Emily Dickinson诗歌表现出来的女性意识
“没有人认识这朵玫瑰”——艾米莉·狄金森诗歌的女性主义解读
“没有人认识这朵玫瑰”——艾米莉·狄金森诗歌的女性主义解读［摘要］艾米莉·狄金森是十九世纪美国著名的女诗人。
她一生遁世绝俗，终身未嫁，沉浸于精神领域的探索，致力于诗歌的创作。
其诗歌彰显着女性主义意识，崇尚自我和独立，是对传统、世俗的挑战和叛逆，是对男权和宗教的质疑和反抗。
她特立独行的生活方式及其自由率真的诗歌作品一直是众多学者研究的中心。
［关键词］艾米莉·狄金森；女性主义；隐居；叛逆艾米莉·狄金森（18301866）是十九世纪美国著名的女诗人，在美国文学史上，她与惠特曼齐名。
无论是作为女人还是诗人，艾米莉都不同寻常。
作为女人，她过着修女似的隐居遁世生活，十分低调而且一生未嫁，生活似异常平静不见波澜；作为诗人，她的作品却满怀激情，对生活、对爱情都充满着向往和热情。
读她的诗我们可以发现她有着丰富的内心世界，对爱的拥有和追求绝不逊于任何人。
从二十五岁开始，她就潜心于写作，固执地坚守着自己内心那片神圣的土地。
尽管不被人理解，但她自得其乐。
事实上她选择的这种生活和写作方式正是她自由独立、个性精神和女性意识的体现。
这么多年来艾米莉独特的生活方式及其出色的诗歌作品一直像个谜团，引起无数读者和学者关注。
一、守住那一片绿色：一生的找寻和等待艾米莉·狄金森生活的十九世纪是美国女权运动和女性主义文学发展的一个重要时代。
当时的美国是以男性为中心的社会，妇女根本谈不上拥有真正的独立地位，婚姻则使她们成为男人的附属品，爱情对于很多女人来说只是虚幻的童话。
在解放黑奴的运动中美国妇女才意识到自己和黑人一样处于无权地位，所以积极投入奴隶解放运动，并引爆了19世纪至20世纪40年代的女权运动，于1848年发表了类似法国女权宣言的《女性独立宣言》。
在这个宣言中，她们把“人”这个词改写为“男女”。
［1］29适逢美国女权运动的第一次高潮，但艾米莉·狄金森却深居简出，我们只能透过她的诗歌去感受她的生活，进而了解和理解她的选择。
美国文学作品中女性形象研究
美国文学作品中女性形象研究美国文学中，女性形象是一个极其重要的研究对象。
女性形象不仅是文学作品中的主要人物之一，也是反映作者对女性问题和社会角色的思考和表达。
本文通过分析美国文学中几个经典的女性形象，探讨了女性在文学中的独特表现和意义。
1. 艾米丽·狄金森（Emily Dickinson）艾米丽·狄金森被誉为美国诗歌史上的一个里程碑，她的诗歌在个人、思想、感情等方面具有非凡的独立性和原创性。
狄金森的诗歌中大量地强调了女性自我意识，她批判了女性应该被动、虚弱和无助的传统形象，把女性主体性和独立性展现得淋漓尽致。
她的《没有物质美》表达了女性对物质和表面美感不屑一顾的批判态度；《力量的活力》中写到“我的思想和我的举止都是自由的”，展现了女性独立自主的精神。
通过狄金森的诗歌，我们可以看到女性在文学中刻画自我意识和自我解放的形象。
2. 斯嘉丽·奥哈拉（Scarlett O'Hara）《飘》的女主角斯嘉丽·奥哈拉是一个极具争议性的女性形象。
她的个性坚强、果敢、自信，却也容易被视为虚伪、利己和不道德。
她在小说中经历了家族的沦落、个人的挫败和爱情的离奇曲折，最终通过自己的努力摆脱了困境。
斯嘉丽的形象被看作是对当时美国南方妇女形象的极端扭曲和反叛，她展现了女性自信和独立精神的另一面。
而同时，斯嘉丽的形象也被批判为过分崇拜权力、金钱和男人，对于女性自我定位的反思和质问仍然存在。
3. 伊迪丝·惠顿（Edith Wharton）伊迪丝·惠顿是美国文学史上最具代表性的女性作家之一，她的小说中塑造了很多精致而复杂的女性形象。
惠顿的小说反映了当时美国社会的种种变化和矛盾，她的女性形象则展现了女性在那个时代中的各种角色和命运。
例如，在《纯真年代》中的榜样女性莉莲是一个勇敢的独立者，她不屈服于世俗的眼光和传统的限制，通过自己的努力获得了独立的经济地位。
而《红房子》中的莉莲则是一个情感空虚而迷茫的女子，她在爱情和婚姻中受到了现实的压迫和伤害。
艾米莉狄金森鲜花主题诗歌与其女性独立意识
艾米莉·狄金森鲜花主题诗歌与其女性独立意识【摘要】十九世纪美国传奇女诗人艾米莉・狄金森创作了许多杰出的鲜花主题诗歌，借鲜花表达自己对生活的酷爱、对自然的歌颂和对自由的查找。
狄金森为坚持人格与创作的自由，摆脱时期给予女性的“家庭天使”角色，终身独居，潜心创作。
她的女性独立意识在其鲜花主题诗歌中有充分表现。
本文通过解析狄金森的女性独立意识在其鲜花主题诗歌中的表现，旨在进一步明白得诗人的女性独立意识及其鲜花主题诗歌的内涵。
中国论文网/5/view-5681792.htm【关键词】艾米莉・狄金森；鲜花主题诗歌；女性独立意识一、引言艾米莉・狄金森（1830―1886）是十九世纪美国文坛的一朵奇葩。
这位特立独行的天才女诗人为了自由创作的妄图，毅然选择了形单影只的隐居生活，她用孤独而又顽强的一生对抗着父权社会对女性的歧视与压制。
在她静谧漂亮的花园里，狄金森写下了许多优秀的诗作，其中自然不乏以朵朵鲜花为主题的诗句。
大自然是她最亲热的朋友，给予了她无穷的力量与灵感。
她将自己对生活的酷爱、对自然的歌颂和对自由的查找都融进了一首首短小诗篇的字里行间。
自十九世纪末期开始，学术界从不同角度对于这位传奇女诗人进行了大量研究。
但针对其鲜花主题诗歌的专章论述较少。
本文以女性主义为视角，探析狄金森女性独立意识在其鲜花主题诗歌中的体现。
二、狄金森的女性独立意识在十九世纪的美国，男女性别二元对立等级结构中处于劣等地位的女性依然扮演着“家庭天使”的角色。
她们的职责与义务是照顾好丈夫，抚养好孩子。
十九世纪的美国妇女没有选举权；已婚妇女的财产不受保护；结婚自由在十九世纪的美国才逐步实现，而离婚自由则尚未实现；长子继承制和男性优先于女性继承的制度仍在实行；严格的一夫一妻制在十九世纪末期才形成，限制离婚自由的立法离婚制度到十九世纪八十年代才被废除。
艾米莉・狄金森就生活在如此一个时期。
从小同意的正统宗教教育不仅未能抹煞她对自由的向往与她非凡的诗人天赋，反而更强化了她挣脱“家庭天使”桎梏的愿望与决心。
“没有人认识这朵玫瑰”——艾米莉·狄金森诗歌的女性主义解读
[作者简介]刘向朝,女,湖南涟源人,上海工商外国语职业学院文法系教师,硕士。
“没有人认识这朵玫瑰” ———艾米莉·狄金森诗歌的女性主义解读○刘向朝(上海工商外国语职业学院文法系,上海 201399)[摘 要] 艾米莉·狄金森是十九世纪美国著名的女诗人。
她一生遁世绝俗,终身未嫁,沉浸于精神领域的探索,致力于诗歌的创作。
其诗歌彰显着女性主义意识,崇尚自我和独立,是对传统、世俗的挑战和叛逆,是对男权和宗教的质疑和反抗。
她特立独行的生活方式及其自由率真的诗歌作品一直是众多学者研究的中心。
[关键词] 艾米莉·狄金森; 女性主义; 隐居; 叛逆中图分类号:I106.2 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-8610(2013)06-0059-02 艾米莉·狄金森(18301866)是十九世纪美国著名的女诗人,在美国文学史上,她与惠特曼齐名。
无论是作为女人还是诗人,艾米莉都不同寻常。
作为女人,她过着修女似的隐居遁世生活,十分低调而且一生未嫁,生活似异常平静不见波澜;作为诗人,她的作品却满怀激情,对生活、对爱情都充满着向往和热情。
读她的诗我们可以发现她有着丰富的内心世界,对爱的拥有和追求绝不逊于任何人。
从二十五岁开始,她就潜心于写作,固执地坚守着自己内心那片神圣的土地。
尽管不被人理解,但她自得其乐。
事实上她选择的这种生活和写作方式正是她自由独立、个性精神和女性意识的体现。
这么多年来艾米莉独特的生活方式及其出色的诗歌作品一直像个谜团,引起无数读者和学者关注。
一、守住那一片绿色:一生的找寻和等待艾米莉·狄金森生活的十九世纪是美国女权运动和女性主义文学发展的一个重要时代。
当时的美国是以男性为中心的社会,妇女根本谈不上拥有真正的独立地位,婚姻则使她们成为男人的附属品,爱情对于很多女人来说只是虚幻的童话。
在解放黑奴的运动中美国妇女才意识到自己和黑人一样处于无权地位,所以积极投入奴隶解放运动,并引爆了19世纪至20世纪40年代的女权运动,于1848年发表了类似法国女权宣言的《女性独立宣言》。
谈女性主体意识在美国女性诗人诗歌中的具体体现
谈女性主体意识在美国女性诗人诗歌中的具体体现作者：陆维玲来源：《赤峰学院学报·哲学社会科学版》2016年第06期摘要：女性主体意识是指女性能站在客观视角上合理定位自身，清醒地认识自己在社会中的地位，应该享受的权利和应该履行的义务，还包括女性能以合理方式参与到社会生活中，证明自己在社会中的存在价值。
文学界常常以女性主体意识为切入点进行创作，我们可以在美国女性诗人的诗歌中看到女性主体意识的存在。
本文通过分析女性主体意识的内涵，研究其在美国女性诗人诗歌中的具体体现，希望能起到抛砖引玉的作用。
关键词：女性主体意识；艾米莉·狄金森；伊丽莎白·毕晓普；西尔维亚·普拉斯中图分类号：I106.2 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1673-2596（2016）06-0157-03时至今日，女性主体意识早已成为一个历久弥新的话题，社会各界都曾深入探讨过这个话题。
特别是文学界，经常以女性主体意识为切入点进行创作，我们可以在美国女性诗人的诗歌中看到女性主体意识的存在。
本文先分析女性主体意识的内涵，接着研究其在美国女性诗人诗歌中的具体体现，希望能起到抛砖引玉的作用。
一、女性主体意识概述早在欧洲文艺复兴运动萌芽之际，人的主体意识开始引起文艺复兴学者的高度关注。
他们一致认为人是社会的主体，是所有活动的根本要素；一切活动都要挖掘人的主观能动性，以最大程度地发挥人的积极性和创造性为终极目标。
人的主体意识开始苏醒，强烈要求推翻黑暗的神权统治，提出维护人的主体地位，彰显人在社会中的真正价值。
事实上，主体性的提出，象征着自由重回人的视野中，要求人获得真正的自由，可以充分表达内心所想，而不必受到宗教神权的压制和束缚。
从这个角度而言，人的主体性是人在与客体发生联系时所产生的自觉、自主和创造的特性。
按照这个界定，女性主体意识是指女性能站在客观视角上合理定位自身，清醒地认识自己在社会中的地位，应该享受的权利和应该履行的义务，还包括女性能以合理方式参与到社会生活中，证明自己在社会中的存在价值。
the soul selects her own society赏析
《The Soul Selects Her Society》赏析《The Soul Selects Her Society》是英国诗人 Emily Dickinson 创作的一首著名诗歌，该诗通过描述灵魂选择自己的伴侣，表达了对自由、独立和个性的追求。
本文将对该诗进行赏析，探讨其主题、意象和语言风格。
《The Soul Selects Her Society》是 Emily Dickinson 创作的一首经典诗歌，该诗以灵魂选择自己的伴侣为主题，表达了对自由、独立和个性的追求。
在这首诗中，Dickinson 通过运用生动的意象和深刻的语言，使读者感受到灵魂选择的过程和意义。
首先，从主题来看，《The Soul Selects Her Society》探讨了灵魂在选择伴侣时所追求的自由和独立。
诗中，灵魂被描绘成一个自由、独立的个体，她有权选择自己的伴侣，而不是被他人安排。
这种对自由和独立的追求，反映了 Dickinson 本人对自由和个性的追求，也表达了当时美国社会中人们对自由和独立的渴望。
其次，从意象来看，《The Soul Selects Her Society》中运用了大量的比喻和隐喻，使得诗歌形象生动。
例如，“The soul selects her society——/Of course——”，这里的“soul”和“society”之间通过“selects”建立了一种主动的关系，暗示了灵魂在选择伴侣时的自主性。
再如，“The atom of a flower——/Is as a star——”，通过将花与星进行比喻，表现了灵魂在选择伴侣时所感受到的美好和幸福。
最后，从语言来看，《The Soul Selects Her Society》采用了Dickinson 典型的语言风格，即简短、深刻、富有哲思。
整首诗只有两句，但却充满了深刻的哲理，令人深思。
此外，Dickinson 还运用了破折号和省略号等语法符号，使得诗歌在语言上更加简练、精炼。
埃米莉·狄金森的诗歌创作：个体与社会的矛盾
埃米莉·狄金森的诗歌创作：个体与社会的矛盾摘要埃米莉·狄金森（Emily Dickinson）是19世纪美国最具影响力的女性诗人之一，她的诗歌创作以其独特而深刻的风格闻名于世。
然而，在探索她的诗歌作品时，不难发现其中存在着个体与社会的矛盾。
本文将详细分析以下几个方面：狄金森个体主义意识在诗歌中的体现、社会规范对她创作的影响、以及如何通过她的作品反思和提出问题来引发读者对这种矛盾的思考。
1. 狄金森个体主义意识在诗歌中的体现埃米莉·狄金森经历了19世纪末美国社会大变革背景下女性地位与权力争取都相对困难，因此她倾向于追求独立自主和内心自由。
这种强烈个体主义意识在她的诗歌中得到了充分体现。
例如，在她的一些作品中，她表达了对社会常规和传统观念的反叛，并强调个体的独立性。
通过自省和内省，她探索了自我与世界之间的关系，展示了她对人类存在主义问题的敏锐洞察力。
2. 社会规范对她创作的影响然而，狄金森仍然无法完全逃脱当时社会规范对女性创作者的束缚。
在19世纪美国社会中，女性被期望履行特定的角色和责任，而诗歌创作往往被视为男性领域。
狄金森的创作因此面临着来自家庭、社区和文化等多种压力，这些压力不仅限制了她作品的出版数量，也带来了怀疑和质疑。
3. 通过作品反思与提问引发读者思考尽管受到社会规范的影响，狄金森以其鲜活生动、深度感悟的诗歌为读者提供了一个思考个体与社会关系的突破口。
她通过细致入微地描绘内心体验和情感表达，并借助隐喻和象征手法，传达出对社会约束与个人内心的矛盾、对生死灵魂问题的思考等。
这种思辨性的写作风格使读者得以在欣赏诗歌的同时探索更广阔的主题。
结论埃米莉·狄金森的诗歌创作既有个体主义意识的倡导，也受到社会规范限制的压迫。
她通过作品反思和提问，引发读者对个体与社会之间矛盾关系进行深入思考。
这种独特而深刻的创作风格使她成为文学史上不可忽视的重要声音，带来了对自我的审视、人类存在和社会秩序等议题引人深思。
艾米莉.迪金森诗歌中的自我意识
艾米莉.迪金森诗歌中的自我意识摘要：寻找自我是西方文学热衷于表现的主题，艾米莉?迪金森的诗歌也在其中。
本文从迪金森的诗歌出发，结合她的生活，分析了其诗歌中的自我意识：迪金森以隐居的反叛者的角色抒写诗歌，寻找一种安宁的、理想的自我，并对此充分肯定。
关键词：迪金森诗歌自我英雄俄狄浦斯破解了斯芬克斯之谜的神话，黑格尔对此高度评价，他认为这个象征性谜语的解释就在于显示出一种自在自为的意义，在于向精神呼吁“认识你自己”。
从此自我的觉醒就进入了文学的殿堂，并且占据了居高不下的位置。
寻找自我，就成了西方文学热衷于表现的主题。
法国启蒙者说，人是生而自由的。
其实恰恰相反，人是生而不自由的。
人的一生就是与命运女神的斗争，在此过程中，寻找自我就是揭开命运女神的面纱，然后一步步靠近她，促成认识自我，坚守自我。
古往今来，无能例外。
尽管迪金森生活的时代已经是19世纪中期，但寻找自我的主题仍然一如既往地延续。
迪金森生活的时代，清教主义影响日趋衰微而余威犹在，她的一家及其亲戚朋友都是虔诚的教徒，恪守教规。
但迪金森拒绝参加教会，对清教徒那种“甘心去死”和“死后成为上帝选民”的宣传深感怀疑和震惊，即使口才远近闻名的苏珊（她哥哥奥古斯汀的妻子）也没法说服她。
由此可见，迪金森对自己孤军奋战有着清醒的意识，并且自觉地反抗命运笼罩在她身上的阴影——成为基督教徒。
她没有按照别人的习惯去教会，也没有听从别人的说服，而是从自己的内心出发，并且坚持心灵的选择，直到生命的最后。
迪金森的内心独白是我选择我的生活，依着我的心灵，任谁也不能改变我的决定，甚至“皇帝”也不能。
如果说接受正规教育使迪金森拥有了自我选择的能力，那么拒绝加入教会就是她依着自己的心灵并忠于心灵的一个选择。
人生的路很长，关键的就那么几步，迪金森的选择决定了她从此走上了从自己心灵出发的寻找自我之路。
我以为，迪金森在做出这个选择的同时，也或多或少想到了以后的生活——与此相伴的是她的几乎足不出户的单调生活和离世以前留给世界的自成一格的1775首诗歌。
解读艾米莉·狄金森诗歌女性意识
解读艾米莉·狄金森诗歌的女性意识摘要：艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌是对女性发展空间的探索，反映了其所生活的时代妇女遭受压制的现实，充分展现了男权社会女性的尴尬和困境。
她质疑男性在社会中的主导地位，敢于挑战现实，探索人生。
她的诗歌崇尚自我，追求独立，映射出女性主义意识，标志着女性诗人追求自我，从自我禁锢走向自我觉醒的历程。
关键词：艾米莉·狄金森女性意识诗歌觉醒中图分类号：i106.2 文献标识码：a一引言艾米莉·狄金森是19世纪美国著名的女诗人，她的诗歌充满着瑰丽的想象和深刻的思想，被誉为美国现代诗歌的先驱。
狄金森以其特有的敏锐观察和大胆笔触，思考生命，感悟爱情，体验自然，她的诗歌内容涉及爱情、自然、死亡、宗教等众多领域，并在男权主义社会强烈体现了其女性的文学主体意识。
面对神圣不可侵犯的男性权威，狄金森以斗士的勇气和智慧无情地嘲弄男性权威。
二狄金森笔下女性的社会地位狄金森的诗歌展现了当时女性对男性的依附和女性低下的社会地位。
女性没有经济地位、社会地位和政治地位，被视为二等公民，被剥夺了只有男性才能享有的许多权利。
狄金森诗歌中的男性往往以统治者、征服者的强悍形象出现，他们是万能的，有着至高无上的地位和权力，操纵着女人的命运。
而在这些高大的男性形象面前，女性始终显得弱小无助。
她们常常是被动渺小的接受者和求助者。
在狄金森的笔下，女性是附属于男性的，离开男性的庇护，女性则无法生存。
“我们是花朵，你是太阳！/原谅我们，当日光隐退，/我们悄悄地靠近您！/迷恋西边落日”（106首）。
这里男性被比喻为太阳，高高在上的太阳是独立的，不依附人和事物而存在。
而女性却是鲜为人知、微不足道的花朵，女性必须依赖男性，否则就如同花儿失去阳光的照耀而凋零。
男性是太阳，迫使女性不能自己，深深地爱上他。
面对象征男性的强悍者，女性无能为力，只能被动地接受征服。
这是一种强者对弱者强迫式的征服。
“她迎合他的要求，放弃/自己的消遣，/承担起女人和妻子/应引以为荣的责任”（732首）。
英语论文：艾米莉狄金森诗歌中的女性主义解读
A Feminism Analysis of Emily Dickinson’s Poetry1.0 IntroductionIn the wake of the western feminist movement and feminist ideology, feminist consciousness has gradually pervade in many fields of resarch. Feminist consciousness urges woman to express themselves, get their deserved rights and pursue de eaqulity with man. With different feminism theory, feminists can be classified into many schools, such as ecofeminism, spiritual feminism, radical feminism and so on. As the great development of feminism, Feminist Criticism was come into being. And in recent years, feminism theory citicism is popularly used to analyse many writers’ works and this kind of research has got great achievements. American feminist arose in 1830s. Dickinson won her historical position as the American feminist presursor through her unconvational way of life, and her feminity poetry.As one of the most important woman poets in the nineteenth century, Emily Dickinson made a great impact on America literature. She was outstangding among the contemporary poets for her special language feature, profound ideology and creative images. Athough she remained unknow to people in all her life time, she proved her value and her great geniusin writing poems in the latter days. Now the research about Emily Dickinson is from all kind of perspective. Some schoolars research images in her poems; some schoolars research language features in her poems; and some schoolars research the theme of her poems. The focus of this thesis is to anlysis Dickinson’s poe try in a feminism aspect. Through a good look of her unique life style and a good appriciation of poems that have different themes, a conclusion that Emily Dickinson is a woman poet who has feminism consciousness and feminist tendencies come out. She was a rebelious and anti-tranditional figure.2.0 Emily Dickinson and her life2.1 Emily Dickinson’s Uni que Life Background and Awakening of FeminismAwarenessEnily Dickinson was born on 10th December, 1830, in the town of Amherst Massachusetts. She was the second of three children of Edward and Emily Dickinson, and she was named after her mother. She lives in a prominent family and her father was a successful lawyer. She was educated at Amherst Academy (1834-1847 and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1847-1848. Dickinson began to wrote poem around 1850.. Her poems was first in fairly conventional style, but later on she began to give room for experiments. Beginnging at the age 23,she gradually cut off the contact with the others and spent most of her time in her room. Choosing to shut the door, she claims her superiorty to the external world and shows her independent attitudes towards life. She was always dressed in white and indulged herself with long, solitary walks in the countryside around Amherst. From the point of her neighbors, she was very eccentric. She was never married and devoted all her life to writing poems.Modern feminists believe that self-improvement and self-development as a career woman, instead of a housewife, symbolize a woman’s awareness of f eminism. The fear of becoming a wife and a mother reveal some of the feminism consciousness. As a recluse, Dickinson had no interests to be a wife and a mother, but choose to be a poet and contribute her life to poems to persue her spiritual soul. She certainly had possesS some original feminism awareness.2.2 Emily Dickinson’s Literary Career and AchievementDickinson wrote more than 1,775 poems and 1,409 letters in her 30 years of writing. However, only 11 of the poems were published anonymously during her life time. Why she did not publish her poems? Emily Dickinson herself gave us the answer of publication in one of her poem. She wrote such a line “Publication---is the Auction”. From this line ,we can get she wrote poems is not for to be a great poet or get greatfame,she just want to express her self and reaching her spiritual soul. Thus she remained unknown during all her life time. After her death in 1886 and with the help of her sister Lavinia, Dickinson’s poems started to be published. At the beginni ng, the critics criticized her brief and simple lyrics and complained her strange use of language. But the first printing was quickly soldout and further collections were needed. Then the poems were transcribed and published by the poet’s niece in the ear ly decades. Gradually, critics began to recognize Dickinson’s great genius in creating poetry. She had a unique perspective on life, death, love, nature, and friendship. Her different poetic forms, ideological concerns and artistic innovations are unpredent. Nowadays, she was considered to be one of the best poets in America and she is acknowledged as one of the founder of modern American poetry. She has hailed as an equal to such great distinguished men as Bryant, Emerson, Witman and so on. She had a great influence to American literature.3.0 Ecofeminism embodiment in Emily Dickinson’s poem of nature 3.1 Review of EcofeminismWith the development of feminism movement, all kinds of feminiam theories come into being. Ecofminism, or ecological feminism, is one of which. It is a union of feminism and ecological thinking and the term was firsr came up with by French feminist Françoise d'Eaubonne. It held the following primary beliefs:1.Female is more close to nature than male, but male is pitted to against nature.Male treated the nature as a hunting ground, their purpose is to change nature andconquer nature to get what they need. Nature is something a enemy to them.Instead female keep a harmonious relationship with nature, they have the samefeature with nature, they are inclusive and reproductive. In the long human history, especially in the primitive age, men’s work is hunting and cultivation.Whilewomen’s work is to pick fruits and reproduce offsprings, they have the sameessence with “mother nature”.2.The earth is a balanced network. All the life on earth is equal, they cannot beclassified into different classes. But the reality is there is s class system. In thissystem, God is the most pure spirit, while the other kinds are in the second class.In the second class, human beings are superior than animals. As to human beings,men’s position is higher than woman. Ecofeminists are against this class systemand they are trying their best to change the fate of the opposed kind.At the same time, in our daily language use, we also use pronoun “she” to refer to nature. “Mother nature”is also used. This reflect the rationality of the Ecofeminism theory in some degree.3.1Ecofeminist Analysis of Dickinson’s Poem of natureEmily Dickinson keep a deep attachment to nature. She wrote about more than 500 nature poems during her life time. She once wrote in her poem that nature is a gentle mother who treated her children tenderly. Her attitude to nature is just like what the Ecofeminism adhere to.Nature-----the Gentlest Mother isImpatient of no Child-----The feeblest-----or the waywardest-----Her Admonition mild-----…..Incite the timid prayerOf the minutest CriketThe most unworthy Flower-----When all the Children sleep----She turns as long awayAs will suffice to light Her Lamps-----Then bending from the Sky-----And infinite Care-----Her Golden finger on Her lip-----Will Silence-----Eveywhere----(poem 790 (Johnson, 1975 385-386In this poem, Dickinson compare nature to a gentle mother who take her children very patient. No matter the feeblest one, or the waywarddest one, her adonition is mild. No matter the minutest criket and the most unworthy flower, she treated all her children eaqually. When her children sleep, she lightend her lamps and bent from the sky to pray for them. Dickinson’s opinion to nature is the same as the ecofeminist advocate. Her attitudetowards nature reflect from her poem fully proved that she is a good ecofeminist.In another nature poem, Dickinson compare leaves to woman, and bravely list the qulities of woman.The leaves, like woman, interchangeSagacious confidenceSomewhat of nods, and somewhat ofPortentous inferenceThe parties in both casesEnjoining secrecy----Inviolable compactTo notorietyDickinson wrote directly in this poem that woman are sagacious, confident, inviolable. They have a lot of good qualities. The qualities of the leaves is the qualities of woman. They have the same essence. Just like the ecofeminists advocate, nature and woman are close, they possess the same character. Superficially, the auhtor is writing leaveas, but its deep meaning is to eulogize woman. In Emily Dickinson’s mind, woman is purifying and confident. They are as good as man, or even they possess some good qualities that man have not.In the anl ysis of aonther poem, Dickinson as a ecofeminist is unboubted. ”Nature is Harmony” and “Nature is Heaven” are the most striking lines, they are exactly the belief that the ceofeminists hold.“N ature” is What we see----The hill---the Afternoon----Squirrel----Eclipse---the Bumble bee----Nay-----Nature is HeavenNature is what we hear----Tha Bobolink----the Sea---Thunder----the Cricket----Nay---Nature is Hamony---Nature is what we knowYet have no art to say----So impotent Our Wisdome isTo her SimplicityIn the first stanza, by list the detailed object: the hill, squirrel, eclipse and bee, the author portrait a peaceful and energetic outlook of nature. She feel that nature is as beautiful as heaven. This indicates poet’s love of nature. The second sta nza by list sound of the bobilink, the sea, the thunder, the criket, no matter some of the sound is so lound,and some of the sound is so weak, they conposed to a hamonious symphony. In the last stanza, the author express her awe to nature. When we human beings were compared to nature, our wisdom is impotent. We are just one small part of nature. Through the line “what we see”, “what we hear”, “what we know”, the author is feeling nature first by eyes,then by ears, and at last by heart. All this is a good revelation of ecofeminism theory.4.0 Rsisitance to Man’s Dominance over Nature4.1 Emily Dickinson’s Religious BeliefFeminists are against the patriarchal family system, and they believe that God is the foremost representative of patriarchal society. God i s the “Father”, he is the originalsource of patriarchal society, thus he is also the original source of the inequality betwween male and femal. If there is a “female-God”, the things is not like what we see now. So the feminist deny the exit of God, and in the meantime, they revolt to sermons and doctrines which is created in religion syetem.As to Dickinson, religion stood in the mid of her life time. She wrote a great manyof religious poems. Although she was a deeply religious poet, Dickinson was never a pious Christian. Instead she was a non-conformist. We can see it from her lif background first. In 1841, Dickinson attented Anherst Academy, but she was only stay one year. Why she left school in such a short time? A great cause for her departure was that the girls were asked tojoin the church, and Dickinson wanted no part of that. Besides this, we can futher see her revolt and suspect to God by analysing some of her religios poems.4.2 Analysis of Dickinson’s Religious PoemIn Christians’ beliefs, God c reated the world and everything on it. God is the supreme dominator of the world. If you pray to God, God can hear your pray, and salvate you from the defficulities. But in the following poem, Dickinson shows her doubt about it.Of Course----I prayed----And did God Care?He cares as much as on the airA Bird----had stamped her foot----And cried “Give Me”----My Reason -----LifeI had not had----but for Yourself----’Twere better charityTo leave me in the Atom’s Tomb----Merry, and Nought, and gay, and numb----Than this smart Misery.The first two lines explain that the poet prays To God, but God makes no response to her. Then he starts to doubt God for her pray caannot be testified. The following lines express that God care about the bird more than the w oman’s pray. This contrast show us God’s coldness and cruelty. The author is becoming anger to God for his indifference. She began to doubt the exit of God.In the other poem, Dickinson show us the information that she does not believe that people will be saved by going to church or by confessing. She doubted the power of God and she even did not believe the exist of God. So it is meaningless to go to church.Some Keep the Sabbath going to Church----I keep it, staying at home----With a Bobolink for a Chorister---And an Orchard, for a Dome----Some keep the Sabbath in Surplice----I just wear my Wings----And instead of tolling the Bell, for Church,Our little Sexton-sings.God presches,a noted Clergyman----And the sermon is never longSo insteaad of getting to Heaven, at least----I’m going, all long (poem 324(Johnson, 1975:153-154Diakinson did not believe the doctrines of Christian. When some people keep going to church on Sabbath, the poet keep staying at home. Birds, orchard, and beautiful scenery is what she needed. In her mind, she didn’t need Choristar, Church and God ang all the things related to religion. The inhabitants of nature is more important than religion. We can easliy observed the authour’s skepticism to the Christian Church and it’sdoct rines. From the first poem to this one, we can find that the author’s attitude towards religion. In the first poem, she pray, but when she found no response, she doubt God’s exsiting. In the latter poem, she began to defy God and his doctrines. She thought that nature’s existing gave her more relief than going to church and ask God for help.In the following poem, Dickinson began to express her rebellious spirist against patrichal religion clomination from rational thought like man. Her feminism consciousne ss grows gardually and her awakeing going deeper. The brain,that is man’s rational thinking is the most inportant things. God is created by people’s thinking.The Brain is wider than the sky---For ---put them side by side----The one the other will containWith ease---and You ----besideThe Brain is deeper than the sea---For---- hold them ---Blue to Blue----The one the other will absorb---As Sponges ----Buckets---do---The Brain is just the weight of God----For---Heft them---Pound for Pound----And they will differ----if they do---As syllable from SoundIn this poem, the author indicate that the barin is “wider than the sky”, ”depper than the sea”, and “just the weight of God”. The brain standard for her rational thingking power. It is the exis of brain--man’s thinking power that created God.The brain is what we thought was God. God is not exit in the real world, it is just the power of our thingking that make the existing of God. In the meantime, the author celebrates the importance and vastness of the brain's abilities.Through this three poems, we can conclude that Emily Dickinson was not a corformist of Christian. She defy God’s holiness and authority, she refuse to obey it. Her deny of God standard for her deny of the patriarchal society.5.0 Femini sm Consciousness in Dickinson’s Love PoemsFeminist think both male and femal have the equal right to express love. Emily Dickinson is such a person who is brave to express her love. ”Wild Nights” is this kind of poem. Thomas Wentworth Higginson once once wrote in his letter when he was edit Dickinson’s poem “One poem only I dread a little to print----that wonder Wild Nights--- lest the malignant read into it more than that virgin recluse ever dreamed of putting there…..” From this letter we can feel Emily Dickinson’s breavity and boldness toexpress her love passion. This is a big challege to the role the society has given to woman at that time. Obviously, it reveal her consciousness of feminism.Wild Nights --- Wild Night!Were I with thee,Wild nights should beOur luxury!Futile the winds---To a heart in port---Done with the compass---Done with the chartRowing in Eden---Ah, the seaMight I but moor---TonightIn thee!The author express love, passion,and sexual desire in this poem. The fist stazaexpl ains two lovers’ passionate encounter. The poet express her love passion in the second and third stanza in an unabashed manner. Obviouly, she long for equal love not the tradtional marriage that man-made law society allots to women without consulting their own will. The first personal pronoun “I” emphasize the author is an independent individual. It is our “luxury”, not man’s luxury only. This is a big transition, in patriarchal society, woman are passive receivers, they have to accept the order that isgiven by men. But Emily Dickinson alters the position between man and womean. She is so fearless to cry out woman’s needs. All in all, her female self consciousness and feminst tendencies is penetrated by this poem.6.0 ConclusionThis paper focuses on the an lysis of Emily Dickinson’s feminity potery. These poems include her love pem, poem of nature and religioous poem. Through her attitude towards nature, religion, and love which reflect in her poems,and by the using of feminiam theory we conclude that Emily Dickinson was a woman who is very different from the traditional one, she is a rebellious and anti-traditional woman who has some feminism consciousness.济南大学毕业论文 Bibliography [1] Farr, Judith. The Passion of Emily Dickinson [M]. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1992. [2] Gaard Greta. Ecofeminism: Woman, Animals, Nature Nunan [Ed]. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993. [3] Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. Letters and Journals of Thomas Wentworth Higginson, 1846-1906 [M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921. [4] Homas, Margret. Woman Writers and Poetic Identity [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980. [5] Johnson, Thomas H. The Complete Poems of Emliy Dickinson [Eds]. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1997. [6] Juhaszm, Susan. Feminist Critics Read Emily Dickinson [M]. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984. [7] Kirk, Connie. Emily Dickinson --- A Biography [M]. America: Green wood Press,2004. [8] Mitchell, Juliet, Jacqueline, Rose. Feminine Sexuality [M]. London: Macmillan, 1982 [9] Miranda Fricker, Jennifer Hornsby, The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. [10] Martin, Wendy. The Cambridge Companion to Emily Dickinson [M]. England: Cambridge University Press, 2002. [11] Stein, Nany Rachel. Shifting the Ground: Four American Women’s Revision of Nature, Gender, and Race [M]. New Jersey: New Brunswick, 1994. [12] Tate, Allen. “Emily Dickinson” Interpretation of American Literature [M]. New York: Oxford University, 1959. [13] 常耀信. 美国文学简史[M]. 天津: 南开大学出版社, 2008. [14] 刘守兰. 狄金森研究[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2006. [15] 江枫. 狄金森诗选[M]. 北京: 中央编译出版社, 2004. - 11 -济南大学毕业论文 [16] 李玲. 狄金森诗歌----女性意识觉醒的标志[J]. 邵阳师范高等专科学校学报, 2000, (3. [17] 薛春霞. 艾米丽·狄金森的女性个体主义[J]. 四川外国语学院学报, 2003, (4. [18] 肖魏. 女性主义伦理学[M]. 四川: 四川人民出版社, 2000.[19] 张京瑗. 当代女性主义文学批评[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 1992. [20] 朱立元. 当代西方文艺理论[M]. 上海: 上海华东师范大学出版社, 1959. Acknowledgements I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Miss. Zhao jing, who has given me valuable advice and enlightened me on a number of academic problems concerning my thesis. Thanks should also be given to teachers and my classmates, who helped me a lot during the accomplishment of my thesis. - 12 -济南大学毕业论文 - 13 -。
艾米莉·狄金森自然诗的生态女性主义解读
收稿日期：2020-6-16艾米莉·狄金森（Emily Dickinson ）于1830年12月10日出生于美国马萨诸塞州的阿默斯特镇。
她接受过良好的教育，但从青年时期开始就选择过着隐居的生活。
艾米莉·狄金森一生中写了近1800首诗，但生前发表的仅7首。
她和沃尔特·惠特曼被认为是美国19世纪最重要的两位诗人。
在她所写的诗歌中，自然诗多达500多首，占其诗歌总数的近三分之一。
她的自然诗具有独特的风格和开阔的视野，充分表达了她对大自然的关心和喜爱。
加上艾米莉·狄金森是一位女性作家，所以她的自然诗就自然而然地体现出了她作为女性对两性关系的思考。
“随着经济不断发展和社会的进步，人类社会面临的生态危机挑战日益严峻”（刘畅 等，2018），人们的生态保护意识和女性意识也慢慢崛起，因此，从生态女性主义视角来分析艾米莉·狄金森的自然诗在当今社会是具有重要意义的。
1 生态女性主义概述在20世纪70年代，环境破坏越来越严重，人们开始意识到保护环境的重要性和紧迫性。
当时，许多女权主义者把环境问题也视为女权主义需要解决的问题之一，于是生态女性主义应运而生。
生态女性主义思想的形成是艾米莉·狄金森自然诗的生态女性主义解读□ 庄筱钰 王旭霞南京林业大学外国语学院[摘 要] 艾米莉·狄金森是19世纪著名的美国诗人之一，她一生中共创作了500多首自然诗。
她的自然诗具有独特的风格，充分表达了她对大自然的关心和喜爱以及她作为女性对两性关系的独立思考。
本文从生态女性主义的视角出发剖析艾米莉·狄金森的自然诗，以揭示她的自然诗中体现出的人与自然和谐共存的生态思想以及反对男性中心主义的女性意识。
[关键词] 艾米莉·狄金森；自然诗；生态女性主义[中图分类号] I106 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1009-6167（2020）26-0029-04以“生态女性主义”这个术语的出现为标志的，这个术语最早由法国女权主义作家法兰克·澳博妮（Francoise d ’Eaubonne ）于1974年提出。
女性主义视角下狄金森爱情诗歌中的女性形象
文学评论·外国文学女性主义视角下狄金森爱情诗歌中的女性形象彭景 西北大学外国语学院摘 要：艾米莉•狄金森的诗歌具有极强的女性主义特征，标志着女性意识的觉醒。
她采用女性的叙事视角对19世纪美国新英格兰社会中的女性形象做了细致的描写。
本文以女性主义批评理论为研究视角，对狄金森爱情诗中的女性形象予以解读。
狄金森的爱情诗歌中的女性看似温柔谦卑，实则向往平等的爱情。
通过对这方面的分析，我们可以更近一步了解到狄金森的爱情观在女性意识中的体现，从而在现代社会中树立一种关爱女性主体的意识。
关键词：艾米莉•狄金森；女性主义；爱情诗；女性形象作者简介：彭景，女，1992年生，西北大学外国语学院硕士研究生，主要研究方向为：英国文学及美国文学。
[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2018)-08-114-02艾米莉•狄金森是美国文学史上一位很有代表性的女诗人，逝世后为世人留下近1775首风格独特的诗歌。
狄金森的诗歌有不同的主题，她在诗歌中对死亡、自然、宗教、爱情等主题作了深刻的探讨。
其诗风凝练简洁、意象清新、思想深刻、凝聚力强以及极富创造性，因此被视为二十世纪现代主义诗歌的先驱之一。
20世纪50年代到70年代，正是弗洛伊德理论和女性主义思潮在文艺批评领域产生深远影响的时代，运用精神分析和女性主义文学批评理论来解读狄金森作品中的女性意识成为该时期狄金森研究的主要潮流。
本文以女性主义批评理论为研究视角，拟对狄金森爱情诗中的女性形象予以探究。
一、女性主义批评女权主义（Feminism）一词，产生于19世纪的西方女性解放运动的背景下，最早出现在法国，意指女性在经济、政治、文化和法律方面获得与男性平等的权利。
随着西方女权主义运动的不断高涨并逐渐深入文化、文学领域，以女性主义为主题的文学作品日益增多。
为了能以一种更加客观、准确的视角去解读女性文学作品，女性主义文学批评理论的产生与运用适应了时代的潮流，该理论有着较鲜明的政治色彩和批判倾向。
浅析艾米莉.狄金森的诗歌特色及艺术思想
浅析艾米莉.狄金森的诗歌特色及艺术思想摘要：爱米莉·狄金森，美国19世纪最伟大的女诗人，1830年12月10日出生在马萨诸塞州的阿默斯特镇。
除了几次有限的外出以外，她的一生都在自已的家中度过，直到1886车5月15日逝世。
在阿默斯特镇的家中，她默默无闻地用一生创乍了1775首诗。
这些关系到生命、永恒、爱情、自然和死亡的主题诗，表现了她强烈的思想和情感。
这些诗提示了一个充实、坚强的个性，同时也反映了她灵魂世界的独立和宽广。
关键词：狄金森诗歌特色艺术思想1 艾米莉·狄金森是19世纪美国著名女诗人，被公认为开创了意象派之先河艾米莉·狄金森在世时深居简出，终身未嫁，过着一种近似修女式的生活，因喜穿白衣裙，被家乡阿默斯特镇的人称为“白娥”(the moth)。
她一生默默无闻，生前仅有7首诗歌发表，因为她不愿服从当时的出版商提出对她诗歌进行修改的要求，为此她视发表诗为拍卖灵魂。
由于她的勤勉和探索精神她在孤寂和静思中追求自己的理想，在诗歌创作上另辟蹊径，给后人留下了1775首诗歌和1000余封书信，经发现、整理，陆续出版。
1890年《爱米莉·狄金森诗集》的问世第一次使她的诗与公众见面，此时正值她死后四年。
最初的评论是:她的诗缺少音韵语法错误令人费解的暗喻组成了没有语言知识未受过教育的情感混杂物。
但另一些评论则是:狄金森的诗含蓄、敏锐、意趣深刻。
1955年《狄金森诗集》的出版包容了她全部的诗作随着越来越多的诗篇问世狄金森的名声得到更多的好评被认为和惠特曼、爱伦·坡一样是美国十九世纪的伟大抒情诗人之一。
2 狄金森的诗主要抒写爱情、死亡、自然、不朽和美她的诗歌韵律模仿“颂歌”经书，她借用了不规则的格律，她的诗押半韵，词汇夹杂着反语、抽象的拉丁语和具体的盎格鲁撒克逊语。
她的诗行富于格言、警句富于动感想象高度概括，体现了她的思想情感。
作为优秀的抒情诗人，狄金森在对美的事物、美的景观迸发出激情的艺术表现上与华兹华斯是有区别的。
解读艾米莉•狄金森的女性个体主义
解读艾米莉•狄金森的女性个体主义作者：蒋淑敬来源：《青年文学家》2011年第02期摘要：狄金森在其一生的成长和诗歌创作生涯中，形成和发展了一种独特的个性主义---女性个体主义。
做为一种具有典型女性特征和女性理解的个体主义，它以对内心世界的探索和诗歌创作为主要表现。
女性个体主义是狄金森用自己的方式去理解和感受生活并实现自己精神与人格独立自主的策略。
关键词：艾米莉•狄金森；女性个体主义；詩歌风格作者简介：蒋淑敬（1986- ），女，山东聊城人，聊城大学外国语学院英语语言文学专业08级研究生，研究方向：英美文学。
个体主义指的是对个人的自尊、独立、自主抉择、自我完善和自我发展的追求，其核心是个人价值。
英语中的“feminine”包含有两种意思：一个是从纯文化角度所论述的女性特征，另一个则是女权思想，即反对性别歧视和男权，追求男女平等。
本文所采用的是第一种意思。
在19世纪为数不多的优秀女诗人中，艾米莉•狄金森（1830~1886）堪称独特：终生未嫁，隐居家中。
除性格因素以外，她一反传统的生活态度更多是出于一种自觉自愿：一种为了保持自己精神、人格的独立和自主、沉浸于内心世界的探索、致力于诗歌创作的自愿。
这种对于个人的自尊、独立、自主抉择、自我完善和自我发展的强调，应归属于个体主义思想，只是狄金森的个体主义带有鲜明的女性色彩。
一、狄金森对个人生活道路的自我设计19世纪，以爱默生为首所倡导的“自立、自主的个人”思想得到了广泛响应，使得以强调个人的自尊、独立、自主抉择、自我完善和自我发展的乐观个体主义具有了鲜明的美国特色，但19世纪的美国妇女并不享有这种个人自主的权利。
妇女不拥有也不被期望拥有超出家庭以外的自主权利和自我发展愿望。
狄金森的生活方式则很能体现她的女性自主和自立意识。
她自1859年流露出隐居的想法后，渐渐足不出户、闭门谢客，除了家人，和少数朋友书信来往，只与书籍为伴。
她选择自立、独身、隐居的生活，既成就了她的诗歌，也反映了她反叛世俗的自主自立的女性主义精神。
Emily Dickinson's Poems —A Landmark of Feminine Consciousness Awakening 女性意识觉醒
Emily Dickinson’s Poems—A Landmark of Feminine Consciousness AwakeningWomen have been oppressed in male-dominated society for many centuries. American women who lived in between 1970s and 1980s were considered as appendixes of their husbands. Although women were individuals within the society, they had no their own independent thoughts and spirits. What they cared about were just their family, especially their husbands. It reminds me that the Chinese traditional concepts concerning ―three obedience’s and four virtues‖and ―the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues‖. However, with the development of society, the minds of the females were emancipated. Gradually, there was a germ of feminine consciousness. Emily Dickinson, as a female represent of America, spoke out her opinions without fear, went off conventions, and expressed her dissatisfaction with men in her poems. The contents and words of her poems demonstrate the awakening of feminine consciousness. In terms of content, her concept of marriage and concept of religion manifest the dissatisfaction while in terms of poetic forms, her choices of words and stanzas show it.1 feminine consciousness in content1.1the concept of marriageEmily pursued the equality and freedom in spirit and tried to shake off social restrain. In her era, if a woman inspired a man with admiration, she could not express her emotions because society required them to control their emotions. Consequently, women lacked the courage to express their love. What they could do was just to receive men’ love. Nevertheless, Emily put all of these behind her and spoke out her feelings bravely. In the poem ―Why Do I Love You, Sir?‖, these lines such as "Why do I love You, Sir? Because—The Wind does not require the grass to answer—Wherefore when he pass she cannot keep h er place…‖ express that women and men are both the main bodies of the society, so they are equal. Although she was a female, she also had the right to convey her love. Therefore, she practiced it.Emily had an independent mind, and dared to take actions. The women in her time regarded family as the center. They had no dreams but to take good care of their husbands and children. In the poem of ―I’m a Wife‖, she satirized those married women who just accepted their situations and was resigned to everything. Facing with their social roles, those women had no independent thoughts. They could not change their social positions because of themselves. It was not only an irony, but also a sorrow of women. Emily tried her best to awaken their sleeping consciousness through her poems. In her eyes, a woman is an individual rather than a part of his husband. In the letter that she ever sent to Susan, her words described that women were like flowers while men were like the sun. Before getting married, how beautiful and lovely a girl was. After getting married, a woman lost their radiance and became the victim of marriage. ―He is mine‖ showed the thoughts of feminism. Women werenot appendixes and they should break the shackles of convention. They had their own positions. Even they can dominate men. When other women followed traditions, Emily chose to break away from these conservational forms rather than become a woman without thoughts. She held that she would not have plenty of time to write poems upon getting married in that she would be occupied with trivial things. Finally, she retired into seclusion for her own pursuit.1.2the concept of religionEmily was born in a family with strong religious atmosphere, but she held a criticized attitude to traditional religion. Owing to redemption and fatalism in Calvinism, her betrayal thoughts certainly got an attack from the society. Her friends, family members and teachers failed to persuade her to believe in religion. In addition, a letter that she sent to her friends said that when others all believed God included her sister, she insisted in rejecting going to church. ―I keep it, staying home.‖she said. She was not in dread of social pressure and went on her way courageously and decisively. She had a show of contempt for religion and had her own pursuit. Her attitudes towards religion reflected feminine consciousness. Why she snorted at it? The deep reason was that, in religion, women were inferior and their social roles were determined by men. The ―Heavenly Father‖ in poem ―Heavenly Father, Take to thee‖was full of satire colors. Although ―Heavenly Father‖ was a symbol of power, justice, and messiah, he is a male in fact. Thus, people’s worship to God was actually a praise of a male to some extent. Therefore, Emily’s disdain implied the awakening of feminine consciousness.In her opinion, she was a free spiritual individual. She had the right to do what she wanted to do. Compared with believing God, she preferred to believe herself. ―The Brain is wider than the sky, the brain is deeper than the sea, the brain is just the weight of God. And they will differ if they do‖-- the poem of ―the brain‖ sings the praise of human beings’thoughts. It believes that human beings can surpass God, which shows the poet’s opinions of irreligion and Anti-God. She advocated that women should pay attention to improving independent thoughts. Besides, women should strive for enriching their minds in order to improve themselves. Such bold ideas were a timely warning undoubtedly.2 feminine consciousness in form2.1 concise style & bold wordsShe economized words and adopted omission usually. Meanwhile, in her poems, there were many spoken languages, few obscure words, abstract words from Latin and practical writing of Anglo –Saxon language, which made poems more expressive. Thus, a person said that Emily always used condensed and glittering language just as dewdrops to convey her thoughts. Sometimes, the concentrated language was at the cost of the integrity. In our text book, we have learned the poem ―To Make a Prairie‖. There are only 26 words, concise and comprehensive. But it contains deep philosophy. In order to make a prairie, a clover, and a bee are needed. A clover, a bee and a revery are enough. If there are no bees, only can the revery create the prairie. Only if there isa dream and a personal pursuit, can even a woman, who is an individual with self-awareness, make her dream come true with efforts.Emily used ―I‖ and ―‖Mine‖ many times in her poems. For instance, in the poem of ―I’m Nobody! Who Are You?‖, we can find evidences -- I'm nobody! Who are you? Are you--Nobody--too? Then there's a pair of us. There are many other poems including the first personal pronouns. These lines ―I never hear the word "escape" (I)never hear of prisons broad‖in the poem ―Escape‖express the poet’s thoughts through the first personal pronoun ―I‖-- a voice of a female. All of these show her opinions directly and powerfully. It is a vocal protest to male-dominated society more than a direct expression of emotion and strength. In a religious world of sexual discrimination, her behavior was so rare. How bold and reckless it was!2.2 short stanzas and varied rhymesThe great majority of over 1700 poems of Emily Dickinson adopted shorter stanzas such as quatrain and triplet, which breaks the models that women are garrulous and gabby. Her poems attacked male-dominated society. In the traditional convention of trimester and tetrameter, she changed rhymes deliberately. Her behavior against tradition evoked the criticism and attack from the guardians of the male power culture. Thomas Bailey Aldrich said in The Atlantic Monthly, the rhythms of Emily’s poems were so bad, the meaning was obscure and the poems were disorder. He also pointed out that such a recluse from remote New England country was bound to be condemned in that she was weird, disordered and uncultivated. Harold Monroe even said that, Emily lacked taste in art and her poems made readers puzzled. But, Miles believed that her style certainly owned its artistic significance.Emily deviated from the convention of versification in terms of rhythms and punctuations by using partial rhyme, off rhyme and slant rhyme. Also, she adopted a large amount of dashes in order to express the effect of transition, leaping, omission and flowing rhymes. She embodied absurdity and degradation in imagism creation and started the prolog of poetic modernism. Her slant truth was considered as a silent revolting and a form of expression of the feminine consciousness.Emily regarded her poems as weapons to oppose male-dominated society. The feminine consciousness became awakening no matter in the concepts of marriage or religion. All of us can hear the voice of Emily who represents the females. As for love, she dared to express her feelings without misgivings; as for marriage, she had an ardent love for independence and freedom; as for religion, she did not yield to the outside pressures but to eulogized human beings’ thoughts. Her language was concise, words were bold and the first person pronouns were used frequently, which had historic meaning for poems. Bold behaviors and rebellious characters are the unique features of Emily. To sum up, the poems of Emily reflect the awakening of feminine consciousness both in context and in form. Therefore, her poems open a new chapter in history of poetry and have significance to the development of poetry in the future as well.。
解读艾米莉·狄金森诗歌的女性意识-最新年文档
解读艾米莉·狄金森诗歌的女性意识一引言艾米莉·狄金森是19世纪美国著名的女诗人，她的诗歌充满着瑰丽的想象和深刻的思想，被誉为美国现代诗歌的先驱。
狄金森以其特有的敏锐观察和大胆笔触，思考生命，感悟爱情，体验自然，她的诗歌内容涉及爱情、自然、死亡、宗教等众多领域，并在男权主义社会强烈体现了其女性的文学主体意识。
面对神圣不可侵犯的男性权威，狄金森以斗士的勇气和智慧无情地嘲弄男性权威。
二狄金森笔下女性的社会地位狄金森的诗歌展现了当时女性对男性的依附和女性低下的社会地位。
女性没有经济地位、社会地位和政治地位，被视为二等公民，被剥夺了只有男性才能享有的许多权利。
狄金森诗歌中的男性往往以统治者、征服者的强悍形象出现，他们是万能的，有着至高无上的地位和权力，操纵着女人的命运。
而在这些高大的男性形象面前，女性始终显得弱小无助。
她们常常是被动渺小的接受者和求助者。
在狄金森的笔下，女性是附属于男性的，离开男性的庇护，女性则无法生存。
“我们是花朵，你是太阳！/原谅我们，当日光隐退，/我们悄悄地靠近您！/迷恋西边落日”（106首）。
这里男性被比喻为太阳，高高在上的太阳是独立的，不依附人和事物而存在。
而女性却是鲜为人知、微不足道的花朵，女性必须依赖男性，否则就如同花儿失去阳光的照耀而凋零。
男性是太阳，迫使女性不能自己，深深地爱上他。
面对象征男性的强悍者，女性无能为力，只能被动地接受征服。
这是一种强者对弱者强迫式的征服。
“她迎合他的要求，放弃/自己的消遣，/承担起女人和妻子/应引以为荣的责任”（732首）。
在这首诗里，狄金森认为，婚姻泯灭了一个女孩所有的个性与自由，梦想与憧憬。
女孩本应在广阔无边的知识海洋中遨游，本该有志趣爱好，但结婚之后，女孩转变成为了本分的、地位微不足道的妻子，一切都要按照新婚丈夫的要求行事。
在此诗中，男人也是万能的，有着至高无上的地位和权力，操纵着女人的命运。
丈夫一声令下，女人就必须立即去承担女人和妻子的“光荣责任”。
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Emily Dickinson诗歌--女性意识觉醒的标志古往今来，妇女的地位一直受到男权的压迫。
生活在19世纪70、80年代的美国女性被认为是男性的附庸，作为社会的个体她们并没有自己独立的思想及灵魂，而是以家庭、丈夫为中心。
这不经令人想起中国古代社会要求妇女“三从四德”“三纲五常”的男权主义思想。
然而，随着社会的发展，人类的思想得到解放，女性意识在全球各个国家相继萌芽。
Emily Dickinson作为美国女性的代表，在诗歌中直言不讳，违背传统，表达了自己对男权社会的不满。
她的诗歌在内容以及用词方面都体现出女性意识觉醒的一面。
其中诗歌内容方面，这种不满的控诉主要体现在婚恋观、宗教观中。
而诗歌形式主要体现在选词和诗节的运用方面。
1诗歌内容
1.1 婚恋观
Emily寻求精神自由平等，试图摆脱社会约束。
在她生活的年代，若一名女子对他人有爱慕之心，她是不会直言不讳地表达出来的，因为社会传统要求她们学会控制自己的情感。
她们没有表达爱的勇气，只能被动地接受。
而Emily不顾世俗的看法，勇敢地倾诉自己心中的爱恋，主动去爱。
在why do I love you, sir?一诗中"Why do I love" You, Sir? Because— The Wind does not require the Grass To answer—Wherefore when He pass She cannot keep Her place…表达出男人、女人都是社会构成的主体，在恋爱关系中处于平等地位。
她虽为一名女子，可是同样有表达爱情的权利，因此她把行动付诸于实践。
Emily思想独立，敢于突破。
在她所处的时代，婚姻中的大多数女子都是以家庭为中心，以照顾丈夫和孩子为己任，没有自己的人生追求。
她在I’m a wife 中用反讽的手法将矛头直指那些安于现状，麻木满足的已婚妇女。
她们逆来顺受，面对社会角色的分配没有自己独立的想法。
正因为她们自己都无法意识到自己在家庭中所处的地位，因此她们就无法改变自己的命运。
与其说这是一种讽刺，不如说这是一种女性的悲哀，社会的悲哀。
诗人希望通过诗歌来唤醒女性同胞沉睡的自我意识。
在她眼里，女性不是丈夫的一部分，而是独立的个体。
在她写给Susan的信：“你见过早晨的花朵，带着露珠，依然欣然，然而就是这些美丽的鲜花，到了中午，却在骄阳下痛苦地耷拉下了脑袋。
”女子如花朵，男子如骄阳。
女人在嫁做他人妇前，是多么的美丽芬芳，娇羞可人；而在婚后，则失去往日的光彩夺目，成为婚姻的牺牲品。
一句“He is mine”甚至道出了女权主义的思想，女人不是男人的附属品，不应受到外界的桎梏，她们拥有自己的地位，甚至是高于男人的地位。
别人因循守旧时，拥有强烈自我精神的Emily不甘只做一个没有思想的女人，她选择了突破这种落后的模式。
在她看来，一旦有了家庭，她就无暇顾及自己喜欢的诗歌创作，因为她的时间要被家庭琐事占据。
追求自我价值的Emily最终选终身未婚，自己一人过着隐居的生活。
1.2 宗教观
虽然Emily出生在宗教氛围强烈的家庭中，但是她从小就对传统的宗教信条，宗教教义持批评反对态度。
因为加尔文教义中的救赎、宿命论观念深入人心，她的“叛逆”思想在当时社会必然会遭到抨击。
她家人，朋友，老师的劝告都没有能成功迫使她皈依，信仰基督教。
相反，她在写给朋友的信中，说道：“上帝在召唤这儿的每一个人。
所有的同伴都响应了，甚至连亲爱的维妮也相信她自己爱他、敬她。
只有我单枪匹马地站在这儿反对他。
”平日的生活中，她拒绝去教堂做弥撒。
“I keep it, staying at home.”她不畏社会压力，毅然决然地踏上自己选择的道路，蔑视宗教，寻求自我。
对宗教的嗤之以鼻本质上是一种女性意识的呼唤。
深究其不信教的深层次原因，我们可以发现：在宗教教义里，女性是低于男性的劣等公民，妇女的社会角色由男性界定。
Heavenly Father，take to thee中带有引号的“天父”一词充满了强烈的反讽色彩。
尽管上帝是权力的象征，是正义的代表，是救世主，但他始终都是男性。
所以以往人们对宗教的信仰，对上帝的崇拜热爱，在某种意义上来说都是对男性的一种赞美。
因此Emily对上帝的不屑暗含了女性意识的觉醒成分。
在她自己眼里，她是个精神自由的个体，有权选择她的人生。
相对与上帝，她更加相信自己，相信自己的头脑。
The Brain is wider than the sky, the brain is deeper than the sea, the brain is just the weight of God. And they will differ if they do. The Brain这首诗歌颂了人类思想的伟大，相信人可以超越上帝，表现出一种反宗教，反上帝的观点。
她提倡女性应该注重自己独立思想的培养，努力从思想上充实，完善自己。
如此大胆的思想观点无疑是对当时宗教的当头喝棒。
2 诗歌形式
2.1语言言简意赅用词大胆
她用词节省, 诗中多处采取省略的方式，喜欢用普通人常用的口语, 并揉合少量生僻的词汇, 嵌入拉丁语源的抽象词和盎格鲁撒克逊语的实用体, 以增强语言的表现力。
因而有人评价她的语言：总是以一种露珠般凝缩而闪光的语言表达或包含她的思想，有时甚至为了凝练而不惜牺牲完整。
在课本中，我们学习了To Make a Prairie一诗。
全诗只有26个单词，言简意赅，却包含了很深的哲理。
要造一个草原，只要一株苜蓿加一只蜜蜂。
一株苜蓿, 一只蜂,再加一个梦。
要是蜜蜂少,光靠梦也成。
只要有梦，有自己的理想，有自己的精神追求，即使是一名女性，作为社会有自我意识的个体，你也能完成看似艰难却能通过自己努力而达到的事情。
Emily所写的1700多首诗中，多次用了“I”以及“Mine”,譬如在I'm nobody! Who are you? 一诗中I'm nobody! Who are you? Are you--Nobody--too? Then
there's a pair of us…除了我们课本上学习的诗歌外，还有很多运用第一人称的诗歌。
Escape中的I never hear the word "escape"…I never hear of prisons broad…女性诗人用第一人称来表达自己的思想，这必然象征女性主义的声音。
这种语言方式地运用直接而强有力地表现出女性的观点与看法，是一种情感与力量的直接宣泄，更是对男权社会掷地有声的抗议。
在一个宗教盛行的男权社会，一个“男尊女卑”的时代，一个处于社会依附地位，一贯扮演着“服从者”社会角色的女性，勇敢地呼喊出自己心中的声音，这是一件多么“胆大妄为”的事情，又是多么难能可贵啊！
2.2诗节简短有力韵律多变
Emily Dickinson的绝大数诗篇都使用了短小的诗节形式，四节诗行诗节
( quatrain)和三节诗行诗节( triplet)居多,一反人们心中女性话语多嘴饶舌和喋喋
不休等缺陷，用自己的实际行动对男权社会蔑视女性的观点进行了抨击。
在传统的三音步、四音步等模式的常规中, 她有意地变换节奏，打破传统，独树一帜。
Emily这种被男权社会称为叛逆的行为，引起了男权文化捍卫者的批判与攻击。
托马斯.贝雷. 阿尔德里奇( Thomas Bailey Aldrich )在大西洋月刊上指责她的诗歌
毫无韵律, 意义含混, 前后不合, 杂乱无章,并指出一个行为怪异, 思想混乱, 缺乏教养,蔑视传统法则, 来自偏僻的新英格兰山村的隐居者, 必然要受到责难。
哈罗德.蒙罗(Harold Monro)甚至声称: Emily Dickinson根本就不懂诗歌艺术, 她的诗歌完全不知所云。
但是, 迈尔斯认为她的风格有其必然的艺术意义。
在韵律与标点的处理上, Emily也故意违反诗体学常规, 使用了部分韵( partial rhyme) 近似韵( off rhyme)和斜韵( slant rhyme), 并大量使用短破折号, 以表达过渡、跳跃、省略成分或造成韵律上的起伏跌宕。
在意象创造方面, 她融荒诞性与解体性于一体, 拉开了现代主义诗歌创作的序幕。
她的slant truth被看成是对男性主流话语的无声反抗，也可以看作是女性意识觉醒的一种诗歌表现形式。
Emily Dickinson以诗歌为武器，反对男权社会，追求平等自由。
女性意识开始觉醒，无论在恋爱观还是宗教观中，我们都可以听到她作为一名女性所呼唤出来的声音。
爱情中，她敢于表达心中的爱恋，无所顾忌；婚姻中，她崇尚独立自由，一人独居；宗教中，她不屈于外界压力，歌颂人类思想。
她的诗歌语言简洁有力，选词大胆突出，多用第一人称，具有划时代意义。
诗歌韵律多变，违反传统，叛逆的性格彰显出女性诗人诗歌的特点。
总而言之，Emily Dickinson的诗歌无论是内容上，还是形式上都反映了女性意识的觉醒，因此她的诗歌翻开了诗歌史上的新篇章，对于今后诗歌的发展具有重要意义。