2019考研英语一考试大纲
2019考研英语一真题及答案解析完整版
Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any HO you find, you should 10 see signs of people.2If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights —you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be ableto 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。
2019年考研英语一真题答案及解析
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解Section I Use of English1、【答案】C.Few【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】此题词义辨析和上下文语境。
首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
空格所在句指出：我们中_____在没有电话，个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。
本句有without 与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few(几乎没有人)，符合文意。
2、【答案】C.run【试题考点】词组搭配【解析】此题考查词组搭配。
run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。
其他选项：Put on(穿上;使运转);take on(承担;呈现);come on(快点;开始)，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[C] run。
3、【答案】B.If【试题考点】逻辑关系【解析】此题考查逻辑关系。
空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
此处为假设的情况，故填入if(如果)符合上下文的表达。
其余选项：Since(因为;自从),though(虽然),until(直到)带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[B]If。
4、【答案】D.literally【试题考点】词义辨析【解析】空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。
其余选项：Formally(正式地)，relatively(相对地)，gradually(逐渐地)带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[D]literally.5、【答案】A.back【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
2019年考研英语一考试大纲
2019 年考研英语一考试大纲全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一 ) 考试大纲( 非英语专业 )(2019年版)I.考试性质英语 (一 )考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一 ) 语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。
本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。
2.词汇考生应能掌握5500 左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录 1 、2) 。
除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。
英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。
这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。
此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。
考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。
(二 ) 语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%) ，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。
对所选材料，考生应能：1)理解主旨要义 ;2)理解文中的具体信息 ;3)理解文中的概念性含义 ;4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申 ;5) 根据上下文推测生词的词义;6) 理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7) 理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8)区分论点和依据。
2019年考研英语一真题(word版)
绝密★启用前2019 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B 铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, we have a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights – you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A] Some2.[A] put3.[A] Since4.[A] formally [B] Most[B] take[B] If[B] relatively[C] Few[C] run[C] Though[C] gradually[D] All[D] come[D] Until[D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] Incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decisionmaking, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acti ng like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term inv esting,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to[A]enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility.[B]help corporations achieve larger profits.[C]build a new system of financial regulation.[D]guarantee the bonuses of top executives.22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate[A]the conditions for generating quick profits.[B]governments’ impatience in decision-making.[C]the solid structure of publicly traded companies.[D]“short-termism” in economic activities.23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be[A]indirect.[B]adverse.[C]minimal.[D]temporary.24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate[A]the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.[B]the significance of long-term thinking.[C]the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.[D]the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Failure of Quarterly Capitalism[B]Patience as a Corporate Virtue[C]Decisiveness Required of Top Executives[D]Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation – the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades – is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force –a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness” – is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention – so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students – who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill – feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible –or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?[A]The change of course catalogs.[B]Students’ indifference to GPAs.[C]Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.[D]The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?[A]To help freshmen adapt to college learning.[B]To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.[C]To prepare graduates for a challenging future.[D]To increase universities’ income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to[A]obtain more financial support.[B]boost their student enrollments.[C]improve their teaching quality.[D]meet local governments’ needs.29.What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?[A]To counterbalance each other.[B]To complement each other.[C]To be identical with each other.[D]To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by[A]assessing its feasibility.[B]analyzing the causes behind it.[C]comparing different views on it.[D]listing its long-run effects.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of “Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus,” by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans? ”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans.”Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley’s n ovel Frankenstein is mentioned because it[A]fascinates AI scientists all over the world.[B]has remained popular for as long as 200 years.[C]involves some concerns raised by AI today.[D]has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness[A]helps explain artificial intelligence.[B]can be misleading to robot making.[C]inspires popular sci-fi TV series.[D]is too limited for us to reproduce it.33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles[A]can hardly ever be found.[B]is still beyond our capacity.[C]causes little public concern.[D]has aroused much curiosity.34.The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of[A]affirmation.[B]skepticism.[C]contempt.[D]respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants[B]Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI[C]The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable[D]AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party seller s who use the site don’t have t o.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36.The Supreme Court decision Thursday will[A]better businesses’ relations with states.[B]put most online businesses in a dilemma.[C]make more online shoppers pay sales tax.[D]force some states to cut sales tax.37.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions[A]have led to the dominance of e-commerce.[B]have cost consumers a lot over the years.[C]were widely criticized by online purchasers.[D]were considered unfavorable by states.38.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has[A]hindered economic development.[B]brought prosperity to the country.[C]harmed fair market competition.[D]boosted growth in states’ revenue.39.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?[A]Internet entrepreneurs.[B]Big-chain owners.[C]Third-party sellers.[D]Small retailers.40.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author[A]gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences.[B]describes the long and complicated process of its making.[C]presents its main points with conflicting views on them.[D]cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]These tools can help you win every argument –not in the unhelpful sense ofbeating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding –then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.[B]Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful notto accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.[C]None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next timeyou state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.[D]Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think ofthem. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions – like, say, tennis games. PairsC 44. 43. F 42. of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.[E ] In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote:“There is only one way…to get the best of an argument – and that is to avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives – and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.[F ] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as afight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win – in one way.[G ] There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing theminimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our s hared values, since we both care about needy workers.→ → → → → → 45.41.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)interpret the implied meaning, and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2019年英语一真题答案Section ⅠUse of English1.C2.C3.B4.D5.A6.B7.D8.C9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.A 18.A 19.B 20.CSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21~25 A D B C B Text 2 26~30 D A A C B Text 3 31~35 C D B A C Text 4 36~40 C D C B DPart B41.E 42.D 43.G 44.B 45.APart C46.医学期刊中由许多类似的无稽之谈，这些说法一旦被广播公司和新闻媒体报道，就会引发健康恐慌和短暂的饮食热潮。
2019年考研英语(一)真题试卷原文及答案详解(精校打印版)
2019年考研英语（一）真题试卷Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1____of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2____ on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3____ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4____ can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5____ to civilization, one of which is to follow the land…When you find yourself well 6____ a trail, but not in a completely 7____ area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8____ is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9____,if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10____ see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11____ how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another12____ : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14____ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15____ the woods. Head toward these 16____ to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17____ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18____ , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20____ you to civilization.Section Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”。
2019年考研英语真题答案及解析
【考点】句内语义+动词短语搭配。
【解析】空格所在句意为：但是手机________电池，而电池耗尽的速度会比我们意识到的更快。“空
格动词+on”需体现“手机”与“电池”的关系，由句首 But（体现上下文语义转折：手机功能固然强
大，但一切最终取决于电池）以及常识“手机是依靠电池提供能量才得以运转”可以判断[C] run 正确，
度副词 well（大大地，远远地）修饰，意为“完全偏离路线/迷路”，故[B] off 符合文意。
7. [A] unattractive 无吸引力的；不好的
[B] uncrowded 不拥挤的
[C] unchanged 未改变过的
[D] unfamiliar 不熟悉的，不了解的
【答案】D
【考点】形容词辨析。
10.[A] immediately 即刻，马上；立即
[B] intentionally 故意地，蓄意地
[C] unexpectedly 出人意料地
[D] eventually 终于，最终
【答案】D
【考点】句内语义逻辑。
【解析】句子结构 if...,you should...（如果……，你应该会……；此处 should 用于“表示预期”，指
“应该会、可能”）明确“条件 结果”的句内逻辑，即主句中“看到人的迹象”是从句中条件“朝
下坡方向走”达成的结果，选项中符合文意的只有[D] eventually，该词强调“（经过一番困难后）最终”，
符合“一路向下、同时不断追寻水源”的语境。
词汇注释与难句分析
trail 【乡间或森林里的】小路；痕迹；踪迹 downhill 下坡的
帮助迷路者重返文明社会，one of which 引导定于从句，引出其中一个技巧：沿着陆地走。
2019年考研英语(一)真题解析
2019年考研英语一真题答案解析（完整版）Section I Use of English1、【答案】C. Few 【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】此题词义辨析和上下文语境。
首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
空格所在句指出：我们中_____在没有电话，个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。
本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few(几乎没有人)，符合文意。
2、【答案】C. run 【试题考点】词组搭配【解析】此题考查词组搭配。
run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。
其他选项：Put on (穿上;使运转);take on (承担;呈现);come on (快点;开始)，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[C] run。
3、【答案】B. If 【试题考点】逻辑关系【解析】此题考查逻辑关系。
空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
此处为假设的情况，故填入if(如果)符合上下文的表达。
其余选项：Since (因为;自从), though (虽然), until (直到)带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[B] If。
4、【答案】D. literally 【试题考点】词义辨析【解析】空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。
其余选项：Formally (正式地)，relatively(相对地)，gradually(逐渐地)带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[D] literally.5、【答案】A. back 【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
2019考研英语一真题及参考答案解析
2019考研英语一真题(完整版)金额及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost off-trail without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization，one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 ,assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3.[A] Since [B] If [C] Through [D] Until4.[A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [ D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D]away6.[A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone7. [A]unattractive [B]uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8. [A]site [B]point [ C]way [D] place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frighted [D] confused12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate15. [A] form [B]through [C] beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] Memories [B]marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A ] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism,” or the desire for quick profits, h as worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last. The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information at the speed of Twitter, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Para1, one motive in imposing the new rule is toA. enhance banker’s sense of responsibility.B. help corporations achieve larger profits.C. build a new system of financial regulation.D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profits.B. governments’ impatience in decision-making.C. he solid structure of publicly traded companies.D. “short-termism” in economic activities.23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. indirect.B. adverse.C. minimal.D. temporary.24. The U.S. and France examples are used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. The prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism.B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue.C. Decisiveness of Qisk-taking Bankers.D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers.Text 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point average) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s register, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satis fies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state appropriations are sometimes tiedpartly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to churn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least app ear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The influence of consumer culture.B. Students’ indifference to GPAs.C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.D. The change of course catalogs.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.B. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. boost their student enrollment.B. improve their teaching quality.C. obtain more financial support.D. meet local governments’ need.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be contradictory to each other.D. To be identical with each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA. assessing its feasibility.B. analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effects.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of “Frankenstein; or, The Modern P rometheus,” by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow myriad ethical questions to be spawned by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would mimic the way humans think, continues to elude scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans.”Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist and science adviser for “Westworld.” “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles for example, poses gnarly ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past drivingexperiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.O n June 7 Google pledged to not “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged to not deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentio ned because itA. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B. has remain popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. auses little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The author's attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants.B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of Al.C. The Conscience of Al: Complex But Inevitable.D. AI Shall Be killers once Out of Control.Text 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchasesunder a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a bigfinancial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying thesales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four oth er justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA . Dette business’ revolutions with states.B. put most online business in a dilemma.C. make more online shoppers pay sales tax.D. force some states to cut sales tax.37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionA . have led to the dominance of e-commerce.B . have cost consumers a lot over the years.C. were widely criticized by online purchases.D. were consider unfavorable by states.38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic development .B. brought prosperity to the country.C. harmed fair market competition.D. boosted growth in states’ revenue.39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?A. Internet enterpreneurs.B. Big-chair owners.C. Third-party sellers.D. Small retailers.40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences.B. describes the long and complicated process of its making.C. presents its main points with conflicting views on them.D. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating youropponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that dividepeople. learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding---then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the oppsite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way...to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41.→42.→F→43.→44.→C→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show thatpeople who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad Science’, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, let alone importance, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work:(47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to control this inflation, for example by trying, when it comes to career advancement, to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s published papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple, objective metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivise that kind ofscience.46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.47. Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.48. Attempts have been made to curb this tendency for example, by trying to incorporate some measures of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.49. This would be reasonable, if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favour.50. If we are serious about ensuring that our science both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary Schools” project o f your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWR SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 p oints)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your Writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER. (20 points)2019考研英语一参考答案完型填空：1.few2. run3.if 4 literally 5.back 6. off 7 unfamiliar 8way 9.so 10. eventually11. surprised 12. Option 13 for example spot 15through 16 breaks 17 artificial18. generally 19.marks 20leadText 121 D enhance banker's sense of responsibility22 C "short-termism" in economic activities23 A adverse24 B the approaches to promoting "long-termism"25 A patience as a corporate virtueText 226 D the change of course catalogs27 C to help freshmen adapt to college learning28 D obtain more financial support29 B to complement each other30 C analyzing the causes behind itText331C involves some concerns raised by AI today 32D is too limited for us to reproduce it33 B is still beyond our capacity34 A affirmation35 B Frankenstein, the Novel predicting the Age of AIText436 C make more online shopper pay sale tax37 D were considered unfavorable by states38 C harmed fair market competition 39B big-chain owners 40 A gives a factual account of it and discuss its consequencesPartBE—D—G—B--A参考译文46.在医学期刊中存在大量的这种无稽之谈，当广播公司和非专业媒体采用时，会产生健康恐慌和一时兴起的饮食热情。
2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)真题答案
2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）真题答案19考研今天已经落下帷幕，不管怎样都先为自己鼓个掌，接下来已经考完的同学也可以安心对答案了，超详细的英一答案无忧考网已备好，一起来看看吧2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）试题解析Section ⅠUse of English1. C. Few2. C. run3. B. If4. D. literally5. A.back6. B. off7. D. unfamiliar8. C.way9. A. So10. D. eventually11. A. surprised12. B. option13. D. For example14. C. spot15. B. through16. D. breaks17. A. artificial18. D. Finally19. B. marks20. C. leadSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText 121 A. enhance banks’sense of responsibility22 D. "short-termism" in economic activities23 B. adverse24 C. the approaches to promoting "long-termism"25 B. patience as a corporate virtueText 226 D. The influence of consumer culture.27 A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning28 A. A obtain more financial support29 C. to be identical with each other.30 B.analyzing the causes behind it.Text 331 C. involves some concerns raised by AI today32 D.is too limited for us to reproduce it33 B. is still beyond our capacity34 A. affirmation35 C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableText 436 C. make more online shopper pay sales tax37 D. were considered unfavorable by states38 D. harmed fair market competition39 B. Big- chain owners40 D. cites some cases related to it and analyses their implicationsPart B 本篇新题型属于排序题。
(完整版)2019考研英语一真题及参考答案
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights – you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can20 you to civilization.英语（一）试题-1-（共14 页）1. A. Few B. Most C. Some D. All2. A. put B. take C. run D. come3. A. Since B. Until C. Though D. If4. A. formally B. literally C. gradually D. relatively5. A. around B. away C. back D. next6. A. onto B. along C. across D. off7. A. unattractive B. unfamiliar C. unchanged D. uncrowded8. A. way B. point C. site D. place9. A. Instead B. Yet C. So D. Besides10. A. immediately B. eventually C. unexpectedly D. intentionally11. A. frightened B. annoyed C. surprised D. confused12. A. problem B. result C. view D. option13. A. Above all B. For example C. On average D. In contrast14. A. spot B. avoid C. bridge D. separate15. A. from B. under C. beyond D. through16. A. posts B. breaks C. shades D. links17. A. hidden B. mysterious C. artificial D. limited18. A. Finally B. Consequently C. Incidentally D. Generally19. A. memories B. belongings C. notes D. marks20. A. lead B. adapt C. restrict D. exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)英语（一）试题-2-（共14 页）Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism,” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in pu blicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat th em at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterl y profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.英语（一）试题-3-（共14 页）21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is toA. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.B. enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility.C. build a new system of financial regulation.D. help corporations achieve larger profits.22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the solid structure of publicly traded companies.B. governments’ impatience in decision-making.C. the conditions for generating quick profits.D. “short-termism” in economic activities.23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. minimal.B. indirect.C. adverse.D. temporary.24. The US and France examples are used to illustrateA. the approaches to promoting “long-termism.”B. the prevalence of short-term thinking.C. the significance of long-term thinking.D. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism.”25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesB. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismC. Patience as a Corporate VirtueD. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers英语（一）试题-4-（共14 页）Text 2Grade inflation –the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades –is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force – a policy often buried deep in course ca talogs called “grade forgiveness”– is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overal l GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention –so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students – who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill – feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible – or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.英语（一）试题-5-（共14 页）26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.B. The influence of consumer culture.C. Students’ indifference to GPAs.D. The change of course catalogs.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.B. To increase universities’ income from tuition.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. obtain more financial support.B. improve their teaching quality.C. boost their student enrollments.D. meet local governments’ needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To be contradictory to each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To complement each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA. assessing its feasibility.B. listing its long-run effects.C. comparing different views on it.D. analyzing the causes behind it.英语（一）试题-6-（共14 页）Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans.”Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.英语（一）试题-7-（共14 页）31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA. involves some concerns raised by AI today.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. is too limited for us to reproduce it.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. can be misleading to robot making.33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. has aroused much curiosity.C. is still beyond our capacity.D. causes little public concern.34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. contempt.B. skepticism.C. respect.D. affirmation.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableB. Frankenstein,the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control英语（一）试题-8-（共14 页）Text 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the s tates,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited s tates’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”英语（一）试题-9-（共14 页）36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. put most online businesses in a dilemma.B. force some states to cut sales tax.C. make more online shoppers pay sales tax.D. better businesses’ relations with states.37. It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. were widely criticized by online purchasers.B. have cost consumers a lot over the years.C. have led to the dominance of e-commerce.D. were considered unfavorable by states.38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic development.B. harmed fair market competition.C. boosted growth in states’ revenue.D. brought prosperity to the country.39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?A. Big-chain owners.B. Third-party sellers.C. Internet entrepreneurs.D. Small retailers.40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. presents its main points with conflicting views on them.B. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences.C. cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications.D. describes the long and complicated process of its making.英语（一）试题-10-（共14 页）Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41–45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument – not in the unhelpful sense ofbeating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding – then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegiewrote: “There is only one way… to get the best of an argument – and that is to avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives – and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.C. None of this will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next timeyou state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view.Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially.Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.英语（一）试题-11-（共14 页）D. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be carefulnot to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.E. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing theminimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,”neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time.Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation asa fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t getcaught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win – in one way.G. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we oftenthink of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions –like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.41.→42.→F→ 43.→ 44.→C→45.英语（一）试题-12-（共14 页）Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science pub lished? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.英语（一）试题-13-（共14 页）Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary Schools” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email; u se “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160–200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)途中英语（一）试题-14-（共14 页）2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试○英语（一）试题参考答案○Ⅰ．英语知识运用1. A2. C3. D4. B5. C6. D7. B8. A9. C 10. B11. C 12. D 13. B 14. A 15. D16. B 17. C 18. A 19. D 20. AⅡ．阅读理解A节21. B 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. C26. B 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. D31. A 32. B 33. C 34. D 35. A36. C 37. D 38. B 39. A 40. BB节41. B 42. G 43. E 44. D 45. AC节46. 医学期刊中充斥着这类无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播，就会引起健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧。
2019考研英语(一)试题答案及解析
14. [A] spot
[B] avoid
[C] bridge
[D]seห้องสมุดไป่ตู้arate
报班咨询群主和管理员 15. [A] from 16. [A] posts 17. [A] hidden 18. [A] Finally 19. [A] memories 20. [A] lead
[B] under
报班咨询群主和管理员
2019 年全国硕士研究生招生考试 英语（一）试题答案及解析
21 考研交流群：1080371845
Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A. B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
without a phone. But phones 2
1. [A] Few
|B| More
on batteries.............
[CJ Some
[D]A11
2. [A] put
[B] take
[C] run
[D]coiue
3. [A] Since
[B] Until
[C] Though
【2】 ❖答案：C [run] •分析：语义题+固定搭配题。本题考查手机与电池之间的关系，根据常识可知，手机需要靠电 池才能 运行，故 C [run]（运作，运行），为正确答案，且 run on sth.是固定搭配，表示 “靠……运转或运行 "・ ♦干扰选项：A 选项 put （on）（穿上；举办），B 选项 take （on）（承担；呈现），1）选项 come
2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题及答案解析
2019年全国研究生考试英语（一）真题及答案解析Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due toroads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。
2019年考研英语一真题及答案详解完整版
【答案】C【解析】首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
空格所在句指出：我们中在没有电话，个人GPS 或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。
本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few（几乎没有人），符合文意。
2.[A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come【答案】C【解析】run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。
其他选项：Put on （穿上；使运转）；take on （承担；呈现）；come on （快点；开始），语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[C] run。
3.[A]Since [B] If [C]Though [D]Until【答案】B【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。
此处为假设的情况，故填入if（如果）符合上下文的表达。
其余选项：Since （因为；自从）， though （虽然）， until （直到）带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[B] If。
4.[A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally【答案】D【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。
此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。
其余选项：Formally （正式地），relatively（相对地），gradually（逐渐地）带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[D] literally.5.[A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away【答案】A【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。
前文讲lost（迷路），此处填入back（回到）文明之地相互呼应，故正确答案为[A] back。
2019年考研英语一真题及答案解析完整版
2019年考研已经结束，为方便考生备考，特整理2019年全国硕士研究生考试真题，供各位考生复习使用，以下是2019年英语（一）考研真题及答案解析。
Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area And where is the nearest water source Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored th e area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave onthe landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。
考研英语一2019text1
【导言】考研英语一2019年的text1是一篇关于环境保护和可持续发展的议论文，文章围绕着“人类活动是否破坏了自然环境”这一话题展开论述。
本文将从标题、提纲、分析等方面对该文章进行分析和解读，希望对考研英语备考的同学有所帮助。
【标题分析】文章的标题为“Is Human Activity Damaging the Natural Environment?”，直译为“人类活动是否破坏了自然环境”。
这一题目所涉及的话题十分广泛，包括环境保护、可持续发展、人类活动对自然环境的影响等方面内容。
在考研英语的阅读理解部分，经常涉及到环境问题，对于考生们来说，这样的题目将会对他们的综合能力提出很高的要求。
【提纲分析】文章提纲如下：1.人类活动是否破坏了自然环境2.环境保护与可持续发展的关系3.科技进步对环境的影响4.个人与环境保护【分析】作者首先提出了一个问题：“人类活动是否破坏了自然环境”，引起了读者的思考。
接着围绕这一问题展开了议论，探讨了环境保护与可持续发展的关系，科技进步对环境的影响以及个人与环境保护的关系。
【正文】1. 人类活动是否破坏了自然环境文章一开始就直接提出了一个颇具争议性的问题，引起读者的思考。
在当今社会，人类的生产活动、生活方式等对自然环境产生了深远的影响。
随着工业化、城市化的不断推进，大量的化石能源被开采和消耗，大气污染、土壤污染、水体污染等问题日益凸显，一些濒临灭绝的动植物受到了威胁。
森林的砍伐、水土流失等也对生态环境造成了极大的破坏。
这些都是人类活动对自然环境造成的负面影响，不能被忽视。
2. 环境保护与可持续发展的关系文章进一步探讨了环境保护与可持续发展的关系。
环保和可持续发展是当今社会关注的热点话题，也是国际社会普遍关注的问题。
环境问题涉及到整个地球和人类的生存发展，环境保护是人类的共同责任。
然而，环保与发展之间常常陷入矛盾之中。
为了经济的快速发展，一些地方对环保问题往往采取了一些不负责任的做法。
2019年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析
2019年考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigationapps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can't find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land…When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you've explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you maybe 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, andto find a way out. At16 the woods. Head toward these other paths people carve 15night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 weleave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All【答案】C【解析】首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
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2019年考研英语一考试大纲
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲
(非英语专业)(2019年版)
I. 考试性质
英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II.考查目标
考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：
(一) 语言知识
1. 语法知识
考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。
本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。
2. 词汇
考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。
除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。
英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。
这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。
此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。
考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。
(二) 语言技能
1. 阅读
考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。
对所选材料，考生应能：
1) 理解主旨要义;
2) 理解文中的具体信息;
3) 理解文中的概念性含义;
4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申;
5) 根据上下文推测生词的词义;
6) 理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;
7) 理解作者的意图、观点或态度;
8) 区分论点和依据。
2. 写作
考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。
写作时，考生应能：
1) 做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当;
2) 遵循文章的特定文体格式;
3) 合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯;
4) 根据写作目的和特定作者，恰当选用语域。
Ⅲ. 考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构
(一)考试形式
考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷包括试题册和1张答题卡。
考生应将1~45题的答案按要求涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，将46~52题的答案书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
(二)考试内容
试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用
该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素(包括词汇、表达方式和结构)的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征(如连贯性和一致性等)的辨识能力等。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
第二部分阅读理解
该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。
共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
A节(20小题)：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇(总长度约为1 600词)文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。
B节(5小题)：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。
本部分有3种备选题型。
每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。
备选题型有：
1)本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。
要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。
2)在一篇长度为500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。
要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落(7~8个)重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已经给出。
3)在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6~7段文字或6~7个概括句或小标题。
这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。
要求考生根据文章内容，从这6~7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。
C节(5小题)*：主要考查考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。
要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个画线部分(约150词)译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
第三部分写作
该部分由A、B两节组成，主要考查考生的书面表达能力。
共30分。
A节：考生根据所给情景写出约100词(标点符号不计算在内)的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等。
共10分。
B节：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160~200词的短文(标点符号不计算在内)。
提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。
共20分。
* 考生应能掌握的语言技能包括听、说、读、写四种能力。
但是由于听力能力和口语能力的考查在复试中进行，因此这里只列出读和写两种技能。
** 指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般、非正式的话语。
* *硕士研究生入学考试将英译汉试题作为阅读理解的一部分，其目的是测试考生根据上下文准确理解概念或复杂结构并用汉语正确予以表达的能力。
(三)试卷结构。