科技写作 Scientific Writng
对科学的英文作文
对科学的英文作文英文：Science is a fascinating field that encompasses a wide range of disciplines, from biology to physics to chemistry. As a scientist, I am constantly amazed by the discoveries and breakthroughs that are being made every day. However, science is not just about making new discoveries it is also about understanding the world around us and how it works.One of the things I love about science is that it is a universal language. No matter where you are from or what language you speak, the laws of physics and chemistry are the same. For example, the laws of thermodynamics apply equally to a scientist in China as they do to a scientistin the United States.Another thing I appreciate about science is that it is a constantly evolving field. New technologies and techniques are being developed all the time, which meansthat our understanding of the world is constantly improving. For example, the development of the microscope allowed scientists to discover the existence of microorganisms, which was a major breakthrough in the field of biology.However, science is not without its challenges. One of the biggest challenges facing scientists today is the issue of funding. Without adequate funding, it is difficult for scientists to conduct research and make new discoveries. Additionally, there is often a lack of public understanding and support for science, which can make it difficult for scientists to communicate the importance of their work to the general public.Despite these challenges, I believe that science is an incredibly important field that has the potential toimprove the lives of people all over the world. Whether itis through developing new medical treatments or discovering new sources of energy, science has the power to make a real difference in the world.中文：科学是一个迷人的领域，涵盖了从生物学到物理学再到化学等广泛的学科。
英语科技类作文范文
英语科技类作文范文English:In the realm of technology, innovations have vastly improved our daily lives, changing the way we communicate, work, and interact with the world. The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and automation have led to more efficient and convenient ways of completing tasks. For instance, the rise of smart devices like smartphones and virtual assistants has made information accessible at our fingertips, enabling us to stay connected and informed. Moreover, technological breakthroughs in healthcare have revolutionized the medical field, from precision medicine to robotic surgeries, enhancing patient care and outcomes. In addition, the integration of technology in education has transformed traditional teaching methods, providing interactive learning experiences and personalized instruction for students. As we continue to push the boundaries of technology, the future holds endless possibilities for further innovation and progress.Translated content:在科技领域，创新大大改善了我们的日常生活，改变了我们与世界沟通、工作和互动的方式。
科学作文怎么写
科学作文怎么写英文回答：Scientific writing is a specialized form of writingthat is used to communicate scientific findings and research. It is characterized by its objectivity, clarity, and precision. Scientific writing typically follows a structured format, which includes an introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion.The introduction provides an overview of the research topic and states the hypothesis or research question. The methods section describes the experimental design and procedures used to collect the data. The results section presents the data collected in the study, typically in the form of tables and graphs. The discussion sectioninterprets the results and discusses their implications. The conclusion summarizes the main findings of the study and suggests directions for future research.Scientific writing is an important tool for communicating scientific knowledge. It allows researchersto share their findings with other scientists, policymakers, and the general public. Scientific writing can also be used to educate students and to promote public understanding of science.中文回答：科学写作是一种专门的写作形式，用于传达科学发现和研究成果。
科研英语写作
科研英语写作Scientific writing is a crucial aspect of the research process, as it allows researchers to effectively communicate their findings, ideas, and methodologies to the broader scientific community. Effective scientific writing not only conveys the essential information but also engages the reader, making the work accessible and compelling. In this essay, we will explore the key elements of scientific writing in English and discuss strategies for improving one's writing skills.One of the primary objectives of scientific writing is to present research findings in a clear, concise, and organized manner. This requires a structured approach that follows a logical flow, beginning with an introduction that provides the necessary background and context, followed by a detailed description of the methodology, the presentation of results, and a thorough discussion of the implications and significance of the findings. The language used in scientific writing should be precise, objective, and free from ambiguity, ensuring that the message is conveyed accurately and without room for misinterpretation.Clarity is of utmost importance in scientific writing. Complex ideas and technical concepts must be explained in a way that is easily understood by the target audience, which may include researchers from various disciplines, policymakers, or the general public. This often requires the use of clear and concise language, the avoidance of jargon or specialized terminology, and the effective use of visual aids such as graphs, tables, and diagrams to supplement the written text.Another key aspect of scientific writing is the importance of objectivity. Researchers must strive to present their findings and interpretations in an impartial and unbiased manner, avoiding the intrusion of personal opinions or subjective judgments. This requires a careful selection of words and the avoidance of emotive language or value-laden terms. The use of the passive voice is often preferred in scientific writing, as it helps to maintain a sense of objectivity and distance from the research process.Effective scientific writing also requires a strong command of grammar, syntax, and punctuation. Proper sentence structure, the correct use of tenses, and the accurate application of punctuation rules are essential for ensuring that the written text is clear, coherent, and easily understood. Additionally, the consistent use of formatting, citation styles, and reference management tools can greatly improve the overall quality and professional appearance of a scientific paper.One of the challenges faced by many researchers, particularly those whose native language is not English, is the need to write in a language that may not be their primary means of communication. In such cases, it is crucial to seek out resources and support to improve one's English writing skills. This may involve attending writing workshops, working with a professional editor or proofreader, or engaging in regular practice through writing exercises and peer feedback.It is also important to recognize that scientific writing is not a static skill, but rather a continuous process of learning and improvement. Researchers should strive to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and best practices in scientific writing, and be willing to adapt their writing style and approach as the field evolves. This may involve reading and analyzing well-written scientific papers, seeking feedback from colleagues and mentors, and continuously refining one's own writing techniques.In conclusion, effective scientific writing in English is a fundamental skill for researchers across all disciplines. By mastering the art of clear, concise, and objective communication, researchers can effectively share their findings, contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge, and engage with a global audience. Through ongoing practice, self-reflection, and the utilization of available resources,researchers can continually improve their writing skills and become more effective communicators in the scientific community.。
科学研究写作模板英语作文
科学研究写作模板英语作文Scientific Research Writing Template。
Introduction。
Scientific research is a systematic and organized process of inquiry that aims to discover new knowledge, solve problems, and improve understanding of the world around us. It involves a series of steps, including formulating a research question, conducting a literature review, designing and carrying out experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Scientific writing is an essential part of the research process, as it allows researchers to communicate their findings to others in a clear and concise manner. In this essay, we will discuss the key elements of scientific research writing and provide a template for writing a scientific research paper.Key Elements of Scientific Research Writing。
The title of a scientific research paper should be concise and informative, accurately reflecting the content of the paper. It should be specific and descriptive, and should not contain any abbreviations or jargon.2. Abstract。
科学作文节尾
科学作文节尾Science writing is a powerful tool that allows us to explore the wonders of the world around us. 科学写作是一个强大的工具，让我们可以探索身边世界的奇妙。
It helps us understand complex concepts, discover new ideas, and communicate information effectively. 它帮助我们理解复杂的概念，发现新的想法，并有效地传达信息。
Through scientific writing, we can share our knowledge with others, inspire curiosity, and promote critical thinking. 通过科学写作，我们可以与他人分享知识，激发好奇心，促进批判性思维。
In today's fast-paced world, the importance of science writing cannot be overstated.在当今快节奏的世界中，科学写作的重要性是不可忽视的。
When it comes to writing about science, there are a few key principles to keep in mind. 当涉及到写科学文章时，有一些关键原则需要牢记。
First and foremost, accuracy is paramount. 首要的是准确性是至关重要的。
Scientific writing should be based on sound research, reliable sources, and verifiable data. 科学写作应该基于扎实的研究、可靠的来源和可验证的数据。
scientific writing 书
scientific writing 书
《科学写作》 (Scientific Writing) 是一本为科学家和学术界人士编写的指南，旨在帮助他们提高科学写作的技巧和效果。
该书的作者是由 Jean-Luc Lebrun，他是一位科学家和作者。
这本书旨在解决科学写作中的常见难点和挑战，例如如何组织和呈现科学实验的结果、如何撰写清晰和准确的论文摘要、如何有效地使用图表和表格、如何撰写引人注目的科学演讲等。
它提供了许多实际的示例和技巧，以帮助读者清晰地传达科学信息，并与同行和读者建立良好的沟通。
《科学写作》还介绍了一些关于语言和习惯用语使用的指南，这对非母语科学家尤其有帮助。
它还强调了在写作过程中遵循逻辑和准确性的重要性，并提供了一些有关避免常见写作错误的建议。
该书是一本详细和综合的指南，适用于各个科学领域的作者，无论是初学者还是有经验的研究人员。
它提供了一些宝贵的技巧和策略，可以帮助科学家在他们的领域中更好地传达他们的研究成果，增强他们的影响力和可读性。
总而言之，《科学写作》是一本实用的指南，为科学家和学术界人士提供了提高科学写作技能的有用工具和建议。
无论是撰写论文、报告还是演讲，该书都能帮助读者更好地传达科学信息，并与其同行和读者建立更加有效的沟通。
Scientific Writing 科技论文写作 清华大学
Scientific Writing and Presentation in EnglishA. GodfreyTsinghua University, Spring Semester2008General introduction to the course:•course objectives:–to structure your article to follow a clear argument–to understand the scientific publication process–to learn how to proof-read an article–to avoid some of the most common errors in style andgrammar•practice is the only way to improve–each paper you write can be better than the previousoneScientific Writing: Lecture 1#3Course evaluation •exercises in class (a few –as time permits)–not individually evaluated•exercises outside class –not evaluated (discuss next class –review material)•evaluated written assignment–writing a short paper–proof-reading a piece of text•“Common Mistakes” –clearly marked (**)–will be marked more criticallyThis is a course in English..–discussing issues of the use of the English language in English•If you do not understand something please say so (in English…)!Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#5The course will cover several study areas •(1) English grammar –must be correct –can be very useful to help make your paper stronger •(2) Issues specific to Scientific writing –convention –style / formatting / organization of ideas•(3) Discussion of example writing–published articles –draft versions of your papers?•I will try and mix these up in each class –nobody wants to sit through 90 minutes of grammar…•and I don’t want to teach 90 minutes of grammarOutline of course content•organizing the information (before you write…)•choosing the level of detail •choosing and maintaining your main idea •common mistakes•Tsinghua Journal proof-reading•Editor for Materials Science and Technology•previous students!•use of abbreviations•making proper reference to other published research •choosing the correct style–scientific papers require the use of formal languageScientific Writing: Lecture 1#7Outline of course content (continued)•proof-reading–how to do it–when to do it•dealing with the journal Editor and referees –“Don’t Panic!!”•legal and ethical issues–copyright details•other kinds of scientific presentation–poster/conference oral presentation Outline of grammatical issues we will cover •parts of a sentence•verbs –tense (when the action took place)–voice (focus of the action)•use of definite/indefinite article (“the”/”a”)•paragraph construction and flow of text–conjunctions (linking words)•conditional properties (“if/when”)•I will keep things as simple as possible –I am a scientist –not a linguist….Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#9•Dates for the course–Mar 6th –Apr 24th (TUESDAY EVENINGS FOR 2 PERIODS, i.e. NOT on Fridays –though we may swap days for one week)–assignment (writing exercises and paper writing) to be given out Apr 17th ; to be handed in Apr 29th (?? –not yet finalized…)What is scientific writing?•Many kinds –we will consider only that which:•presents an idea/argument–includes “evidence” in support of your argument•results (new or old)•contains “technical information”–audience is limited –to a certain extent…>>archival scientific publications<< (journal articles)•Other kinds include:–manuals, technical documentation, popular scientific writing (e.g. newspaper/magazines), internal reportsScientific Writing: Lecture 1#11Why publish scientific papers?•your supervisor told you to•it is a course requirement•to improve your chances of getting a job/new position–these are all secondary reasons…•you have a good new idea/new insight/new data –the reason you should have in your mind when you prepare the paper Purpose of scientific publication•to spread information/new ideas•to allow other researchers to test (verify) your results–scientific “proof” relies on data fitting a theory•(the word proof originally had the meaning of “to test”)–contradictory data–errors in your assumptions–other unknown errors•e.g. “cold fusion”… -yet to be reproduced•“review” process only looks for obvious errorsScientific Writing: Lecture 1#13Characteristics of good scientific writing (1)“April is the cruellest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. Winter kept us warm, covering Earth in forgetful snow, feeding A little life with dried tubers. …”T.S. Eliot “The Waste Land” (1st stanza)Beautiful writing; very concise,but what does it mean?-poetry achieves success by using ambiguity say as much as possible in the smallest number of words.Characteristics of good scientific writing (2)•brief and concise–only includes the information that is relevant to the main argument–easy to reproduce the experimental details•accurate–ambiguity is good for poetry –very bad for scientific papers•at best your argument will not be understood•at worst experimental data cannot reproduced•Three most important things for scientific writing:–Accuracy, Accuracy, Accuracy.There are several different types of archivalscientific publication•letters, rapid communications–short (few pages), rapid review, camera-ready copy •journal article–most common format–varies in length from 4 –30 (printed) pages–often more than one referee•review article–“long” –relative to normal length of articles in journal–by prior arrangement with a journal•“viewpoint set” (e.g. Scripta Materialia)–invited short papers on common themeScientific Writing: Lecture 1#15Examples in field of materials science •letters, rapid communications (RC)–Journal of Materials Letters–Applied Physics Letters–Journal of Microscopy (RC)–Materials and Metallurgical Transactions (RC)•journal articles–Acta materialia–Journal of Materials Processing Technology–Physica [A,B,C,D,E]–(most articles are of this type)•review articles–Progress in Materials Science–Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports–Acta materialiaScientific Writing: Lecture 1#17Differences not only in length •content–letter may focus more on a new result–review article (by definition) contains more background information, less new experimental data•presentation–organization of the information–formatting of the finished paper For any type of article there should be a main idea •what is the single main idea you want to tell other scientists about?•for you should be able to express this idea in a single sentence•this idea will influence the layout, content, and language of your article•start with defining your idea–make sure you know exactly why you are writing this paperScientific Writing: Lecture 1#19Think of your main idea as a “tag-line”•“tell me in less than 20 words why the paper is interesting”•think of movie (film) advertising–plot (abstract –summary of what happens)–“tag-line” –why should I pay 10$ to go and see this film?example film tag-lines•The Day After Tomorrow –“Whoever said "Tomorrow is another day"... didn't check the weather. ”•Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones –“A Jedi Shall Not Know Anger. Nor Hatred. Nor Love.”•Together (和你在一起)–“Some lessons can only be learned by heart. ”•Brazil –“It’s only a state of mind”•Three days of the Condor –“His codename is Condor. In the next 24 hours everybody he trusts will try to kill him”Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#21example scientific paper tag-lines •tensile strength is controlled by second-phase precipitation•tensile strength is a trade-off between solute and second phase strengthening•annealing treatments can be used to obtain an optimum tensile strength–focus on the annealing treatment•the tag line does not provide enough information to explain your argument. It never appears in the article. It provides a hidden backbone to the article You will see this list many times during thiscourse…•define–the problem that you wish to address•choose–the data that you will include to support your idea •organize–the data and arguments to support your idea•write the paper•Three important steps before you start writing!Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#23The basic structure of an archival scientific publication•“A whole is that which has a beginning, middle, and ending”; Aristotle on a written document •this simple pattern is useful for scientific writing •each part has a specific purpose•beginning–why the work was carried out; how you carried out the work •middle–what was the result of your work•end –looks at the overall meaning of the work There is a standard pattern for many journalarticles that follows this format•Introduction •Methods (Experimental)•Results •Discussion •Conclusions –(Acknowledgements/References/Appendices)•Abstract (Summary)–is a completely separate piece of writing that describes the content of the articleBEGINNING MIDDLE ENDformat)Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 4423–4435Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#25 Example of recently published articles (simpleformat)Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 1827–1839Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#27format)Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 4603–4610Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 3037–3051An analysis of the sections for a simple (standard)layout of an article•Introduction •Methods (Experimental Methods)•Results •Discussion •Conclusions•NOTE: always check the required journal style •this layout is not definitive (other layouts are possible)–useful to start writing articles using this layout.Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#29Section: Introduction •One purpose -to prepare readers for the “middle” of the paper (the “Results” of your work)–provides the relevant background to understanding the research•includes results of other closely related research –provides a clear indication as to what problem are you addressing, or what idea you wish to present –provides an idea of what information (sometimes explicitly) will be presented in the article•The Introduction is the most important part of the paper–and the hardest to write well Section: Introduction (cont.)•what the section shouldn’t contain–your results–results are assumed to be other people’s work. If you include them here you risk confusing the reader •**a “weak outline” of the paper–“Section 3 will present the results. In section 4 we will discuss the results then finally we will present some concluding remarks in section 5”–3: Results–4: Discussion–5: Conclusions–redundant information (not concise) –avoid!!Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#31Section: Introduction (cont.)•sometimes an outline can be useful however –“First the methods used for the measurements are explained, and their suitability for use in determining the dislocation density justified. In section 3 a model is developed that relates dislocation density to creep-rate. The experimental results of dislocation density are then used to make predictions of creep-rates in the material. Finally in section 4 some of the limitations of the model are analyzed, and the required accuracy in experimental creep-rate measurements to test the model is discussed •if you use an outline, make sure it is useful!•in general only for longer papers, and those with non-standard layout Section: Experimental (Methods)•also prepares the reader for the middle of the paper•how did you carry out the experiments?•information is put here that would distract the reader in the “Results section”–details of routine processes, standard methods, equipment suppliers•for “technique papers”–standard procedures used –outline of the new techniques you have developed (the details are your results in this case)Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#33Section: Experimental (Methods) (cont.)•The information provided should be detailed –so that another research can repeat the work –times/temperatures/sequence of events–data pre-and post-processing•The information should be specific–what equipment you used–what programs you used•a reader can verify that the techniques/equipment are suitable for the data you are about to presentSection: Results•What you observed–reported in appropriate detail and accuracy to allow somebody to verify your work•Each result is introduced and explained individually–comparison of two results can go in the Discussion section•use of Figures and Tables–Figures show many values, or trends in data –Tables give individual valuesScientific Writing: Lecture 1#35•part of the “end” of your document•how do the results reflect the issues/ideas mentioned in the “Introduction”–the ideas in the two sections must match•what is the significance of the results?•information gained by comparing different results •may also contain any or all of (amongst others) –comparison with previously published research –possible sources of error in your results –implications (usefulness) in other research areas –outstanding questions requiring further researchSection: Discussion (cont.)•looking at all the results taken together•using individual results, or groups of results to develop a general understanding or to support a particular ideaScientific Writing: Lecture 1#37•the “end” of the article –only necessary though when the Discussion is long–check on the journal style…•re-state either the main results, or the main experiments–not strictly a conclusion so make sure this is only a small part of this section•summarize an argument leading to a particular conclusion–the argument should be relevant to the “Introduction”–the data should be presented in the “Results” section The “Abstract” is a separate piece of writing •provides a summary of:–what you did –how you did it –what the main results were –what the main conclusions were•in general does not contain –detailed reasons for carrying out the work•(one sentence at most)•unnecessary experimental information•included in abstracting services –“published” separately to your paperScientific Writing: Lecture 1#39Example layout of a recently submitted paper •(Abstract)•Introduction •Experimental •Results–Macroscopic texture evolution –TEM observations of microstructural evolution •Macroscopic and crystallographic orientation of the dislocation boundaries (GNBs)•Microstructural parameters –FEG-SEM/EBSP observations –Mechanical properties •Discussion –Microstructural evolution during rolling –Comparison between TEM and EBSP investigations –Microstructure-orientation correlation –Microstructure and mechanical properties •ConclusionsThe choice of headings requires some care •Single most important heading is the TITLE –this will be read by many more people than those who read the entire paper –search engines use Keywords/Abstract –humans use the title to decide whether to look at the abstract•should be:–complete, but not overlong –indicate whether your “idea” is a new result, a new technique, a new theory, etc.•identifies what research area is•distinguishes your work from other work in the research areaScientific Writing: Lecture 1#41Some example titles (good and bad)•“Studies on the Electro-deposition of Lead on Copper”–weak title: gives general research topic, but does not distinguish the work from other research in this area•“Effects of Rhodamine-B on the Electrodeposition of Lead on Copper ”–strong title: explains the unique aspect of the research (example titles)•“Effects of Rhodamine-B and Saccharin on the Electric Double Layer During Nickel Electrodeposition on Platinum Studied by AC-Cyclic Voltammetry”–weak title: too much information –what is the main point of the article?•“Use of AC-Cyclic Voltammetry for Study of Organic Agents in the Electrodeposition of Nickel on Platinum”–strong title –now we know the technique is the aspect the author wishes to emphasizeScientific Writing: Lecture 1#43More (real) example titles (good –I hope…)•“EBSP investigation of microstructure and texture evolution during equal channel angular pressing of aluminium”–technique used to study two material properties•“Annealing behavior of aluminium deformed by equal channel angular pressing”–behaviour of a material produced by a particular process•“Subdivision of original grains during cold-rolling of IF-steel.”–“original grains” is the important aspect•“Improved edge preservation near triple junctions during orientation averaging of EBSP data”–“Improved”….•“Microstructural evolution of IF-steel during cold rolling”–multi-technique study; no previous work on this combinationSection headings and sub-headings guide the reader to the information they are interested in.•for you (the author) the section headings provide a back-bone for your idea•for the reader (who may or not believe your idea) they provide quick access to information of interest to them•sections also provide “white space” –to allow you to change subject, or to reflect on the data•section headings should therefore be –informative (what information is contained, what is the main idea of the article)–relevant to the issues mentioned in the “Introduction”–of a consistent style (similar format, logical sequence)Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#45“The Sinking of the Titanic”•Given the same information, the section headings can help to focus the main idea in presenting that information•Movie-tag “The sinking of the ship that was meant to be unsinkable”(1)The R.M.S. Titanic sideswiped an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. on April 14, 1912. Estimated to be able to stay afloat for 2 days under the worst scenario, the ship sank in less than 3 hours [Gannon, 1995]. (BACKGROUND)(2) The iceberg created a 300-foot gash in the Titanic's hull above and below the waterline. (BACKGROUND)(3) Tests on Titanic's steel showed that the steel had high sulfur content, which increases the brittleness of steel by disrupting the grain structure [Hill, 1996]. This increase in brittleness contributed to the severity of the hull's damage. (MATERIAL ERROR)(4) Captain E. J. Smith had not slowed the ship's speed that night, although the ship's wireless operators had received several ice warnings. The ship was moving at more than 22 knots. (HUMAN ERROR)(5) The sea was a "flat calm," a rarity for these waters. Under suchconditions, there was no "tell-tale phosphorescent ripple"against the iceberg [Gardiner and Van der Vat, 1995]. Lookouts in the crow's-nest on the Titanic did not spot the massiveiceberg until only 5 minutes before the collision. That night, the lookouts had misplaced their binoculars. (HUMAN ERROR)(6) Even before the iceberg was spotted, Quartermaster Hitchensat the helm had begun to turn to port. When the alarm sounded, he turned full to port. His turning caused the Titanic tosideswipe the iceberg, rather than hit it head-on. Expertsbelieve that the ship would not have sunk so quickly had it hit the iceberg head-on [Gardiner and Van der Vat, 1995].(HUMAN ERROR)(7) The lower section of the Titanic was divided into sixteen majorwatertight compartments. After the collision, six watertightcompartments began filling with water. Soon, water spilled over the tops. Scientists have concluded that the watertightcompartments contributed to the disaster by keeping the flood waters in the bow of the ship [Gannon, 1995]. If there had been no compartments, the incoming water would have spread out, and the Titanic would have likely remained afloat for another six hours. (DESIGN ERROR)(8) Flares were fired and Titanic's wireless operators sent out anSOS, but the wireless operator of the nearest ship, theCalifornia, had gone to bed at 11:30. Controversy exists onwhether the California had seen the Titanic's signal flares. If so, why had its captain, Stanley Lord, not responded? (HUMAN ERROR)(9)Titanic's steel showed high levels of oxygen, which leads to anincreased ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. For Titanic's steel, that temperature was determined to be 25 to 35 degreesC [Hill, 1996]. The water temperature that night was belowfreezing. (MATERIAL ERROR)(10) The wrought iron rivets that fastened the hull plates to theTitanic's main structure also failed because of brittle fractureduring the collision with the iceberg. Low water temperatures contributed to this failure [Garzke and others, 1994].(MATERIAL ERROR)(11) As it filled with water, the bow submerged, raising the sternout of water. When the stern reached an angle of about 45degrees, the stresses in the ship's midsection (15 tons persquare inch) caused the steel to fail and the bow to rip loose and sink [Gannon, 1995]. Contributing to this failure in themidsection was the design of Titanic's huge spiral staircase.The staircase not only weakened the midsection's structure, but served as a means for water to pass up through the ship.(DESIGN ERROR)(12) The Titanic carried lifeboats for 1,178 people, a number thatexceeded regulations of that time. However, the crew, which had never been drilled on the use of the lifeboats, wasinexperienced at filling and lowering them. The first lifeboats into the water were not even half full. In all, only 705 weresaved by the lifeboats. (HUMAN ERROR)Version 1: General scientific presentation (Tag-line: “A catastrophe caused by a combination oferrors”)(TITLE): “Causes for the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”1. Introduction (historical context)2. Research Methods (data collected from a variety of sources)3. Results3.1Human Errors Contributing to Collision With Iceberg• 3.1.1 Mistakes by Captain• 3.1.2 The ineffective use of the lifeboats• 3.1.3 Shipping Line Mistakes– 3.2 Design Errors in the Watertight Compartments– 3.3 Rapid Filling of Water Through The Spiral Staircase– 3.4 Material Flaws Contributing to Rapid Sinking• 3.4.1 Hull Steel• 3.4.2 Use of Brittle Wrought Iron• 4. Discussion– 4.1 Effects of Combined Material/Design Errors– 4.2 Human Errors Directly Contributing to Loss of Life• 5. Conclusions and RecommendationsScientific Writing: Lecture 1#51some problems with these (previous) headings •the subsection headings are neither in the same style, nor are they consistent in the level of detail. Both these errors lead to a confusion of the “idea” of the paper (“Causes for the rapid sinking…”)•the title is about the rapid sinking, so why is “loss of life” in the discussion section?. Also the ineffective use of lifeboats is not related to the rapid sinking of the vessel (it should not be in this section).•errors contributing to the collision do not affect the rapid sinking of the Titanic –you don’t need to put all your data/results into a single paper Version 1: General scientific presentation(better layout)(TITLE): “Causes for the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”1. Introduction (historical context)2. Research Methods (data collected from a variety of sources)3. Results 3.1Design Errors Contributing to Rapid Sinking3.1.1Design of Watertight Compartments3.1.2Design of Spiral Staircase 3.2Material Flaws Contributing to Rapid Sinking3.2.1Hull Steel3.2.2Hull Rivets4. Discussion 4.1 Effects of Combined Material/Design Errors5. Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix: Human Errors Directly Contributing to Loss of LifeScientific Writing: Lecture 1#53one last error to fix on the previous slide •how can you have only one sub-section?–“like cutting a cake into one piece” (Alley M.,“The Craft of Scientific Writing”, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996)•choices are either–add another subsection–remove the sub-heading Version 1: General scientific presentation(better layout)(TITLE): “Causes for the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”1. Introduction (historical context)2. Research Methods (data collected from a variety of sources)3. Results 3.1Design Errors Contributing to Rapid Sinking3.1.1Design of Watertight Compartments3.1.2Design of Spiral Staircase 3.2Material Flaws Contributing to Rapid Sinking3.2.1Hull Steel3.2.2Hull Rivets4. Discussion 4.1 Effects of Combined Material/Design Errors 4.2. Effects of Combined Design/Human Errors5. Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix: Human Errors Directly Contributing to Loss of LifeScientific Writing: Lecture 1#55We could also write a paper focussing on the metallurgical aspects of the failure•Tag-line “Inappropriate materials selection to major cause for the rapid sinking of the Titanic”•Section headings will now change to reflect the new focus of the paper: one possible metallurgy-focussed outline (TITLE): “Metallurgical Causes for the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”1. Introduction (low temperature mechanical strength; available clean steel technology)2. Methods (literature study; materials testing)3. Results 3.1 Hull Steel3.1.1 Metal Composition3.1.2 Low Temperature Tensile Strength 3.2 Hull Rivets3.2.1 Metal Composition3.2.2 Low Temperature Tensile Strength4. Discussion4.1 Materials Selection Errors 4.2 Other Errors Contributing to the Rapid Sinking 4.2.1 Human Errors 4.2.2 Design Errors5. Conclusions and RecommendationsScientific Writing: Lecture 1#57another possible metallurgy-focussed outline (“Results” are presented differently)(TITLE): “Metallurgical Causes for the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”1. Introduction (low temperature mechanical strength; available clean steel technology)2. Methods (literature study; materials testing) 3. Results 3.1 Metal Composition3.1.1 Hull Steel3.1.2 Hull Rivets 3.2 Low Temperature Tensile Strength3.2.1 Hull Steel3.2.1 Hull Rivets4. Discussion4.1 Materials Selection Errors 4.2 Other Errors Contributing to the Rapid Sinking 4.2.1 Human Errors 4.2.2 Design Errors5. Conclusions and Recommendations Example of recently published articles (simpleformat)Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 4423–4435Scientific Writing: Lecture 1#59Example of recently published articles (simple format)Acta Materialia 51 (2003) 1827–1839Section Headings (summary)•even using a “standard layout”, the sub-section headings still should be chosen carefully•choose the headings to reflect your “main idea” (your “tag-line”•maintain the same style so that readers can follow the structure of the paper•avoid isolated headings (the “one-cut cake”)•choose the headings before you write the text!–to avoid the isolated heading problem sometime requires a large change to the structure of the paperScientific Writing: Lecture 1#61I told you this list would appear many times during this course…•define –the problem that you wish to address•choose –the data that you will include to support your idea•organize–the data and arguments to support your idea •write the paper•Once you have a good set of headings, structure of the paper is taken care of –we will come back to this topic later when we discuss “Steps in writing a paper”.for next class…•(1) write an outline for a version to send to “International Journal of Ship Design and Maritime Engineering”–TITLE:“Ship Design Errors Leading Directly to the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic”•(2) look at the organization (headings) of some papers in your research area. Are they well organized??Scientific Writing and Presentation in English Lecture 2a: Verbs for Scientific Writing (I)A. GodfreyTsinghua University, Spring 2008•lights, music, ACTION。
英语科技型作文写作
探索英语科技型作文的写作奥秘In the age of globalization and technological advancement, the importance of English in the field of science and technology cannot be overstated. English, as the lingua franca of the world, plays a pivotal role in the dissemination of scientific knowledge and technological advancements. Consequently, writing English technological essays has become an integral skill for students and professionals alike.The essence of writing an effective technological essay in English lies in a combination of clarity, precision, and creativity. Let's delve into the secrets of mastering this craft.**1. Understanding the Topic**The foundation of any essay is a thorough understanding of the topic. When it comes to technological essays, it's crucial to have a firm grasp of the subject matter. This involves researching the topic extensively, understanding the underlying principles, and keeping oneself updated with the latest developments.**2. Structuring the Essay**A well-structured essay is like a well-built house - it stands tall and sturdy. Start with an introductory paragraph that briefly summarizes the topic and sets the context. Follow it up with a few body paragraphs that delve into the details, discussing various aspects of the topic. Conclude with a closing paragraph that summarizes the main points and leaves the reader with a lasting impression.**3. Using Technical Vocabulary**When writing about technology, it's important to use the right terminology. This not only ensures clarity but also establishes the writer's credibility. Familiarize yourself with the specific terminology related to yourtopic and use it appropriately.**4. Incorporating Examples and Case Studies**Examples and case studies bring abstract concepts to life, making them easier to understand. Incorporate real-world examples, case studies, and anecdotes to illustrate your points and make your essay more engaging.**5. Writing in a Clear and Concise Manner**Remember, the aim is to communicate complex ideas in a simple and straightforward manner. Avoid jargon andtechnical language that may confuse the reader. Use clear and concise language to convey your ideas effectively.**6. Revising and Editing**Revision and editing are crucial steps in the writing process. Read your essay aloud to check for flow and rhythm. Look for grammar errors, typos, and instances where you can improve clarity or conciseness. Seek feedback from peers or mentors to identify areas for improvement.**In Conclusion**Writing English technological essays is not just about putting words together; it's about communicating complex ideas in a clear and engaging manner. By following the tips outlined above, you can hone your skills and become a proficient writer in this field. Keep practicing, keep learning, and never stop exploring the wonders oftechnology and the beauty of the English language.**探索英语科技型作文的写作奥秘**在全球化和科技飞速发展的时代，英语在科技领域的重要性不言而喻。
英文科技文献写作
英文科技文献写作Writing scientific literature in English has become increasingly important in today's globalized world. As English has emerged as the dominant language of international scientific communication, researchers and scholars from around the world are expected to be able to effectively convey their findings and ideas through English-language publications. This presents both challenges and opportunities for those seeking to disseminate their work to a wide audience.One of the primary challenges of writing scientific literature in English is the need to adhere to strict formatting and stylistic conventions. Scientific papers, whether for journal publication or conference proceedings, typically follow a standardized structure that includes an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Each section serves a specific purpose and must be crafted with precision to ensure the clear and logical presentation of the research. Additionally, the language used in scientific writing is expected to be formal, objective, and free of personal biases or colloquialisms.Mastering the art of scientific writing in English also requires a strong command of technical vocabulary and the ability to effectively communicate complex concepts and findings. Researchers must be able to accurately describe their methods, interpret their data, and situate their work within the broader context of the scientific field. This can be particularly challenging for non-native English speakers, who may struggle with the nuances of scientific terminology or the subtleties of academic discourse.Despite these challenges, the ability to write effective scientific literature in English can confer significant benefits for researchers and their work. By publishing in English-language journals and conference proceedings, scientists can reach a global audience and increase the visibility and impact of their research. This, in turn, can lead to increased collaboration, funding opportunities, and recognition within the scientific community.Moreover, the process of writing for an international audience can push researchers to refine their communication skills and think more critically about the clarity and accessibility of their work. This can lead to the development of more concise, well-organized, and reader-friendly scientific publications, which can ultimately enhance the overall quality and impact of the research.To overcome the challenges of writing scientific literature in English, researchers can employ a variety of strategies. First and foremost, it is essential to develop a strong understanding of the conventions and expectations of scientific writing, which can be achieved through careful study of exemplary publications in the field, as well as guidance from experienced mentors and editors.Additionally, non-native English speakers may benefit from dedicated language training or writing workshops, which can help them improve their command of scientific terminology, grammar, and rhetorical strategies. The use of professional editing services can also be invaluable, as these experts can provide feedback and suggestions for improving the clarity, coherence, and overall quality of the written work.Another important strategy is to engage in regular practice and feedback. By writing frequently and seeking constructive criticism from peers and colleagues, researchers can gradually hone their skills and develop a more confident and effective writing style. This may involve the submission of draft manuscripts for peer review, the presentation of work at conferences, or the participation in writing groups or online communities.Finally, it is essential for researchers to remain open-minded and adaptable in their approach to scientific writing in English. As thefield of scientific communication continues to evolve, with the increasing use of digital platforms, multimedia elements, and collaborative authorship, researchers must be willing to experiment with new formats and techniques to effectively convey their findings and ideas.In conclusion, the ability to write effective scientific literature in English is a crucial skill for researchers and scholars in today's global academic landscape. While the challenges can be significant, particularly for non-native English speakers, the benefits of developing this competency are substantial. By embracing the conventions of scientific writing, honing their language skills, and engaging in regular practice and feedback, researchers can enhance the impact and reach of their work, ultimately contributing to the advancement of scientific knowledge and understanding.。
科学家必备作文英语
科学家必备作文英语Title: Essential Writing Skills for Scientists。
In today's scientific landscape, effective communication is as crucial as the research itself. While scientists excel in generating groundbreaking ideas and conducting experiments, the ability to articulate their findings coherently and persuasively is equally essential. Whether it's publishing research papers, securing funding, or conveying complex concepts to the public, proficient writing skills are indispensable. In this essay, we will explore the key aspects of writing that every scientist should master.First and foremost, clarity is paramount in scientific writing. The primary objective is to convey information accurately and unambiguously. This involves organizing thoughts logically, using precise terminology, and structuring sentences and paragraphs in a coherent manner. Ambiguity or vagueness can lead to misinterpretation orconfusion, undermining the credibility of the research. Therefore, scientists must strive for clarity in every aspect of their writing, from abstracts to conclusions.Conciseness is another essential attribute ofscientific writing. With the ever-increasing volume of research literature, brevity is valued more than ever. Scientists must convey their ideas succinctly without sacrificing clarity or depth. This requires careful selection of words, avoidance of redundant phrases, and elimination of unnecessary details. By presenting information in a concise manner, scientists can capture the reader's attention and communicate their findings more effectively.Moreover, precision in language is crucial forscientific communication. The use of vague or imprecise terms can lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations. Scientists must choose their words carefully to accurately reflect the nuances of their research. This includes using specific terminology, defining technical terms when necessary, and avoiding jargon that may obscure meaning.Precision in language enhances the credibility and rigor of scientific writing, facilitating clearer communication of complex ideas.In addition to clarity, conciseness, and precision, coherence is essential for effective scientific writing. Coherence refers to the logical flow of ideas within a text, ensuring that each paragraph and sentence contributes tothe overall argument or narrative. To achieve coherence, scientists must use transitional devices to connect ideas, maintain consistency in tone and style, and providesufficient context for the reader to follow the progression of thought. Coherent writing facilitates comprehension and enhances the persuasiveness of the argument.Furthermore, scientific writing should adhere to the principles of objectivity and neutrality. While scientists may have personal biases or preferences, these should not influence the presentation of empirical evidence or the interpretation of results. Objectivity requires a commitment to impartiality and fairness in reporting findings, regardless of whether they support or refute theresearcher's hypothesis. By maintaining objectivity, scientists uphold the integrity of the scientific process and ensure the credibility of their work.Finally, effective scientific writing requiresattention to detail and rigorous proofreading. Even minor errors in grammar, punctuation, or formatting can detract from the professionalism of the writing and undermine the author's credibility. Scientists must carefully reviewtheir manuscripts for accuracy and consistency before submitting them for publication. This may involve multiple rounds of editing and peer review to ensure the highest standards of quality.In conclusion, proficient writing skills are indispensable for scientists in effectively communicating their research findings to diverse audiences. Byprioritizing clarity, conciseness, precision, coherence, objectivity, and attention to detail, scientists can enhance the impact and credibility of their work. As the scientific community continues to evolve, mastering the artof scientific writing will remain essential for advancing knowledge and fostering collaboration.。
英语科学发明作文
英语科学发明作文Here is an English essay on the topic of scientific inventions in the English language, with a word count of over 1000 words, as requested. The essay does not include a title, and there are no additional punctuation marks in the body of the text.The history of scientific invention is a rich tapestry woven with the threads of human curiosity, ingenuity, and a relentless drive to understand the world around us. From the earliest days of civilization, humans have sought to harness the power of nature and the principles of science to create tools and technologies that have transformed the way we live, work, and interact with our environment.One of the most significant scientific inventions in modern history is the computer. The origins of the computer can be traced back to the pioneering work of visionaries like Charles Babbage, who in the 19th century conceptualized the idea of a programmable calculating machine. However, it was not until the mid-20th century that the first modern electronic computers began to take shape, thanks to the efforts of scientists and engineers like Alan Turing, John Atanasoff, and ENIAC's developers.The impact of the computer on our lives cannot be overstated. From the ubiquitous personal computers that have become indispensable tools in our homes and workplaces, to the powerful supercomputers that drive cutting-edge scientific research and technological innovation, the computer has revolutionized the way we process, store, and transmit information. The development of the internet and the World Wide Web has further amplified the reach and impact of computers, connecting people and ideas across the globe in ways that were once unimaginable.Another groundbreaking scientific invention is the telephone, which has transformed the way we communicate over long distances. Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in the late 19th century, the telephone has evolved from a bulky, wired device to the sleek, wireless smartphones that have become an integral part of our daily lives. The ability to instantly connect with friends, family, and colleagues has profoundly changed the way we work, socialize, and access information.The field of medicine has also been transformed by scientific inventions. The development of vaccines, for example, has saved millions of lives by preventing the spread of deadly diseases like smallpox, polio, and measles. The invention of the X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895 has revolutionized the way we diagnose and treatmedical conditions, allowing doctors to see inside the human body without invasive procedures. More recently, the advent of technologies like MRI, CT scans, and advanced surgical robots have further expanded the capabilities of modern medicine, improving patient outcomes and reducing the risks associated with medical interventions.In the realm of transportation, scientific inventions have played a crucial role in shaping the way we move from one place to another. The invention of the internal combustion engine by Karl Benz in the late 19th century paved the way for the development of the automobile, which has become a ubiquitous feature of modern life. The Wright brothers' pioneering work on powered flight in the early 20th century led to the creation of the airplane, which has transformed global connectivity and made it possible for people to travel vast distances in a matter of hours. The development of high-speed rail, electric vehicles, and autonomous driving technologies are just a few examples of how scientific innovation continues to shape the future of transportation.The field of energy production has also been transformed by scientific inventions. The discovery of electricity by pioneers like Benjamin Franklin and Michael Faraday, and the subsequent development of generators, turbines, and power grids, have made it possible to harness the power of natural resources like water, wind,and the sun to generate clean, renewable energy. The invention of the nuclear reactor has also provided a reliable source of baseload power, although the challenges of nuclear waste management and safety continue to be important considerations.In the realm of scientific exploration, inventions like the telescope, the microscope, and the space shuttle have expanded our understanding of the universe and the microscopic world within. The Hubble Space Telescope, for example, has provided unprecedented views of distant galaxies and celestial phenomena, while the development of the scanning electron microscope has allowed us to study the intricate structures of cells and molecules at an unprecedented level of detail.These are just a few examples of the countless scientific inventions that have transformed our world. From the humble printing press to the cutting-edge biotechnology that is revolutionizing the field of medicine, the history of scientific invention is a testament to the power of human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of knowledge. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, it is clear that the future holds even more exciting and transformative scientific discoveries and inventions that will shape the world we live in.。
1 科技论文写作 Discourse structure of scientific writing
4.2 泛指词
（1）I
turned to the ascent of the peak . The thing is perfectly easy. （2）Robert seems very worried about something. I think you ought to have a talk with the boy. （3）The monkey's extraordinary performance was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine，the animal had learned to drive singlehanded．
--- 指的是内容的完整和各个部分的有机联系。
一、连贯性coherence
指称（reference）
替代（substitution）
省略（ellipsis）
连接（conjunction）
词汇衔接（lexical
cohesion）
1、指称
人称指称关系(personal reference)
4、词汇衔接（lexical cohension )
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
重复 泛指词 同义词 反义词 上下义关系 词汇搭配
4.1 重复
--具有同样语义同一形式的词汇在同一语篇中反复出现
累赘重复是语言使用一忌 , 但在特定的情景中有意识的词项 重复却能起到有力的修辞效果。这种方法可用于组织篇章 , 使语 义贯通 , 上下衔接。
--人称代词主格和宾格、形容词性和名词性物主代词
指示指称关系(demonstrative reference) --定冠词、指示代词(this，that，these，those）
英语科技论文写作作文
英语科技论文写作作文Introduction to English Scientific WritingScientific writing is a critical skill for researchers, as it is the primary means of communicating findings to the academic community and the public. Writing in English has become a standard in many fields due to the global nature of scientific research. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive guide for those looking to excel in writing English scientific papers.Understanding the Structure of a Scientific PaperThe typical structure of an English scientific paper includes the following sections:1. Title: Concise and informative, reflecting the content of the paper.2. Abstract: A brief summary of the research, its methods, results, and conclusions.3. Introduction: Background information and the research question or hypothesis.4. Materials and Methods: Detailed description of the experimental design and procedures.5. Results: Presentation of data, usually in tables and figures.6. Discussion: Interpretation of the results and their significance in the context of existing literature.7. Conclusion: Summary of the findings and implications for future research.8. References: A list of all the literature cited in the paper.9. Appendices: Additional data or information that supports the paper.Writing an Effective AbstractThe abstract is the first part that readers encounter and can determine whether they will read the entire paper. It should be a self-contained summary that includes:- The purpose of the research.- The main methods used.- Key results.- The principal conclusions.Crafting the IntroductionThe introduction should set the stage for your research by:- Providing context and background information.- Identifying a gap in the current literature.- Stating the research question or hypothesis.- Outlining the objectives or aims of the study.Describing the MethodsClarity and precision are paramount in the methods section. It should enable other researchers to replicate your study.Include:- A clear description of the materials used.- Detailed procedures and protocols.- Any statistical methods employed.Presenting ResultsResults should be presented objectively and logically. Use:- Tables and figures to display data clearly.- Captions and legends to explain what each table or figure represents.- Avoid interpretation or discussion at this stage.Analyzing and Discussing the ResultsIn the discussion section, you should:- Interpret the results in relation to your research question. - Compare your findings with existing literature.- Address any limitations of your study.- Suggest implications for future research.Concluding the PaperThe conclusion should succinctly:- Summarize the main findings.- Reiterate the significance of the research.- Highlight the contribution to the field.Citing ReferencesProper citation is essential to avoid plagiarism and to give credit to the original sources. Use:- A consistent referencing style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). - In-text citations to direct readers to the full reference.Final Thoughts on Writing Style- Use clear, concise language.- Avoid jargon and overly complex sentences.- Be objective and avoid personal opinions.- Proofread for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.ConclusionWriting an English scientific paper is a rigorous process that requires attention to detail, clarity of thought, and adherence to academic conventions. By following the guidelines outlined in this essay, researchers can effectively communicate their findings and contribute to the advancement of their field.This essay provides a structured approach to writing English scientific papers, focusing on the key components and best practices for each section. It emphasizes the importance ofclarity, precision, and adherence to academic standards in scientific writing.。
写科学作业的英语作文
写科学作业的英语作文Title: The Role of Genetic Engineering in Agricultural Advancement。
Genetic engineering, a field at the forefront of scientific innovation, has significantly impacted agricultural practices worldwide. In recent decades, the application of genetic engineering techniques has revolutionized crop production, addressing various challenges faced by farmers and contributing to global food security. This essay explores the role of genetic engineering in agricultural advancement, focusing on its benefits, controversies, and future prospects.To begin with, genetic engineering has enabled the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with desirable traits, such as resistance to pests, diseases, and herbicides. Through the introduction of foreign genes or modification of existing ones, scientists have enhanced the resilience and productivity of crops, leading toincreased yields and reduced losses. For instance, the cultivation of insect-resistant Bt cotton has significantly reduced the need for chemical insecticides, thereby promoting sustainable farming practices and minimizing environmental impact.Furthermore, genetic engineering has facilitated the production of crops with improved nutritional profiles, addressing malnutrition and health concerns in various populations. Biofortified crops, enriched with essential vitamins, minerals, and micronutrients, offer a viable solution to nutritional deficiencies prevalent in many developing countries. Golden Rice, engineered to produce beta-carotene, exemplifies this approach, potentially combating vitamin A deficiency and its associated health complications.Despite its potential benefits, genetic engineering in agriculture remains a topic of intense debate and controversy. Critics raise concerns regarding the safety of GMOs for human consumption and the environment, emphasizing the need for rigorous testing and regulation. Additionally,issues of corporate control over seed patents and the potential displacement of traditional farming practices have sparked ethical and socio-economic considerations. It is essential to address these concerns through transparent research, informed dialogue, and inclusive policymaking to ensure the responsible and sustainable deployment of genetic engineering technologies.Looking ahead, genetic engineering holds immense promise for addressing emerging challenges in agriculture, such as climate change, resource scarcity, and population growth. By developing crops resilient to extreme weather conditions, tolerant to drought, and adaptable to changing environmental conditions, scientists can enhance agricultural resilience and ensure food security in the face of environmental uncertainties. Moreover, the application of precision breeding techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9, offers unprecedented opportunities for targeted genetic modifications, enabling the development of tailored solutions for specific agricultural challenges.In conclusion, genetic engineering represents apowerful tool for advancing agriculture and addressing global food security challenges. While it offers numerous benefits in terms of productivity, nutrition, and sustainability, it also raises important ethical, environmental, and socio-economic considerations. As we continue to harness the potential of genetic engineering in agriculture, it is imperative to prioritize safety, transparency, and ethical responsibility, ensuring that innovation serves the collective well-being of society and the planet.。
Writing_Scientific_Papers科技论文写作技巧
Writing Scientific PapersIn science, one of the most basic goals is the development and application of new knowledge. Writing reports and papers is the easiest and most effective way to share the information with the scientific community. However, scientific papers come under great scrutiny as they are reviewed, tested, and retested time and time again. These published papers act as persuasion vessels in an attempt to validate the researcher’s data and interpretations. If the paper withstands the critiquing, in time the results may become accepted as scientific fact.Learning to write a good scientific paper or lab report is a skill requiring much practice. One must understand the experiment, concepts and why it is being performed, be able to collect and record data, and interpret the results and develop logical conclusions based on the findings. Last but not least it is important to be able to write clearly and concisely to convey ideas and persuade an audience. All scientific papers follow the same general structure:1. Title2. Introductiona. Hypothesisb. Predicted Results3. Materials and Methods4. Observed Results5. Discussiona. Conclusionsb. Implications6. Literature CitedTitleKeep titles under 10 words long. The title should be to-the-point, but descriptive, letting the reader know exactly what the paper is about.IntroductionThe introduction sets the stage for the rest of the paper. This is where the hypothesis and purpose for the experiment is presented. It is important to include and cite any form of background information relevant to understanding the experiment. Researchers also often include their own predictions in this section. A strong introduction answers (but is not limited to) several important questions:1. Why was this study performed?- Usually this stems from a previous experiment or some observation of nature.2. What is the hypothesis?- A hypothesis is a general, testable statement about a phenomenon or behavior.- Ex. Question: Why are mature chiles red?Hypothesis: Mature chiles are red to attract birds.3. What information already exists on this topic?- Ex. The hypothesis was developed out of the knowledge that manyother plants produce bright red colored fruits with seeds that birds areattracted to and eat, thus allowing for dispersal of the seeds.4. What is the experimental design?- Ex. Birds were allowed to select between red and green mature chiles.5. What are the predicted results?- A prediction is what one expects to see when the experiment is performed if thehypothesis is correct.- Ex. It was predicted that the birds would select the red chiles over thegreen chiles.Materials and MethodsIn this section, all materials used and methods followed throughout the experiment are reported. This allows the reader to visualize the set up of the experiment and duplicate the experiment, should they wish. However, it is easy to overpower the reader with too much detail. Keep in mind what information is important to the results obtained and for reproducing the experiment. This includes details such as concentrations, temperatures, measurements, units, timing, calculations, etc. Irrelevant details like “A wax pencil was used to label the test tube,” can be left out!! When following a procedure from a lab manual or published paper, simply describe how you conducted your experiments (there should be enough detail such that the reader could easily duplicate your experiments – no lists!). However, it is still necessary to describe, in detail, any changes to the procedure or special equipment used.Materials and Methods usually answer the following questions:1. What materials were used?2. How were they used?3. When and where was the experiment performed and data collected?- Most important in field studiesResults“A picture is worth a thousand words.” The results section of a scientific paper is for reporting the data collected without discussing any conclusions. Data should be organized into tables, figures, graphs, photos, etc (Do not put the same info in both a table and a graph). Emphasize key points or unusual trends with an objectively written summary. In many cases, the actual figures and graphs are included at the end of the paper, after the Literature Cited section. Each figure or graph has its own separate page and is introduced in the results summary. All figures and graphs must be properly labeled. This includes titles, legends (if necessary), axis and column labels, units and numbered figure headings. Figure headings appear at the top of tables and the bottom of figures, graphs and photos.Ex.When referring to a graph or figure in the text, refer to the figure number.Ex. Figure 1 shows a normal distribution of the original population. However after selection occurred, the remaining population appeared to begin to separate into2 potentially different populations based on color.OrEx. The original population shows a normal distribution before selection occurred (Figure 1).Figures should be able to stand alone, allowing the reader to understand your results without having to dig through your paper.DiscussionDiscussion sections are two fold: 1) conclusions and 2) implications. The conclusion portion restates the primary goal of the research, the hypothesis and whether the data and results collected support or reject that hypothesis. This is the primary argument for a scientific paper to convince readers of the experiment’s validity. Remember scientists never claim that a hypothesis is true, correct or proven; it is only supported or rejected. Make sure to interpret the data collected and try and relate the findings to existing scientific knowledge. The second part of the discussion section helps to take the findings of the experiment to the next level. Speculation and suggestions for improvement or further studies are appropriate here. This is also the only spot in the paper where personal opinion is acceptable. A strong discussion answers (but is not limited to) several important questions:1. Did the experiment support or reject the hypothesis? Why? How?If rejected, was there some sort of error or bias that affected the outcome?2. What analyzed evidence produced that conclusion?3. What is the significance of those conclusions?How does this experiment apply to the “bigger picture?”4. What improvements could be made in the future?5. What other experiments could be developed from these results?6. What is your opinion about the outcome of the experiment and what are yourthoughts about the implications of the experiment?Literature CitedThis section is two fold: 1) reference cites within the paper and 2) a list at the end of the paper of all reference materials cited in the paper.Cites within the paperAny information that was gathered from a secondary source (a published article, a university lecture class, the internet, etc.), MUST be cited both in the paper and at the end. When a reference is cited in the paper it is appropriate to list the primary author’s last name and the publication year in parenthesis after the SUMMARIZED referenced information. Scientific writing does not favor quoted information. The researcher must BOTH restate the referenced material in their OWN words and cite the reference.Ex. The snow leopard is a difficult animal to study because of its camouflage coloring andloner mentality. In an attempt to track, photograph, and research these elusive phantoms of theanimal kingdom, a team of wildlife biologists traveled to the Himalayas in Tibet, one of the few remaining habitats of the snow leopard (Jackson and Hillard, 1986).**If the reference only has one author: (Wexler, 1994)**If the reference has two authors: (Jackson and Hillard, 1986)**If the reference has multiple authors: (Jongmans et al., 1997)Cites at the end of the paperIn the end list, all information is given about the referenced material so that a reader can refer back to the secondary sources if they are interested in learning more about that topic. Keep in mind that every journal requires a different format. A good format that includes all the necessary information is shown in the following examples:Articles:One Author (author format can be used for book, chapter or website as well)Wexler, M. 1994. The art of growing giants. National Wildlife. Vol 32, No. 6: 20-26.Two Authors (author format can be used for book, chapter or website as well)Jackson, R. and Hillard, D. 1986. Tracking the elusive snow leopard. National Geographic. Vol 169, No. 6: 793-809.Multiple Authors (author format can be used for book, chapter or website as well)Jongmans, A.G., van Breemen, N., Lundstrom, U., van Hees, P.A.W., Finlay, R.D., Srinivasan, M., Unestam, T., Giesler, R., Melkerud, P-A., and Olsson, M. 1997. Rock-eating fungi.Nature. Vol 389, No. 6652: 682.Books:Bird, W.Z. 1990. Ecological aspects of fox reproduction. Berlin: Guttenberg Press.Book Chapters:Campbell, N.A and Reece, J.B. 2002. The darwinian revolution. In Biology 6th Ed, ed. B. Wilbur, pp.432-444. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.Websites:Council-Garcia, C.L. 2003. Biology 122 Laboratory Syllabus, Room 109. Retrieved June 12, 2003 from </~ccouncil/>.**If you have found a reference on the web that is a journal article, newspaper article, book, etc., this CAN NOT be used as a website cite, because a published hardcopy exists. You must find all the information about the actual, hardcopy reference and then cite it as a book or journal article.** General Style Comments1. All scientific names (genus and species) must be italicized. (Underlining indicates italics in atyped paper.)2. When taking and recording measurements, make sure to use the metric system and do not forgetto include the units.3. Be sure to divide paragraphs correctly and to use beginning and ending sentences that relate tothe purpose of that paragraph. A paper should never be one long paragraph.4. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb. SO PROOFREAD, PROOFREAD,PROOFREAD!!5. Scientific writing is often written in third person; avoid using the pronouns, I and we.6. Avoid slang, the use of contractions, and quotations, but do try to incorporate vocabulary relevantto the subject.7. Be wary of switching verb tense in a paper from present to past. Try to keep the entire paper inthe past tense; after all you already conducted the experiment.8. Make sure to label the sections correctly (Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results,Discussion, Literature Cited)9. PROOFREAD your paper multiple times – it helps to have a friend proofread it as well.10. Remember, this is a FORMAL paper. DO NOT include comments like “I did not like…,I learned a lot…,” etc. They are inappropriate and irrelevant.。
科技英语写作(1)—What is a scientific paper
• It is essential to try to get the major ideas written down. If you start the research to test one hypothesis, and decide, when you see what you have, that the data really seem to test some other hypothesis better, don't worry. Write them both down, and pick the best combinations of hypotheses, objectives and data. Often the objectives of a paper when it is finished are different from those used to justify starting the work. Much of good science is opportunistic and revisionist. 试着写出主要的观点。如果你的研究开始是为证实一 个假设，然而当你发现你有的数据仿佛真的可以更好 地验证其它的假设时，你也不必担心。把它们两者都 写出来，去选择假设，目的和数据的最佳组合。时常， 当一篇文章完成时，它的目的和开始时是不同的。许 多好的科学来自机遇和反复修正。
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• A paper is not just an archival device for storing a completed research program, it is also a structure for planning your research in progress. If you clearly understand the purpose and form of a paper, it can be immensely useful to you in organizing and conducting your research. A good outline for the paper is also a good plan for the research program. You should write and rewrite these plans/outlines throughout the course of the research. At the beginning, you will have mostly plan; at the end, mostly outline. The continuous effort to understand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypotheses on paper will be immensely more efficient for you than a process in which you collect data and only start to organize them when their collection is―complete.‖ 一篇论文并不仅仅是收集已经得到的研究结果，它也有助于形 成进一步的研究工作的框架。如果明确了论文的目的，这对于 计划开展你的研究工作有很大益处。好的文章提要也是研究工 作的好计划，在研究的过程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。 研究工作开始时，应有完善的计划；工作结束时，应充分的总 结。最有效率的做法是及时的理解， 分析， 总结， 形成假说； 而不是等到完成时才开始收集和整理数据。
科学写作sciencewriting
• 類似於團體討論。在全班或小組討論時，儘可能 產生多種想法，必免在初始的草案中作編輯。只 有在正式寫作文章時，才對以產生的想法作編輯
• 效果 • 能提升學生想法的產生，有效幫助學生使用他們
有限容量的工作記憶，減少對於產生完美句子架 構的恐懼(Glynn et al., 1982)
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科學寫作的類型 一、只包含正式嚴謹的寫作 二、不強調語詞修飾與專業術語的使用
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科學寫作的類型
一、只包含正式嚴謹的寫作 • 認為科學寫作專指正式的寫作，語言使用
必須遵守該學科的規範和特有的慣例，寫 作風格需要相當精確、扼要和技術性
(Soter,1987)
依內容正式(專業)程度，分為 • 個人論說文或科技寫作(Foster, 1984) 。 • 研究報告和科學期刊的文章(Lecin &
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科學寫作的策略
二、自我引導式的寫作策略(Graves, 1983)
• 寫出幾個寫作題綱 • 決定寫作的次序 • 把情感融入寫作裡 • 寫出已知的事物 • 決定為何不寫哪些事物
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科學寫作的策略
三、問題引導式寫作策略 (Graves, 1983)
• 特點：寫作前，教師與學生做簡短的討論
– 初始問題：你的實驗報告目的是什麼？ – 焦點問題：你的實驗報告中，對讀者有何助益？ – 發展問題：在我們討論後，你的實驗報告作了
• 提供寫作的標準，提醒學生應該注意的地方 (Ediger, 1998)
• 設立合理的標準，不要太難或太容易達成(Ediger, 1998)
• 著重在想法的成顯，不要太專注於拼字、標點、 文法等寫作技術(Ediger, 1998)
• 強調將想法表達清楚，而不是內容的多寡(Ediger, 1998)
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y The Scope of Scientific Writing:
◦ Scientific papers ◦ Review papers ◦ Grant proposals ◦ Oral presentations ◦ Poster presentations
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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Approaching a Writing Project
y Doing the Writing
◦ Block out times to write Indicate on your calendar or in your personal organizer the times you have reserved for given writing projects
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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Approaching a Writing Project
y Follow the Instructions to Authors
◦ If instructions are lቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱng, underline or highlight the key points to remember
feedback, revise your writing some more
x Expert in your research specialty – technical problems
x Someone in your general field – note items that may unclear to readers
x Is designed to summarize, analyze, evaluate, or synthesize information that has already been published.
x Can come new syntheses, new ideas and theories, and even new paradigms.
“The best English is that which gives the sense in the fewest short words”
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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Zhengzhou University
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Scientific Writing
y Is all the information accurate?
y Is what you say consistent throughout?
y Is everything logically organized?
y Is everything clearly worded?
y Have you stated your points briefly, simply, and directly? In other words, is everything concise?
◦ Set deadlines ◦ Once you have established momentum,
beware of dissipating it by interrupting your writing to search for small details
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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Approaching a Writing Project
y How are they structured? y How long do the various sections tend to be? y What types of subheadings tend to be included? y How many figures and tables, and what types thereof,
x If possible, a professional scientific editor
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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What is a Scientific Paper?
y Organization of a Scientific Paper The most common labeling of the component parts, in the basic sciences: Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussions --- IMRAD
y Effective organization is a key to communicating clearly and efficiently in science.
◦ Follow the standard format ◦ Organize ideas logically within that format
2013-12-12
Approaching a Writing Project
y Preparing to Write Good writing is largely a matter of effective imitation
◦ Obtain copies of highly regarded scientific papers in your research area, including papers in the journal to which you plan to submit your current work. Notice how these papers are written.
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Part I Some Preliminaries
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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What is Scientific Writing?
y Clarity : the key characteristic of scientific writing
◦ Scientific writing should be as clear and simple as possible.
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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What is Scientific Writing?
y State your facts as simply as possible, even boldly. No one wants flowers of eloquence or literary ornaments in a research article. ---R. B. McKerrow
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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What is a Scientific Paper?
y Other Definitions:
◦ Review paper
x May review almost anything, most typically the recent work in a defined subject area or the work of a particular individual or group.
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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What is a Scientific Paper?
Scientific paper a written an published report describing original research results
y Are grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word use correct throughout?
y Are all figures and tables well designed?
y Does the manuscript comply with the instructions?
Not only will recording your ideas keep them from escaping your memory; having such ideas readily available to draw on can get your writing off to a running start.
◦ Stack copies of published papers in the order in which you plan to cite them
◦ Make outlines ◦ List points you wish to make in a given
section, and sort and resort them until you are pleased with the order.
Scientific Writing Zhengzhou University
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Approaching a Writing Project
y While you are gathering scientific content, ideas for your paper may occur to you.
◦ List, on colored papers so you can easily find them, those points most relevant to the paper you will write