商务英语翻译中的委婉表达
商务英语社交礼貌用语
商务英语社交礼貌用语1. 问候：- Good morning/afternoon/evening.（早上好/下午好/晚上好。
）- How are you?（你好吗？）- It's a pleasure to meet you.（很高兴见到你。
）2. 介绍：- Let me introduce myself. I'm [name].（请允许我自我介绍一下。
我是[姓名]。
） - This is [person's name].（这是[某人的姓名]。
）3. 感谢：- Thank you for your time.（感谢你抽出时间。
）- Thank you for your assistance.（感谢你的帮助。
）- I appreciate your efforts.（我感激你的努力。
）4. 道歉：- I apologize for the delay.（我为延迟道歉。
）- Sorry for the inconvenience.（对不起给你带来不便。
）- Please accept our sincere apologies.（请接受我们真诚的歉意。
）5. 邀请：- We would like to invite you to our event.（我们想邀请你参加我们的活动。
） - Would you be available for a meeting on [date]?（你在[日期]有空参加会议吗？）6. 道别：- It was nice meeting you.（很高兴见到你。
）- Have a great day.（祝你今天过得愉快。
）- Goodbye and thank you again.（再见，再次感谢。
）记住，在商务场合中，礼貌用语不仅可以展现你的专业素养，还可以帮助建立良好的人际关系。
商务英语的委婉表达及翻译
目录论文摘要 (2)一、委婉表达的含义 (3)二、商务英语中委婉表达的作用及运用 (3)三、商务英语中委婉表达的翻译原则 (6)四、结束语 (8)参考文献 (8)商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译摘要：在人类社会中，交流是必要的。
要交流势必存在一些表达上的问题。
所以，就会有一些表达上的技巧。
委婉表达是人类使用语言过程中的一种普遍现象，它不仅是一种社会语言现象，更是一种文化现象。
不管是在日常生活还是在涉外交际中，我们都要进行语言交流。
由于某些生活习惯或习俗差异，以及不同文化背景的社会具有不同的忌讳，我们必须学会使用委婉表达以避免尴尬或者不愉快发生。
所以只有了解委婉表达的使用方式，才能达到成功交际的目的。
本文从委婉表达的作用出发，分析了商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译，从而论证委婉表达法不仅是商贸用语的重要组成部分，也是商家在竞争中赢得客户的一个不可小窥的重要手段。
关键词：商务英语委婉表达作用运用翻译原则Tactful expressions in Business English and Its TranslationAbstract：Tactful expression is a universal phenomenon in the process of people’s language using. It’s not only a social languagephenomenon,but also a culture phenomenon.We have to communicate withlanguage,no matter indaily life or intercommunication withforeign countries.As to thedifferences between custom and lifestyle,nations with differentculture have different taboos.So ,we must learn tactful expression toavoid awkard and unpleasure stations,until we comprehend theusing way of tactful expression,we can have a successfulcommunication.This text is about tactful expression,it analysedtactful expression in business English and its translation,anddemonstrated that tactful expression is not only the importantpart of business language,but also an indispensability measurefor the business to attract clients in the strong competition. Key words: business English,tactfulexpression,function,usage,translation principles商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译委婉表达及其翻译可以反映出各种各样的心理，从而也体现出了委婉表达的各种社会交际功能。
英语中那些委婉的语句_如何翻译商务英语
英语中那些委婉的语句_如何翻译商务英语如何翻译商务英语商务语言是商务文化群体广泛使用的一种特定语言，其内容和读者有很强的针对性。
为避免日后产生异议和纠纷，商务文书的语言组织受到特别的重视，尤其注重专业规范的措辞和严谨缜密的结构等方面。
在商务翻译中，应使译文在语体和风格等方面符合目标语商务文本的特点，可以套用符合目标语习惯的地道用法，以保持译文与原文的风貌一致。
所以，商务翻译不仅要事实准确，遣词用句还要符合公函文体的特征，以体现商务信函的特点和专业水准。
对信函中某些约定俗成的、固定化的行业套语可以遵循译入语的习惯，直接套用相应的习惯表达方式;译文还应尽量使用简洁的书面语，避免使用广告体和口语体。
一、单词分译单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个小旬或者句子。
采用单词分译主要有两个目的：一是为了句法上的需要。
由于一些单词在搭配、词义等方面的特点，直译会使句子生硬晦涩，而把某个单词分译却能使句子通顺，且不损伤原意。
二是为了修饰上的需要，如加强语气，突出重点等。
英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可分译。
例：We recognize that China’s long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。
二、短语分译短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。
名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译成句。
例1：These cheerful little trams，dating back to 1 873，chug and sway up the towering hills with bells ringing and people hanging from every opening.这些令人欢快的小缆车建于1873年，嘎嚓嘎嚓摇摆爬上高耸的山峦。
商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译【文献综述】
文献综述英语商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译一、前言部分（说明写作的目的，介绍有关概念，扼要说明有关主题争论焦点）委婉语是人类使用语言过程中的一种普遍现象, 它不仅是一种社会语言现象, 更是一种文化现象。
不管是在日常生活还是在涉外交际中, 我们都要进行语言交流。
委婉语实际上是语言常规的变异现象, 也是使用语言的艺术, 作为英语修辞重要手段之一的委婉语, 在商务英语中的表达形式多样、方法灵活、使用广泛, 是吸引客户、捕捉商机、促销产品、开拓市场的有效手段。
由于某些生活习惯或习俗差异, 以及不同文化背景的社会具有不同的忌讳, 我们必须学会使用委婉语以避免尴尬或不愉快。
所以只有了解委婉语在不同背景、不同环境下的使用方式, 才能达到成功的交际目的。
委婉语可以反映出各种各样的社会心理, 从而体现出了委婉语的各种社会交际功能。
委婉语在各个领域都有广泛的应用, 它对于我们学好英语, 进行有效的跨文化交际有很大的帮助。
语言交际是人类赖以维系社会和人际关系的重要手段,委婉语是人类使用语言过程中的一种普遍现象。
委婉语的使用有效避免了引起交际双方的不快从而损害双方的关系,因为委婉语具有避讳、礼貌、避俗、掩饰、劝诱等功能。
了解这些功能将有助于我们在跨文化交际中更加自觉和准确地使用语言,并且对于我们学好英语,进行有效的跨文化交际有很大的帮助。
商务英语是目前国际商务活动中一种特定的专门用途英语, 它所涉及的范围较广、且具备独特的表现内容和语言现象。
因此, 商务英语中的委婉表达和翻译更是最为关键的一个部分。
委婉语往往是一定文化的体现, 在理解与翻译委婉语时需要考虑其文化内涵。
从文化的视角, 从委婉语与文化、委婉语与禁忌语入手, 研究委婉语翻译遵循的原则, 探讨委婉语及其翻译问题。
分析商务英语委婉语的交际功能, 以及对商务英语中的委婉表达与翻译进行有效的探讨。
二、主题部分（阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述）在和平年代，社会稳定繁荣，人们倾向于使用礼貌的、优雅的词汇，委婉语的数量就随之增加。
《商务英语口语大全【完整版】》
《商务英语口语大全【完整版】》一、商务问候与介绍1. 问候Good morning/afternoon/evening, it's a pleasure to meet you.（早上/下午/晚上好，很高兴见到您。
）How do you do? I've heard a lot about you.（您好，我久闻大名。
）It's nice to finally put a face to the name.（很高兴能将名字与人对上号。
）2. 自我介绍My name is [Your Name], and I'm the [Your Position] at [Company Name].（我叫[您的名字]，是[公司名称]的[您的职位]。
） I'm looking forward to working with you on this project.（我期待与您共事这个项目。
）二、商务洽谈与沟通1. 表达意见In my opinion, [Your Opinion].（在我看来，[您的意见]。
）I believe that [Your Idea] could be beneficial for both parties.（我相信[您的想法]对双方都有益。
）I'd like to suggest [Your Suggestion].（我想提出[您的建议]。
）2. 谈判技巧I understand your concerns, but let's consider the possibilities from another angle.（我理解您的担忧，但让我们从另一个角度考虑一下可能性。
）If we can agree on [Certain Terms], I'm confident that we can finalize the deal.（如果我们能在[特定条款]上达成一致，我相信我们可以完成这笔交易。
英语委婉语的例子30个
英语委婉语的例子30个1. "I'm afraid I have to decline your invitation." (拒绝邀请)2. "It's not quite what I had in mind." (不是我的想法)3. "I'm not sure if I can make it." (不确定我能否参加)4. "I'm sorry, but I have other commitments." (我很抱歉，但我有其他约定)5. "Perhaps we can revisit this at a later time?" (也许我们可以稍后再考虑这个问题?)6. "I think I need to pass on this opportunity." (我认为我需要放弃这个机会)7. "I don't feel comfortable discussing this." (我不觉得讨论这个话题舒服)8. "I'm not really interested in pursuing this further." (我真的不太想再深入探讨这个问题)9. "It's not exactly what I had in mind." (并不完全符合我的想法)10. "I appreciate your offer, but I think I'll have to decline." (谢谢你的提议，但我想我必须拒绝)11. "I'm not sure if I'm the best person for the job." (我不确定我是否是最适合的人选)12. "I think I'll have to pass on this one." (我想我得拒绝这个)13. "I regret to say that I won't be able to attend." (很遗憾，我不能参加)14. "I'm not really comfortable with this situation." (我对这种情况并不感到舒适)15. "I'm afraid I can't help you with that." (很抱歉，我无法帮你处理这个)16. "I'm not quite ready to commit to that yet." (我还没准备好承诺)17. "I'm not sure that's the best approach." (我不确定那是最好的方法)18. "I don't think this is a good fit for me." (我觉得这不适合我)19. "I'm sorry, I can't make it." (对不起，我不能来)20. "I'd rather not discuss that." (我宁愿不讨论那个)21. "I'm not really looking for a change at the moment." (我现在并不是真的想要改变)22. "I don't think that's a good idea." (我不认为那是个好主意)23. "I'm afraid I have to disagree with you on that." (恐怕我必须在这个问题上与你不同意)24. "I may have to decline this offer." (我可能不得不拒绝这个提议)25. "I'm afraid I can't commit to that right now." (我恐怕现在不能承诺)26. "I'm not really comfortable with the terms." (我不太满意这些条款)27. "I'm afraid I don't have the time for that." (恐怕我没有时间做那个)28. "I don't think that's quite what I had in mind." (我认为那不是我想要的)29. "I'm not really sure what to think about this." (我不是很确定怎么看待这个)30. "I'm afraid I can't provide you with what you're asking for." (恐怕我不能提供你所要求的东西)。
商务英语中的委婉表达与翻译
yours truly, (signature) Wang Bin
2、英语信函的语言特点:Four Cs原则
Clearness Conciseness Correctness Courtesy
3、英语信函的翻译：
1) ABCD原则 Accuracy Brevity Clarity Difference
family are enjoying this holiday season in
excellent health.
My family, who are well and happy, join me
in my good wishes. May every year unite our
hearts more closely.
确实，没有他的生活无论如何都不会再是
原样，但我们一定要尽可能努力地生活下去， 并期望在天国有重逢的一天。
爱你的，
邦妮
4）商务信函的常用翻译技巧：
（1）重复、省略、否定、转换等技 巧的灵活使用。
（2）掌握分寸，体现原文文体，尽 力保持“公事公办”的慎重态度
（3）酌情使用一些常用套语， 如：贵，乞谅，承蒙，为盼，赐复 等。Dear Sir(s)/ Madam尊敬的阁下 /先生/女士/谨启者/执事先生/台鉴
is doubtlessly a pride of your family.
We are very happy for you and wish to
extend to you our utmost congratulations. I believe
that the knowledge ha has acquired will enable
委婉语在商务英语中的应用
委婉语在商务英语中的应用委婉语是指在表达不愉快、尴尬、敏感等话题时使用的客气、委婉的用语。
在商务英语中，委婉语的应用广泛。
正常情况下，商务英语都强调直截了当地表达意思，但有时我们需要使用委婉语来使对方更舒适，避免冲突和误解。
委婉语的应用主要有以下几个方面：1. 请求帮助或提问当需要请求帮助或提问时，使用委婉语可以表达出礼貌和尊重。
例如：Could you possibly help me with this problem? （你能帮我解决这个问题吗？）Do you have a moment to spare? （你有时间吗？）May I ask a quick question about the project? （我能问一个有关项目的快速问题吗？）2. 谈到个人观点有时候我们需要表达个人观点，但又不希望引起对方的反感或争议，这时使用委婉语是非常必要的。
例如：In my opinion, I think we could consider… （我认为，我们可以考虑一下……）It seems to me that there might be a better way of doing this. （在我看来，也许有更好的方法做这件事。
）3. 询问或提出建议在商务英语中，询问或提出建议时，也需要使用委婉语。
例如：Perhaps we could consider… （也许我们可以考虑……）Would it be possible to…？（能够……吗？）I think it might be a good idea to… （我认为……可能是个好主意。
）4. 给予批评或拒绝在商务英语中，给予批评或拒绝时，使用委婉语可以让对方更容易接受。
例如：I appreciate your proposal, but unfortunately we have decided to go in a different direction. （我感谢你的提议，但不幸的是，我们决定采取不同的方向。
商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 《大学英语》听力理解中的石化现象与对策2 孔子与柏拉图的教育思想之比较研究3 组织学习障碍与相应的对策4 论《隐形人》中的象征主义5 社会实践活动对大学生的重要性6 英汉动物词汇文化内涵对比7 浅谈象征在《了不起的盖茨比》中的运用8 Cultural Connotation of Color Words in Chinese and Western Culture9 《法国中尉的女人》中对维多利亚时代的批判10 浅谈英语俚语11 凯瑟琳安波特作品中的女性话语权威12 从小说《百万英镑》中看对当今社会的讽刺意义13 从女性主义视角解读《了不起的盖茨比》中的黛西14 浅谈英语广告的特点与翻译15 《白象似的群山》里的潜意识16 写作教学中的X文教学17 论奥斯卡王尔德唯美主义童话中的批判精神18 浅析《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征主义19 合作性学习在教学中的作用20 合作原则在电影《暮光之城》人物心理分析中的应用21 谈目的论视角下的商标翻译22 试析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中两个奴隶的性格和命运23 从《马拉喀什》和《射象》看乔治•奥威尔散文的艺术风格24 唐诗中比喻修辞格的翻译——以许渊冲英译本为例25 英语谐音双关的语义特点与其不可译性26 模糊语言的社会语用功能27 从民族服饰角度看中美文化价值28 浅析好莱坞英雄主义中的传统英雄和反英雄形象29 美国拓荒运动中的新女性形象－－读威拉凯瑟《我的安东妮娅》30 广告英语的语言特征31 英美小说《傲慢与偏见》和《飘》中的女性主体意识比较分析32 《太阳照常升起》中“迷惘的一代”人物分析33 跨文化视角下的中美社交礼仪的对比研究34 Using Maslow’s Hierarchy Needs Theory to Analyze Sister Carrie’s Destiny35 女性人格的双重性——从心理学的角度对比分析凯瑟琳和简爱36 从女性主义探讨托尼•莫里森笔下黑人妇女自我意识的觉醒37 《宠儿》中塞丝的性格特征分析38 论中美商务沟通中的跨文化意识39 论爱丽丝·沃克《紫色》中西丽女性自我的缺失与重塑40 汉英“甜”字隐喻用法对比41 中西方婚礼习俗的差异42 A Feministic Study of the Theme of “The Chrysanthemums”（开题报告+论文+文献综述）43 奥斯卡王尔德《认真的重要性》中似非而是的隽语对现实世界的重塑44 初中英语的传统教学与现代教学的差异45 《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿成长悲剧的成因分析以与对当今青少年的启迪46 简析美国个性化教育对家庭教育的积极影响47 英语新词汉译原则研究48 西方电影片名翻译的功能目的论分析49 An Analysis of Ecological Ideas in Walden50 论科技英语翻译中美学原则的运用51 面部表情和目视行为的跨文化研究52 浅析美国高等教育的创新53 简析商务沟通中的非语言沟通54 Problems and Solutions in Senior English Listening Teaching55 《永别了，武器》中的自然象征意义56 Comparisons of Sino-U.S Family Education57 《呼啸山庄》中希斯克利夫的人物性格58 英汉思维模式差异的对比研究59 《善良的乡下人》的喜剧性分析60 不一样的颤栗—东西方恐怖片的比较61 海明威《印第安人营地》新解62 解析喜福会中美籍华裔妇女的冲突和身份问题63 An Analysis of Grotesque Features in Sherwood Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio64 如何通过教师提问促进课堂互动65 论中西方思维方式的差异66 高中英语词汇教学中文化意识的培养67 中国英语与中式英语之比较68 国际商务谈判中的非语言交际69 A Comparative Analysis of Jane Eyre’s Chinese Renditions in D ifferent Periods70 企业文化构建的话语分析路径71 麦都思眼中的中国XX形象72 Positive Transfer of Chinese Reading Strategies in English Reading Comprehension73 从功能翻译理论看电影《功夫熊猫》的字幕翻译74 《老人与海》中的存在主义分析75 中国英语学习者道歉言语行为的中介语石化现象76 Growing Pains—An Analysis of J. D. Salinger’s The C atcher in the Rye as a Bildungsroman77 从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异78 传统教法与交际法结合的英语教学探讨79 浅析英汉语言中颜色词的运用80 The Application of Rhetorical Devices in English Advertisement81 浅谈非语言交际中的手势语82 EFL Learning Strategies on Web-based Autonomous Learning83 An Analysis of Fagin in Oliver Twist84 Harmony is Everything: an Ecological Analysis of The Grapes of Wrath85 试析英语委婉语中的隐喻86 透过中西谚语的对比分析中西文化异同87 从商业性角度论电影名称的翻译88 苔丝女性悲剧的性格因素89 用交际翻译理论看英语文学书名汉译90 肯尼迪演讲的语音衔接分析91 《小妇人》中四姐妹的命运92 《太阳照常升起》中的“女性化”研究93 A Comparative Study of Refusal in Chinese and American Cultures94 美剧字幕中的译者主体性——以美剧Gossip Girl第一季为例95 An Analysis of Translation Strategies on Chinese Catchwords96 风筝在《追风筝的人》中的象征意义分析9798 中英礼仪文化禁忌比较与跨文化交际99 顺应论视角下的电影片名翻译100 《蝇王》中的人性因素101 从《牧师的黑面纱》看霍桑矛盾的XX情结102 美国个人主义与中国集体主义的比较103 动物习语中文化意象的比较与翻译104 简析《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的人格特征105 A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and American Nonverbal Privacy106 中医术语翻译方法研究107 浅析英文电影在高中英语教学应用108 浅谈非英语专业学生英语词汇的学习方法109 文字之乐——浅析广告中的双关110 当代中美青年恭维言语行为对比研究111 解读《金色笔记》中的女性主义112 论关联理论在商业广告翻译中的运用113 “雨中的猫”与“一个小时的故事”中女性意识觉醒的比较研究114 A Brief Discussion on the Translation of the Public Signs115 从文化角度看品牌名称翻译116 《卖花女》中莉莎人物形象分析117 沙博理《水浒传》译本中文化词的翻译118 A Comparison between Jane Eyre and Elizabeth—Two Female characters in Jane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice119 A Cross-cultural Interpretation of Chinese and English Euphemisms—Interpersonal Culture and Psychological Culture120 浅谈中西婚俗的文化差异121 On Symbolism in Hemingway's Cat in the Rain122 从莱辛的人生经历看《青草在歌唱》123 广播英语的语言学分析124 塞林格《麦田里的守望者》的逃离与守望125 高中英语听力课中的文化教学126 中西方祭祀文化之异同127 浅析狄更斯小说中匹克威克的性格特点128 从文化差异角度看谚语的英汉互译：动态对等129 尼斯湖和西湖—中西方旅游性格差异研究130 从语用角度探讨汉译英公示语131 浅析卡夫卡小说中的荒诞意识132 《红楼梦》委婉语翻译探究133 澳大利亚英语词汇和澳大利亚文化134 论《看不见的人》的主人公的心理成长历程135 谭恩美《灶神之妻》文化解读136 救赎之旅—浅析《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿•考菲尔德的成长经历137 A Fem inist Reading of A. S. Byatt’s Possession138 企业文化对其竞争力的影响139 希望和宿命论之间的挣扎-分析《德伯家的苔丝》中的苔丝形象140 On Transcendentalism in Thoreau’s Walden141 《红字》中的冲突142 英汉死亡委婉语的文化差异与其分类对比143 文化因素对品牌翻译的影响144 英语新闻标题的翻译145 论男权主义在圣经语言中的体现146 On the Character of Scarlett O’Hara and the Transition of American Society147 从功能翻译理论谈旅游手册中文化因素的翻译148 跨文化商务谈判中的语用原则分析149 文化视角下的中西方时间观对比研究150 Advertising Translation from a German Functionalist Approach151 从荣格的原型理论看《蝇王》中杰克的形象152 任务教学法在初中英语阅读中的应用153 华兹华斯与阮籍诗作思想对比研究154 Comparaiso n entre l’Histoire d’A Q et l’Etranger155 Analyzing Rhett’s Character in Gone With The Wind－－－－the Mixture of Fire and Ice 156 从《蝇王》中的象征看人性的恶157 国际商务中的跨文化沟通158 An Interpretation to The Characters in Nella Larsen’s Novel—Passing159 从谈判风格看中美文化差异160 英语流行语的文化内涵161 从文化差异角度研究英文新闻标题翻译的策略162 An Analysis of Angel's Ambivalent Personality In Tess of the D'Urbervilles163 论《哈利波特与魔法石》中的二重世界164165 网络英语资源对英语学习的影响166 从《汤姆叔叔的小屋》看基督教对美国黑奴的精神救赎167 Irony Art in Orwell’s Animal Farm168 论中西饮食文化差异169 从文化的角度理解《喜福会》中的母女关系170 中西方节日文化差异研究171 A Journey through Harsh Reality: Reflections on Gulliver’s Travels172 传统道德与时代新意识之战―论林语堂在《京华烟云》中的婚恋观173 论《芒果街上的小屋》的“简单”174 海明威文学作品中青年和老年人物关系对比探究175 肯克西《飞越疯人院》的女性主义批评176 论初中英语教学中的任务型教学法177 从关联理论角度看英语广告中修辞手法的翻译178 浅谈中学英语教学中交际任务型教学活动的设计179 英汉自谦语的对比研究180 时政新词翻译探析181 浅析哈代笔下经典女性苔丝和苏的人物形象182 跨文化交际中的中美幽默的比较183 “美国梦”的幻灭——论《人与鼠》的社会悲剧184 浅谈英语广告中双关语的功能与应用185 梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》和道家思想在自然观上的比较186 中西礼貌用语的语用对比研究187 An Analysis of the D Film Alice in Wonderland from the Perspective of Gothicism 188 论海明威《一天的等待》的冰山原则写作风格189 英文电影片名汉译研究190 从《小妇人》看男性缺失时十九世纪美国女性的成长191 从文化角度看中美家庭教育的差异192 英文电影对英语学习的影响193 从欧•亨利笔下的小人物探寻人生的真正价值194 托尼•莫里森《秀拉》中的女性主义195 论《茶花女》中女主人公玛格丽特的女性魅力在男权主义下的体现196 An analysis of the "never lost" qualities on Hemingway and his Sun Also Rises 197 简•奥斯丁的婚姻观在《傲慢与偏见》中的体现198 从女性主义批评看《金色笔记》中的人物描写199 英汉天气词汇的隐喻用法200 从奈达翻译理论初探英汉新闻导语翻译策略1 东西方文化中团队意识的差别2 从《哈克贝里﹒费恩历险记》看马克﹒吐温的幽默讽刺艺术3 《红字》中丁梅斯代尔的灵魂救赎4 On Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in Subtitle of Ashes of Time Redux5 论英语教学中交际法应用的困境与其解决之道6 从文化角度分析《穿普拉达的恶魔》所反映的职业观7 《简爱》中女主人公的心路历程8 英语电影片名的翻译策略与方法9 马斯洛需求理论视角下《嘉莉妹妹》主人公命运评析10 从电影作品分析英语外来口音的现象11 论修辞在广告语中的运用和翻译12 《赫索格》中玛德琳的性格13 语用合作原则与礼貌原则在商业广告中的有效运用14 浅析《宠儿》中人物塞丝的畸形母爱产生的根源15 凯瑟琳•曼斯菲尔德《苍蝇》反映的人性创伤分析16 Customer Relationship Marketing17 试论电子商务英语的特点和翻译18 从《嘉莉妹妹》看德莱塞的女性观19 中西亲子关系对比性研究20 Women in the Roaring Twenties– A Comparative Study of Female Characters in The Great Gatsby and The Sun Also Rises21 英语新闻标题中隐喻的应用与翻译22 英汉语中恐惧隐喻的认知分析23 双关语在日常生活中的应用24 英汉“悲”、“喜”情感隐喻的认知比较研究25 丧钟为谁而鸣中的罗伯特形象26 战争、归乡、爱情—《冷山》的多元主题研究27 A Summary of Symbols of The Scarlet Letter28 Cultural Influences on Business Negotiation between China and Japan29 语境与英语词汇教学30 做最好的自己—论斯佳丽形象对现代女性的教育意义31 《野性的呼唤》中巴克形象分析32 浅析语用预设在广告语中的运用33 论《一个小时的故事》中马拉德夫人女性意识的觉醒34 文化视角下的商标语翻译策略35 分析《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的二元性36 “理想化”和“反理想化”－－《不能承受的生命之轻》主题辩析37 论英汉植物词语的文化附加义38 从中英语言中的幽默表达看中西方思维差异39 从XX建筑看中西文化差异40 A Study of Chinglish as Found in Students’ Writings41 论《野性的呼唤》的多重主题42 艾米莉•狄金森的死亡观研究43 Comparison between High and Low-context Culture in Language Expression44 An Eco-Critical Approach to Moby Dick45 《林湖重游》中的静态美分析46 分析《等待》的悲剧47 论商标名称的翻译对品牌形象的影响48 美国“寂静五十年代”的骚动——《麦田里的守望者》主人公分析49 英语委婉语的认知分析50 A Study of Translation of Chinese Idioms with Numeral “San”51 浅谈古希腊罗马神话对《哈利波特》系列小说(前四部)的影响52 交互式教学法在中学英语课堂口语教学中的应用53 英汉称谓语的文化差异与翻译－－以《京华烟云》为例54 被压抑的堕落的人性——《包法利夫人》女主人公性格分析55 从高校口译教学中看口译思维的重要性56 A Comparative Study on the Celebrations of Traditional Chinese and Western Festivals57 论《傲慢与偏见》中的性别语言差异58 福克纳小说《献给艾米莉的玫瑰》的叙事技巧研究59 The Influences of the Bible on Some American Movies60 从价值观系统角度浅析中美商务谈判中的文化冲突61 论身势语的跨文化交际应用62 《收藏家》中空间与人物心理关系的解读63 从《红字》看霍桑的道德思想观64 中西葬礼文化的对比研究65 金钱与婚姻—论《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻价值与导向66 美国梦的文化观察67 宋词英译中的归化和异化68 试析英汉颜色习语折射出的中西文化异同69 教师的态度对初中学生英语学习的影响70 美国电影作品中英雄主义所隐含的美国社会文化71 中西文化差异对英语俚语翻译的影响72 浅析中学英语写作教学73 《喧哗与骚动》之现代主义写作技巧分析74 旅游与文化75 中英动物词语文化内涵的差异76 目的论与对外传播翻译77 Application of Cooperative Principles in the Study of Intercultural Business Negotiation78 The Loneliness in Far From the Madding Crowd79 《飘》中的家园意识探究80 The French Revolution in the Novel A Tale of Two Cities81 会计英语缩略词特点与翻译研究82 从文化角度看中英房地产广告差异83 《白鲸》主人公埃哈伯人物形象分析84 英语教学中的文化意识85 中西饮食文化的差异86 物欲与爱情的搏弈——《傲慢与偏见》中的婚恋观对现代女大学生婚恋观的启示习策略的实证研究87 从生态批评的角度解读《查特莱夫人的情人》88 金融危机对中美人民经济生活造成不同影响的文化根源89 论英语课堂有效提问的策略90 《美国丽人》中的伦理主题研究91 电影名称的翻译特点92 《墙上的斑点》中的意识流技巧分析93 论罗伯特•佩恩•沃伦《国王的人马》中对真理与自我认知的追求94 论女同性恋成长小说－－简析珍妮特.温特森《橘子不是唯一的水果》95 英语学习中的跨文化语用失误与其对策96 跨文化视角下中西方选秀文化对比研究——以达人秀为例97 中西方餐桌礼仪文化对比98 合作学习理论在中学英语课堂中的应用99 浅析《远大前程》中的两个乡村女性形象——乔大嫂和毕蒂100 《彼得潘》中的“成长”主题101 论英汉数字习语的差异与翻译102 译者主体性视角下的翻译策略—杨氏夫妇《聊斋志异》英译本个案研究103 有效的英语新闻结构分析104 The Application of Symbolism in The Great Gatsby105 浅析好莱坞电影中的中国元素106 英语习语中隐喻的汉译107 幽默元素在英语电影和电视剧中的翻译108 商务英语写作得体原则109 探析《呼啸山庄》男女主人公爱情悲剧的根源(开题报告+论文+文献综述)110 从华裔少女的自传《此时，彼地》看中美两国校园文化差异111 从跨文化交际视角谈品牌翻译策略112 非语言交际中体语的文化分析113 跨文化交际中的中美幽默的比较114 《儿子与情人》与《雷雨》中母子关系的对比115 功能对等理论视角下英语言语幽默的翻译—以《老友记》为例116 《了不起的盖茨比》中的人物分析117 中英文法律谚语比较与互译技巧118 中西方文化差异在初中英语词汇教学中的体现119 浅谈高中英语教师课堂提问与课堂互动120 On Hybridization in Translation of Culture-loaded Lexemes in Moment in PekingThe Duality of Life and Death——An Analysis on Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway121 解读《呼啸山庄》中三种悲剧性的爱情122 《绝望主妇》人物语言个性化翻译浅析123 从家庭价值观的角度分析中美家庭教育的差异124 关联理论在中餐菜单英译中的应用125 A Comparative Study of Inversion between English and Chinese126 英语中的汉语外来词127 英语专业学生英语口语学习动机调查研究128 民族文化差异与广告语言创意129 A Study on the Translation of News Headlines from English Into Chinese130 论中国的归化异化131 从后殖XX义看《贫民窟的百万富翁》的成功132 《看不见的人》中的“暗与明”意象探究133 从《劝导》主人公形象看奥斯丁创作思想新特点134 《宠儿》中塞丝的性格特征分析135 A comparison of values of money between Scarlett and Gatsby136 《绝望的主妇》中的中产阶级女性独立意识的研究137 浅析《宠儿》中塞丝背上的树的形象138 浅议中西方礼物文化的差异139 英汉称谓语对比研究140 "麦田里的守望者" 中纯真的失去141 从功能对等理论看“赶”的英译142 试析托尼•莫里森《爱娃》中的魔幻现实主义143144 目的论视角下公益广告的翻译145 《虹》的生态女性主义解读146 “狗”在中西文化中的对比研究147 双重文化下的文化选择——解析电影《刮痧》中中国移民的文化身份危机148 从数字的联想意义研究中西文化的差异149 Self-Discovery:An Analysis of Celie in The Color Purple150 英汉新词理据对比研究151 凯瑟琳•曼斯菲尔德短篇小说中的意识流技巧研究152 《鲁宾逊漂流记》与《桃花源记》中乌托邦思想之比较153 《天黑前的夏天》中女主人公凯特的自我救赎之路154 亨利•詹姆斯的《戴茜•米勒》中的文化冲突和文化融合155 会话含义的语用初探156 麦当劳的制胜之道157 跨文化交际中社交语用失误与应对策略158 现代英语新词分析159 挣脱枷锁，走向自由——从《人性的枷锁》看毛姆的人生观160 英语专业新生英语阅读习惯调查161 从《无名的裘德》看哈代的现代性意识162 从对照艺术看《羊脂球》的人物形象塑造163 Discourse Analysis on the Translation of Person of the Year, an Editorial in the Time Magazine164 盖茨比的人物形象分析165 Rabbit’s Predicament and Dreamland166 An Analysis of The Call of the Wild from the Perspective of Existentialism167 从多视角比较《论读书》的两个译本168 英汉含文化植物词谚语对比研究169 论自然主义在《野性的呼唤》中的体现170 从功能对等角度分析英文电影片名汉译171 从消费文化看《美国悲剧》172 林语堂《京华烟云》中女性推崇观探究173 论海明威《一天的等待》的冰山原则写作风格174 概念隐喻视角下看莎士比亚十四行诗175 浅析英语谚语中的性别歧视176 《愤怒的葡萄》中的圣经原型177 高中英语听力课中的文化教学178 浅论康拉德《黑暗之心》中的女性形象179 从礼貌原则的角度对比英汉女性称谓语180 英语广告的批评性话语分析181 论乔治•艾略特《亚当•比德》中的道德冲突182 从文化角度浅析新闻英语的翻译183 论学生角色在中学英语课堂中的转换184 An Analysis of Symbols in The Great Gatsby185 从《永别了，武器》中看战争对人性的影响186 礼貌原则在商贸信函中的应用187 《麦田里的守望者》主人公的性格分析188 任务型英语教学的理论与实践探讨189 浅析Grice的会话合作原则在求职面试中的应用190 互动在高中英语阅读课的应用191 An Analysis of Tess’s Tragic Fate and the Realization of Hardy’s Fatalism192 An Analysis of Conflicts between Heroines in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie193 浅析英语中的性别歧视194 The Elementary Stage Translation Teaching Design for Undergraduate English Majors 195 The Lost Generation—“Nada” in Hemingway’s “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place”196 《儿子与情人》中的恋母情结197 希思克厉夫—一个拜伦式英雄198 商务英语中的委婉表达与其翻译199 Scarlett: A Feminist Preacher in the Old Time200 一场失败革命的反思——《动物庄园》的主题浅析。
商务英语常用表达
1.May I introduce myself? 我可以自我介绍一下吗？2.Nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
3.Could you please give me your business card? 你能给我你的名片吗？4.Let's get down to business. 让我们开始谈正事吧。
5.What do you have in mind? 你有什么想法？6.I'm interested in hearing more about your product/service. 我很想听更多关于你们的产品/服务的信息。
7.How soon can you deliver the goods? 你们多快能交货？8.We need to negotiate the terms of the contract. 我们需要商讨合同条款。
9.Our company is willing to enter into a partnership with yours. 我们公司愿意与贵公司建立合作伙伴关系。
10.Could you provide us with a quotation for this product/service? 你们能给我们提供这个产品/服务的报价吗？11.Can you offer us a discount? 你们能给我们打折吗？12.Let's schedule another meeting to finalize the details. 我们再安排一个会议来敲定细节。
13.Thank you for your time. 谢谢你抽出时间。
14.We look forward to doing business with you. 我们期待着与你们合作。
15.We'll keep in touch. 我们会保持联系的。
商务谈判中的英语委婉语的运用及其表达方法
商务谈判中的英语委婉语的运用及其表达方法Example:- Good morning/afternoon/evening. Thank you for agreeing to meet with me today.2. Soften demands or refusals: When making requests or refusing an offer, it is important to use gentle language to avoid appearing aggressive or confrontational. Use expressions that show flexibility and willingness to negotiate.Example:- I understand your perspective, but I was wondering if we could possibly explore alternative options.- Would you consider adjusting your proposal slightly to better align with our needs?Example:- I would like to propose an alternative solution to the issue at hand. How would you feel about...?- It might be beneficial for both parties if we were to consider...Example:- It seems to me that there might be some room for adjustment in our offer.- It may be worth considering the possibility of revising our terms.Example:- I believe that by working together, we can achieve both our objectives.6. Use conditional language: Utilize conditional statements to present options and possibilities rather than making direct statements or demands. This allows for a more flexible and open discussion.Example:- If we were able to find a middle ground, would you be open to considering our proposal?。
外贸英语中表达委婉的方法
杨晓旻（广东农工商职业技术学院 外语系，广东 广州 510507）收稿日期：2013-9-25；修改稿：2013-10-91. 委婉语的定义美国学者Hugh Rawson 说过：委婉语是如此深入到我们的语言之中，以至于我们中间没有哪一个人——即使那些自诩为直截了当的人——能够在不使用委婉语的情况下过完一天。
英语“euphemism ”（委婉语）一词来源于希腊语，意思是“words of good omen ”（吉言）或“good speech ”（好的说法）。
《柯林斯高级英汉双解词典》对“e u p h e m i s m ”的定义是“A euphemism is a polite word or expression that is used to refer to things that people may find upsetting or embarrassing to talk about, for example sex, the human body, or death.”根据《汉语委婉语详解词典》的定义，委婉语是用一种无害的或悦耳的词语，替代一种较直接的、唐突的言词，用善意的话语把事实掩盖起来的修辞手段。
英语中的“euphemism ”与汉语中的委婉语确系两种语言中的同一种修辞手段。
委婉语是人们交际活动中的一种“润滑剂”，是人们交往过程中为谋求理想的交际效果而创造的一种有效的语言形式（李国南，2001）。
2. 委婉语的分类束定芳（1995）将委婉词分为狭义委婉语和广义委婉语。
狭义上的委婉语，指约定俗成的，经过一段时间使用，在一定范围内被大多数人所接受的词或短语，如英语中“d ie ”的委婉语“pass away ”等。
广义上的委婉语即通过语言系统中各种语言手段，或是语音手段（如轻读、改音），或是语法手段（如否定、时态、语态），或是话语手段（如篇章等）临时构建起来具有委婉功能的表达手法。
浅谈商务英语中的委婉表达
商务英语 的内容涉及到商务活动 的方方 面面 ，主要包括国
际商务 活动 中使用 的商业语言 、 法律语 言以及广告宣传语言等 ，
与 普 通 英 语 相 比 表 达更 加 专 业 ， 辞 更 加 委 婉 ， 式 更 加 严 其 措 格
谨， 内容更加详略得 当。委婉语在商务英语中的表达方式和使用
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ｏ ｈ ｃ ｄｅ ． ｆｔ ｅ ａ ｃｉ ｎｔ
（ ｆｙ ｕｗｉ ｅｅ ｕ ｒｅ ．５ ，ｏ ｌ ｆ ｄ ｔａ ｈ ４）Ｉ ｏ ｌ ｒｆｒｔ ｏ ｒｏｄ ｒＮｏ５ ５ｙ ｕ ｗｉ ｎ ｈ ｔｔｅ ｌ ｏ ｌｉ
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保 险 事 宜 交 由贵 方 安排 ， 希 望 贵 方 能 为 该 货 物保 一切 险 。 但
比较 ： ｅｖ ｅｉｓｒｎｅａ ａｇｍ ｎ ｏ ｕ ｗ ｉ Ｗｅｌａｅｔ ｎｕａｃ ｒ ｎｅ ｅ ｔｏｙｕｂ ｔ ｅｗｓ ｈ ｔ ｈ
ｔ ｔｙ ｕ ｃ ｎ ａ ｅ ｔ ｅ ｇ ｏ ｏ ｅ ｅ ｇ ｉ ｓ ｌＲｉｋ ． ｈａ ｏ ａ ｈ ｖ ｈ ｏ ｄｓｃ ｖ ｒ ｄ ａ ａ ｎ ｔＡｌ ｓ ｓ
委婉语在商务英语中的应用
委婉语在商务英语中的应用在商务交往中，语言交流扮演着至关重要的角色。
为了维护良好的人际关系，避免冲突，有时我们需要采用一些委婉的语言表达自己的观点或要求。
委婉语在商务英语中的应用广泛，具有重要的现实意义。
委婉语是一种人们在交流中使用的温和、间接的语言表达方式，目的是为了避免直接或冒犯他人。
其主要特点包括：语境性：委婉语往往需要根据具体语境来理解，在商务英语中，需要根据不同的场合和交流对象来选择适当的委婉语。
目的性：使用委婉语的目的是为了实现某种交际目的，如表达不满、提出请求等。
接触者导向：委婉语的使用需要考虑交流对象的需求和感受，以避免冒犯或伤害对方。
合同与协议：在合同和协议中，为了避免双方产生不必要的分歧，往往需要使用一些委婉语来表达具体要求。
例如，“我们希望贵方能在合同签订后尽快支付定金。
”商务信件与邮件：在商务信件和邮件中，为了保持礼貌和职业形象，人们通常会使用委婉语来表达自己的观点或要求。
例如，“我们非常感谢您的时间和努力，但是很遗憾未能达到预期目标。
”会议与谈判：在会议和谈判中，使用委婉语可以缓和气氛，拉近双方距离。
例如，“我们非常重视您的意见，希望能听到更多您的看法。
”表达观点：在商务英语中，有时需要表达不满或批评，但直接表达可能会伤害对方感情。
这时，使用委婉语能够更好地传达观点，例如，“我们注意到最近的产品质量有所下降。
”缓解压力：在紧张的谈判或冲突中，使用委婉语可以缓解气氛，例如，“我们理解您方的立场，希望能找到双方都能接受的解决方案。
”增强亲和力：在商务英语中，使用委婉语能够拉近与对方的距离，建立良好的关系，例如，“非常感谢您的支持和合作，期待未来有更多的合作机会。
”请求（Request）：我们希望贵方能提供更多关于产品的信息。
反对（Objection）：我们对您的计划有一些反对意见。
赞成（Agreement）：我们对您的建议表示赞成。
委婉语在商务英语中具有广泛的应用背景和重要现实意义。
英语中那些委婉的语句
英语中那些委婉的语句如何翻译商务英语商务语言是商务文化群体广泛使用的一种特定语言，其内容和读者有很强的针对性。
为避免日后产生异议和纠纷，商务文书的语言组织受到特别的重视，尤其注重专业规范的措辞和严谨缜密的结构等方面。
在商务翻译中，应使译文在语体和风格等方面符合目标语商务文本的特点，可以套用符合目标语习惯的地道用法，以保持译文与原文的风貌一致。
所以，商务翻译不仅要事实准确，遣词用句还要符合公函文体的特征，以体现商务信函的特点和专业水准。
对信函中某些约定俗成的、固定化的行业套语可以遵循译入语的习惯，直接套用相应的习惯表达方式;译文还应尽量使用简洁的书面语，避免使用广告体和口语体。
一、单词分译单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个小旬或者句子。
采用单词分译主要有两个目的：一是为了句法上的需要。
由于一些单词在搭配、词义等方面的特点，直译会使句子生硬晦涩，而把某个单词分译却能使句子通顺，且不损伤原意。
二是为了修饰上的需要，如加强语气，突出重点等。
英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可分译。
例：We recognize that China’s long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。
二、短语分译短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。
名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译成句。
例1：These cheerful little trams，dating back to 1 873，chug and sway up the towering hills with bells ringing and people hanging from every opening.这些令人欢快的小缆车建于1873年，嘎嚓嘎嚓摇摆爬上高耸的山峦。
商务谈判中的委婉语及其表达方式
商务谈判中的委婉语及其表达方式摘要: 委婉语的使用在商务英语中是一种普遍现象。
它不仅是一种社会语言现象,更是一种文化现象。
文中分析了委婉语与礼貌原则在商务谈判和商务函电中的委婉表达方式，从虚拟语气法、被动语态法、时态倒退法、否定法四个方面归纳分析了商务英语中的委婉表达法，从而使商务工作者“深人字里行间”以求最充分理解和欣赏商务英语的委婉表达方式，从而在商界竞争获取成功。
关键词：委婉语，礼貌原则，商务谈判，委婉表达方式.Abstract: Euphemism expression are commonly used in business correspondences and business negotiation. which is not only a social language phenomenon, but it is also a cultural phenomenon. By making an analysis of euphemistic expressions and courtesy principle used in business correspondences and business negotiations,this paper mainly discusses the fulfillment of euphemistic expressions in business English through the following four ways: the subjunctive mood, passive voice, tense backward,negative. So the business personnel can fuuly undeerstand and appreciate the ephemistic expression and achieve a success in the competieions.Key words：euphemistic expression; courtesy principle; business negotiation;前言：英语中的委婉语((Euphemism)一词来自希腊语的前缀eu=well和词根pheme=speaking，意思是说好听的话。
商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译【毕业论文】.doc
（20 届）英语商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译Euphemistic Expressions in Business English and TheirTranslation随着国际贸易的不断发展，商务英语作为一种特定的专门用途英语，也越来越重要。
为了建立良好的商务环境，树立尽可能完美的形象，给客户以满意和信心，达到预期的目的和效果。
因此商务英语屮的的委婉表达及其翻译是非常重要的。
本文介绍丫委婉语的定义、特征，以及交际功能，并从词汇、语法两个方面归纳分析了商务英语中的委婉表达方式，论文最后提出Y直译法、意译法和移植法三种翻译策略。
希望人们从屮丫解更多关于商务英语屮的委婉表达及其翻译的知识，并使这些知识服务于我国与各国的商务往来。
关键词：商务英语；委婉表达；翻译AbstractWith the development of international trade, Business English has become more and more important as a specially appointed English for Specific Purposes. In order to establish a good business environment, and establish a perfect image of as much as possible to give customers satisfaction and confidence in each of the parties to achieve the intended purpose of trade. This thesis first introduces the difinitions，characteristics and communicative functions of euphemism. The euphemistic expressions in business English are then analysed from lexical and grammatical prospectives. Finally three translation strategies are proposed: literal translation，free translation, transplanting. It is hoped that people can get more knowledge about translation of euphemism in business English and can make use of this knowledge to serve for foreign trade of our country.Key words：Business English; Euphemism ; TranslationContentsAbstract ......................................................................................................................................... I I1Introduction (1)1J Definition and Classification of Euphemism (1)1.2Characteristics of Euphemism (2)2Communicative Functions of Euphemism (2)The Function of Taboo (3)The Function of Politeness (4)The Function of Disguise (5)The Function of Elegance (5)3The Expression Forms of Euphemism inBusiness English (6)The Lexical Approach (6)Noun (6)Verb (7)Adverb (7)3J.4 Preposition and Preposition Phrase (7)()The Grammatical Approach (8)()Past Tense (8)()Passive Voice (8)33ood•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••t1•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••參•••••••••••••••••••• 104The Translation Strategies of Euphemism in Business English (10)si•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 114.2Free Translation (11)4.3Transplanting (12)5Conclusion (12)Bibliography (14)Acknowledgements (15)IntroductionlJ Definition and Classification of EuphemismEuphemisms have existed throughout recorded history. In early English poetry the heroes did not literally "die", but euphemistically "lay” or "fall"(George H.McKnight, 1923:268). Similar feature of language is familiar in modern language: ” we will have to let you go” replaces"you*re fired" in English;‟1人寿保险‟‟(life insurance) replaces "死亡保险"(insurance that is paid when you die) in Chinese. These are typical example of verbal euphemisms， namely, euphemisms in a narrow sense.Classification of euphemism is well manifested in the various definitions of euphemism， which reveal the nature, and the characteristics of euphemism from different perspectives.Euphemism, one rhetoric term in English，is "Euphemismos” in ancient westerm rhetoric. It is usually used ‟‟to pre serve decency when referring to unpleasant things n(Vickers，1988:407). In current English dictionaries，euphemisms are defined as follow:(1)"substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered blunt oroffensive".(2)‟‟word，etc. used in place of one avoided as e.g. offensive，indecent, oralarming‟‟.There are also other definitions:"Substituting an inoffensive or pleasant term for a more explicit，offensive one，therebyveneering the truth by using kind words.n(Nearman et al，1990:1 )H the conveying of a harsh or an unpleasant truth gently."(Zeiger，1978:355)All the euphemisms can be divided into two groups: conventionalized euphemisms and non-conventionalized euphemisms. The differences between these two groups lie in that those non-conventionalized euphemisms strongly depend on the particular context，and their rhetoric function may disappear or impossible to understand without the context while the conventionalized euphemisms have already been accepted so well that they are somewhat like idioms and people can understand them without referring to a particular context. For example， we all know what toilet means when one says he wants to go to the toilet. But in this sentence: ’’我浑身颤抖了一下，我害怕，我父亲会不会也打发我去'享福’ .We can hardly drag out the meaning of the euphemism ‟‟享福’’ without reading the sentence: ••哭啥子奥，死了，还不享福去了！"in the context.The thesis mainly deals with the translation of verbal euphemism because of its wider application and closer relationship with translation study. So the word ‟‟euphemism” in the following thesis refers specificallyto verbal euphemism.(1)Characteristics of EuphemismThe meaning of euphemisms cannot be understood if we take a direct inference to the object that the language refers to.It is the conversational implications conveyed by the language，taking such elements as the speakers and the contexts into consideration. When we come into a euphemism, we should not only understand what it refers to superficially but also understand the implied meaning and purpose generated from the context，or the environment. Euphemism is also active and elegant. To distinguish euphemisms from other figures of speech, we should judge whether the original expression is about sex，religion，crime，death， darkness, violence，mental health，excretion，fatal diseases etc. Which often embarrasses both the speakers and the listeners and as a result are often avoided. The mild substitution are not embarrassing and are intentionally avoided by the speakers. It is obvious that euphemism has the following characteristics:(1)Substitution is the base of producing euphemism;(2)An euphemism has two levels of meaning: a surface meaning and a deepmeaning, and the real meaning is the deep meaning;(3)Euphemisms are mild expressions which can alleviate the harshness of theoriginal expressions and can cover some of the original purposes of thespeaker.(Wang Dechun 2001:98)Communicative Functions of EuphemismLanguage communication is an important way to maintain the social relationship among human beings. The use of euphemism avoids causing the unpleasantness of two communicative sides and damaging their relationship. Based on the implication of euphemism， the paper mainly explores the functions of taboo, politeness, disguise and elegance, which is helpful for our conscious and correct language use in business English.The Function of TabooIn the Anglo-Saxon countries，people widely believed in God. Out of fear of God，they dared not directly maintain the name of Lord God (Jehoval)，so a lot of euphemisms came into being，for example: theAlmighty，the Supreme Being, Holy one，the Eternal，the creator, the maker，the Savior，the Lord of Lords，the King of Kings.In the early human society, science underdeveloped, people can not know and explain the natural phenomena，so they always feel terrified with a mystery.n Death” is a taboo in a lot of countries，so people produce some euphemisms.For example:"pay one's debt to nature"--••还对自然的债务”‟‟go west‟‟--‟‟归丙""sleep the final sleep"--"睡最后一觉"‟‟be called to God"--"到上帝那儿去报到""go to heaven"--"去天堂""breathe the one's last"—"最后一次呼吸""pass away”--"永别了n"sleep with one's fathers"--‟‟与父亲睡在一起"” go to glory”--”去荣耀•’In addition, things related to death are beautified. For example ‟‟coffin” is replaced by ‟‟box” ；"grave-yard •‟ is replaced by "sleeping place‟‟；n funeral”is replaced by "memorial service‟‟.The Function of PolitenessPoliteness is the human civilization's tag. Politeness principle is an important principle in human society. In communication，people always pay attention to politeness to other people for avoiding conflict. There are many aspects about politeness function.Profession is a sensitive topic in society. According to Chinese‟s idea, all professions are equal. But as the manual worker or service personal，they don‟t like to hear the name of their prof ession by other people. So they choose a better name instead of them.For example:‟‟waiter，waitress"…n dinning-room attendants”H maid H—"domestic”‟‟garbage collector” ---H sanitary engineer”n scretary H ---H administrative assistant‟‟n harlot n…M street girl n or "member of the oldest profession11‟‟cook、-- "chef*‟‟housewife” --- "domestic engineer”Privation and unemployment are also sensitive topics in society. In communication, everyone wants to get respect from the other side. Even though people are poor，they would be angry when they discuss privation or about connection things. For example, in Chinese， people always say n手头紧"or "临时周转不灵” or "经济上有些困难” to mean "they are short of money”. In English, "penniless” is replaced by "out of pocket”；"poor” is replaced by ‟‟needy”；‟‟poor people” is replaced by ‟‟underprivileged people‟‟ or "to be down on one's luck' Unemployment is a common phenomenon, and people don‟t like to talk about it directly. So ‟‟unemployed workers” are replaced by "welfare workers H; "dismis s” is replaced by ‟‟lay off ‟‟in communication.When they speak of relieving the bowels，they use ‟‟ go to washroom‟1，"go to W.C.n，‟‟answer nature‟s call‟‟ . If you say H I have to go to the toilet.” when talking with others, that is very impolite. We shoul d say ‟‟May I leave the room?‟‟ or H Fm going to do my business.” There are other examples: Unfortunately we cannot meet your needs because you failed to send your check.We shall be glad to meet your needs as soon as we receive your check.In case (1)，the tone is very abrupt，too direct; while in case (2)，the euphemistic tone is much more polite. In addition, the politeness function emphasizes the sake of more for each other.()The Function of DisguiseIn English, euphemism is used to disguise some grave society problem, such as privation and crime. There are some examples:2.1‟‟in debt” …H cash advance11 or H in difficulties2.2‟‟unemployed mother” ---M welfare mother”2.3‟‟striking” …"industrial action” or ‟‟industrial dispute‟‟2.4‟‟economic recession” …"period of economic adjustment‟‟At present, crime rate is particularly high, so there are many related euphemisms, especially juvenile delinquency. For example, ‟‟delinquent1‟ is replaced by "problem children”. We can not say that their childrenare thrown in jail，otherwise they will be unhappy. So we can say that the children are in the set-up center. And the other parlance is that they enjoy the government‟s expenses. International relation‟s choice of words are more cautious，if we say that they are "poor and backward coun tries‟‟，both sides‟ relation will sink into impasse. Even though they are underdeveloped countries，they will be unhappy. But we use ‟‟developing countries‟‟ and "emerging countries”，they will feel better.()The Function of Elegance‟‟Using neutral or commendatory word to replace derogatory word or sentence's the euphemism‟s elegance function. In the Eastern and Western culture, some about disease，death, human excretion, the Health and body parts, sex, body shape and other things related to taboo, are often considered to be vulgar，indecent. So people will not bear to say that things directly， through the song words, taboo and the other meanings to beautify or dilute them, so that they are more gentle. English euphemism is a best case. Such as，"hairdresser is re placed by ‟‟beautician”；‟‟press man” is replaced by "press operator”.People always use the euphemism properly to avoid awkwardness, unhappyness，disgust. The use of euphemism is not only to win the other side enough reputations，but also reflects the speak er‟s status，graceful bearing. The use of elegant and subtle language is a kind of aesthetic needs of the people as well as the civilization needs.The Expression Forms of Euphemism in Business EnglishEuphemism expressions are commonly used in business correspondence and business negotiation. Which is not only a social language phenomenon, but it is also a cultural phenomenon. Business English has its own unique style, usual format, the professional vocabulary and expressions.Because the customer is their God. Euphemism implication is widely in business English, hardly penetrate every link of business affairs. For example，in international trade， establishing trade relations, inquiry, offer, counter offer, repulse，credit information, proforma invoice (P/I)，order goods, shipping，insurance, and so on，they exist in everywhere. Expression skills are flexible and ingenious. By making an analysis of euphemistic expressions used in business correspondences and business negotiations，it mainly discusses the fulfillment of euphemistic expressions in business English through the following four ways: the subjunctive mood, passive voice，past tense, tactful negative. So the business personnel can fully understand and appreciate the euphemistic expressions and achieve a success in the business competitions.3.1The Lexical ApproachNounIn business English, people always express negative by noun.‟‟We are extremely sorry for our inability to advance shipment.”This sentence avoid semantic strength consciously, using ‟‟inability” to express "we can not u implicitly. The meaning of "can not” is weakened by the writer，so it is easier to accept for the other party.VerbIn the business negotiation, we can use "think' "hope”，"regret' H please n to express subjective opinions and views. The expressed views and suggested request become not subjective and arbitrary, and the tone is tactful. But the view is distinct，and semantic is clear. There are some examples:1n We regret very much that it is necessary to complain about the non-delivery ofthe 10,000 tons of sugar under contract article 23.”2‟‟ We hope delivery will be made according to schedule.H3” Please make the shipment in May or early as possible.‟•AdverbIn business negotiation or correspondence contract process, it is seem impolite if use the negative word directly to the other party‟s views，request and suggestion . It is easily to cause displeased and dislike for the the other of side. Even it get into trouble with the other side, affect the business‟ negotiation or disruption directly. It go against to establish good trade relations for both sides. So it is often to use one of the adverbs: unfortunately，scarcely, hardly，rather，almost，slightly. And it create the negotiation atmosphere of consultation on the basis of equality. For example:‟‟we appreciated the good quality of your products, but unfortunately your prices appear to be onthe high side even of this quality.”‟‟I am really sorry that our products can hardly satisfy your requirement.‟‟In the second example，"hardly” is the euphemism of ‟‟not' to avoid absolutization.Preposition and Preposition PhraseIn business English, sometimes the preposition and preposition phrase are often used, and the tone of negative would not be clear. So other people feel respected."As some items under your order are beyond our business scope, we can only accept your orderpartially.‟‟"As your counter bid is not up to the present market level，we are sorry that we have to give youa negative reply.”In the first sentence, ‟‟beyond our business scope‟‟ imply the negative.3.2 The Grammatical Approach(1)Past TenseWe sometimes push the time of verb backward in business negotiation and business letters. Such as use the past tense to substitute present tense. So that it can make the tone more politely and make it have more tone of negotiation. At last make it come to business successfully."Enclosed is a feature article from October 23 China daily which I thought you might find ininteresting.”‟‟We wanted to know whether you could effect shipment one month earlier.”"We want to know whether you can effect shipment one month earlier/1"We found the prices of your machines a little bit higher than acceptable.The first sentence, moreover，in order to make the tone tactfully，"hope，wonder，think，want” and s o on，their past tense also express the present tence.The two sentences in case (2)，second sentence is easier to accepted by the other side.The third sentence actually mean that: we found the price of your machines are so high that we can not accept. Speaker with comparative sentences, and compared with the a knockout level before to decorate.Among face to face business negotiation and business letters，when we express inquiry， request or express different opinion with the other side, sometimes use“Can you“will you...?‟‟，“I want".‟‟，“I wonder".‟‟，“I am sure.J‟wHl show crude and rude, confirm and absolute on the tone. When use “Could you...?”，“Would you...?”，“ I wanted...‟‟，“I wondered...‟‟，…… I was sure...”，it will become more subjunctive kind, gentle, decent and easily accepted by the other side.(2)Passive VoiceAmong business letters, we should use active voice in many conditions so that can express both opinions about trade explicitly. However，in other conditions, passive voice is adopted to make the toneimplicatively，and avoid aggressive. So it conformed to the characteristic of business English."Upon inspection, it was found that your last shipment is not up to theagreed standard. ” (Wang Hengen 2009:57-59)‟‟You should be informed that the shipment tim e is February or March at our optionand the goods will be shipped in one lot.”‟‟Since it is agreed that we have the right to reject the goods when they are disqualifiedupon examination by China Commodity Inspection Bureau at the port of destination，we regret to inform you that we have to return the goods to you at your expense/"As the date of delivery is approaching，you are requested to expedite theestablishment of the L/C?‟‟As the date of delivery is approaching，we request you to expedite the establishment of the L/C广As well-known to all，active voice emphasizes that it is an executive of actions. And passive voice emphasizes that it is an object of actions. In example three，‟‟to bestressed"，‟‟must be effected‟‟，such as ‟‟will not be considered” weaken the executors “we”，“you”. We want emphasize that according to the contract，agreement or the stipulation of obligations and responsibilities prescribed, and thus more accord with international business practices.(3)Subjunctive MoodIn our daily life，people usually use subjunctive to express our opinions. When we request somebody, adverse somebody and persuade somebody, we always use euphemistic and implicative manners. In Business negotiations and business letters, businessmen pay more attention to their tones，and always avoid to expressing directly and positively, and use subjunctive tone to express our opinions，requests or adverse. In this way, they can achieve both purposes in the atmosphere of equality and friendly. Also it will be helpful to establish long term business relationship.n If it were not for the regular orders we receive from a number of our customers, we could not have quoted for supplies even at these price.‟‟n We wish we could lower our price but unfortunately we cannot do so.”‟‟May we su ggest that you make some allowance on you quoted price so as to enable us to introduce your goods to our customers?"H I suggest you make a reduction in price, otherwise, we could hardly go on with ourdiscussion.”Among the above example sentences, because of adverb adopted Subjunctive tone, it eased the tones of both sides when they expressed their opinions, requested something，or confirmed price in the businessnegotiation. Avoided too absolute, leave more space to negotiation, and help to enter into and develop business relationship.(4)Tactful NegativeIn Chinese, people always praise or criticize the nature of things，condition or the behavior of people，personality, appearance gently. If someone‟s appearance is not beautiful, we would use ‟‟ Can‟t say what beautiful' avoiding diction too straight and tone overweight. In business English, this euphemistic expression used in large amounts, in order to make statements view， request or suggestion whether is confirm or deny, agreement or disagreement, praise or criticism becoming more negotiable.For example:‟‟We feel that your quotation is not proper because the price for such material is on the decline at present.”In this sentence, "not proper” mean n improper n，but sounds much more polite，easily accepted by each other.The Translation Strategies of Euphemism in Business EnglishWith the economic globalization and China‟s entrance into WTO, translation of business English is acting a more and more vital role in our economic life. As an important communicative language, euphemistic expression is used frequently in business English .Therefore，it brings practical significance to study translation strategies of euphemistic expression in business English.Euphemism generally have original meaning and euphemistic meaning. Original meaning refer to the begining meaning when the word used in the euphemism, an implicit parlance. Euphemistic meaning refer to taboo content of the replaced word, a meaning of avoiding discussion. So there are three strategies in the translation of euphemism:Literal TranslationIn the English and Chinese, there are a lot of the same or similar euphemism expression. The words should be transliterated when we are translating. We should keep the original text structure form and verve style，simultaneously must deliberate carefully, strive to achieve the proper emotion appraise. Convey the originalmeaning and style faithful. For example:‟‟To open the window and say bright words””打开窗户说亮话”Chinese and English are two different language systems，but they have common attributes between the language. Language is the reflex of culture,and language‟s universality reflect the culture‟s universality. No matter what race, what color，they live in the same world. Their thinking mode，emotional standard and moral standards are coincident，and people‟s opinion to the objective world are also coincident.Free TranslationChinese and English belong to different languages, and the two languages have distinctive characteristics in forms，grammars and behavior habits. As a part of the language，euphemism is different to the same meaning of things because of regional difference, religion，custom and thinking mode. Translation must be considered these difference of aspects, and according to the context requirement use free translation. For example:"bus girr…"餐馆侍者女助手”"criminal lawyer” …”刑事律师n "at theeleventh hour‟‟ ---1•在危急时刻•’The meaning of "bus girl” is n巴士女郎‟‟；the meaning of "criminal lawyer'1 is "犯罪的律师‟‟；the meaning of "at the eleventh hour‟‟ is ” 丨1 点钟” in the beginning.Free translation is not optional translation，and should be avoid breaking away from text‟s content and metaphoric meaning.43 TransplantingTransplanting refer to borrow the original texts words directly. Transplanting has two forms: direct transplanting and transliteration. Direct transplanting refer to using original words directly. Some words transplanted into translation with enunciation; some words have changed enunciation，but they still belong to the category of borrowing from etymology. They are always used in science and technology translation or news media. For example: KTV， DISCO, IQ, EQ，AQ.Transplanting not only remain context‟s form completely，but also remain context‟s culturalcharacteristics.Transliteration is the other form of transplanting. Language is a symbol system. On the one hand，the text‟s symbol has vitality only in their system; on the other hand, they are not changeless，and they could accept eternal words on the certain condition. Chinese and English euphemism‟s mutual translatio n could borrow transliteration to translate some words that they could not be translated by literal translation and free translation. For example:"Sardine” …"沙丁鱼”"Pizza"…”披萨饼”"Champagne" 香槟酒"ConclusionEuphemism，from linguistic point of view, will definitely be widely touched upon as a more welcome way of communication than it is now. Euphemism for emotional communication is both a polite and elegant communicative strategies in international business English, and played the role of lubricant，greatly enhance flexibility and increases the chance of success in the business English.The progress of science, technology and the rapid development of economy, increasingly highlights the importance of international trade. But how we can get the preemptive opportunities in the fierce competition in the international market，a new force suddenly rising， successful business communication activity plays an important role. In the commodity propaganda，creating and expanding the market, foreign trade negotiation and business correspondence intercourse are particularly important. Polite and decent words, implicit expression of euphemism can help enterprise firmly seized commercial opportunities.In business contacts, under the market economy condition of the fierce competit ion ‟euphemism is one of the management guiding principles of business men, and is also one of the important methods to win customer in the competition. Thus，for a career in business and to obtain success in the business world，to understand and study the business English euphemism, its meaning is really cannot be ignored or undervalued.Therefore, in today‟s society，Business English expression of euphemism and its translation are very important. In the commercial activity，if expression and translation are improper, maybe it will cause both misunderstanding，down to cooperation failure. In interpersonal communication, everyone want to get other‟s respect，also needed in the business communication. Due attention and efforts should be given to the study of euphemism translation and more work needs to be done into this special filed. This is just an attempt into this filed and hope to shed some light into this special filed.In this paper, I introduced the history and definitions of euphemism, the four functions of euphemism, expression methods of Euphemism, translation stratigies of euphemism. Euphemism and euphemisticexpressions are very extensive in application of business English. Almost involve all fields and commercial activities of transaction process each link. For example，in international trade，from start to establish contact of inquiry，quotation, offer， counter-offer to shipment，insurance, credit investigation，payment etc，can use a large number of euphemistic expressions.BibliographyBaker ，mona .2000. In Other Words: A Course book on Translation [M]. Beijing: ForeignLanguage Teaching and Research Press.Enright ，D.J. 1985. Fair of speech: the Use of Euphemism [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. George H. McKnight. 1923. English Words And Their Background [M]. the United States ofAmerica: D. Appleton and Company.Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics [M|. London: Long man Group Limited. Nearman, J.S. & Silver, C.G.1990. Kind Words . A Thesaurus of Euphemism [M].New York: Facts On.Inc.Vicker ，B .1988. In Defence of Rhetoric [M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Zeiger ，A.1978. Encyclopedia of English [M]. New York: Arco Publishing Company.Inc.程洁，1992，国际贸易交际技巧［M ］。
商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译
商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译谢颖;王萍【摘要】商务领域中,委婉表达对于进行有效的跨文化交际,实现成功的商务合作有很大的帮助.从委婉表达的作用出发,分析商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译,可以论证委婉表达不仅是商贸用语的重要组成部分,也是商家在竞争中赢得客户的一个不可小窥的重要手段.【期刊名称】《新余学院学报》【年(卷),期】2013(018)006【总页数】3页(P76-78)【关键词】商务英语;委婉表达;作用;翻译原则【作者】谢颖;王萍【作者单位】扬州工业职业技术学院文理系,江苏扬州225127;扬州工业职业技术学院文理系,江苏扬州225127【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315.9委婉表达已经成为人们追求文明，追求高雅，追求高情商的表现形式之一，它不仅是语言手段，更是一种善解人意的心情。
在社交活动中，为了避免使双方尴尬或者不悦，委婉表达便是一种运用委婉语言进行表达，让人们更容易接受的交际方式。
它体现一个人的口才和应变能力，也体现一个人的文明程度和社交应答水平。
只有了解委婉表达的使用方式，才能达到成功交际的目的。
委婉表达及其翻译可以反映出各种各样的心理，从而也体现出了委婉表达的各种社会交际功能。
委婉表达在各个领域都有广泛的应用。
在商务领域中，它对于进行有效的跨文化交际，实现成功的商务合作有很大的帮助。
一、商务英语中委婉表达的作用及运用(一)商务英语中委婉表达的作用1.商务活动中的促销作用一些商家为了推销自己的产品，劝说客户改变思想，使客户能够购买自己的产品或者接受某种服务，通常使用委婉的词语或表达方式使客户产生购买的欲望，从而抵消了使客户的反感。
如:在美国，女士购买连裤袜(pantyhose)，常会看到Queen Size标志，它是根据King Size(特大号)的含义来改编的。
Queen Size意味着为了Queen Size Women准备的，也就是为肥胖的女士准备的。
但是如果使用fat 一词则会使人产生不悦，因此Queen Size的创造达到了一种委婉说法，它既指Queen Size pantyhose，也指Queen Size women，使人容易接受，却也表达了相同的意思，而且避开了使人不悦的字眼。
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英语流行歌曲中隐喻的功能分析——以后街男孩的歌曲为例106 托马斯•哈代《无名的裘德》中的书信研究107 委婉语在商务英语中的“合作原则”特点及社交功能108 初中英语课堂教学的任务型活动设计109 会话含义理论在法庭话语中的运用110 《红字》中不可缺少的珠儿111 English Teaching and Learning in China's Middle School112 探析国际贸易中的跨文化风险113114 《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的女性主义形象分析115 简•奥斯汀《诺桑觉寺》中人物对爱情和婚姻的不同态度116 从《认真的重要性》中的布雷克耐尔夫人看维多利亚时代贵族女性特点117 伊丽莎白．贝内特与简．爱的婚姻观之比较118 《美国丽人》中折射出的父母对青少年行为和心理的影响119 模糊限制语在英语广告语中的使用及其语用功能探讨120 汉语量词“条”“支”“枝”的认知研究及其英文表达121 从《一间自己的房间》分析弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫的女性主义思想122 英国历险小说《所罗门王的宝藏》123 分析《基辅怨》中雅柯夫的“受难”主题124 从语境视角看英译汉字幕翻译——以《梅林传奇》为例125 从文化差异的角度看习语的翻译126 《隐形人》（混战）中的象征手法分析127 美国黑人英语在电影中的应用研究128 合作学习在初中英语写作教学中应用的可行性研究129 福克纳对女性形象的塑造—以《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》和《士兵的报酬》为例130 浅谈中西方非言语交际中身势语差异131 初中英语课堂教学现状调查132133 Influences of Chinese Classical Poetry on Ezra Pound134 跨文化交际中恭维语的语用失误及其文化透视135 从《阿甘正传》看美国青年文化136 中西方礼貌原则及其差异对比研究137 目的论在公司宣传广告英译中的应用138 浅析霍桑罪恶观在《拉帕西尼的女儿》中的体现139 Redefinition of Heroism in The Red Badge of Courage140 心灵的挣扎：浅析福克纳短篇小说《烧马棚》中萨蒂的困境141 从文化适应角度看中外广告翻译142 A Comparison of Chinese and American Food Cultures143 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Philosophy in Moby Dick179 从《狼图腾》和《野性的呼唤》中狼的意象比较中西方生态意识180 让中国学生说正确英语－－－－－－-探讨如何摆脱英语语用失误181 英语中“r”的分析182 功能目的论视角下汉语商标的英译策略183 On the Combination of Romanticism and Realism in John Keats’s Poems184 浅析《小妇人》中乔的女性意识及其成长过程185 Analysis on the Withdrawal of Feminism in The Great Gatsby186 历史与个人叙事：拉什迪《午夜之子》的后殖民解读187 中美文学作品中乌鸦意象的对比——以爱伦坡“乌鸦”与唐诗宋词为例188 从语域角度分析《瓶中信》中书信的语言特色189 英文电影片名翻译的方法与原则190 浅析语用含糊在外交语言中的应用191 《还乡》中的生态女性主义解读192 《了不起的盖茨比》中的人物分析193 《嘉莉妹妹》中女主人公的服饰所反映的女性意识194 霍桑的罪恶观在《红字》中的体现195 国际贸易往来电子邮件写作原则196 以赫索格为代表的索尔贝娄作品中知识分子的困境与出路197 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中伊万杰琳形象分析198 商务英语翻译中的委婉表达199 《分期付款》中英语长句的分译策略200 浅论广告语汉译的美学效果。