速掌握学术论文中常用的科技词汇学术论文是科研工作者交流研究成果、展示科学观点和方法的重要方式之一。

在学术论文中,科技词汇的使用是必不可少的。

掌握并正确运用常用的科技词汇,不仅可以提高论文的专业性和可读性,还能够增强与其他学者交流的能力。

本文将介绍一些常见的科技词汇,以帮助读者快速掌握学术论文中常用的科技词汇。

一、实验方法与技术(Experimental Methods and Techniques)在学术研究中,实验方法和技术的选择对于研究结果的可靠性至关重要。

以下是一些常见的实验方法和技术:1. 定量分析方法(Quantitative Analysis Methods)定量分析方法是用于测量和计量物质数量的方法,例如质谱法(Mass Spectrometry)和光谱法(Spectroscopy)等。

2. 定性分析方法(Qualitative Analysis Methods)定性分析方法主要用于检测和鉴定物质的特性,例如X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)等。

3. 电化学技术(Electrochemical Techniques)电化学技术是一种研究电化学过程的方法,包括电化学反应(Electrochemical Reactions)、电化学分析(Electrochemical Analysis)和电化学合成(Electrochemical Synthesis)等。

4. 分子生物学技术(Molecular Biology Techniques)分子生物学技术用于研究和操作生物分子,例如聚合酶链反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction)和蛋白质电泳(Protein Electrophoresis)等。

二、研究领域和学科名词(Research Fields and Disciplinary Terms)学术论文通常涉及特定的研究领域和学科,以下是一些常见的研究领域和学科名词:1. 生物技术(Biotechnology)生物技术是利用生物学原理和技术手段来解决生物学问题和开发生物制品的学科。

科技英语词汇的翻译

科技英语词汇的翻译
• The president has the power to veto bills. 总统有权否木 B) 停机坪 C) 护床 D) (炮的)口罩,伪装天幕 E)(皮带)运输机 F) 冰川前的砂砾层 G)护墙,挡板
1)机械行业 2)造船业 3)建筑业 4)地质 5)运输业 6)航空业 7)军事
• 6.常用名词来代替动词
词义的选择
• 1.根据词类选择词义
主要是针对一些兼类词,这些词在句中承担的成分 不同,其词性不同,词义也会不同。 The earth rounds the sun。
地球绕太阳旋转。(动词)
In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field.
antibody, antivirus interplay, inter-Korean relations microcosm, microcomputer circumstance, circumference contradiction, contravene multimedia, multimode
I 低速制动器
• 动词和介词(副词) • This substance we call water, and comes
next only to oxygen.
这种物质我们称之为水,其重要性仅次于
氧。
• The seeds have not come up yet.
种子尚未发芽。
• These ink stains won’t come out.
要洗出好照片,适当的曝光是必要的。
• We recommend to develop first of all a computer line program with the help of the CP525.

科技类常用词汇和短语

科技类常用词汇和短语

科技类常用词汇和短语名词和名词短语:Technological advancement \ development 科技进步; Technological innovations 科技创新High-tech facilities \ products 高科技设施\产品; Modern technology 现代科技; Communication technology 通讯科技如:mass media; mobile phones; the internetThe fast rhythm of life 快节奏的生活方式; Information age 信息时代;Home working \ telecommuting work 在家办公; Distance education 远程教育The widespread use of the internet 网络的广泛使用;Electric appliances 家电; automation 自动化; mass manufacture 大量生产动词短语:Give easy access to ….主语为事物 = Acquire…. 主语为人获得…知识, 信息等Adapt to + 名词适应… ; Get be used to +名词习惯…;Benefit from…从…中受益; Benefit…使…受益Be beneficial to + 名词对…有益; Enhance study efficiency 提高学习效率; Broaden one’s horizons开阔某人眼界; Enrich one’s knowledge experience 丰富某人的知识阅历; Remove the barrier for…为…消除障碍; Assist sb to do…协助某人做某事; Equip sb with sth 用…武装某人; Put sb into contact with sth 让某人接触某事Be confronted with…面对…; Put sb at an advantage in terms of…使某人在某方面处于优势Make use of …. 充分利用; Be available to… = be accessible to供….使用Keep up with 跟上…的步伐; Stay in close contact with…. 保持和….的密切接触Enhance efficiency work efficiency; study efficiency; productivity 提高效率; Accelerate.. 加速典型考题:1. Some people believe the range of technology available to individuals today is increasing the gap between poor people and rich people. Others think it is having an opposite effect. What is your opinion2. Some people think people have benefited from modern communication technology, other people think somepeople have not benefited at all, to what extend do you agree or disagree现代科技的一些正面影响:效率… assist people to enhance working efficiencyWith the help of fax, e-mail or other automated and communication devices, people are able to perform daily routines in a more efficient way, reducing manual work greatly方便The outside world has become more accessible to people and one can perform many tasksat home, such as shopping, banking and business transactions, thus helping them cut costsof bus fare and fuel娱乐People are able to spend much less time on daily routines and household chores,With the emergence of various IT products, people are leading a more colorful life with more flexibility and leisure time.情感…. expands people’s social circle. In the past, social relationships were limited by physical factors such as geographical distance. But nowadays, Because of technological advances, such as the railroad, the automobile, the telephone and the internet, one can travel further and get acquainted with more people.就业… triggers emergence and great progress of various fronts, thereby creating numerousjob opportunities知识…enables any person in present-day society to become enlightened and empowered. Modern technology gives infinite and flexible access to information and knowledge. By gathering information from a variety of sources, such as the Internet, mobile phones, E-libraries, online training courses, people can have a broader view of life and equip themselves with various skills and abilities现代科技的一些负面影响:压力Employees are actually working longer, primarily because fax, e-mail or other communication devices have made them accessible to their superiors, colleagues and customers after work, partly depriving workers of their leisure time娱乐a.People’s leisure time social activities has been shrinking as a result of various Internet-based activities. Specifically, web-surfing, on-line shopping has taken upa larger part of people’s after-work life情感…alters their social behaviors and habits. For example, for many people, spending partof the day on the internet is quite normal. Because most internet users are deeplyaddicted to Internet, they will become socially isolated. Most of them have poor social life and feelings of loneliness.健康a. people have become more and more accustomed to living in a world that appreciates convenience and inactivity. As a result, people are very likely to lose patience and physical vigorb.Too much time spent on the Internet leads to the result that people suffer serious loss of vision, back pain and obesity. It is likely that many people end up struggling with poor health。

科技英语的翻译——02 专业词汇的构成

科技英语的翻译——02 专业词汇的构成

专业词汇的构成1.词汇的分类专业英语文献中的专业词汇(或科技词汇)一般分为三类:技术词、半技术词和非技术词(或普通词)。

技术词(technical word)指科技术语,用以记录和表达科学技术专门领域的现象、过程、特性、关系、状态、数量等,意义单纯,只有一种专业含义,如bandwidth, flip-flop, microprocessor, rectification。

半技术词(semi-technical words)是指跨学科出现的频率很高的词,在不同的专业领域含有不同的精确含义,如power, carrier等。

非技术词是指在非专业英语中很少使用,却严格属于非专业英语性质的词汇,如application, implementation, to yield 等。

非技术词和普通词(尤其是其中的功能词,如限定词、介词、连词等)词频最高,半技术词出现得最多,词汇覆盖面最大,而技术词词频最低,出现率最小。

2.词汇的构成科技英语词汇中有很大一部分符合构词法。

科技英语构词法主要包括:派生、复合、转化、拼缀、缩略等,下面分别予以介绍。

(1) 派生(derivation)法是通过在原有词或词根的基础上加前缀或(和)后缀而构成新词。

前缀通常用以修饰或改变词意,后缀显示词性。

科技英语中以这一方法构成的新词最多,可以说俯拾皆是,如antiparticle (反粒子),antineutron (反中子),antibody (抗体);autocorrelation (自相关)等。

需要指出的是以V+er/or 构成的词,有许多是指某一仪器而不指人,如semicorrelator (自相关器),conductor (导体),holder (支架/托)等,这一点译者应留意。

表2.1-2.4分别列出电子与通信专业常用的前后缀及词根。

表2.1 常用前缀表2.2 表示数量关系的常用前缀表2.3 常用后缀表 2.4 常用词根(2) 复合(composition)法是由两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列,以构成新词,其词性可以是形容词、名词、代词、动词、副词等。

科技英语术语的翻译

科技英语术语的翻译
(一) 合成法
将两个或两个以上的词合成为一个词。
1. 合成名词 (1)名词+名词。由两个或两个以上的名词合成一个合成名词,
前面名词是说明性的, 后一个名词是中心词, 如:
nuclear bomb 原子弹, crosstalk 串音,串话, glassware玻璃制品, multimedia computer多媒体电脑, management information system,管理信息系统, rust resistance防锈, laser disk镭射光盘, card reader读卡机, cash register现金出纳机, pain killer止痛药, analog computer模拟计算机等;
• (2)形容词+名词。由一个形容词加一个名词构 • 成,其意义关系是前者修饰后者,如: • Loudspeaker 扩音器, firm acceleration稳定加 速, intelligent card,智能卡, virtual reality虚拟 现实, digital interface数字接口等; • (3)动名词+名词。在这类名词中,动名词所表示的 • processing unit处理器, flying suit飞行衣, launching site发射场等;
科技英语术语翻译
随着现代科学技术的迅猛发展,新的科 技术语也随之源源不断地产生。据统计,汉 语词汇中90%以上的科技术语都来自于英语, 这大大丰富了汉语词汇;当今科技英语已受 到普遍的重视,它已渗入到我们工作和生活 的各个角落, 掌握一些英语科技术语的构 词特点和翻译技巧是非常必要的。
一、科技术语构词特点
• 后者合成的形容词表示被动含义,其中的名词有时表示工具
或行为发出者的意味,如,

雅思写作常用写作词汇

雅思写作常用写作词汇

Nancy附录二十大话题教育类(education)pulsory education 义务教育2. vocational education 职业教育3. academic performance 学业表现4. non-academic affairs 与学习无关的事情5. puppy/ calf love 早恋6. corporal punishment 体罚7. tuition fee 学费8. parents’ supervision 父母的监督9. individual tutorship 个人辅导10. turning point 转折点11. the pursuit of knowledge 对知识的追求12. maintain / disrupt classroom order 维护、扰乱课堂秩序13. coeducational /single sex establishment 男女共校、单一性别学校14. generation gap 代沟15. indulge in 沉迷(表示“溺爱” 后面直接加宾语)16. play truant 逃学17. school shootings 校园枪击18. broaden one’s horizons 开阔视野19. the hardship and bitterness of life 生活的艰辛和苦难20. appropriate advice and guidance 恰当的建议和指导21. cultivate independence 培养独立性22. a good habit of frugality 节约的好习惯23. distinguish right from wrong 明辨是非24. shoulder the responsibility of 肩负…… 的责任25. be prone to do 容易做某事26. go astray 误入歧途27. violate social conventions and laws 违反社会习俗和法律28. cast a shadow on one’s heart 在心中留下阴影29. resist the temptation of 抵制……的诱惑30. interpersonal skills 人际交往的技巧31. peer pressure 同辈的压力32. formative years 性格形成期33. physically and emotionally immature 身心不成熟34. a sense of superiority 优越感35.socially adaptable 能适应社会的36. adjust teaching methods 调整教学方法37. exert a negative impact on 产生消极影响38. juvenile crime=juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪juvenile delinquent 青少年犯罪者39. a sense of belonging 归属感40. qualified and experienced teachers 称职、有经验的老师41. first class teaching facilities 一流的教学设施42. education reform 教育改革科技类(science and technology)1.artificial intelligence 人工智能(artificial 人工的、人造的、非天然的)2.side effects 副作用3.technological revolution 科技革命4.nuclear weapons 核武器5.soil degradation 土壤退化6.industrial mass-production 工业化大生产7.enhance working efficiency and productivity 增强工作效率和生产力8.substitute for humans 替代人类9.intelligent machines 智能机器10.humanization 人性化11.unnerving problems 令人不安的问题12.eye-friendly 对眼睛无害的13.electronic innovation 电子革新14.global village 地球村15.industrial revolution 工业革命16.mechanization 机械化17.automation 自动化18.scientific discovery 科学发现19.cloning technology 克隆技术20.replica of an individual organ 人体器官的复制品an transplant 移植器官22.genetic defect 基因缺陷~ engineering 基因工程~ code 基因密码~ variability 基因变异23.ethically and morally wrong 有悖伦理道德24.space exploration 太空探索25.Global Positioning Systems 全球定位系统26.nanotechnology 纳米技术27.impersonal device 非人性化的设备环境资源类(environment and resources)1.environmental protection (conservation)环境保护environmental conservationist 环保主义者2.human activities 人类活动3.city dwellers 城市居民4.traffic congestion /traffic jam交通堵塞heavy traffic 形容交通拥挤5.disposable products 一次性用品ndfill 垃圾填埋场7.litter collection and disposal 垃圾收集和处理8.deforestation 砍伐森林9.greenhouse effect 温室效应10.acid rain 酸雨11.sand storm 沙尘暴12.solar energy 太阳能13.ban on plastic bags 禁塑令14.maintain the ecological balance 维持生态平衡15.eco-friendly/environmental friendly环保的16.natural disaster 自然灾害17.a natural evolutionary process 自然进化的过程18.short-term profit 短期利益19.sustainable development 可持续发展20.food chain 食物链21.diversity of life 生物多样性22.endangered species 濒危灭绝23.ozone layer 臭氧层24.forceful law and regulations 有力的法律法规25.raise people’s environmental awareness 增强人们的环境意识26.non-profit advertisement 公益广告27.dispose of the rubbish 处理垃圾28.the deterioration of the environment 环境恶化29.animal right activists 动物权益保护者30.wildlife preservation 野生动物保护31.survival of the fittest 适者生存32.turn a blind eye to 视而不见turn a deaf ear to 充耳不闻政府类(government)ernment administration 政府管理2.national defense 国防3.high levels of secrecy 高度机密4.financial strength 财力national revenue 国家财政收入national purse support 国家财政支持5.expand domestic demand/ need 扩大内需6.social undertaking 社会事业7.national public health system 全国公共卫生体系8.infrastructure 基础设施9.pilot project 试点项目10.feasible plan 可行的计划11.institutional innovation 体制创新12.economic return 经济效益13.financial crisis 金融危机(economic downturn / slowdown/ slump/ depression/)14.foreign direct investment 外商直接投资15.supporting measures 配套措施16.income gap 收入差距17.promote all-round, balanced and sustainable development of the economy and society 推动经济社会全面、协调、可持续发展ernment mechanism 政府机制19.reduce expenditure 减少开支curtail (vt) 削减20.a beneficial economic cycle 良性经济循环21.expand intra-county economics 壮大县域经济22.carry out the process of urbanization 推动城镇化23.public fitness program 公共健身运动bat the threat of violence to the general public 与对公众产生暴力的威胁斗争25.the true portrayal of what is happening around 是发生在周围事件的真实描绘26.strict regulation严格控制27.non-government sources 非政府渠道28.unshakeable duty (工作上)无法逃避的责任29.both financially and spiritually 经济上和精神上的30.put forward a number of possible solutions 提出一些可行的解决方法31.satellite towns 卫星城镇32.preferential policies to promote the construction of high-rise apartment buildings 优惠政策推动高层公寓住房的修建33.rapid depletion of social security fund and strained financial resources 社会保障资金的快速消耗和紧张的财政资源34.be overly financially dependent 过度的经济依赖35.physical inferiority 体力不支36.pension fund 养老金pension scheme 养老计划37.to downsize government budget 缩减政府预算38.shoulder the share of responsibility 承担共同的责任39.be better off 情况更好40.medical and educational service 医疗和教育服务41.to give top priority 列为重点42.a fair shake 一视同仁43.low-hanging fruit 容易实现的目标44.authorities 当局45.regulate/ administer/ oversee (vt.) 规范,管理46.implement 实施vt.47.legislate(vi)/ make laws 立法48.a democratic and progressive government 民主与开放的政府49.strictly prohibit/ ban v 严禁50.Stringent laws/ legislation 严格的法律51.rules and regulations 规章制度52.allocate money to sth/ subsidize (vt.)/ be a patron of / invest in/ finance(vt)/ fund(vt.)/ dedicate money to sth 为。

科技类常用词汇和短语

科技类常用词汇和短语

科技类常用词汇和短语 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】科技类常用词汇和短语名词和名词短语:Technological advancement \ development 科技进步; Technological innovations 科技创新High-tech facilities \ products 高科技设施\产品; Modern technology 现代科技;Communication technology 通讯科技 (如:mass media; mobile phones; the internet)The fast rhythm of life 快节奏的生活方式; Information age 信息时代; Home working \ telecommuting work 在家办公; Distance education 远程教育The widespread use of the internet 网络的广泛使用;Electric appliances 家电; automation 自动化; mass manufacture 大量生产动词短语:Give easy access to ….(主语为事物) = Acquire…. (主语为人) 获得…(知识, 信息等)Adapt to + 名词适应… ; Get (be) used to +名词习惯…;Benefit from…从…中受益; Benefit…使…受益Be beneficial to + 名词对…有益; Enhance study efficiency 提高学习效率;Broaden one’s horizons开阔某人眼界; Enrich one’s knowledge (experience) 丰富某人的知识 (阅历); Remove the barrier for…为…消除障碍; Assist sb to do…协助某人做某事;Equip sb with sth 用…武装某人; Put sb into contact with sth 让某人接触某事Be confronted with…面对…; Put sb at an advantage in terms of…使某人在某方面处于优势Make use of …. 充分利用; Be available to… = be accessible to供….使用Keep up with 跟上…的步伐; Stay in close contact with…. 保持和….的密切接触Enhance efficiency (work efficiency; study efficiency; productivity) 提高效率; Accelerate.. 加速典型考题:1. Some people believe the range of technology available to individuals today is increasing the gap between poor people and richpeople. Others think it is having an opposite effect. What is your opinion2. Some people think people have benefited from modern communication technology, other people think some people have not benefited at all, to what extend do you agree or disagree现代科技的一些正面影响:效率… assist people to enhance working efficiencyWith the help of fax, e-mail or other automated and communication devices, people are able to perform daily routines in a moreefficient way, reducing manual work greatly方便The outside world has become more accessible to people and one can perform many tasks at home, such as shopping, banking and business transactions, thus helping them cut costs of bus fare and fuel娱乐People are able to spend much less time on daily routines and household chores,With the emergence of various IT products, people are leading a more colorful life with more flexibility and leisure time.情感…. expands people’s social circle. In the past, socialrelationships were limited by physical factors such as geographical distance. But nowadays, Because of technological advances, such as the railroad, the automobile, the telephone and the internet, one can travel further and get acquainted with more people.就业… triggers emergence and great progress of various fronts, thereby creating numerous job opportunities知识… enables any person in present-day society to become enlightened and empowered. Modern technology gives infinite and flexible access to information and knowledge. By gathering information from a variety of sources, such as the Internet, mobile phones, E-libraries, onlinetraining courses, people can have a broader view of life and equip themselves with various skills and abilities现代科技的一些负面影响:压力Employees are actually working longer, primarily because fax, e-mail or other communication devices have made them accessible to their superiors, colleagues and customers after work, partly depriving workers of their leisure time娱乐a).People’s leisure time (social activities) has been shrinking as a result of various Internet-based activities. Specifically, web-surfing, on-line shopping has taken up a larger part of people’s after-work life情感…alters their social behaviors and habits. For example, for many people, spending part of the day on the internet is quite normal. Because most internet users are deeply addicted to Internet, theywill become socially isolated. Most of them have poor social life and feelings of loneliness.健康a). people have become more and more accustomed to living in a world that appreciates convenience and inactivity. As a result, people are very likely to lose patience and physical vigorb).Too much time spent on the Internet leads to the result that people suffer serious loss of vision, back pain and obesity. It is likely that many people end up struggling with poor health。

基础常用英语3500个单词

基础常用英语3500个单词

基础常用英语3500个单词:开启英语沟通之门一、日常交流必备词汇1. 人称代词:I(我)、you(你、您)、he(他)、she(她)、it(它)、we(我们)、they(他们、她们、它们)2. 家庭成员:father(父亲)、mother(母亲)、son(儿子)、daughter(女儿)、brother(兄弟)、sister(姐妹)3. 常用动词:be(是)、have(有)、do(做)、go(去)、get(得到)、make(制作)、can(能)、like(喜欢)、love (爱)、need(需要)、want(想要)4. 方向词汇:up(上)、down(下)、left(左)、right (右)、front(前)、back(后)、inside(里面)、outside(外面)5. 时间词汇:morning(早晨)、afternoon(下午)、evening (晚上)、night(夜晚)、day(天)、week(周)、month(月)、year(年)6. 天气词汇:sunny(晴朗)、cloudy(多云)、rainy(下雨)、snowy(下雪)、windy(刮风)二、职场沟通核心词汇1. 职位名称:manager(经理)、assistant(助理)、director (主管)、boss(老板)、employee(员工)3. 商务活动:meeting(会议)、negotiation(谈判)、presentation(演讲)、training(培训)、business trip(出差)4. 营销词汇:market(市场)、customer(客户)、product (产品)、service(服务)、sales(销售)5. 财务词汇:finance(财务)、account(账户)、profit(利润)、loss(亏损)、budget(预算)三、生活场景高频词汇1. 餐饮词汇:restaurant(餐厅)、menu(菜单)、food(食物)、drink(饮料)、bill(账单)2. 购物词汇:shop(商店)、supermarket(超市)、department store(百货商店)、cashier(收银员)、discount(折扣)3. 交通词汇:bus(公交车)、subway(地铁)、taxi(出租车)、train(火车)、airport(机场)4. 旅行词汇:hotel(酒店)、tourist(游客)、sightseeing (观光)、ticket(票)、guide(导游)掌握这3500个基础常用英语单词,将为您的英语沟通之路奠定坚实基础。

科技英语常用句型4

科技英语常用句型4

《专业英语(制药工程)》【科技英语的常用句型和翻译技巧】一、概述1. 翻译的要求The Criteria of Translation:信、雅、达2. 科技英语词汇(上节课已经介绍)3. 科技英语句子的特点二、科技英语常用句型及翻译1. 被动语态1)被动语态的常用原因常用被动语态主要见于以下几个方面:①不必或无法说出主动者For a long time aluminum has been thought as an effective material for preventing metal corrosion.长期以来,铝被当作一种有效的防止金属腐蚀的材料。

►The book has already been translated into many languages.②强调行为对象,而非行为者,将行为对象作为句子的主语Three machines can be controlled by a single operation.三台机器能由一个操作者操纵。

►The work must be finished at once.③为了更好的联系上下文►They are going to build a library here next year. It is going to be build beside the classroom building.2)被动语句的翻译方法(1)仍译为被动句最常见的是在谓语前加上助词“被”,也可使用“受到,遭到,得到,叫,称,让,给,加以,为……所”等句式。

偶尔也可不加任何词直接译出。

We remember how air can be made into a liquid. If the liquid is warmed again, it “boiled”and turns back into a gas.我们记得是如何把空气制成液体的。

如果给这种液体重新加热,它“沸腾汽化”,就又还原成气体。

科技类英语词汇

科技类英语词汇

advanced science 尖端科学scientific invention 科学发明exert a far-reaching impact on… 对…产生一种深远的影响double-edged sword 双刃剑earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的改变pave the way for the future development 为未来的发展铺平道路lay a solid foundation for… 为…打下良好的基础energy crisis 能源危机depletion of resources 能源消耗milestone 里程碑sophisticated equipment 尖端设备technical innovation 科技创新over-commercialized 过渡商业化的a heated discussion 热烈的讨论exhaust gas 废气disastrous 灾难性的compared to/with… 与…相比speedy and comfortable 既快捷又舒适opposite forces 负面影响potential hazards 潜在危险pose a threat to… 对…有一种威胁promote relative industries 促进相关产业发展accelerate 加速…means of transportation 交通方式transportation tools 交通工具social status 社会地位environmentally-friendly resources 环保的能源make people's life easier 使人们生活更方便alternative fuel 可替代燃料sustainable development 可持续性发展scientific exploration 科学探索air travel 航空旅行ridiculous 可笑的absurd 荒唐的substitute 取代overcome difficulties 克服困难make progress 取得进步a sense of national pride 民族自豪感unprecedented 前所未有的soaring 不断上升的give a great push to the economic growth 极大地推动了经济发展see dramatic breakthroughs 取得突破性进展aggravate 使恶化cure-all solution 万能良药portable 便携的innovative 创新的cutting-edge 尖端的cost-effective 性价比高的augment/enhance/boost/ efficiency/productivity 提高生产效率be addicted to/be obsessed with 对···着迷/上瘾technological progress/advances 科技进步be accessible to 容易获得的例句:radio broadcasting is accessible to the audience with no charging feewith the advent of 随着···的到来例句:with the advent of advanced technology 随着高科技的到来pay a heavy price for sth. 为···付出惨痛的代价例句:Human being has paid a heavy price for the its curiosity.人类为了他的好奇心付出了惨痛的代价。

科技英语,特点

科技英语,特点
❖ Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.
❖ In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.
⑵同一词语词义的多专业化(Polysemy in Specialty) ⑶抽象名词(Abstract Noun) ⑷由动词或名词派生出来的形容词作描绘性词语
二、科技英语句法层面特点
⑴大量使用名词化结构 ⑵被动结构现象比较普遍 ⑶广泛使用非谓语动词 ⑷无人称句使用多 (5)科技英语中的静态结构 (5) 句子长、结构复杂
1) 介词短语
❖ The forces due to friction are called frictional forces. 由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。
❖ A call for paper is now being issued. 征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。
2) 形容词及形容词短语
3、名词化的结构
1) 名词/(行为名词)﹢介词﹢名词
(1) The flow of electrons is from the negative zinc plate to the positive copper plate.
(2) Again in the case of all motor vehicles, friction is essential in the operation of the brake.
❖ 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。 这样的装置称之为电容器,其储存电能的能力称为 电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。

学习描述人类命运和未来的词汇

学习描述人类命运和未来的词汇

学习描述人类命运和未来的词汇人类具有对未来的探索和对命运的思考。

这一主题在文学、哲学和科学等领域中得到了广泛的关注和讨论。

以下是一些常用的词汇,用于描述人类命运和未来的主题。

一、命运描述1. 命运(Fate)-指注定发生在个人或群体身上的不可避免的事件或结果。

2. 宿命(Destiny)-指早已注定好的、无法改变的命运。

3. 天命(Divine providence)-指由上帝或其他超自然力量决定的命运。

4. 命运共同体(Fate community)-指与他人共享命运,并相互影响的群体。

5. 命运转折点(Fateful turning point)-指决定个人或群体命运的关键事件或时刻。

二、未来描述1. 未来(Future)-指相对于现在和过去的时间段,尚未到来的时期。

2. 光明未来(Bright future)-强调未来将充满希望、成功和积极变化。

3. 未来前景(Prospect)-指未来可能发生的情景或发展趋势。

4. 未来展望(Outlook)-描述未来可能的情况、发展或趋势。

5. 未来挑战(Challenges ahead)-指未来可能面临的困难、问题或挑战。

三、人类描述1. 人类(Humanity)-指人类作为一个整体的概念。

2. 人类命运(Human destiny)-指人类作为一个群体或物种的共同未来。

3. 人类进步(Human progress)-指人类在文化、科技和社会等方面的不断发展。

4. 人类智慧(Human wisdom)-指人类通过思考和经验所获得的智慧和洞察力。

5. 人类使命(Human mission)-指人类在地球上的使命或目标。

四、未来观点1. 乌托邦(Utopia)-指想象中的理想社会或未来世界。

2. 反乌托邦(Dystopia)-指想象中的恶劣或不良社会或未来世界。

3. 科技革命(Technological revolution)-指由科技进步引发的社会、经济和文化的巨大变革。

科技英语翻译专业词汇-机械)

科技英语翻译专业词汇-机械)

机械类英语常用词汇(各专业)常见缩写:PCS Pieces 个(根,块等)PRS Pairs 双(对等)D/C Date Code 生产日期码ID/C Identification Code (供应商)识别码SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求L/N Lot Number 批号P/N Part Number 料号OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原设备制造N/A Not Applicable 不适用QTY Quantity 数量VS 以及REV Revision 版本JIT Just In Time 零库存ESD Electry-static Discharge 静电排放PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板OC Operation System 作业系统NC Numerical Control, 数字计算机控制通识词:metal cutting金属切削mechanotronics,mechanical-electrical integration 机电一体化machine tool 机床technology of metals 金属工艺学cutter刀具friction摩擦spindle主轴headstock 主轴箱chuck卡盘machining center加工中心gusset plate角撑板, 加固板rolling bearing 滚动轴承spring弹簧finish machining精加工rough machining 粗加工optimal design优化设计industrial moulding design 工业造型设计descriptive geometry画法几何mechanical drawing 机械制图lathe车床planer 刨床punching machine 冲床drill machine钻床milling machine, miller铣床grinding machine, grinder磨床boring machine 镗床assembly drawing 装配图size marking 尺寸标注technical requirements 技术要求finite element 有限元ball bearing 滚动轴承sliding bearing滑动轴承vent 放气孔, 通风孔drain 排水管fusion 熔融base material基底材料flow instrument 流量计identification mark 识别标志level instrument 位面计, 水平仪layout drawing 布置图restoration修理Blowers排风机Constant Low Temperature Facilities低温室stockpile贮存floor model落地式control panel控制屏blister steel 浸碳钢emery 金钢砂stainless steel 不锈钢clearance 间隙cushion 缓冲pinion 小齿轮finishing allowance 加工余量parameter 参数compound 混合料ductility 延性lubricant 润滑剂final inspection终检rust生锈deformation变形wire coil线盘,线卷work cell工作间trolley台车机床类:3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床boring machine 搪孔机cnc milling machine CNC铣床contouring machine 轮廓锯床copy grinding machine 仿形磨床copy lathe 仿形车床copy milling machine 仿形铣床copy shaping machine 仿形刨床cylindrical grinding machine 外圆磨床die spotting machine 合模机engraving machine 雕刻机engraving E.D.M. 雕模放置加工机form grinding machine 成形磨床graphite machine 石墨加工机horizontal boring machine 卧式搪孔机horizontal machine center 卧式加工制造中心internal cylindrical machine 内圆磨床jig boring machine 冶具搪孔机ig grinding machine 冶具磨床lap machine 研磨机machine center 加工制造中心multi model miller 靠磨铣床NC drilling machine NC钻床NC grinding machine NC磨床NC lathe NC车床NC programming system NC程式制作系统planer 龙门刨床projection grinder 投影磨床shaper 牛头刨床surface grinder 平面磨床try machine 试模机turret lathe 转塔车床universal tool grinding machine 万能工具磨床vertical machine center 立式加工制造中心wire E.D.M. 线割放电加工机gouging .刨削槽Bending: 挠曲Threading: 车缧纹钢材类:alloy tool steel 合金工具钢aluminium alloy 铝合金钢bearing alloy 轴承合金bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蚀钢板carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢clad sheet 被覆板clod work die steel 冷锻模用钢ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力forging die steel 锻造模用钢galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢hot work die steel 热锻模用钢low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢marging steel 马式体高强度热处理钢martrix alloy 马特里斯合金meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢meehanite metal 米汉纳铁merchant iron 市售钢材molybdenum steel 钼钢nickel chromium steel 镍铬钢prehardened steel 顶硬钢silicon steel sheet 矽钢板tin plated steel sheet 镀锡铁板tough pitch copper 韧铜troostite 吐粒散铁vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑胶覆面钢板冲压机械及周边关连用语:back shaft 支撑轴blank determination 胚料展开bottom slide press 下传动式压力机board drop hammer 板落锤brake 煞车buckle 剥砂面camlachie cramp 铸包chamotte sand 烧磨砂charging hopper 加料漏斗clearance 间隙closed-die forging 合模锻造clump 夹紧clutch 离合器clutch brake 离合器制动器clutch boss 离合器轮壳clutch lining 离合器覆盖coil car 带卷升降运输机coil cradle 卷材进料装置coil reel stand 钢材卷料架column 圆柱connection screw 连杆调节螺钉core compound 砂心黏结剂counter blow hammer 对击锻锤cradle 送料架crank 曲柄轴crankless 无曲柄式cross crank 横向曲轴cushion 缓冲depression 外缩凹孔dial feed 分度送料die approach 模口角度die assembly 合模die cushion 模具缓冲垫die height 冲压闭合高度die life 模具寿命die opening 母模逃孔die spotting press 调整冲模用压力机double crank press 双曲柄轴冲床draght angle 逃料倾斜角edging 边锻伸embedded core 加装砂心feed length 送料长度feed level 送料高度filling core 埋入砂心filling in 填砂film play 液面花纹fine blanking press 精密下料冲床forging roll 辊锻机finishing slag 炼后熔渣fly wheel 飞轮fly wheel brake 飞轮制动器foot press 脚踏冲床formboard 进模口板frame 床身机架friction 摩擦friction brake 摩擦煞车gap shear 凹口剪床gear 齿轮gripper 夹具gripper feed 夹持进料gripper feeder 夹紧传送装置hammer 槌机hand press 手动冲床hand rack pinion press 手动齿轮齿条式冲床hand screw press 手动螺旋式冲床hopper feed 料斗送料idle stage 空站inching 微调尺寸isothermal forging 恒温锻造key clutch 键槽离合器knockout 脱模装置knuckle mechanic 转向机构land 模具直线刀面部loader 供料器unloader 卸料机loop controller 闭回路控制器lower die 下模micro inching device 微寸动装置microinching equipment 微动装置moving bolster 活动工作台notching press 冲缺口压力机opening 排料逃孔overload protection device 防超载装置pinch roll 导正滚轮pitch 节距pressfit 压入progressive 连续送料pusher feed 推杆式送料pusher feeder 料片押片装置quick die change system 快速换模系统regrinding 再次研磨releasing 松释动作reversed blanking 反转下料roll forming machine 辊轧成形roll forming machine 辊轧成形机roll release 脱辊roller feed 辊式送料roller leveler 辊式矫直机rotary bender 卷弯成形机safety guard 安全保护装置scrap cutter 废料切刀scrap press 废料冲床seamless forging 无缝锻造shave 崩砂shear angle 剪角sheet loader 薄板装料机shot 单行程工作shrinkage fit 收缩配合shut height 闭合高度sieve mesh 筛孔sintering of sand 铸砂烧贴slide balancer 滑动平衡器slug hole 逃料孔spin forming machine 旋压成形机spotting 合模stack feeder 堆叠拨送料机stickness 黏模性straight side frame 冲床侧板stretcher leveler 拉伸矫直机strip feeder 料材送料装置tripping pressure 弹出压力stroke 冲程take out device 取料装置toggle press 肘杆式压力机transfer 传送transfer feed 连续自动送料装置turrent punch press 转塔冲床two speed clutch 双速离合器uncoiler 闭卷送料机unloader 卸载机vibration feeder 振动送料机wiring press 嵌线卷边机砂轮用语abrasive 砂轮Al2O3 氧化铝borazon 氧化硼立方晶buffing wheel 抛光布轮diamond 钻石dresser 砂轮整修机dressing 修整endless grinding belt 循环式研磨带grain 磨粒grinding disc 研磨盘jamp up 孔眼堵塞mesh 网筛目resinoid grinding wheel 半树脂型砂轮slitting 切缝量vitrified 陶瓷的射出成形关联用语:activator 活化剂bag moulding 气胎施压成形bonding strength 黏合强度breathing 排气caulking compound 填隙料cell 气孔cold slug 半凝式射出colorant 著色剂color matching 调色color masterbatch 色母料compound 混合料copolymer 共聚合体cull 残料废品cure 凝固化cryptometer 不透明度仪daylight 开隙dry cycle time 空料试车周期时间ductility 延性elastomer 弹性体extruded bead sealing 压出粒涂层法feed 供料filler 充填剂film blowing 薄膜吹制法floating platen 活动模板foaming agent 发泡剂gloss 光泽granule 颗粒料gunk 料斗hot mark 热斑hot stamping 烫印injection nozzle 射出喷嘴injection plunger 射出柱塞injection ram 射出冲柱isomer 同分异构物kneader 混合机leveling agent 匀涂剂lubricant 润滑剂matched die method 配合成形法mould clamping force 锁模力mould release agent 脱模剂nozzle 喷嘴riented film 取向薄膜parison 吹气成形坏料pellet 粒料plasticizer 可塑剂plunger 压料柱塞porosity 孔隙率post cure 后固化premix 预混料reciprocating screw 往复螺杆resilience 回弹性resin injection 树脂射出法rheology 流变学sheet 塑胶片shot cycle 射出循环slip agent 光滑剂take out device 取料装置tie bar 拉杆toggle type mould clamping system 肘杆式锁模装置torpedo spreader 鱼雷形分流板transparency 透明性void content 空洞率锻铸造关连用语accretion 炉瘤acid converter 酸性转炉acid lining cupola 酸性熔铁炉acid open-hearth furnace 酸性平炉aerator 松砂机air set mold 常温自硬铸模airless blasting cleaning 离心喷光all core molding 集合式铸模all round die holder 通用模座assembly mark 铸造合模记号back pouring 补浇注backing sand 背砂base bullion 粗金属锭base permeability 原砂透气度belling 压凸billet 坏料bleed 漏铸blocker 预锻模膛blocking 粗胚锻件blow hole 铸件气孔board drop hammer 板落锤bottom pour mold 底浇bottom pouring 底注boxless mold 脱箱砂模break-off core 缩颈砂心brick molding 砌箱造模法buckle 剥砂面camber 错箱camlachie cramp 铸包cast blade 铸造叶片casting flange 铸造凸缘casting on flat 水平铸造chamotte sand 烧磨砂harging hopper 加料漏斗cleaning of casting 铸件清理closed-die forging 合模锻造core compound 砂心黏结剂core template 砂心模板core vent 砂蕊排气孔corner gate 压边浇口counter blow hammer 对击锻造counter lock 止口镶嵌方式depression 外缩凹孔die approach 模口角度draw out 锻造拔长draw plate 起模板draw spike 起模长针dummying 预锻embedded core 加装砂心erosion 冲砂fettling 铸件清理filling core 埋入砂心filling in 填砂film play 液面花纹finishing slag 炼后熔渣flash gutter 锻模飞边槽flask molding 砂箱造模forging roll 辊锻机formboard 进模口板gutter 锻模飞边槽hammer man 锻工heading machine 顶镦机impacter 卧式锻造机inblock cast 整体铸造ingot 铸锭ingot blank 铸坯inlay casting 镶铸法investment casting 失模铸造isothermal forging 恒温锻造loose piece 木模活块molding pit 铸模地坑pouring process 浇注法recasting 重铸roll forging 轧锻rolled surface 轧制表面rough sand 粗砂roughing forge 粗锻sand crushing 塌箱seamless forging 无缝锻造separate 分离shave 崩砂shrinkage fit 收缩配合shut height 闭合高度sieve mesh 筛孔sintering of sand 铸砂烧贴slag 熔渣slag inclusion 夹渣stickness 黏模性strip layout 带状胚料排样法tap casting 顶注top gate 顶注浇口unworked casting 不加工铸件upender 翻转装置upending 顶锻uphill casting 底铸white cast iron 白口铸件管道、线路关联用语Piping work: 铺管工程Steam trace: 加热蒸汽管道threaded pipe螺纹管seal welding.密封焊接flange joint 凸缘接头undercut 底切feeder馈电线conduit outlet电线引出口seal fitting 密封接头, 密封配件Screw thread lubricant螺纹润滑剂Seal: 绝缘层weld reinforcement 焊缝补强lock washer 锁紧[止动, 防松]垫圈electrical panel.配电板,配电盘nipple螺纹接头zinc plated.镀锌的ring joint 环接, 围缘接合NPT thread. 美国标准锥管螺纹cable gland 电缆衬垫terminal block线弧, 接头排接线盒, 接线板, 线夹power drill机械钻connector. 接线器insulated sleeve绝缘套管wire connector接线器wire terminal电线接头control wiring控制线路motor lead电动机引出线power wiring电力布线tender document.提供证件orifice plate.挡板flange gasket 法兰垫片dimensional inspection 尺寸检验burn through 烧蚀piping system.管道系统erection 架设examination试验cable tray.电缆盘rigid steel conduit 钢制电线管cable glands: 电缆衬垫exfoliation剥落power receptacle 电力插座grounding conductor 接地导体lighting fixture照明器材junction box 分线箱race way 电缆管道terminal box接线盒distribution board配电盘, 配电屏receptacle 插座tumble switch.翻转开关,拨动式开关cathodic protection system 阴极保护系统Circuit breaker断路开关amplifier panel 放大器盘control console 控制台electrical material电气材料convenience receptacle.电源插座cable gland 电缆衬垫control cable控制电缆操纵索normal bend 法向[法线]弯管piping管道敷设tubing敷设管道cable fitting电缆配件elbow.弯管接头main pipe 主管道bend.弯管弯头焊接成型技术相关用语socket weld承插焊接fillet weld角焊,填角焊branch connection分支接续fabrication tolerance.制造容差local heat treatment 局部热处理reinforcement of weld加强焊缝dye penetrant examination染料渗透试验法magnetic particle examination 磁粉检验girth weld环形焊缝cement lined piping 水泥衬里weld joint 焊缝, 焊接接头spool drawing 管路图, 管路详图spot test 抽查, 当场测试butt weld 对接焊缝Random Radiography随机射线照相检查radiographic examination 射线照相检查power control 功率控制arc welding 电弧焊TIG:Tungsten-arc Inert-Gas welding 钨极电弧惰性气体保护焊filler rod焊条tensile strength 抗张强度shield gas 保护气体shield jig保护夹具high frequency generator.高频发电机welding rod 焊条filler metal 焊料, 焊丝shop fabrication 车间制造field installation 现场安装welding bead 焊道both sides welding.双面焊接residual stress 残余应力electrode 电焊条condensation 冷凝longitudinal.纵向的horizontal line 水平线circumferential joint 周圈接缝nondestructive examination.非破坏性检验, qualification: 合格性construction work施工工程welded joint焊接缝焊接节点gas cutting.气割arc cutting电弧切割grind off 磨掉metallic luster 金属光泽Screwed Piping Joints螺丝状的管接头instrument rack 计测器支架tank gauge 液面计flushing 冲洗,填缝solvent 溶剂postweld heat treatment 焊后热处理jig.夹具arc gouging 电弧刨削chipping修琢machining 机械加工bridges.管式桥clamp.夹钳tack welding 点焊butt welding 对接焊grinder. 磨床commencement.开始gusset plate角撑板, 加固板process pipe 工艺管道land 纹间表面opening 开口reinforcing pad.补强垫,增强衬板flux 焊剂wet developer 湿显像剂imperfection 缺陷limitation 限度valve 阀,闸门structural attachment 结构附件tapered allowance 削尖余量tack welding 平头焊接sputter 喷溅scale 废料lateral translation侧向平移weld joint 焊缝, 焊接接头fusion 熔融base material基底材料lead foil 铅箔生产、实验常用词汇intensifying screen 增光屏, 光增强屏pressure test.压力试验film density.影片密度line number行数leak test漏泄试验plate thickness 筛板厚度field fabricated 工地制造的,现场装配的junction box.接线盒flow sheet 流程图vent 放气孔, 通风孔drain 排水管instrument air仪表气源blind挡板pipe arrangement 管配置bus duct 母线槽substation分站flow instrument 流量计blinding plate盲板expansion joint 伸缩接头hydrostatic pressure test静水压试验pneumatic pressure 气压scaffolding脚手架check valve止回阀liquid penetrant examination液体渗透探伤test pump试验泵witnessed inspections 现场检测hanger吊架control valve控制阀,fabrication drawing 制造图纸,制作图schedule number表示管壁厚度系列的号码hydrostatic test .流体静力学试验,水压试验design pressure 设计压力disposition notice 处罚通知书pipe stanchion 管支柱bellow type 波纹管式expansion joint 伸缩接头vibration stopper:减震器WPS Works Process Specification 典型工艺规程piping.管道系统flange.凸缘,sleeve 套筒ferritic .铁素体的identification mark 识别标志stencil.模绘片版,镂花模板stamping .冲压silicone paint硅树脂油漆weld bead 焊缝automatic temperature recorder 温度自动记录器penetrameter 透度计film viewer底片观察用光源civil works土建工程,建筑工程lump sum price 混合价格,统包价格scrap material废料caulking metal填隙合金[金属](材料) application drawing操作图, 应用图cable routing电缆路由选择channel bases沟渠基底vertical panel竖直面板local panel 现场配电盘power distribution panel 配电盘gauge board样板, 模板规准尺anchor bolt 锚定螺栓expansion bolt 伸缩栓, 扩开螺栓field instrument.携带式仪表instrument rack 计测器支架,计测器框架tank gauge 油箱液位计guide wire 尺度[定距]索,准绳name plate名牌, 商标lead pipe铅管take-off valve输出阀sub-header分联箱air header 集气管pneumatic signal气动信号steam trace 加热蒸汽管道electric heat tracing.电伴随加热cable trunk 电缆管道stop end封端fire barriers防火间隔bonding wire 接合线, 焊线conduit box [电]导管分线匣rigid conduits 刚性导管flexible conduit软管conduit entry 导管引入装置平交道口管道组road crossing duct bank Capping ends顶盖末端cable armor 电缆铠装Cable sheath 电缆包皮层sealing compound电缆膏coaxial cable同轴电缆loop test环路测试sequence test.联锁顺序试验lintel beam 水平横楣梁flash plate闪熔镀层anchor bolt 地脚螺栓expansion bolt伸缩栓, 扩开螺栓shim plate 垫板push button station按钮式控制站logic diagram逻辑图。

科技英语词汇的翻译

科技英语词汇的翻译

• 6.常用名词来代替动词 .常用名词来代替动词 名词
词义的选择
• 1.根据词类选择词义 根据词类选择词义 根据词类
主要是针对一些兼类词, 主要是针对一些兼类词,这些词在句中承担的成分 不同,其词性不同,词义也会不同。 不同,其词性不同,词义也会不同。 The earth rounds the sun。 。
• Aluminium has a combining power of three. 铝的化合价是三。 铝的化合价是三。 • The new kinescope has a resolving power of 800 lines. . 这种新型显像管的分辨率 分辨率为 行 这种新型显像管的分辨率为800行。 • The president has the power to veto bills. 总统有权否决议案。 有权否决议案 总统有权否决议案。
• 动词和名词 • Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies. 健康。 新鲜空气和运动有益于健康。 • We must develop our good points and overcome our shortcomings. 优点和克服缺点。 我们必须发扬优点和克服缺点。
地球绕太阳旋转。(动词) 地球绕太阳旋转。(动词) 。(动词
In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field.
粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。(名词) 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。(名词 。(名词
科技英语词汇的翻译
第一节 科技英语词汇的特点与翻译
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就业
…triggers emergence andgreatprogressof various fronts,therebycreating numerous job opportunities
知识
…enables any person in present-day society to become enlightened and empowered.Moderntechnologygivesinfinite and flexible access to information and knowledge. By gathering information from a variety of sources, such as the Internet, mobile phones, E-libraries, online training courses, people can have a broader view of life and equip themselves withvarious skills and abilities
现代科技的一些正面影响:
效率
…assist peopleto enhance working efficiency
With the help of fax, e-mail or otherautomated andcommunication devices, people are able to perform daily routinesin a moreefficientway,reducingmanual workgreatly
Equip sb with sth用…武装某人;Put sb into contact with sth让某人接触某事
Be confronted with…面对…; Put sb at an advantage in terms of…使某人在某方面处于优势
Make use of….充分利用;Be available to…=beaccessible to供….使用
Keep up with跟上…的步伐;Stay in close contact with….保持和….的密切接触
Enhance efficiency (work efficiency; study efficiency; productivity)提高效率;Accelerate..加速
典型考题:
1.Some people believe the range of technology available to individuals today is increasing the gap between poor people and rich people. Others think it is having an opposite effect. What is your opinion?
科技类常用词汇和短语
名词和名词短语:
Technological advancement \ development科技进步;Technological innovations科技创新
High-tech facilities \ products高科技设施\产品;Modern technology现代科技;
2.Some people think people have benefited from modern communicationtechnology, other people think some people have not benefited at all, to what extend do you agree or disagree?
现代科技的一些负面影响:
压力
Employees are actually working longer, primarily because fax, e-mail or other communication devices have made them accessible to their superiors, colleagues and customers after work,partly depriving workers of theirleisuretime
The widespread use of the internet网络的广泛使用;
Electric appliances家电;automation自动化; mass manufacture大量生产
动词短语:
Give easy access to….(主语为事物)=Acquire….(主语为人)获得…(知识,信息等)
情感
…alters their social behaviors and habits. For example, for many people, spending part of the day on the internet is quite normal.Becausemostinternet usersare deeply addicted to Internet,theywill become socially isolated. Most of them havepoor social life and feelings of loneliness.
娱乐
People are able to spend much less time on daily routines and household chores,
With theemergenceof various IT products, people areleading a more colorful lifewith moreflexibilityandleisure time.
健康
a).people have becomemore and moreaccustomed to living in a world that appreciates convenience and inactivity. As a result, people are very likely to lose patience and physical vigor
b).Too muchtime spenton theInternet leads tothe result that people suffer serious loss of vision, back pain and obesity.It islikelythat many peopleendup struggling withpoorhealth
娱乐
a).People’sleisure time (socialactivities) has been shrinkingas a result ofvarious Internet-based activities.Specifically,web-surfing, on-line shoppinghastaken upa largerpartof people’s after-work life
Communication technology通讯科技(如:mass media; mobile phones; the internet)
The fast rhythm of life快节奏的生活方式;Information age信息时代;
Home working \ telecommuting work在家办公;Distance education远程教育
方便
The outside world has become more accessible to people and one can perform many tasks at home, such as shopping, banking and business transactions,thus helping themcutcosts of bus fare and fuel
Adapt to +名词适应…;Get (be) used to +名词习惯…;
Benefit from…从…中受益; Benefit…使…受益
Be beneficiency提高学习效率;
Broaden one’s horizons开阔某人眼界;Enrich one’s knowledge(experience)丰富某人的知识(阅历);Remove the barrier for…为…消除障碍;Assist sb to do…协助某人做某事;
情感
…. expandspeople’s social circle. In the past, social relationships were limited by physical factors such as geographical distance.Butnowadays,Because oftechnological advances, such as the railroad, the automobile,thetelephoneand the internet, one can travel further and get acquainted with more people.
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