chapter1习题答案

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《外贸英语函电》（第二版）习题答案

《外贸英语函电》（第⼆版）习题答案《外贸英语函电》（第⼆版）习题答案Chapter 1 key to exercises1. Translate the following terms.（1）inside address 封内地址（2）salutation 称呼（3）complimentary close 结尾敬语（4）Ref. No. 参考编号（5）enclosure 附件（6）P.O.Box 邮箱（7）postscript 附⾔（8）full block style 齐头式2. Answer the following questions.（1）How many formats of business letters do we use today? What are they?Three formats are used in writing business letter. They are full block style, modified block style and indented style.（2）What are the standard parts of a business letter?There are seven standard parts which includes letterhead, date, inside address, salutation, body of the letter, complimentary close and signature.（3）What kinds of information should be written on an envelop? And what are their positions?The information of the sender and the receiver should be written on an envelop. The information of the sender is at the top-left corner, while the information of the receiver is almost in the middle of the envelop.3. Complete the structure of the following business letter which is with full block style and write down the names of the missing parts in the boxes.Date Body of the letter Complimentary closeChapter 2key to exercises1.Translate the following terms.(1) 传真信号; (2) 传真机储存器已满; (3) 电⼦邮件; (4) 通信错误，传输信号不好;(5) 接收⽅传真机忙，传真机重拨2.Translate the following sentences into English.(1)We have to apologize to you for not answering your letter in time.(2)Please confirm the order and e-mail a shipping schedule.(3)As soon as the goods are available, we’ll inform you by fax.(4)If you find our offer acceptable, please fax us for confirmation.(5)We are e-mailing you to enquire whether you’d be willing to establish business relation s with us.3.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(1)如果存取⽂件有任何问题请和我联系。

计算机网络：自顶向下方法-课本课后习题答案(1-3)

课后习题答案：Chapter 1:Review questions: 1,4,11,13,15,16,18,19,23,25,261没有不同，在本文书中，“主机”和“终端系统”可以互换使用。

终端系统包括PCs ，工作站，Web 服务器，电子邮件服务器，连接Internet 的PDA ，WebTV 等。

41 通过电话线拨号调制解调器：住宅2 通过电话线的DSL ：住宅或小型办公室3 光纤电缆：住宅4 100 Mbps 交换以太网：公司5 无线LAN ：移动电话6 蜂窝移动接入（例如WAP ）：移动电话11电路交换网络可以为一个通话保证特定数量的端到端带宽。

大多数现在分组交换网络（包括Internet ）可以提供所有端到端带宽保证。

13在时间t0发送主机开始传输。

在t1 = L/R1时，发送主机完成传输并且整个分组到达路由器（没有传播延迟）。

因为路由器在时间t1拥有整个分组，所以它在时间t1开始向接收主机传输此分组。

在时间t2 = t1 + L/R2，路由器完成传输并且接收主机接收整个分组（也没有传播延迟）。

因此端到端延迟是L/R1 + L/R2。

15a) 可以支持两个用户因为每个用户需要一半的链路带宽。

b) 因为在传输过程中每个用户需要1Mbps ，如果两个或更上用户同时传输，那么最大需要2Mbs 。

因为共享的链路的可用带宽是2Mbps ，所以在链接之前没有排队延迟。

然而，如果三个用户同时传输，那么需要的带宽将是3Mbps ，它大于共享链路的可用带宽，在这种情况下在链接前存在排队延迟。

c) 给定用户传输的概率是0.2。

d) 所有三个用户同时传输的概率是()333133--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛p p = (0.2)3 = 0.008。

因为当所有用户都传输时，队列增加，所以在队列增加的分数（它等于所有三个用户同时传输的概率）是0.008。

16延迟组件是处理延迟，传输延迟，传播延迟和排队延迟。

除了排队延迟是变化的，其它所有延迟都是固定的。

泛函分析Rudin习题1

i 1
t1 A t n A C ,
这蕴涵着 C co ( A) ;进一步,
CC
C co( A) .反过来的包含由 co( A) C 给出.

3.Proof. (a)设 A X 是开的, C 是 A 的凸壳,那么 A C 蕴涵着 A C .定理 1.13 说C 是凸的,再由第 2 题就得到 C C ;进一步, C C 是开的. (b)设 E X 是有界的, B 是 X 的一个凸局部基.对每个 V B ,选取t 0 使 E tV .第 2 题指出 co( E ) tV .第 5 题因此指出 co( E ) 是有界的. (c)对 0 X 的每个邻域V ,选取 0 X 的邻域U 和 t 0 使U U V , A tU , B tU . 那么 A B tU tU tV .第 5 题因此指出 A B 是有界的. (d)是 X 中加法连续性的结果. (e)设 x A B ,那么 ( x A) B .选取 0 X 的一个邻域V 使
f (V ) ( 1 (V ))
是 Y 的开集.因此 f 是开的. 反过来的蕴涵是明显的. 这就完成了证明.

10.Proof. (a)设 dimY n , e1 , , en X 使 e1 , , en 成为 Y 的一组基.给定 0 X 的邻域 V ,标量乘法的连续性给出一个 0 使
5 Chapter 1: Topological Vector Spaces
是 0 Y 的一个邻域. 同样的推理可以用到 (V ) 的每个点.因此 (V ) ,从而 ,是开的. (b)设 : X / N Y 是诱导的向量空间同构.作为 N 是闭子空间的推论得到: X / N 是一个有限维拓扑向量空间;结合定理 1.21 就得到还是一个同胚. 再由和第 9 题即得.

米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter1英文习题

米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter1英文习题Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 1 Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets?1.1 Why Study Financial Markets?1) Financial markets promote economic efficiency byA) channeling funds from investors to savers.B) creating inflation.C) channeling funds from savers to investors.D) reducing investment.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) Financial markets promote greater economic efficiency by channeling funds from ________ to ________.A) investors; saversB) borrowers; saversC) savers; borrowersD) savers; lendersAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) Well-functioning financial markets promoteA) inflation.B) deflation.C) unemployment.D) growth.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) A key factor in producing high economic growth isA) eliminating foreign trade.B) well-functioning financial markets.C) high interest rates.D) stock market volatility.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) Markets in which funds are transferred from those who have excess funds available to those who have a shortage of available funds are calledA) commodity markets.B) fund-available markets.C) derivative exchange markets.D) financial markets.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) ________ markets transfer funds from people who have an excess of available funds to people who have a shortage.A) CommodityB) Fund-availableC) FinancialD) Derivative exchangeAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) Poorly performing financial markets can be the cause ofA) wealth.B) poverty.C) financial stability.D) financial expansion.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) The bond markets are important because they areA) easily the most widely followed financial markets in the United States.B) the markets where foreign exchange rates are determined.C) the markets where interest rates are determined.D) the markets where all borrowers get their funds.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) The price paid for the rental of borrowed funds (usually expressed as a percentage of the rental of $100 per year) is commonly referred to as theA) inflation rate.B) exchange rate.C) interest rate.D) aggregate price level.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) Compared to interest rates on long-term U.S. government bonds, interest rates on three-month Treasury bills fluctuate ________ and are ________ on average.A) more; lowerB) less; lowerC) more; higherD) less; higherAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking11) The interest rate on Baa corporate bonds is ________, on average, than interest rates on Treasuries, and the spread between these rates became ________ in the 1970s.A) lower; smallerB) lower; largerC) higher; smallerD) higher; largerAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking12) Everything else held constant, a decline in interest rates will cause spending on housing toA) fall.B) remain unchanged.C) either rise, fall, or remain the same.D) rise.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) High interest rates might ________ purchasing a house or car but at the same time high interest rates might ________ saving.A) discourage; encourageB) discourage; discourageC) encourage; encourageD) encourage; discourageAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking14) An increase in interest rates might ________ saving because more can be earned in interest income.A) encourageB) discourageC) disallowD) invalidateAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking15) Everything else held constant, an increase in interest rates on student loansA) increases the cost of a college education.B) reduces the cost of a college education.C) has no effect on educational costs.D) increases costs for students with no loans.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking16) High interest rates might cause a corporation to ________ building a new plant that would provide more jobs.A) completeB) considerC) postponeD) contemplateAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking17) The stock market isA) where interest rates are determined.B) the most widely followed financial market in the United States.C) where foreign exchange rates are determined.D) the market where most borrowers get their funds.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) Stock prices areA) relatively stable trending upward at a steady pace.B) relatively stable trending downward at a moderate rate.C) extremely volatile.D) unstable trending downward at a moderate rate.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking19) A rising stock market index due to higher share pricesA) increases people's wealth, but is unlikely to increase their willingness to spend.B) increases people's wealth and as a result may increase their willingness to spend.C) decreases the amount of funds that business firms can raise by selling newly-issued stock.D) decreases people's wealth, but is unlikely to increase their willingness to spend. Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking20) When stock prices fallA) an individual's wealth is not affected nor is their willingness to spend.B) a business firm will be more likely to sell stock to finance investment spending.C) an individual's wealth may decrease but their willingness to spend is not affected.D) an individual's wealth may decrease and their willingness to spend may decrease. Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking21) Changes in stock pricesA) do not affect people's wealth and their willingness to spend.B) affect firms' decisions to sell stock to finance investment spending.C) occur in regular patterns.D) are unimportant to decision makers.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking22) An increase in stock prices ________ the size of people's wealth and may ________ their willingness to spend, everythingelse held constant.A) increases; increaseB) increases; decreaseC) decreases; increaseD) decreases; decreaseAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking23) Low stock market prices might ________ consumers’ willingness to spend and might________ businesses willingness to undertake investment projects.A) increase; increaseB) increase; decreaseC) decrease; decreaseD) decrease; increaseAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking24) Fear of a major recession causes stock prices to fall, everything else held constant, which in turn causes consumer spending toA) increase.B) remain unchanged.C) decrease.D) cannot be determined.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking25) A share of common stock is a claim on a corporation'sA) debt.B) liabilities.C) expenses.D) earnings and assets.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge26) On ________, October 19, 1987, the stock market experienced its worst one-day drop in its entire history with the DJIA falling by 22%.A) "Terrible Tuesday"B) "Woeful Wednesday"C) "Freaky Friday"D) "Black Monday"Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge27) The decline in stock prices from 2000 through 2002A) increased individuals' willingness to spend.B) had no effect on individual spending.C) reduced individuals' willingness to spend.D) increased individual wealth.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking28) The Dow reached a peak of over 11,000 before the collapse of the ________ bubble in 2000.A) housingB) manufacturingC) high-techD) bankingAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge29) When I purchase a corporate ________, I am lending the corporation funds for a specific time. When I purchase a corporation's ________, I become an owner in the corporation.A) bond; stockB) stock; bondC) stock; debt securityD) bond; debt securityAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge30) What is a stock? How do stocks affect the economy?Answer: A stock represents a share of ownership of a corporation, or a claim on a firm's earnings/assets. Stocks are part of wealth, and changes in their value affect people's willingness to spend. Changes in stock prices affect a firm's ability to raise funds, and thus their investment. AACSB: Application of Knowledge31) Why is it important to understand the bond market?Answer: The bond market supports economic activity by enabling the government and corporations to borrow to undertake their projects and it is the market where interest rates are determined.AACSB: Application of Knowledge1.2 Why Study Financial Institutions and Banking?1) Channeling funds from individuals with surplus funds to those desiring funds when the saver does not purchase the borrower's security is known asA) barter.B) redistribution.C) financial intermediation.D) taxation.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge2) A financial crisis isA) not possible in the modern financial environment.B) a major disruption in the financial markets.C) a feature of developing economies only.D) typically followed by an economic boom.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) Banks are important to the study of money and the economy because theyA) channel funds from investors to savers.B) have been a source of rapid financial innovation.C) are the only important financial institution in the U.S. economy.D) create inflation.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) BanksA) provide a channel for linking those who want to save with those who want to invest.B) produce nothing of value and are therefore a drain on society's resources.C) are the only financial institutions allowed to give loans.D) hold very little of the average American's wealth.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) Banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, and credit unionsA) are no longer important players in financial intermediation.B) since deregulation now provide services only to small depositors.C) have been adept at innovating in response to changes in the regulatory environment.D) produce nothing of value and are therefore a drain on society's resources.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) Financial institutions search for ________ has resulted in many financial innovations.A) higher profitsB) regulationsC) respectD) higher riskAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) Banks and other financial institutions engage in financial intermediation, whichA) can hurt the performance of the economy.B) can benefit economic performance.C) has no effect on economic performance.D) involves borrowing from investors and lending to savers.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) Financial institutions that accept deposits and make loans are calledA) exchanges.B) banks.C) over-the-counter markets.D) finance companies.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge9) The financial intermediaries that the average person interacts with most frequently areA) exchanges.B) over-the-counter markets.C) finance companies.D) banks.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) Which of the following is NOT a financial institution?A) A life insurance companyB) A pension fundC) A credit unionD) A business collegeAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) The delivery of financial services electronically is calledA) e-business.B) e-commerce.C) e-finance.D) e-possible.Answer: CAACSB: Information Technology12) What crucial role do financial intermediaries perform in an economy?Answer: Financial intermediaries borrow funds from people who have saved and make loans to other individuals and businesses and thus improve the efficiency of the economy.AACSB: Reflective Thinking1.3 Why Study Money and Monetary Policy?1) Money is defined asA) bills of exchange.B) anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods and services or in the repayment of debt.C) a risk-free repository of spending power.D) the unrecognized liability of governments.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge2) The upward and downward movement of aggregate output produced in the economy is referred to as theA) roller coaster.B) see saw.C) business cycle.D) shock wave.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) Sustained downward movements in the business cycle are referred to asA) inflation.B) recessions.C) economic recoveries.D) expansions.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge4) During a recession, output declines result inA) lower unemployment in the economy.B) higher unemployment in the economy.C) no impact on the unemployment in the economy.D) higher wages for the workers.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) Prior to almost all recessions since 1950, there has been a drop inA) inflation.B) the money stock.C) the growth rate of the money stock.D) interest rates.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Evidence from business cycle fluctuations in the United States indicates thatA) a negative relationship between money growth and general economic activity exists.B) recessions are usually preceded by declines in bond prices.C) recessions are usually preceded by dollar depreciation.D) recessions are usually preceded by a decline in the growth rate of money.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) ________ theory relates the quantity of money and monetary policy to changes in aggregate economic activity and inflation.A) MonetaryB) FiscalC) FinancialD) SystemicAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge8) A continuing increase in the growth of the money supply is likely followed byA) a recession.B) a depression.C) an increase in the price level.D) no change in the economy.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) It is true that inflation is aA) continuous increase in the money supply.B) continuous fall in prices.C) decline in interest rates.D) continually rising price level.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) Which of the following is a TRUE statement?A) Money or the money supply is defined as Federal Reserve notes.B) The average price of goods and services in an economy is called the aggregate price level.C) The inflation rate is measured as the rate of change in the federal government budget deficit.D) The aggregate price level is measured as the rate of change in the inflation rate.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) If the prices would have been much higher ten years ago for the items the average consumer purchased last month, then one can likely conclude thatA) the aggregate price level has declined during this ten-year period.B) the average inflation rate for this ten-year period has been positive.C) the average rate of money growth for this ten-year period has been positive.D) the aggregate price level has risen during this ten-year period.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) From 1950-2014 the price level in the United States increased more thanA) twofold.B) threefold.C) sixfold.D) tenfold.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking13) Complete Milton Friedman's famous statement, "Inflation is always and everywhere a________ phenomenon."A) recessionaryB) discretionaryC) repressionaryD) monetaryAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge14) There is a ________ association between inflation and the growth rate of money ________.A) positive; demandB) positive; supplyC) negative; demandD) negative; supplyAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge15) Evidence from the United States and other foreign countries indicates thatA) there is a strong positive association between inflation and growth rate of money over long periods of time.B) there is little support for the assertion that "inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon."C) countries with low monetary growth rates tend to experience higher rates of inflation, all else being constant.D) money growth is clearly unrelated to inflation.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking16) Countries that experience very high rates of inflation may also haveA) balanced budgets.B) rapidly growing money supplies.C) falling money supplies.D) constant money supplies.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) Between 1950 and 1980 in the U.S., interest rates trended upward. During this same time periodA) the rate of money growth declined.B) the rate of money growth increased.C) the government budget deficit (expressed as a percentage of GNP) trended downward.D) the aggregate price level declined quite dramatically.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) The management of money and interest rates is called________ policy and is conducted bya nation's ________ bank.A) monetary; superiorB) fiscal; superiorC) fiscal; centralD) monetary; centralAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge19) The organization responsible for the conduct of monetary policy in the United States is theA) Comptroller of the Currency.B) U.S. Treasury.C) Federal Reserve System.D) Bureau of Monetary Affairs.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge20) ________ policy involves decisions about government spending and taxation.A) MonetaryB) FiscalC) FinancialD) SystemicAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge21) When tax revenues are greater than government expenditures, the government has a budgetA) crisis.B) deficit.C) surplus.D) revision.AACSB: Application of Knowledge22) A budget ________ occurs when government expenditures exceed tax revenues for a particular time period.A) deficitB) surplusC) surgeD) surfeitAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge23) Budgets deficits can be a concern because they mightA) ultimately lead to higher inflation.B) lead to lower interest rates.C) lead to a slower rate of money growth.D) lead to higher bond prices.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking24) Budget deficits are important because deficitsA) cause bank failures.B) always cause interest rates to fall.C) can result in higher rates of monetary growth.D) always cause prices to fall.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking25) When a budget deficit occurs in the United States, the U.S. Treasury finances this deficit byA) borrowing.B) imposing a moratorium of new government spending.C) increasing the tax rate.D) printing more dollars.AACSB: Application of Knowledge26) What happens to economic growth and unemployment during a business cycle recession? What is the relationship between the money growth rate and a business cycle recession? Answer: During a recession, output declines and unemployment increases. Prior to almost every recession in the U.S. the money growth rate has declined; however, not every decline is followed by a recession.AACSB: Reflective Thinking1.4 Why Study International Finance?1) American companies can borrow fundsA) only in U.S. financial markets.B) only in foreign financial markets.C) in both U.S. and foreign financial markets.D) only from the U.S. government.Answer: CAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments2) The price of one country's currency in terms of another country's currency is called theA) exchange rate.B) interest rate.C) Dow Jones industrial average.D) prime rate.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) The market where one currency is converted into another currency is called the ________ market.A) stockB) bondC) derivativesD) foreign exchangeAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge4) Everything else constant, a stronger dollar will mean thatA) vacationing in England becomes more expensive.B) vacationing in England becomes less expensive.C) French cheese becomes more expensive.D) Japanese cars become more expensive.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) Which of the following is most likely to result from a stronger dollar?A) U.S. goods exported aboard will cost less in foreign countries, and so foreigners will buy more of them.B) U.S. goods exported aboard will cost more in foreign countries and so foreigners will buy more of them.C) U.S. goods exported abroad will cost more in foreign countries, and so foreigners will buy fewer of them.D) Americans will purchase fewer foreign goods.Answer: CAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments6) Everything else held constant, a weaker dollar will likely hurtA) textile exporters in South Carolina.B) wheat farmers in Montana that sell domestically.C) automobile manufacturers in Michigan that use domestically produced inputs.D) furniture importers in California.Answer: DAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments7) Everything else held constant, a stronger dollar benefits ________ and hurts ________.A) American businesses; American consumersB) American businesses; foreign businessesC) American consumers; American businessesD) foreign businesses; American consumersAnswer: CAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments8) From 1980 to early 1985 the dollar ________ in value, thereby benefiting American________.A) appreciated; consumersB) appreciated, businessesC) depreciated; consumersD) depreciated, businessesAnswer: AAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments9) From 1980 to 1985 the dollar appreciated relative to the British pound. Holding everything else constant, one would expect that, when compared to 1980A) fewer Britons traveled to the United States in 1985.B) Britons imported more wine from California in 1985.C) Americans exported more wheat to England in 1985.D) more Britons traveled to the United States in 1985.Answer: AAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments10) When in 1985 a British pound cost approximately $1.30,a Shetland sweater that cost 100 British pounds would have cost $130. With a weaker dollar, the same Shetland sweater wouldhave costA) less than $130.B) more than $130.C) $130, since the exchange rate does not affect the prices that American consumers pay for foreign goods.D) $130, since the demand for Shetland sweaters will decrease to prevent an increase in price due to the stronger dollar.Answer: BAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments11) Everything else held constant, a decrease in the value of the dollar relative to all foreign currencies means that the price of foreign goods purchased by AmericansA) increases.B) decreases.C) remains unchanged.D) either increases, decreases, or remains unchanged.Answer: AAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments12) American farmers who sell beef to Europe benefit most fromA) a decrease in the dollar price of euros.B) an increase in the dollar price of euros.C) a constant dollar price for euros.D) a European ban on imports of American beef.Answer: BAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments13) If the price of a euro (the European currency) increases from $1.00 to $1.10, then, everything else held constantA) a European vacation becomes less expensive.B) a European vacation becomes more expensive.C) the cost of a European vacation is not affected.D) foreign travel becomes impossible.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge14) Everything else held constant, Americans who love French wine benefit most fromA) a decrease in the dollar price of euros.B) an increase in the dollar price of euros.C) a constant dollar price for euros.D) a ban on imports from Europe.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge15) From 2000 to 2014, the dollar depreciated substantially against other currencies. This drop in value most likely benefittedA) European citizens traveling in the U.S.B) U.S. citizens traveling in Europe.C) U.S. manufacturers importing parts from abroad.D) U.S. citizens purchasing foreign-made automobiles.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) From 1980-1985, the dollar strengthened in value against other currencies. Who was helped and who was hurt by this strong dollar?Answer: American consumers benefitted because imports were cheaper and consumers could purchase more. American businesses and workers in those businesses were hurt as domestic and foreign sales of American products fell.AACSB: Reflective Thinking1.5 How We Will Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets1) The basic concepts used in the analytic framework of this text include all of the following EXCEPTA) the not-for-profit nature of most financial institutions.B) a basic supply and demand analysis to explain the behavior of financial markets.C) an approach to financial structure based on transaction costs and asymmetric information.D) the concept of equilibrium.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge2) Using a unified analytic framework to present the information in the text keeps the knowledgeA) focused on theories that have little to do with actual behavior.B) theoretical and uninteresting.C) abstract and not applicable to real life.D) from becoming obsolete.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge1.6 Appendix: Defining Aggregate Output, Income, the Price Level, and the Inflation Rate1) The most comprehensive measure of aggregate output isA) gross domestic product.B) net national product.C) the stock value of the industrial 500.D) national income.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge2) The gross domestic product is theA) the value of all wealth in an economy.B) the value of all goods and services sold to other nations in a year.C) the market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a year.D) the market value of all intermediate goods and services produced in an economy in a year. Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) Which of the following items are NOT counted in U.S. GDP?A) your purchase of a new Ford MustangB) your purchase of new tires for your old carC) GM's purchase of tires for new carsD) a foreign consumer's purchase of a new Ford MustangAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) If an economy has aggregate output of $20 trillion, then aggregate income isA) $10 trillion.B) $20 trillion.C) $30 trillion.D) $40 trillion.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) When the total value of final goods and services is calculated using current prices, the resulting measure is referred to asA) real GDP.B) the GDP deflator.C) nominal GDP.D) the index of leading indicators.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Nominal GDP is output measured in ________ prices while real GDP is output measured in ________ prices.A) current; currentB) current; fixedC) fixed; fixedD) fixed; currentAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) GDP measured with constant prices is referred to asA) real GDP.B) nominal GDP.C) the GDP deflator.D) industrial production.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge8) If your nominal income in 2014 was $50,000, and prices doubled between 2014 and 2017, to have the same real income, your nominal income in 2017 must beA) $50,000.B) $75,000.C) $90,000.D) $100,000.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking9) If your nominal income in 2014 is $50,000, and prices increase by 50% between 2014 and 2017, then to have the same real income, your nominal income in 2017 must beA) $50,000.B) $75,000.。

药物合成反应 (第三版闻韧) 课后答案Chapter 1 Halogenation Reaction

第一章卤化反应习题及答案1. 根据以下指定原料、试剂和反应条件，写出其合成反应的主要产物。

(1)(CH 3)2NCH 2CH 2OHSOCl 2(2)CuCl 24(3)P, Br 2o(4)CH 2CHCOOCH 3干燥 HBr 2 (5)CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2COOHSOCl 24o(6)S CH 32266(7)H 3C CH 3NBS, H 2SO 43o(8)NHCOCH 3CH 3Br 2,CH 3COOH o(9)OHC CH 3CH 2t -BuOCl, CHCl 3o(10)NBS, (C 6H 5)3P(11)KI, H 3PO 4(12)C 6H 5H 3Br 2,Cl 4o (13)CH 3CH CH CH 3232(14)(CH 3)3CCH 2OHHBr(15)OOP2(16)NBS, Et 3N ·3HF 22o(17)OHBr 24o(18)O23o2. 在下列指定原料和产物的反应式中分别填入必需的化学试剂（或反应物）和反应条件。

(1)CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH CHCH 3CH 3CH 2CH 2CHCHCHCH 3Br(2)COOHBr(3)(4)OHBr(5)2CH 2BrBr(6)(7)(CH 3)3CCH 2OH(CH 3)3CCH 2Br(8)OOBocHNO OBocHNBr(9)OOBr OO BrBr2. 在下列指定原料和产物的反应式中分别填入必需的化学试剂（或反应物）和反应条件。

（参考答案）题号答案注释(1) NBS/(PhCO)2O, CCl4, △(2) Br2/HgO/tetrachloroethaneNaNO2, HCl, H2O; 2. HPF6; 3. △ (168℃)(3) 1.(4) Ph3P, Br2, CH3CN, △ (200-340℃)(5) NBS/(PhCO)2O, CCl4refluxing (10min. )acetone,(6) NaI,(7) Bu3P, Br2, DMF(8) NBS/hv, CCl4(9) NBS/(PhCO)2O, CCl4, reflux3. 阅读（翻译）以下有关反应操作的原文，请在理解基础上写出：（1）此反应的完整反应式（原料、试剂和主要反应条件）；（2）此反应的反应机理（历程）。

《逻辑与计算机设计基础》(原书第五版)课后习题答案-chapter01_solutions-5th

1CHAPTER 1© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.1-1.(a)(1) Calm:(2) 10 mph(3) 100 mphor(b) The microcomputer requires a table or equation for converting from rotations/second to miles/hour. The pulses produced by the rotating disk must be counted over a known period of time, and the table or equation used to convert the binary count to miles per hour.1-2.–34° quantizes to –30° => 1 V => 0001+31° quantizes to +30° => 7 V => 0111 +77° quantizes to +80° => 12 V => 1100 +108° quantizes to +110° => 15 V => 11111-3.*Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers from (16)to (31)1-4.1020301281282131,0723232233,554,4328828,589,934,592=⨯==⨯==⨯=K Bits M Bits G Bits21-5.220 = (1,000,00010 + d ) where d = 48,576 1Tb = 240 = (220)2 = (1,000,000 + d )2= (1,000,000)2 + 2(1,000,000) d + d 2 = 1,000,000,000,000 + 97,152,000,000 + 2,359,627,776 = 1,099,511,627,7761-6.112511212047252133,554,4311 Bits 1 Bits ⇒-=⇒-=1-7.*63202641013275321142(1001101)222277(1010011.101)22222283.625(10101110.1001)2222222174.5625----=+++==+++++==++++++=1-8.1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 11-9.*1-10.*a)0.45 × 8 = 3.6 =>0.60 × 8 = 4.8 =>0.80 × 8 = 6.4 =>0.20 × 8 = 3.2 =>10= (16612.3463)8b) (1938.257)10 = (792.41CB)16c) (175.175)10 = (10101111.001011)21-11.*a) (673.6)8= (110 111 011.110)2= (1BB.C)16b) (E7C.B)16= (1110 0111 1100.1011)2= (7174.54)8c) (310.2)4= (11 01 00.10)2= (64.4)81-12.a) 1010 b) 0110 c) 1111001×1100 ×1001 ×0111010000 0110 11110010000 0000 0000001010 0000 11110011010 0110 11110011111000 0110110 11110010000000110110110101341-13.+1000110110101101010000000010000110001101011-----Quotient = 10001R emainder = 1 1-14.(a) 6 × 123 + 8 × 122 + 7 × 121 + 4 = 11608 (b)12 1-15.a)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A BCDEFGHIJb) 20c) 21012010(.)1120122018201620(4658.8)BCI G -=⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯=1-16.*a) (BEE)r = (2699)1021021114142699111426850r r r r r ⨯+⨯+⨯=⨯+⨯-=By the quadratic equation: r = 15 or ≈ –16.27 ANSWER: r = 15 b) (365)r = (194)102102365194361890r r r r r ⨯+⨯+⨯=⨯+⨯-=By the quadratic equation: r = – 9 or 7 ANSWER: r = 751-17.Errata: The text has an error: 1480 should be 1460. This will be corrected in future printings.Noting the order of operations, first add (34)r and (24)r101010(34)34(24)24(34)(24)58r r r r r r r r r r =⨯+⨯=⨯+⨯+=⨯+⨯Now, multiply the result by (21)r101021(21)(58)10218⨯+⨯⨯⨯+⨯=⨯+⨯+r r r r r r Next, set the result equal to (1480)r and reorganize.21321321010218146161580⨯+⨯+=⨯+⨯+⨯⨯-⨯-⨯-⨯=r r r r r r r r r Finally, find the roots of this cubic polynomial. Solutions are: r = 8, – 1, – 1ANSWER: The chicken has 4 toes on each foot (half of 8).1-18.*a) (0100 1000 0110 0111)BCD = (4867)10= (1001100000011)2 b) (0011 0111 1000.0111 0101)BCD= (378.75)10=(101111010.11)21-19.*(694)10 = (0110 1001 0100)BCD (835)10=(1000 0011 0101)BCD1001 0100 +0011 +0101 1100 1001 +0110 +00001 001010011-20.*(a)101 1000111 1000Move R 011 1100 0 100 column > 0111Subtract 3 −0011011 1001 0Subtract 3 −001101 1001Move R 0 1100 110 100 column > 0111Subtract 3 −00110 1001 110Move R 0100 1110Move R 010 01110Move R 01 001110Move R 0 1001110 Leftmost 1 in BCD numbershifted out: Finished(b) 102101 1000011 1001 0111Move R 001 1100 1011 1 101 and 100 columns > 0111Subtract 3 −0011 -0011001 1001 1000 1Move R 00 1100 1100 01 101 and 100 columns > 0111Subtract 3 −0011 −001100 1001 1001 01Move R 0 0100 1100 101 100 column > 0111Subtract 3 −00110 0100 1001Move R 0010 0100 1101Move R 001 0010 01101Move R 00 1001 001101 100 column > 0111Subtract 3 −001100 0110 001101Move R 0 0011 0001101Move R 0001 10001101Move R 000 110001101 Leftmost 1 in BCDnumber shifted out: Finished 1-21.(a) 10210110011110001st Move L 1 1110002nd Move L 11 110003rd Move L 111 1000 100 column > 100Add 3 00111010 10004th Move L 1 0101 000 100 column > 100Add 3 00111 1000 0005th Move L 11 0000 006th Move L 110 00000 101 column > 100Add 3 00111001 0000 07th Move L 1 0001 00000 Least significant bit in binary number moved in:Finished(b) 103102101100011100101111st Move L 0 11100101112nd Move L 01 1100101113rd Move L 011 100101114th Move L 0111 0010111 100 column > 100Add 3 001161010 00101115th Move L 1 0100 0101116th Move L 10 1000 10111 100 column > 100Add 3 001110 1011 101117th Move L 101 0111 0111 101 & 100 columns > 100Add 3 0011 00111000 1010 01118th Move L 1 0001 0100 1119th Move L 10 0010 1001 11 100 column > 100Add 3 001110 0010 1100 1110th Move L 100 0101 1001 1 101 &100 columns > 100Add 3 0011 0011100 1000 1100 111th Move L 1001 0001 1001 Least significant bit in binary number moved in: Finished1-22.From Table 1-5, complementing the bit B6 will switch an uppercase letter to a lower case letter and vice versa.1-23.a) The name used is Brent M. Ledvina. An alternative answer: use both upper and lower case letters.0100 0010 B 0101 0010 R 0100 0101 E0100 1110 N 0101 0100 T 0010 0000 (SP)0100 1101 M 0010 1110 . 0010 0000 (SP)0100 1100 L 0100 0101 E 0100 0100 D0101 0110 V 0100 1001 I 0100 1110 N0100 0001 Ab) 0100 0010 1101 0010 1100 01010100 1110 1101 0100 1010 00000100 1101 0010 1110 1010 00001100 1100 1100 0101 0100 01000101 0110 1100 1001 0100 11100100 00011-24.1000111 G1101111 o01000001000011 C1100001 a1110010 r1100100 d1101001 i1101110 n1100001 a (Errata: This number appears as 110001, which would be “1”)1101100 l1110011 s0100001 !781-25.*a) (11111111)2b) (0010 0101 0101)BCD c) 011 0010 011 0101 011 0101ASCIId)0011 00101011 01011011 0101ASCII with Odd Parity1-26.a) U+0040 = 01000000b) U+00A2 = 11000010 10100010c) U+20AC = 11100010 10000010 10101100d)U+1F6B2 = 11110000 10011111 10011010 101100101-27.Binary Numbers from (32)to (47) with Odd and Even Parity1-28.Gray Code for Hexadecimal Digits1-29.(a) Wind Direction Gray CodeDirectionCode WordN 000 S 110 E 011 W 101 NW 100 NE 001 SW 111 SE0109(b) Wind Direction Gray Code (directions in adjacent order)DirectionCode WordN 000 NE 001 E 011 SE 010 S 110 SW 111 W 101 NW100As the wind direction changes, the codes change in the order of the rows of this table, as suming that the bottom row is “next to” the top row. From the table, the codes that result due to a wind direction change always change in a single bit.1-30.+The percentage of power consumed by the Gray code counter compared to a binary code counter equals:Number of bit changes using Gray code Number of bit changes using binary codeAs shown in Table 1-6, and by definition, the number of bit changes per cycle of an n-bit Gray code counter is 1 per count = 2n .Number of bit changes using Gray code = 2nFor a binary counter, notice that the least significant bit changes on every increment. The second least significant bit changes on every other increment. The third digit changes on every fourth increment of the counter, and so on. As shown in Table 1-6, the most significant digit changes twice per cycle of the binary counter.Number of bit changes using binary code 11222n n -+++(1)110221(21)122nni i n n i i ++==⎡⎤==-=--=-⎢⎥⎣⎦∑∑ % Power (1)210022n n +=⨯-。

信号与系统奥本海姆习题答案

Chapter 1 Answers1.6 (a).NoBecause when t<0, )(1t x =0.(b).NoBecause only if n=0, ][2n x has valuable.(c).Yes Because ∑∞-∞=--+--+=+k k m n k m n m n x ]}414[]44[{]4[δδ ∑∞-∞=------=k m k n m k n )]}(41[)](4[{δδ ∑∞-∞=----=k k n k n ]}41[]4[{δδ N=4.1.9 (a). T=π/5Because 0w =10, T=2π/10=π/5.(b). Not periodic.Because jt t e e t x --=)(2, while t e -is not periodic, )(2t x is not periodic.(c). N=2Because 0w =7π, N=(2π/0w )*m, and m=7.(d). N=10Because n j j e e n x )5/3(10/343)(ππ=, that is 0w =3π/5, N=(2π/0w )*m, and m=3.(e). Not periodic. Because 0w =3/5, N=(2π/0w )*m=10πm/3 , it ’s not a rational number.1.14 A1=3, t1=0, A2=-3, t2=1 or -1dtt dx )( isSolution: x(t) isBecause ∑∞-∞=-=k k t t g )2()(δ, dt t dx )(=3g(t)-3g(t-1) or dtt dx )(=3g(t)-3g(t+1) 1.15. (a). y[n]=2x[n-2]+5x[n-3]+2x[n-4]Solution:]3[21]2[][222-+-=n x n x n y ]3[21]2[11-+-=n y n y ]}4[4]3[2{21]}3[4]2[2{1111-+-+-+-=n x n x n x n x ]4[2]3[5]2[2111-+-+-=n x n x n xThen, ]4[2]3[5]2[2][-+-+-=n x n x n x n y(b).No. For it ’s linearity.the relationship between ][1n y and ][2n x is the same in-out relationship with (a). you can have a try.1.16. (a). No.For example, when n=0, y[0]=x[0]x[-2]. So the system is memory. (b). y[n]=0.When the input is ][n A δ,then, ]2[][][2-=n n A n y δδ, so y[n]=0. (c). No.For example, when x[n]=0, y[n]=0; when x[n]=][n A δ, y[n]=0. So the system is not invertible.1.17. (a). No.For example, )0()(x y =-π. So it ’s not causal.(b). Yes.Because : ))(sin()(11t x t y = , ))(sin()(22t x t y =))(sin())(sin()()(2121t bx t ax t by t ay +=+1.21. Solution:We have known:(a).(b).(c).(d).1.22. Solution:We have known:(a).(b).(e).(g)1.23. Solution:For )]()([21)}({t x t x t x E v -+= )]()([21)}({t x t x t x O d --= then,(a).(b).(c).1.24.For: ])[][(21]}[{n x n x n x E v -+= ])[][(21]}[{n x n x n x O d --=then,(a).(b).1.25. (a). Periodic. T=π/2.Solution: T=2π/4=π/2.(b). Periodic. T=2.Solution: T=2π/π=2.(d). Periodic. T=0.5. Solution: )}()4{cos()(t u t E t x v π=)}())(4cos()()4{cos(21t u t t u t --+=ππ )}()(){4cos(21t u t u t -+=π )4cos(21t π= So, T=2π/4π=0.51.26. (a). Periodic. N=7Solution: N=m *7/62ππ=7, m=3.(b). Aperriodic.Solution: N=ππm m 16*8/12=, it ’s not rational number.(e). Periodic. N=16 Solution as follow:)62cos(2)8sin()4cos(2][ππππ+-+=n n n n x in this equation,)4cos(2n π, it ’s period is N=2π*m/(π/4)=8, m=1.)8sin(n π, it ’s period is N=2π*m/(π/8)=16, m=1.)62cos(2ππ+-n , it ’s period is N=2π*m/(π/2)=4, m=1. So, the fundamental period of ][n x is N=(8,16,4)=16.1.31. SolutionBecause )()1()(),2()()(113112t x t x t x t x t x t x ++=--=. According to LTI property ,)()1()(),2()()(113112t y t y t y t y t y t y ++=--=Extra problems:Sketch ⎰∞-=t dt t x t y )()(. 1. SupposeSolution:2. SupposeSketch:(1). )]1(2)1()3()[(--+++t t t t g δδδ(2). ∑∞-∞=-k k t t g )2()(δ(2).Chapter 22.1 Solution:Because x[n]=(1 2 0 –1)0, h[n]=(2 0 2)1-, then(a).So, ]4[2]2[2]1[2][4]1[2][1---+-+++=n n n n n n y δδδδδ (b). according to the property of convolutioin:]2[][12+=n y n y(c). ]2[][13+=n y n y][*][][n h n x n y =][][k n h k x k -=∑∞-∞= ∑∞-∞=-+--=k k k n u k u ]2[]2[)21(2 ][211)21()21(][)21(12)2(0222n u n u n n k k --==+-++=-∑ ][])21(1[21n u n +-= the figure of the y[n] is:2.5 Solution:We have known: ⎩⎨⎧≤≤=elsewhere n n x ....090....1][，，, ⎩⎨⎧≤≤=elsewhere N n n h ....00....1][，，,(9≤N ) Then, ]10[][][--=n u n u n x , ]1[][][---=N n u n u n h∑∞-∞=-==k k n u k h n h n x n y ][][][*][][ ∑∞-∞=-------=k k n u k n u N k u k u ])10[][])(1[][(So, y[4] ∑∞-∞=-------=k k u k u N k u k u ])6[]4[])(1[][( ⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧≥≤=∑∑==4,...14, (140)0N N k Nk =5, then 4≥N And y[14] ∑∞-∞=------=k k u k u N k u k u ])4[]14[])(1[][(⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧≥≤=∑∑==14,...114, (1145)5N N k Nk =0, then 5<N ∴4=N2.7 Solution:[][][2]k y n x k g n k ∞=-∞=-∑（a ）[][1]x n n δ=-,[][][2][1][2][2]k k y n x k g n k k g n k g n δ∞∞=-∞=-∞=-=--=-∑∑(b) [][2]x n n δ=-,[][][2][2][2][4]k k y n x k g n k k g n k g n δ∞∞=-∞=-∞=-=--=-∑∑ (c) S is not LTI system..(d) [][]x n u n =,0[][][2][][2][2]k k k y n x k g n k u k g n k g n k ∞∞∞=-∞=-∞==-=-=-∑∑∑2.8 Solution: )]1(2)2([*)()(*)()(+++==t t t x t h t x t y δδ )1(2)2(+++=t x t xThen,That is, ⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧≤<-≤<-+-=-<<-+=others t t t t t t t t y ,........010,....2201,.....41..,.........412,.....3)(2.10 Solution:(a). We know:Then,)()()(αδδ--='t t t h)]()([*)()(*)()(αδδ--='='t t t x t h t x t y )()(α--=t x t xthat is,So, ⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧+≤≤-+≤≤≤≤=others t t t t t t y ,.....011,.....11,....0,.....)(ααααα(b). From the figure of )(t y ', only if 1=α, )(t y ' would contain merely therediscontinuities.2.11 Solution:(a). )(*)]5()3([)(*)()(3t u et u t u t h t x t y t----==⎰⎰∞∞---∞∞--------=ττττττττd t u e u d t u eu t t )()5()()3()(3)(3⎰⎰-------=tt t t d e t u d et u 5)(33)(3)5()3(ττττ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧≥+-=-<≤-=<=---------⎰⎰⎰5,.......353,.....313.........,.........0315395)(33)(3393)(3t e e d e d e t e d e t tt t t t t t t t ττττττ(b). )(*)]5()3([)(*)/)(()(3t u e t t t h dt t dx t g t ----==δδ)5()3()5(3)3(3---=----t u e t u e t t(c). It ’s obvious that dt t dy t g /)()(=.2.12 Solution∑∑∞-∞=-∞-∞=--=-=k tk tk t t u ek t t u e t y )]3(*)([)3(*)()(δδ∑∞-∞=---=k k t k t u e)3()3(Considering for 30<≤t ,we can obtain33311])3([)(---∞=-∞-∞=--==-=∑∑ee e ek t u e e t y tk k tk kt. (Because k must be negetive ,1)3(=-k t u for 30<≤t ).2.19 Solution:(a). We have known:][]1[21][n x n w n w +-=(1) ][]1[][n w n y n y βα+-=(2)from (1), 21)(1-=E EE Hfrom (2), αβ-=E EE H )(2then, 212212)21(1)21)(()()()(--++-=--==E E E E E E H E H E H ααβαβ∴][]2[2]1[)21(][n x n y n y n y βαα=-+-+-but, ][]1[43]2[81][n x n y n y n y +-+--=∴⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+=143)21(:....812βααor ∴⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧==141βα(b). from (a), we know )21)(41()()()(221--==E E E E H E H E H21241-+--=E EE E ∴][)41()21(2][n u n h n n ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-=2.20 (a). 1⎰⎰∞∞-∞∞-===1)0cos()cos()()cos()(0dt t t dt t t u δ(b). 0dt t t )3()2sin(5+⎰δπ has value only on 3-=t , but ]5,0[3∉-∴dt t t )3()2sin(5+⎰δπ=0(c). 0⎰⎰---=-641551)2cos()()2cos()1(dt t t u d u πτπττ⎰-'-=64)2cos()(dt t t πδ0|)2(s co ='=t t π 0|)2sin(20=-==t t ππ∑∞-∞=-==k t h kT t t h t x t y )(*)()(*)()(δ∑∞-∞=-=k kT t h )(∴2.27Solution()y A y t dt ∞-∞=⎰,()xA x t dt ∞-∞=⎰,()hA h t dt ∞-∞=⎰.()()*()()()y t x t h t x x t d τττ∞-∞==-⎰()()()()()()()()()(){()}y x hA y t dt x x t d dtx x t dtd x x t dtd x x d d x d x d A A ττττττττττξξτττξξ∞∞∞-∞-∞-∞∞∞∞∞-∞-∞-∞-∞∞∞∞∞-∞-∞-∞-∞==-=-=-===⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰(a) ()()(2)tt y t e x d τττ---∞=-⎰,Let ()()x t t δ=,then ()()y t h t =. So , 2()(2)(2)()(2)()(2)t t t t t h t ed e d e u t τξδττδξξ---------∞-∞=-==-⎰⎰(b) (2)()()*()[(1)(2)]*(2)t y t x t h t u t u t e u t --==+---(2)(2)(1)(2)(2)(2)t t u eu t d u e u t d ττττττττ∞∞-------∞-∞=+------⎰⎰22(2)(2)12(1)(4)t t t t u t e d u t e d ττττ---------=---⎰⎰(2)2(2)212(1)[]|(4)[]|t t t t u t e e u t ee ττ-------=--- (1)(4)[1](1)[1](4)t t e u t e u t ----=-----2.46 SolutionBecause)]1([2)1(]2[)(33-+-=--t u dtde t u e dt d t x dt d t t )1(2)(3)1(2)(333-+-=-+-=--t e t x t e t x t δδ.From LTI property ,we know)1(2)(3)(3-+-→-t h e t y t x dtdwhere )(t h is the impulse response of the system. So ,following equation can be derived.)()1(223t u e t h e t --=-Finally, )1(21)()1(23+=+-t u e e t h t 2.47 SoliutionAccording to the property of the linear time-invariant system: (a). )(2)(*)(2)(*)()(000t y t h t x t h t x t y ===(b). )(*)]2()([)(*)()(00t h t x t x t h t x t y --==)(*)2()(*)(0000t h t x t h t x --=012y(t)t4)2()(00--=t y t y(c). )1()1(*)(*)2()1(*)2()(*)()(00000-=+-=+-==t y t t h t x t h t x t h t x t y δ(d). The condition is not enough.(e). )(*)()(*)()(00t h t x t h t x t y --==τττd t h x )()(00+--=⎰∞∞-)()()(000t y dm m t h m x -=--=⎰∞∞-(f). )()]([)](*)([)(*)()(*)()(000000t y t y t h t x t h t x t h t x t y "=''='--'=-'-'==Extra problems:1. Solute h(t), h[n](1). )()(6)(5)(22t x t y t y dt dt y dtd =++ (2). ]1[][2]1[2]2[+=++++n x n y n y n y Solution:(1). Because 3121)3)(2(1651)(2+-++=++=++=P P P P P P P Hso )()()()3121()(32t u e e t P P t h t t ---=+-++=δ (2). Because )1)(1(1)1(22)(22i E i E EE E E E E E H -+++=++=++=iE Eii E E i -+-+++=1212 so []][)1()1(2][1212][n u i i i k i E E i i E E i n h n n +----=⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-+-+++=δChapter 33.1 Solution:Fundamental period 8T =.02/8/4ωππ==00000000033113333()224434cos()8sin()44j kt j t j t j t j tk k j t j t j t j tx t a e a e a e a e a e e e je je t t ωωωωωωωωωππ∞----=-∞--==+++=++-=-∑3.2 Solution:for, 10=a , 4/2πj ea --= , 4/2πj ea = , 3/42πj ea --=, 3/42πj ea =n N jk k N k e a n x )/2(][π∑>=<=n j n j n j n j e a e a e a e a a )5/8(4)5/8(4)5/4(2)5/4(20ππππ----++++=n j j n j j n j j n j j e e e e e e e e )5/8(3/)5/8(3/)5/4(4/)5/4(4/221ππππππππ----++++= )358cos(4)454cos(21ππππ++++=n n)6558sin(4)4354sin(21ππππ++++=n n3.3 Solution: for the period of )32cos(t πis 3=T , the period of )35sin(t πis 6=Tso the period of )(t x is 6 , i.e. 3/6/20ππ==w)35sin(4)32cos(2)(t t t x ππ++= )5sin(4)2cos(21200t w t w ++=)(2)(21200005522t w j t w j t w j t w j e e j e e ----++=then, 20=a , 2122==-a a , j a 25=-, j a 25-=3.5 Solution:(1). Because )1()1()(112-+-=t x t x t x , then )(2t x has the same period as )(1t x ,that is 21T T T ==, 12w w =(2). 212111()((1)(1))jkw t jkw tk T T b x t e dt x t x t e dt T--==-+-⎰⎰111111(1)(1)jkw tjkw t T Tx t e dt x t e dt T T --=-+-⎰⎰ 111)(jkw k k jkw k jkw k e a a e a e a -----+=+=3.8 Solution:kt jw k k e a t x 0)(∑∞-∞==while:)(t x is real and odd, then 00=a , k k a a --=2=T , then ππ==2/20wand0=k a for 1>kso kt jw k k e a t x 0)(∑∞-∞==t jw t jw e a e a a 00110++=--)sin(2)(11t a e e a t j t j πππ=-=-for12)(2121212120220==++=-⎰a a a a dt t x∴2/21±=a ∴)sin(2)(t t x π±=3.13 Solution:Fundamental period 8T =.02/8/4ωππ==kt jw k k e a t x 0)(∑∞-∞==∴t jkw k k e jkw H a t y 0)()(0∑∞-∞==0004, 0sin(4)()0, 0k k H jk k k ωωω=⎧==⎨≠⎩ ∴000()()4jkw t k k y t a H jkw e a ∞=-∞==∑Because 48004111()1(1)088T a x t dt dt dt T ==+-=⎰⎰⎰So ()0y t =.kt jw k k e a t x 0)(∑∞-∞==∴t jkw k k e jkw H a t y 0)()(0∑∞-∞== ∴dt e jkw H t y Ta t jkw Tk 0)()(10-⎰=for⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>≤=100, (0100),.......1)(w w jw H ∴if 0=k a , it needs 1000>kwthat is 12100,........1006/2>>k kππand k is integer, so 8>K3.22 Solution:021)(1110===⎰⎰-tdt dt t x Ta Tdt te dt te dt e t x T a t jk t jk t jkw T k ππ-----⎰⎰⎰===1122112121)(10t jk tde jk ππ--⎰-=1121⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡---=----111121ππππjk e te jk t jk tjk ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡---+-=--ππππππjk e e e e jk jk jk jk jk )()(21⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-+-=ππππjk k k jk )sin(2)cos(221[]πππππk jk k j k jk k)1()cos()cos(221-==-=0............≠k404402()()1184416tj tj t t j tt j t H j h t edt ee dte edt e e dtj j ωωωωωωωω∞∞----∞-∞∞----∞===+=+=-++⎰⎰⎰⎰A periodic continous-signal has Fourier Series:. 0()j kt k k x t a e ω∞=-∞=∑T is the fundamental period of ()x t .02/T ωπ=The output of LTI system with inputed ()x t is 00()()jk t k k y t a H jk e ωω∞=-∞=∑Its coefficients of Fourier Series: 0()k k b a H jk ω= (a)()()n x t t n δ∞=-∞=-∑.T=1, 02ωπ=11k a T==. 01/221/21()()1jkw t jk tk T a x t e dt t e dt Tπδ---===⎰⎰ （Note ：If ()()n x t t nT δ∞=-∞=-∑,1k a T=） So 2282(2)16(2)4()k k b a H jk k k πππ===++ (b)()(1)()n n x t t n δ∞=-∞=--∑ .T=2, 0ωπ=,11k a T== 01/23/21/21/2111()()(1)(1)221[1(1)]2jkw t jk tjk t k T k a x t e dt t e dt t e dtT ππδδ----==+--=--⎰⎰⎰So 24[1(1)]()16()k k k b a H jk k ππ--==+, (c) T=1,02ωπ=01/421/4sin()12()jk t jk tk T k a x t e dt e dt Tk ωπππ---===⎰⎰28sin()2()[16(2)]k k k b a H jk k k ππππ==+ 3.35 Solution: T= /7π,02/14T ωπ==.kt jw k k e a t x 0)(∑∞-∞==∴t jkw k k e jkw H a t y 0)()(0∑∞-∞==∴0()k k b a H jkw =for⎩⎨⎧≥=otherwise w jw H ,.......0250,.......1)(,01,. (17)()0,.......k H jkw otherwise ⎧≥⎪=⎨⎪⎩that is 0250250, (14)k k ω<<, and k is integer, so 18....17k or k <≤. Let ()()y t x t =,k k b a =, it needs 0=k a ,for 18....17k or k <≤.3.37 Solution:11()[]()212()21312411511cos 224nj j nj n n n n j nn j nn n j j j H e h n ee ee e e e ωωωωωωωωω∞∞--=-∞=-∞-∞--=-∞=-===+=+=---∑∑∑∑A periodic sequence has Fourier Series:2()[]jk n Nk k N x n a eπ=<>=∑.N is the fundamental period of []x n .The output of LTI system with inputed []x n is 22()[]()jk jk n NNk k N y n a H eeππ=<>=∑.Its coefficients of Fourier Series: 2()jk Nk k b a H eπ=(a)[][4]k x n n k δ∞=-∞=-∑.N=4, 14k a =.So 2314()524cos()44j k Nk k b a H e k ππ==-3165cos()42k b k π=-3.40 Solution: According to the property of fourier series: (a). )2cos(2)cos(20000000t Tka t kw a e a ea a k k t jkw k t jkw k k π==+='- (b). Because 2)()()}({t x t x t x E v -+=}{2k v k k k a E a a a =+='-(c). Because 2)(*)()}({t x t x t x R e +=2*kk k a a a -+='(d). k k k a Tjka jkw a 220)2()(π=='(e). first, the period of )13(-t x is 3T T ='then 3)(1)13(131213120dme m x T dt e t x T a m T jk T t T jk T k +'--'-'-'⎰⎰'=-'='ππTjkk m T jk T T jk T jk m T jk T ea dm e m x T e dm e e m x T πππππ221122211)(1)(1---------=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡==⎰⎰3.43 (a) Proof:（i ）Because ()x t is odd harmonic ,(2/)()jk T t k k x t a e π∞=-∞=∑,where 0k a = for everynon-zero even k.(2/)()2(2/)(2/)()2T jk T t k k jk jk T tk k jk T tk k T x t a ea e e a e ππππ∞+=-∞∞=-∞∞=-∞+===-∑∑∑It is noticed that k is odd integers or k=0.That means()()2Tx t x t =-+（ii ）Because of ()()2Tx t x t =-+,we get the coefficients of Fourier Series222/200/222(/2)/2/20022/2/200111()()()11()(/2)11()()(1)jk t jk t jk t T T T T T T k T jk t jk t T T T T Tjk t jk t T T k TT a x t e dt x t e dt x t e dtT T T x t e dt x t T e dt T T x t e dt x t e dt T T πππππππ-----+--==+=++=--⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ 2/21[1(1)]()jk t T kT x t e dt T π-=--⎰It is obvious that 0k a = for every non-zero even k. So ()x t is odd harmonic ,(b)Extra problems:∑∞-∞=-=k kT t t x )()(δ, π=T(1). Consider )(t y , when )(jw H ist(2). Consider )(t y , when )(jw H isSolution:∑∞-∞=-=k kT t t x )()(δ↔π11=T , 220==Tw π(1).kt j k k tjkw k k e k j H a ejkw H a t y 20)2(1)()(0∑∑∞-∞=∞-∞===ππ2=(for k can only has value 0)(2).kt j k k tjkw k k e k j H a e jkw H a t y 20)2(1)()(0∑∑∞-∞=∞-∞===πππte e t j t j 2cos 2)(122=+=- (for k can only has value –1 and 1)。

Sakurai. Modern Quantumn Mechanics 习题答案(chapter 1 )

3
∞
< x 2 >=
−∞
2 ∫ dx' < α | x' > x' < x'| α >
y = x '−< x > ∞
=
−∞
∫ dy < α | y + < x >> ( y + < x >)
2
< y + < x >| α >
= d 2 + < x >2 < (∆x) 2 >= d 2 Also : h2 < (∆p) >= 4d 2
^
^
h ⎛ cos γ ⎜ 2⎜ ⎝ sin γ
sin γ ⎞ ⎟ − cos γ ⎟ ⎠

⎛ c1 ⎞
h ⎛ cos γ ⎜ 2⎜ ⎝ sirγ
（1）、求： S x = 解答： S x =
γ⎞ ⎛ ⎜ cos ⎟ sirγ ⎞⎛ c1 ⎞ h ⎛ c1 ⎞ 2⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜c ⎟ ⎟ ⇒ψ = ⎜ ⎜c ⎟ ⎟ = 2⎜ γ − cpsγ ⎟ ⎜ ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎜ sin ⎟ ⎟ 2⎠ ⎝
⎛ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 当 A‘=-a 时，对应 B’=b，要求α=0，γ=iβ，取归一化得 − a, b = ⎜ ⎜ ⎜i ⎜ ⎝ ⎞ ⎟ 0 ⎟ 1 ⎟ ⎟ 2 ⎟ 1 ⎟ ⎟ 2⎠
5
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 1 ⎟ 当 A‘=-a 时，对应 B‘=-b，要求α=0，γ=—iβ，取归一化得 − a,−b = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜− i 1 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 2⎠ ⎝
4
⎛α ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ （3）、解答：因为 A，B 对易，所以有共同本征态，设其共同本征态为 ⎜ β ⎟ ，本征值为 A`， ⎜γ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

四川大学出版社《概率论与数理统计》课后习题答案chapter1

习题解答1. 将一枚均匀的硬币抛两次，事件C B A ,,分别表示“第一次出现正面”，“两次出现同一面”，“至少有一次出现正面”。

试写出样本空间及事件C B A ,,中的样本点。

解：{=Ω(正，正)，（正，反），（反，正），（反，反）}{=A (正，正)，（正，反）}；{=B （正，正），（反，反）}{=C (正，正)，（正，反），（反，正）}2. 在掷两颗骰子的试验中，事件D C B A ,,,分别表示“点数之和为偶数”，“点数之和小于5”，“点数相等”，“至少有一颗骰子的点数为3”。

试写出样本空间及事件D C B A BC C A B A AB ---+,,,,中的样本点。

解：{})6,6(,),2,6(),1,6(,),6,2(,),2,2(),1,2(),6,1(,),2,1(),1,1(ΛΛΛΛ=Ω；{})1,3(),2,2(),3,1(),1,1(=AB ；{})1,2(),2,1(),6,6(),4,6(),2,6(,),5,1(),3,1(),1,1(Λ=+B A ；Φ=C A ；{})2,2(),1,1(=BC ；{})4,6(),2,6(),1,5(),6,4(),2,4(),6,2(),4,2(),5,1(=---D C B A3. 以C B A ,,分别表示某城市居民订阅日报、晚报和体育报。

试用C B A ,,表示以下事件：（1）只订阅日报；（2）只订日报和晚报；（3）只订一种报；（4）正好订两种报；（5）至少订阅一种报；（6）不订阅任何报；（7）至多订阅一种报；（8）三种报纸都订阅；（9）三种报纸不全订阅。

解：（1）C B A ；（2）C AB ；（3）C B A C B A C B A ++；（4）BC A C B A C AB ++;（5）C B A ++；（6）C B A ；（7）C B A C B A C B A C B A +++或C B C A B A ++ （8）ABC ；（9）C B A ++4. 甲、乙、丙三人各射击一次，事件321,,A A A 分别表示甲、乙、丙射中。

chapter1习题答案

chapter1习题答案一、名词解释1、芽孢：某些细菌在其生长发育后期, 在细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形、壁厚抗逆性强的休眠构造。

2、糖被：包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶状物质, 成分是多糖或多肽。

3、菌落：将单个细菌细胞或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，当它占有一定的发展空间并处于适宜的培养条件时，该细胞就会迅速生长繁殖并形成细胞堆，此即菌落。

4、基内菌丝：当孢子落在固体基质表面并发芽后，就不断伸长、分枝并以放射状向基质表面和内层扩展，形成大量色浅、较细的具有吸收营养和排泄代谢废物功能的基内菌丝5、孢囊：指固氮菌尤其是棕色固氮菌等少数细菌在缺乏营养的条件下，由营养细胞的外壁加厚、细胞失水而形成的一种抗干旱但不抗热的圆形休眠体，一个营养细胞仅形成一个孢囊。

6、质粒：指细菌细胞质内存在于染色体外或附加于染色体上的遗传物质，绝大多数由共价闭合环状双螺旋DNA分子构成。

7、微生物：是指肉眼看不见或看不清楚的微小生物的总称。

包括细菌、放线菌、霉菌、酵母菌和病毒等大类群。

8、鞭毛：是从细菌质膜和细胞壁伸出细胞外面的蛋白质组成的丝状结构，使细胞具有运动性。

9、菌落：将单个或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，经培养后会形成以母细胞为中心的一堆肉眼可见的、有一定形态构造的子细胞集团称菌落。

10、放线菌：一类呈丝状生长、以孢子繁殖、陆生性较强的原核微生物。

11、荚膜：有些细菌在生命过程中在其表面分泌一层松散透明的粘液物质，这些粘液物质具有一定外形，相对稳定地附于细胞壁外面，称为荚膜。

二. 填空1、芽孢的结构一般可分为孢外壁、芽孢衣、皮层和核心四部分。

2、细菌的繁殖方式主要是裂殖，少数种类进行芽殖。

3、放线菌产生的孢子有有性孢子和无性孢子两种。

4、细菌的核糖体的沉降系数是70s 。

5、细菌的鞭毛有三个基本部分，分别为基体，钩形鞘，和鞭毛丝。

6、微生物修复受损DNA的作用有__光复活作用__和_切除修复。

chapter1.希腊文化课后习题答案

Chapter 1. Culture in Ancient GreeceReference Answers to the Questions1. Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”. Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” whi ch was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument onmetaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examplesGreek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of whichgive sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to modern era in the West.3. Say something about the significance of Greek culture in terms of its contributions to the west by referring to other cultures like that of China.Greek culture has made great contributions to the establishment and development of Western Civilization. The achievements of ancient Greek culture, which covered myth, philosophy, literature, science and architecture, were of great significance to Westerners. It was produced in a relatively peaceful and encouraging environment, which provided some resemblance to the emerging period of Chinese culture in the same era.As we all know, Greek cultural prosperity in the ancient time was inseparable from its socially open and democratic system and custom, in spite of its popular employment of slavery labor. Such political and social tendencies were passed down and accepted by later civilizations and societies either via cultural heritage or the intentional imitation by thesuccessors during the changes of political regimes.Chinese culture had a period similar to Greek culture, when its vigorous development culminated during the Spring-Autumn Period. The ordinary Chinese people and intellectuals of the time were comparatively free to express and exchange their ideas, since the country was not yet unified into a centralized empire and most of the kings of the numerous states were busy with their domestic cares to secure their own power over their states. Some of the important ideas of the time were passed to neighbouring countries like Korea, Japan and Vietnam. These included Confucianism and Buddhism, which were popularly accepted and worshipped as important ideologies or religions and shaped social structure and intellectual development within a pretty long period. They emphasized the superiority of monarch, male and written knowledge, while ignoring ordinary people, women and the uneducated. The limited freedom allowed to Chinese scholars was precious for Chinese intellectual development which produced some important ideological schools and created a solid foundation for later development of Chinese culture. So it was the case with Greek culture. In this sense, one could say the two cultures served as the basis for the beginning of the two ancient civilizations which exerted immense influence upon other countries, and both cultures worked as stimulants to the regional or even worldwide development of human civilization.。

语言学教程课后习题答案第一章

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1. Define the following terms:design feature: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals.function: the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal).synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical ‘point’ in time.diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language.descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety.arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e.g. words) and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters).displa cement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation.phatic communion: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact.metalanguage: a language used for talking about language.macrolinguistics: a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, including psychological, cultural, etc.competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language.performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.l angue: the language system shared by a “speech community”.parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker.2. Consult at least four introductory linguistics textbooks (not dictionaries), and copy the definitions of “language” that each gives. After careful ly comparing the definitions, write a paper discussing which points recur and explaining the significance of the similarities and differencesamong the definitions.ANSWER:All the definitions should not exclude the description of design features that have been mentioned in this course book. Also it will be better if other design features, say, interchangeability or cultural transmission is included. But it seems impossible to give an unimpeachable definition on language, because the facets people want to emphasize are seldom unanimous. To compare several definitions can make you realize where the argument is.3. Can you think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic?ANSWERS:creak: the sound made by a badly oiled door when it opens.cuckoo: the call of cuckoo.bang: a sudden loud noise.roar: a deep loud continuing sound.buzz: a noise of buzzing.hiss: a hissing sound.neigh: the long and loud cry that a horse makes.mew: the noise that a gull makes.bleat: the sound made by a sheep, goat or calf.4. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?ANSWER:4. No matter you say "Yes" or "No", you cannot deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic we should first know which sound the word imitates. Just as what is said in Chapter One, in order to imitate the noise of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like "murmurous" and "murderous". They both bear more or less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but "murmurous" is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while "murderous" is chosen to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.5. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell?” If not, why? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order? (Bolinger, 1981: 15)5. Yes. It is a case in point to illustrate non-arbitrariness about word order. When the two parts interchange, the focus and the meaning of the sentence is forced to change, because clauses occurring in linear sequence without time indicators will be taken as matching the actual sequence of happening. The writer’s original intention is distorted, and we c an feel it effortlessly by reading. That is why systemic-functionalists and American functionalists think language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.6. Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?6. Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ calls.ANSWER:Red→stopGreen→goYellow→get ready to go or stop7. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the creativity of language. Can you write a recursive sentence following the example in section 1.3.3.ANSWER:Today I encountered an old friend who was my classmate when I was in elementary school where there was an apple orchard in which we slid to select ripe apples that…8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?ANSWER:On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.9. Do you agree with the view that no language is especially simple?ANSWER:Yes. All human languages are complicated systems of communication. It is decided by their shared design features.10. What do you think of Bertrand Russell’s observation of the dog language: “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest”? Are you familiar with any type of ways animals communicate among themselves and with human beings? ANSWER:When gazelles sense potential danger, for example, they flee and thereby signal to other gazelles in the vicinity that danger is lurking. A dog signals its wish to be let inside the house by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.11.Can you mention some typical expressions of phatic communion in Chinese? There is the dialog between Ms. P and Ms. Q. in section 1.5.5. When someone sneezes violently, do you say anything of the nature of phatic communion? Have you noticed your parents or grandparents say something special on such an occasion?Some of the typical phatic expressions in Chinese are: 吃了吗？家里都好吧？这是去哪里啊？最近都挺好的？ANSWER:If someone is sneezing violently, maybe you parents and grandparents may say: “Are you ok?”, “Do you need to see a doctor?”, “Do you need some water?”, “Do you need a handkerchief?”, “Do you have a cold?” or something like these to show their concerns.12．There are many expressions in language which are metalingual or self-reflexives, namely, talking about talk and think about thinking, for instance, to be honest, to make a long story short, come to think of it, on second thought, can you collect a few more to make a list of these expressions? When do we use them most often?ANSWER:To tell the truth, frankly speaking, as a matter of fact, to be precise, in other words, that is to say Such expressions are used most frequently when we want to expatiate the meaning of former clauses in anther way in argumentation.13. Comment on the following prescriptive rules. Do you think they are acceptable?(A) It is I.(B) It is me.You should say A instead of B because “be” should be followed by the nominative case, not the accusative according to the rules in Latin.(A) Who did you speak to?(B) Whom did you speak to?You should say B instead of A.(A) I haven't done anything.(B) I haven't done nothing.B is wrong because two negatives make a positive.ANSWER:(1) the Latin rule is not universal. In English, me is informal and I is felt to be very formal.(2) Whom is used in formal speech and in writing; who is more acceptable in informal speech.(3) Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negative only make a more emphatic negative. This sentence is not acceptable in Standard English not because it is illogical, but because language changes and rejects this usage now.14. The prescriptivism in grammar rules has now shifted to prescriptions in choice of words. In the “guidelines on anti-sexist language” issued by the British sociological association, some guidelines are listed below. Do you think they are descriptive and prescriptive? What’s your comment on them?(1) Do not use man to mean humanity in general. Use person, people, human beings, men and women, humanity and humankind.(2) colored: This term is regarded as outdated in the UK and should be avoided as it is generally viewed as offensive to many black people.(3) civilized: This term can still carry racist overtones which derive from a colonialist perception of the world. It is often associated with social Darwinist thought and is full of implicit valuejudgments and ignorance of the history of the non-industrialized world.ANSWER:They are undoubtedly descriptive. Guidelines are not rules that can determine whether a sentence is right or not. The guidelines advise you to avoid the use of particular words that are grammatically correct but offensive to some certain groups. Actually, they describe the way anti-sexist advocators speak and write.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguistics? Do you think the line can be neatly drawn between them? How do you like the concept “communicative competence”?ANSWER:This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair—competence and performance.16. Which branch of linguistics do you think will develop rapidly in China and why?It is up to you to decide after you have gone through the whole book. At this stage, we suggest all branches of linguistics have the potential to flourish.17. The following are some well-known ambiguous sentences in syntactic studies of language. Can you disambiguate them?The chicken is too hot to eat.Flying planes can be dangerous.ANSWER:The chicken is too hot to eat.The chicken meat is too hot, so it cannot be eaten at the moment.The chicken feels so hot (maybe after some intense aerobic exercises) that it cannot start eating and needs to calm down first.Flying planes can be dangerous.The ambiguity comes from "flying planes". It can be deciphered as "the planes that is flying" or "to fly planes".18. There are many reasons for the discrepancy between competence and performance in normal language users. Can you think of some of them?ANSWEREthnic background, socioeconomic status, region of the country, and physical state (such as intoxication, fatigue, distraction, illness) vary from individual to individual.19. What do these two quotes reveal about the different emphasis or perspectives of language studies?(1) A human language is a system of remarkable complexity. To come to know a human language would be an extraordinary intellectual achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task. A normal child acquires this knowledge on relatively slight exposure andwithout specific training. He can then quite effortlessly make use of an intricate structure of specific rules and guiding principles to convey his thoughts and feelings to others, ... Thus language is a mirror of mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness.(Noam Chomsky: Reflections on Language. 1975: 4)(2) It is fairly obvious that language is used to serve a variety of different needs, but until we examine its grammar there is no clear reason for classifying its uses in any particular way. However, when we examine the meaning potential of language itself, we find that the vast numbers of options embodied in it combine into a very few relatively independent “networks”; and these networks of options correspond to certain basic functions of language. This enables us to give an account of the different functions of language that is relevant to the general understanding of linguistic structure rather than to any particular psychological or sociological investigation. (M. A. K. Halliday, 1970: 142)ANSWER:The first quote shows chil dren’s inborn ability of acquiring the knowledge of intricate structure of specific rules. It implies that the language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is the valuable object of study for linguists. The second attaches great importance to the functions of language. It regards the use of language as the choice of needed function. The meaning of language can be completely included by a few “networks” which is directly related to basic functions of language. It indicates the necessity to study the functions of language.20. You may be familiar with the following proverbs. How do you perceive them according to the arbitrariness and conventionality of language?The proof of the pudding is in the eating.Let sleeping dogs lie.You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.Rome was not built in a day.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.All roads lead to Rome.ANSWER:20. Arbitrariness and conventionality derive from the choice of the subject matter. For example, in the “The proof of the pudding is in the eating.” The word “pudding” is selected arbitrarily, for we can use another word such as cheese instead of pudding without changing the associative meaning of the proverb. On the other hand, once such links between particular words and associative meaning are fixed, it becomes a matter of conventionality.21. Give examples of situations in which a usage generally considered non-standard (e.g. ain’t) would be acceptable, even appropriate.ANSWER21. In the talks between intimate friends, o ne may say “gimme that!” instead of “give me that!” and “wachya doin’?” instead of “what are you doing?” and this list may go on.22. The following are some book titles of linguistics. Can you judge the diachronic and diachronic orientation just from the titles?English Examined: Two centuries of Comment on the Mother-Tongue.Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century V ocabulary and Usage.Pejorative Sense Development in English.The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation.Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular.ANSWER22. Synchronic:Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century V ocabulary and Usage.The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation.Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular.Diachronic:English Examined: Two centuries of Comment on the Mother-Tongue.Pejorative Sense Development in English。

结构化学01chapter1习题答案

本征值为6 。
7. 求证: xe
1 / 2 x 2
2
是否是算符
d x 2 的本征函数？若是，本征值是多少？ dx
解：
2 2 2 2 d d x 2 xe 1/ 2 x xe 1/ 2 x x 3e 1/ 2 x e 1/ 2 x dx dx
结构化学第一章练习题答案
本征函数和本征值
1.
xe
ax 2
d2 2 2 是算符的本征函数，求本征值。 d x 2 4a x
解：
d2 d2 2 2 2 2 ax 2 4 a x 4 a x xe 2 2 dx dx 2 2 2 2 d2 d ax 2 xe ax 4a 2 x 2 xe ax e 2ax 2 xe ax 4a 2 x 3e ax 2 dx dx

波函数归一化
1. 一质量为 m 的粒子，在区间[a，b]运动，处于状态 ψ 1 x ，试将 ψ 归一化。解：
b 1 1 1 ba dx x 1 2 a x a b ab

b
a

(
ab 1 ) 2 x 1 ba
2. 将在区间[-a，a]运动的粒子的波函数 ψ K （K 为常数）归一化。解：
1

9 cos θ 9 N 2 sin 3 θe 3iφ sin 2 θ 3 sin 2 θ
2
9 cos 2 θ 9 9(cos 2 θ 1) 式中 9 sin 2 θ sin 2 θ sin 2 θ ˆ 12 2 N sin 3 θe 3iφ M

语言学练习题(附答案)-Chapter-1--Language

Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)别离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)应酬功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to describe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wo lf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3〕productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)别离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)应酬功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the i ndividual’s feelings, emotions and personality. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending President Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenom enon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。

《会计专业英语》习题答案人大版Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Introduction to AccountingMultiple choice questions:1. D2. C3. C4. C5. B6. A7. C8. D9. C 10. CDiscussion questions1. What are the three basic forms of business entities?The forms of business entities are generally divided into sole proprietorships, partnerships, or corporations.A sole proprietorship is an unincorporated business only owned by one person. A sole proprietorship often has the following characteristics: (1) The owner also acts as the manager. (2) The owner is personally liable for the debts of the business. If the business has financial difficulties, creditors can force the owner to sell his or her personal assets to pay for the business debts. (3) Its advantage is simplicity.A partnership is usually an unincorporated business owned by two or more persons voluntarily acting as partners. The owners of a partnership, when unincorporated, are also personally liable for the debts of the business. In comparison he sole proprietorship, the partnership has the ability to raise larger amounts of capital investment from multiple owners. Since the personal skills of the individuals are vital to the partnership, covenants are usually drawn up which makes it difficult for individual partners to exit the legal entity.A corporation is a business organization as a separate legal entity owned by stockholders. Investors in a corporation receive shares of stock to indicate ownership claims. Shares of stock are easy to sell. Individuals can become stockholders by investing small amounts of money.2. Compared with sole proprietorship and partnership, what are the advantages of corporation as a form of business entity?Compared with sole proprietorships and partnerships,a corporation is easy for corporations to raise larger amounts of funds. Successful corporations often havethousands of stockholders, and their stocks are traded on organized stock exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange. Different from sole proprietorships and partnerships, corporate stockholders have no personal liability to the legal entity and their risks are limited to their purchase amount only.3. Who are the external users of accounting information? Give examples.External users have a current or potential financial interest in the reporting entity, but are not directly involved in managing and operating the business. The main external users include investors and creditors. Investors use accounting information to decide whether to buy, hold, or sell stocks. Creditors use accounting information to decide whether to sell goods or services on credit or lend money to an entity. Other external users of accounting information are government agencies, suppliers, customers, general public, and so on.4. What are the three main types of business activities? Give examples of each activity.All business can be classified into three types of activity: financing activity, investing activity, and operating activity. A company usually obtains cash through financing activities to start and grow its business. It then invests the cash in to run the business, such as delivery vehicles. Once this equipment is in place, it can begin the operating activities of making and selling goods.Financing activity: A company has two primary sources to raise funds. One is borrowing money and the other is issuing (selling) shares of stock in exchange for cash. Persons or entities to whom a company owes money are creditors. Amounts owed to creditors are called liabilities. A company may also obtain funds by selling shares of stock to investors in exchange for ownership rights. The total amount paid in by stockholders is ownership of shares of common stock and called paid-in capital. A creditor has a legal right to be paid at the agreed-upon time. However, stockholders have no legal right to expect any payments on a regular basis. The payments paid to stockholders are called dividends.Investing activity: Investing activities involve the purchase of the resources a company needs in order to operate. These resources can be buildings, furniture, computers, and delivery trucks among many other capital investments. Resources owned by a business are called capital assets. Assets have different types and names. Various, non-current, and tangible assets are called property, plant, and equipment (PPE).Operating activity: Once a business has assets, it can begin its operations. The amounts earned on the sale of its products or services are called revenues. Sources of revenues common to many businesses are sales revenues, service revenues, and interest revenues (typically not operating revenues but financing revenues).5. Accounting is sometimes described as the language of business. What is meant by this description?Accounting is an information system that identifies, records, and communicates the economic events of an organization to interested users. Specifically, accounting provides information about the reporting entity that is useful to present and potential investors, creditors, and other information users in decisions about providing resources to the entity. As we often say, accounting is a business language.。

习题讲解Chapter1

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KCl晶体结构
初基原胞中的原子个数： K 1个，Cl 1个配位数：6
晶体中任一原子最近邻的原子数目
K+ KCl布拉菲格子
第1章晶体结构
[1.2] 证明理想六角密堆结构的轴比c/a 等于(8/3)1/2=1.633。如果c/a 明显大于此值，则晶体结构可以认为是由原子密排面所组成，但这些平面之间是疏松堆积的。
第1章晶体结构
解答：正格子体积
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第1章晶体结构
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第1章晶体结构
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chapter 1 练习题及答案

ISSUES FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION1.Explain why Strategic Management often is called a “capstone course.”Answer: Business policy is commonly called a capstone course because students’ major responsibility in this class is to use all knowledge gained in prior courses to chart the future direction of different organizations.2. What aspect of strategy formulation do you think requires the most time? Why?Answer: Important aspects of strategy formulation include developing a business mission, performing an external audit, conducting an internal audit, generating alternative strategies, and choosing among alternative strategies. Performing an external audit generally takes the most time. For example, identifying competitors’ strengths and weaknesses is an essential aspect of the external audit. Effective use of the Internet can reduce the time required for performing an external audit.3. Why is strategy implementation often considered the most difficult stage inthe strategic-management process?Answer: Strategy implementation is often considered to be the most difficult stage in strategic management because it requires discipline, sacrifice, commitment, and hard work from all employees and managers. It is always more difficult to do something than to say you’re going to do it.4. Why is it so important to integrate intuition and analysis in strategic management?Answer: Neither intuition nor analysis alone is sufficient for making good strategic decisions. Intuition, based on one’s past experiences, judgment, and “gut” feelings, does not include the use of analytical strategic-management concepts that have been developed and successfully tested in the business world. To ignore these techniques that are based on historical learning is like trying to reinvent the wheel. However, no analytical tools can capture all aspects of a given organization’s culture and situation.Nor can analytical tools assimilate all the subjective information that must be considered in strategic management, such as personalities, emotions, values, beliefs, customs, and ethical factors. Thus, it is very important to integrate intuition and analysis in strategic management.5. Explain the importance of a vision and mission statement.Answer: Reaching agreement on formal vision and mission statements can greatly facilitate the process of reaching agreement on an organization’s strategies, objectives,and policies. Organizational success depends on reasonable agreement on these issues, so a clear mission statement is a most important strategic-management tool.6. Discuss relationships among objectives, strategies, and policies.Answer: Long-term objectives and strategies are products of strategy formulation.Short-term (annual) objectives and policies are products of strategy implementation.Firms should translate long-term objectives into annual objectives. Similarly, strategies should be supported with clear policies.7. Why do you think some chief executive officers fail to use astrategic-management approach to decision making?Answer: Some chief executive officers, strategists, and organizations have been successful, to date, without using strategic-management concepts and techniques.However, success today is no guarantee for success tomorrow. The business world is becoming global in scope; technology is changing the nature of competition in all industries. Strategic management enables organizations to recognize and adapt to change more readily; successfully adapting to change is the key to survival and prosperity. There is no good alternative approach to strategic management.8. Discuss the importance of feedback in the strategic-management model.Answer: Note in the strategic-management model that feedback is critically important.Changes can occur that impact all strategic-management activities. Feedback allows these changes to be identified and adjustments to be made. Feedback in the strategic-management process promotes the creation of a climate for two-way communication and, thus, allows esprit de corps to be achieved in an organization.9. How can strategists best ensure that strategies will be effectively implemented?Answer: Strategists can best assure that strategies formulated will be effectively implemented by involving as many managers as possible in the strategy formulation process. Also, it is important to communicate effectively why changes are needed. 10. Give an example of a recent political development that changed the overallstrategy of an organization.Answer: Students’ answers will vary. Some possi ble examples might include 1) the recent tariffs placed on steel imported into the US and how that has changed strategy for steel companies both at home and abroad, 2) the change in guidelines and requirements for airport safety and subsequent changes in the strategies of airlines, or 3) the political investigations into the Enron case and potential changesthat may result in major accounting/consulting firms.11. Who are the major competitors of your college or university? What are theirstrengths and weaknesses? How successful are these institutions compared to your college?Answer: Answers to this question will vary by institution.12.If you owned a small business, would you develop a code of business conduct? Ifyes, what variables would you include? If no, how would you ensure that your employees were following ethical business standards?Answer: It is advisable for all businesses, large and small, to have a clear code of business ethics. Such codes provide a guideline for appropriate behavior and aid in decision making. Chris MacDonald states these guidelines (available at www.ethicsweb.ca) for developing a code of ethics:♦What will be the purpose of your new code? Is it to regulate behavior? To inspire?♦Different kinds of documents serve different purposes. Is your new document intended to guide people or to set out requirements? Is it really a Code of Ethics that you need? You might consider creating a Statement of Values, a Policy, a Mission Statement, and a Code of Conduct.♦ A code of ethics should be tailored to the needs and values of your organization.♦Many ethics codes have two components. First, an aspirational section, often in the preamble, that outlines what the organization aspires to, or the ideals it hopes to live up to. Second, an ethics code will typically list some rules or principles, which members of the organization will be expected to adhere to.♦Will your new ethics document include some sort of enforcement? If so, what kind?♦Often the principles or values listed in an ethics document will be listed in rough order of importance to the organization. The ordering need not be strict, but generally the value or principle listed first will have a natural prominence.♦Think carefully about the process by which you create your new code. Who will be involved? A small working group? Or all the people affected by the code? How will you distill the needs of your organization and the beliefs of your members into a document? The process may matter as much as the final product.♦How will your new code be implemented? How will it be publicized, both inside and outside of your organization? What steps, if any, will be taken to ensure that the values embodied in your code get implemented in organizational policies and practices?♦How/when will your code be reviewed/revised?13. Would strategic-management concepts and techniques benefit foreignbusinesses as much as domestic firms? Justify your answer.Answer: The answer to this question is yes. Many foreign businesses are using strategic-management concepts and techniques effectively. Students could look in the England-based journal Long Range Planning to read about foreign firms also benefiting from strategic-management ideas. Another good foreign-based business journal that carries strategic-management articles is the Journal of Management Studies.14. What do you believe are some potential pitfalls or risks in using astrategic-management approach to decision making?Answer: There is a risk of too little top management support for the process. There is a risk of too little involvement by line managers and employees. There is a risk that top managers will underestimate the importance of understanding and commitment.15. In your opinion, what is the single major benefit of using astrategic-management approach to decision making? Justify your answer.Answer: The single major benefit is the potential for improved understanding of the business and industry on the part of all managers and employees.Understanding generally leads to increased commitment, which, in turn, leads to creativity, innovativeness, and overall cooperativeness. The process is more important than the plan. Also, the strategic-management process allows an organization to initiate and influence, rather than just respond and react to its environment. That is, it allows an organization to be proactive, rather than reactive, in controlling its own destiny. Strategic-management concepts provide an objective basis for allocating resources and for reducing internal conflicts that can arise when subjectivity alone is the basis for major decisions.16. Compare business strategy and military strategy.Answer: As discussed in the latter part of this chapter, business and military strategy are similar in many respects. Many of the ideas developed in business strategy were first formulated as military strategy. Both military and business organizations have competitors. A fundamental difference between military and business strategy is that business strategy is formulated, implemented, and evaluated with the assumption of competition, while military strategy is based on an assumption of conflict.17. What do you feel is the relationship between personal ethics and businessethics? Are they, or should they be, the same?Answer: Personal ethics is the foundation of business ethics. Business ethics encompass more situations than personal ethics, but a personal ethics doctrine still provides a basis for all business ethics decisions.18. Why is it important for all business majors to study strategic management, asmost students will never become a chief executive officer or even a top manager in a large company?Answer: Strategic management takes place at multiple levels within an organization. Although most students may never become the CEO of a corporation, they may become the “branch manager” or department head of a larger firm. In these roles, they may be asked to complete a strategic plan for their branch or department. In addition, employees at all levels are frequently asked to contribute to the development of their firm’s strategic plan. As a result, an understanding of the strategic-management process is important.19. Explain why consumption patterns are becoming similar worldwide. Whatare the strategic implications of this trend?Answer: As a result of improvements in global communications, consumers across the world are increasingly being exposed to the same advertising, the same cultural events, the same news, and the same forms of entertainment. As a result, the tastes of consumers across the world are converging. This development helps to explain why consumption patterns are becoming similar worldwide.20. What are the advantages and disadvantages of beginning export operationsin a foreign country?Answer: The following are the primary advantages and disadvantages of initiating export operations in a foreign country.Advantages:•Export operations can absorb excess capacity, reduce unit costs, and spread economic risks over a wider number of markets.•Firms can gain new customers for their products and services, thus increasing revenues.•Competitors in foreign markets may not exist, or competition may be less intense than in domestic markets.Disadvantages:•Firms confront different and often little understood social, cultural, demographic, and competitive forces when doing business overseas.•Weaknesses of competitors in foreign lands are often overestimated, and strengths are often underestimated.•Language, cultural, and value systems differ among countries, and this can create barriers of communication and other problems.21.Describe the content available on the SMCO ()website.Answer: The SMCO website provides links to websites with information useful for case analysis such as corporate websites, business analysis services, news sites, magazines, governmental sites, and financial ratio analyses. It also provides links to job search websites, graduate school websites, and websites related to strategic planning. Several software packages are available for purchase on the site including a template for generating the matrices required for case analyses.22.List four financial and four non-financial benefits of a firm engaging instrategic planning.Answer: Businesses engaging in strategic planning experience the following financial benefits. They show significant improvement in sales, profitability, and productivity compared to firms without strategic planning activities.Firms using strategic planning generally exhibit superior long-term financial performance relative to their industry and seem to make more informed decisions with good anticipation of both short and long-term consequences.They are also prepared for fluctuations in their external and internal environments.In addition to the financial benefits, firms using strategic planning also experience non-financial benefits. These include an enhanced awareness of external threats, an improved understanding of competitors’ strategies, increased employee productivity, reduced resistance to change, and a clearer understanding of performance-reward relationships.23.Why is it that a firm can sustain a competitive advantage normally foronly a limited period of time?Answer: A firm can sustain a competitive advantage for only a certain period of time due to rival firms. These competing firms will attempt to imitate the competitive advantage in order to undermine the leader.24.Why is it not adequate to simply obtain a competitive advantage?Answer: Because other firms will constantly attempt to undermine firms with competitive advantages and imitate those advantages, organizations must constantly strive to achieve a sustained competitive advantage.25.How can a firm best achieve a sustained competitive advantage?Answer: A sustained competitive advantage can best be achieved by 1) continually adapting to changes in external trends and events and internal capabilities, competencies, and resources, and by 2) effectively formulating, implementing, and evaluating strategies that capitalize upon those factors.pare and contrast ISO 9000, 14000, and 14001.Answer: ISO 9000 focuses on quality control while ISO 14000 focuses on operating in an environmentally-friendly manner. Both sets of standards were created by the International Organization for Standardization and provide universal guidelines for standardization, but focus on different issues. ISO 9000 provides a framework for quality management throughout the production and distribution of products and services. ISO 14000 is a series of standards in the environmental field. ISO 14001 is part of the 14000 family of standards.14001 standards offer a universal technical standard for environmental compliance in fields such as environmental auditing, environmental performance evaluation, environmental labeling, and life-cycle assessment.。

《逻辑与计算机设计基础》(原书第五版)课后习题答案-chapter01_solutions-5th

供应链管理第三版 Unit1 习题与答案

Chapter 1Understanding the Supply ChainTrue/False1. A supply chain includes only the organizations directly involved in supplyingcomponents needed for manufacturing。

Answer: FalseDifficulty： Moderate2. A supply chain consists of all parties involved， directly or indirectly, in fulfilling acustomer request。

Answer: TrueDifficulty： Moderate3. A supply chain could be more accurately described as a supply network orsupply web.Answer： TrueDifficulty: Moderate4. The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated。

Answer： TrueDifficulty： Easy5. The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the value generated for themanufacturing component of the supply chain。

Answer： FalseDifficulty： Moderate6. Every supply chain must include all 5 stages。

Answer: FalseDifficulty： Easy7. The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain aredivided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successivestages.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate8. The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain aredivided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer: FalseDifficulty： Moderate9. The push/pull view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chainare divided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer： TrueDifficulty: Easy10. The push/pull view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chainare divided into a series of activities performed at the interface betweensuccessive stages。

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一、名词解释1、芽孢：某些细菌在其生长发育后期, 在细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形、壁厚抗逆性强的休眠构造。

2、糖被：包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶状物质, 成分是多糖或多肽。

6、质粒：指细菌细胞质内存在于染色体外或附加于染色体上的遗传物质，绝大多数由共价闭合环状双螺旋DNA分子构成。

7、微生物：是指肉眼看不见或看不清楚的微小生物的总称。

包括细菌、放线菌、霉菌、酵母菌和病毒等大类群。

8、鞭毛：是从细菌质膜和细胞壁伸出细胞外面的蛋白质组成的丝状结构，使细胞具有运动性。

9、菌落：将单个或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，经培养后会形成以母细胞为中心的一堆肉眼可见的、有一定形态构造的子细胞集团称菌落。

10、放线菌：一类呈丝状生长、以孢子繁殖、陆生性较强的原核微生物。

11、荚膜：有些细菌在生命过程中在其表面分泌一层松散透明的粘液物质，这些粘液物质具有一定外形，相对稳定地附于细胞壁外面，称为荚膜。

二. 填空1、芽孢的结构一般可分为孢外壁、芽孢衣、皮层和核心四部分。

2、细菌的繁殖方式主要是裂殖，少数种类进行芽殖。

3、放线菌产生的孢子有有性孢子和无性孢子两种。

4、细菌的核糖体的沉降系数是70s 。

5、细菌的鞭毛有三个基本部分，分别为基体，钩形鞘，和鞭毛丝。

6、微生物修复受损DNA的作用有__光复活作用__和_切除修复。

7、基因工程中取得目的基因的途径有_3_条。

8、在低渗溶液中，G+ 菌的肽聚糖被破坏，细胞将涨破。

9、原核细胞通过其附属物称为性菌毛从一个细胞向另一个细胞转移DNA。

10、支原体细胞膜中含有甾醇，与动物相似。

11、脂多糖是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁特有成分,它由三部分组成，即类脂A、核心多糖和O-特异性侧链。

12、革兰氏阴性菌的细胞壁有两层，内层称为电子致密层，约2-3nm厚以肽聚糖为主要成分，外层称为脂多糖层，约8nm 厚，不含肽聚糖。

13、革兰氏阳性菌的细胞壁有一层,其厚度为20-80nm磷壁酸是革兰氏阳性细菌特有的化学成分。

14、在周质空间中，存在着多种蛋白质，包括: 水解酶类、合成酶类、结合蛋白和受体蛋白。

15、芽孢是某些细菌在生活史的一定阶段形成的没有生长活性的休眠体，对热，干燥和辐射具有抗性。

16、芽孢具有孢外壁、芽孢衣、皮层、芽孢壁、孢芽膜、芽孢质和芽孢核区等多层结构。

17、大肠杆菌鞭毛基体由四个盘状物构成,他们分别称为L-环、P-环、S-环和M-环。

18、荚膜的主要成分有多糖和多肽等，常采用负染色方法进行荚膜染色。

19、有些细菌细胞质内含有聚β-羟基丁酸，这是碳源和能源贮藏物质，而异染色颗粒主要成分是无机偏磷酸的聚合物，它是一种无机磷酸的贮藏物质。

20、蓝细菌的异形胞仅含少量藻胆素，缺乏异形胞，他们不在产生氧气或固定CO2。

这样，它们从结构和代谢上提供一个无氧环境，使固氮酶保持活性。

21、细菌基本形态有球状，杆状和螺旋状三种。

22、细菌的大小是以微米作为计量单位，而病毒的大小是以纳米作为计量单位。

23、细菌细胞壁的主要成分是肽聚糖，它主要由N-乙酰葡萄糖氨、N-乙酰胞壁酸二部分组成。

24、测定微生物细胞大小的单位为微米、纳米。

25、微生物学的奠基人是_巴斯德、_柯赫_ 。

26、根据放线菌菌丝形态和功能，其菌丝可分为营养菌丝、气生菌丝和孢子丝三种。

27、革兰氏染色操作的关键步骤是乙醇脱色。

28、Bacillus thuringiensis是苏云金杆菌的学名，_Thuringiensis_是种名。

29、每种微生物都有自己的最适宜的pH值和一定的pH适宜范围。

大多数细菌的最适pH为_6.5-7.5_，放线菌的最适pH为_7.5-8.0_。

30、在人为条件下，用溶菌酶除尽革兰氏阳性菌原有细胞壁后所得到的仅有一层细胞膜包裹着的圆球状渗透敏感细胞称为原生质体。

31、细菌荚膜的作用是_保护作用_和贮藏养料、作为透性屏障或（和）离子交换系统，可保护细菌免受重金属离子的毒害、表面附着作用、细菌间的信息识别作用。

32、原核微生物的细胞壁特有的组分是_肽聚糖_，它是由_双糖单位_、四肽尾或四肽侧链_和肽桥或肽间桥组成的亚单位聚合而成。

33、微生物的特点是体积小，面积大；吸收多，转化快；生长旺，繁殖快；适应性强，易变异；分布广，种类多。

34、Staphylococcus aureusBacillus 是金黄色葡萄球菌的学名，其中Staphylo coccus 是属名，aureus__是种名。

35、鞭毛主要化学成分为__蛋白质__，鞭毛主要功能为_运动__。

36、脂多糖(LPS)是革兰氏_阴性_菌细胞壁_外膜_层的主要成分，它由_类脂A，核心多糖，O-特异性侧链__三部分构成。

37、细菌的糖被是指_包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶状物质。

包括三种类型，其中包裹在细胞群上的称_菌胶团__。

38、细菌的明胶柱穿刺培养特征常用来鉴别菌株_产蛋白酶_性能。

39、在菌体形态观察中，需要进行制片后才能在显微镜下观察，观察细菌时采取的制片方法是_涂片法，观察放线菌时采取的制片方法是__压（印）片法，观察真菌采取的制片方法是水浸片。

40、原核细胞的细胞膜内陷所形成的囊状或管状结构称间体。

41、是芽孢所特有的化学物质。

一般它随着芽孢的形成而形成，随芽孢的萌发而消失。

42、放线菌是一类介于细菌和真菌之间，又更接近于细菌的原核微生物。

它的菌丝因其形态和功能不同可分、、。

43、革兰氏染色法是鉴别细菌的重要方法，染色的要点如下：先用a 染色，再加b 处理，使菌体着色，然后用c 脱色，最后用d 复染，呈e 为革兰氏阳性反应。

三. 辨别正误1. O-特异侧链决定G+菌细胞壁抗原特异性。

（正确）2. 芽孢形成过程中，芽孢衣形成在前，前芽孢形成在后（错误）3. 原生动物的鞭毛和纤毛都是9+2型的。

（错误）4. 芽孢可保持休眠数千年，遇合适环境可发芽形成一个细胞。

（正确）5. 立克次氏体没有细胞壁，可通过细菌过滤器。

（错误）6. 青霉素可抑制肽尾与肽桥间的转肽作用，从而杀死细菌。

（正确）7. 古生菌细胞壁中不含有肽聚糖。

（正确）8. 原核细胞和真核细胞的细胞膜在结构和功能上有明显的不同。

（错误）9.细菌细胞的分裂面决定了其细胞的排列方式。

（正确）10细菌的下列结构可能会增加其致病性：鞭毛，荚膜，菌毛，脂多糖。

（正确）11.细菌不含有叶绿体，所以不能进行光合作用。

（错误）12.细胞膜是一个流动结构，其上的蛋白易于被除去。

（正确）13.原核细胞和真核细胞的细胞膜在结构和功能上有明显的不同。

（错误）14.衣原体是古生菌。

（错误）15.放线菌的繁殖方式主要是芽殖。

（错误）16.在一定条件下, 细菌的菌落特征可作为其分类鉴定的依据。

（正确）17.枯草芽胞杆菌、大肠杆菌都属于革兰氏阳性菌。

(错误)18.放线菌的细胞构造和细胞壁化学组成与细菌相似，经革兰氏染色也可分成G+ 菌和G- 菌.（错误）19.革兰氏阳性细菌细胞壁的主要成分是垣酸和肽聚糖。

（正确）20.一种细菌的学名是Staphylococcus aureus,其中aureus属名，是拉丁文的名词，Staphyloccus 是种名，是拉丁文的形容词。

（错误）21.细菌是低等原核生物，所以它没有有性繁殖，只具无性繁殖形式。

（正确）22.蓝细菌是一类含有叶绿素a、具有放氧性光合作用的原核生物。

（正确）23.大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌属于单细胞生物，唾液链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌属于多细胞生物。

(错误)24.白僵菌是一种常用来生产微生物农药的细菌。

（错误）四. 单项选择1、下述不是磷壁酸的功能的是：AA内毒素B细胞壁抗原特异性C 噬菌体的吸附位点D 调节阳离子进出细胞2、下述细菌能通过细菌过滤器的是：CA大肠杆菌 B 立克次氏体 C 支原体 D 分枝杆菌3、G-菌含有的周质空间BA 是细胞内吞作用位点B 富含消化酶类C 蛋白质合成场所D 含有溶菌酶4、G+细菌细胞壁中含有BA 脂多糖B 磷壁酸C 结晶紫D 溶菌酶5、不是脂多糖的功能的是BA G-细菌细胞壁成分B 允许物质通过外膜C 抗原功能D 内毒素6、球状细菌分裂后排列成链状称为 BA双杆菌 B 链球菌 C 螺旋体 D 葡萄球菌7、异染粒，羧酶体，磁小体称作为 DA 叶绿体B 间体C 菌毛D 内含物8、螺旋体含有而螺菌不含有的是 AA 轴丝B周生鞭毛C菌毛 D 四分体9、趋化性是指微生物能够CA 与土壤表面粘着B 逃避噬菌作用C 向化学刺激运动或避D 在不利条件下求生存10、下列叙述正确的是DA 一个细胞可产生多个芽孢B芽孢进行二分裂C一个细胞产生一个芽孢并保持生长D芽孢是休眠体11、下列不是原核细胞结构的是BA 染色体B 叶绿体C 鞭毛D荚膜12、用光学显微镜可辨别原核和真核细胞之间不同的是DA 核糖体B鞭毛C细胞膜D核13、致病性革兰氏阴性细菌细胞壁组成中具有( C )A.核心多糖B.O-侧链C.类脂AD.脂蛋白14、鞭毛的化学组成主要是( C )A.多糖B.脂类C.蛋白质D.核酸15、在下列微生物中( B )能进行产氧的光合作用.A.链霉菌B.蓝细菌C.紫硫细菌D.大肠杆菌16、下面不属于古细菌的原核微生物是( C )A. 产甲烷菌B. 硫酸盐还原菌C. 反硝化细菌D. 极端嗜盐菌17、原核生物细胞中核糖体沉降系数为（A）A.70SB. 90SC. 60SD.80S18、下面关于芽孢的叙述，正确的是（D）A所有细菌在其生长的一定阶段，均可形成芽孢。

B所有细菌在其生长的全部阶段，均可形成芽孢。

C所有芽孢细菌在其生长的全部阶段，均可形成芽孢。

D所有芽孢细菌在其生长的一定阶段，均可形成芽孢。

19、G+细胞壁的主要化学成分有（D）A. 萄聚糖B.脂多糖C.几丁质D.肽聚糖20、制细菌标本片采取的制片方法是（A）A水浸片法 B.涂片法 C.印片法 D.组织切片法21、G-细胞壁的主要化学成分有（D）A. 萄聚糖B.纤维素C.几丁质D.肽聚糖22、原核微生物能量代谢及很多合成代谢的部位是( A )A.质膜B.线粒体C.高尔基体D.核糖体23、显微镜中,物镜的放大倍数越大,工作距离( B )A.越长B.越短C.不变D.无法判断24、E.coli细菌的鞭毛着生位置是（D）A.偏端单生B.两端单生C.偏端丛生D.周生鞭毛25、细菌细胞的( A)结构与其抗原性相关。

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