材料热力学试题
材料热力学》试题
2. 已知纯钛α/β平衡相变温度为882℃，相变焓为
14.65kJ.mol-1,试求将βTi过冷到800℃时，β→α的相变 驱动力。
3.试用正规溶体模型计算一个IAB＝16.7kJ.mol-1成分为XB
＝0.4的二元固溶体，其发生Spinodal分解的上限温度
是多少？
4.试根据AI-Mg二元相图中Mg17Al12在Mg基固溶体(β)中的
《材料热力学》试题
2007级
一、计算题
1.已知液体锌的Cp(l)为
Cp(l)＝29.66＋4.81×10-3T J/mol.K 固体密排六方锌的Cp(l)为 Cp(l)＝22.13＋11.05×10-3T J/mol.K 锌的熔点692.6K，熔化热ΔH＝6589.9J/mol，求固、 液相之间随温度变化自由能差值ΔG（T）。
（模型的建立、主要结论、适用对象）
3. 试画出如下共晶相图T2、T3、T5温度 下各相的自由能-成分曲线。
4. 试用摩尔自由能-成分图说明，为什么碳 素钢在淬火之后回火时，渗碳体的粒子越 细，其周围的铁素体中的含碳量越高？
三. 问答题
结合自己的研究课题，试述热力学
在材料中的应用。
谈谈本课程的学习体会以及对本课程
溶解度曲线数据(见下表)，求Mg17Al12的生成自由能。 温度/℃ 400 11 350 8.2 300 6.1 250 4.3 200 2.9 150 1.7
溶解度(Al)/at.%
二、简答题
1. 用正规溶体近似解释二元合金固溶体的illiams近似和双亚点阵模型。
的建议。
材料热力学习题集
问：1）当混合气体（97%H2O + 3%H2, 体积）在 1000 K 是否能将 Ni 氧化？ 2）现有 Ni-Au 固溶体(XNi = 0.1)。已知在 1000 K 时, 与此合金平衡的氢气体体积
例题 6-8 右图所示是铜和铜铝合金(18 at.% Al)在 700℃温度下扩散退火 38.4 天的浓度分
布曲线。求当 Al 的浓度为 4 at%时，Al 在 Cu 中的扩散系数。
18
Cu - Al
Cu
16
A
14
C , at.% Al
12
k
Matano interface
10
8 mark interface
.
材料热力学上课题目
例 1-1 已知液体铅在 1 个大气压下的热容量 Cp(l)为 Cp(l)=32.43-3.10×10-3T J/(mol·k)，固 体铅的热容量 Cp(s)为 Cp(s)=23.56+9.75×10-3T J/(mol·k)，已知液体铅在熔点(600 K)凝固为固 体时放热 4811.60 J/mol，求液体铅过冷至 590K 凝固为固体时焓的变化。
6
4
2
A
1
0 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x
六大 板块
第一章 第二章 第三章 第四章 第五章 第六章
物理化学复习纲要
热力学定律（热力学第一定律、热力学第二定律） 自由能（ΔF、ΔG） 热力学状态函数、关系式及应用 相变热力学 溶液 扩散
.
材料热力学练习题
材料热⼒学练习题1、由5个粒⼦所组成的体系，其能级分别为0、ε、2ε及3ε，体系的总能量为3ε。
试分析5个粒⼦可能出现的分布⽅式；求出各种分布⽅式的微观状态数及总微观状态数。
2、有6个可别粒⼦，分布在4个不同的能级上(ε、2ε、3ε及4ε)，总能量为10ε，各能级的简并度分别为2、2、2、1，计算各类分布的Ωj 及Ω总。
3、振动频率为ν的双原⼦分⼦的简谐振动服从量⼦化的能级规律。
有N 个分⼦组成玻⽿兹曼分布的体系。
求在温度T 时，最低能级上分⼦数的计算式。
4、⽓体N 2的转动惯量I =1.394?10-46kg ?m 2，计算300K 时的Z J 。
5、已知NO 分⼦的Θυ=2696K ，试求300K 时的Z υ。
ν~J υ7、计算300K 时，1molHI 振动时对内能和熵的贡献。
8、在298K 及101.3kPa 条件下，1molN 2的Z t 等于多少？9、在300K 时，计算CO 按转动能级的分布，并画出分⼦在转动能级间的分布曲线。
10、计算H 2及CO 在1000K 时按振动能级的分布，并画出分⼦在振动能间的分布曲线；再求出分⼦占基态振动能级的⼏率。
11、已知HCl 在基态时的平均核间距为1.264?10-10m ，振动波数ν~=2990m -1。
计算298K 时的Θm S 。
12、证明1mol 理想⽓体在101.3kPa 压⼒下Z t =bLM 3/2(T /K )5/2 (b 为常数)13、计算1molO 2在25?C 及101.3kPa 条件下的Θm G 、Θm S 及Θm H 。
设Θ0U 等于零。
14、已知300K 时⾦刚⽯的定容摩尔热容C V ,m =5.65J ?mol -1?K -1，求ΘE 及ν。
15．已知300K 时硼的定容摩尔热容C V ,m =10.46J ?mol -1?K -1，求(1) ΘD ；(2) 温度分别为30K 、50K 、100K 、700K 、1000K 时的C V ,m 值；(3) 作C V ,m 值? T 图形。
安徽工业大学研究生材料热力学考试题
安徽工业大学研究生材料热力学考试题
一、仔细阅读下列论述，判断正误，如果错误，请说明该论述违反了哪些热力学原理，并给出正确的论述。
（20分）
(1) 低压下不可能将石墨转变为金刚石。
(2) 在一炉10 吨的钢水(Fe-C 二元溶体)中加入12 克碳后，使钢水的吉布斯自由能的增加值即为Fe 的
化学位。
(3) 恒温恒压下，如果两相的吉布斯自由能相等，则两相彼此处于平衡状态。
(4) 纯金属中不存在空位时的吉布斯自由能最低。
（20分）
分）
三、（1）固态纯组元的G-T 曲线如下图所示，请判断哪条线正确，并解释原因。
（20
（2）A-B 二元系中，固相和液相的摩尔自由能-成分曲线如下图所示。
请在自由能-成分曲线上，图示出体系成分为X*处，固相纯A和液相纯B混合后的吉布斯自由能的变化量∆Gmix，并说明原因。
（20分）
四、试通过如图所示的A-B二元相图，判断A-B固溶体的性质、溶体组元间的相互作用能。
并请画出T1 温度下所存在的相的自由能-成分曲线。
（20分）。
材料热力学习题答案2
材料热力学习题答案2The problems of the second law1 The solar energy flux is about 4J cm2/min. in no focusing collector the surface temperature can reach a value of about 900℃. If we operate a heat engine using the collector as the heat source and a low temperature reservoir at 25℃, calculate the area of collector needed if the heat engine is to produce 1 horse power. Assume the engine operates at maximum efficiency. (2.1)TH?TL(900?25)104W?QH??4?StTH900?27360SolutionP?W?746(W)tS?0.664(m2)2 A refrigerator is operated by 0.25 hp motor. If the interior of the box is to be maintained at -20℃ ganister a maximum exterior temperature of 35℃, what the maximum heat leak (in watts) into the box that can be tolerated if the motor runs continuously? Assume the coefficient of performance is 75% of the value for a reversible engine. (2.2)W?75%Solution:P?0.75TH?TLQHTHTH?TLPLTLPL?4273?20??0.25?746?1144(W)335?203 suppose an electrical motor supplies the work to operate a Carnot refrigerator. The interior of the refrigerator is at 0℃. Liquid water is taken in at 0℃ and converted to ice at 0℃. To convert 1 g of ice to 1 g liquid. △H=334J/g is required. If the temperature outside the box is 20℃, what mass of ice can be produced in one minute by a 0.25 hp motor running continuously? Assume that the refrigerator is perfectly insulated and that the efficiencies involved have their largest possible value. (2.3)P?TH?TLPLTLSolution: PL?273?0.25?746?334m 20M?60m?457(g)4 under 1 atm pressure, helium boils at 4.126K. The heat of vaporizationis 84 J/mol what sizemotor (in hp) is needed to run a refrigerator that must condense 2 mol of gaseous helium at 4.126k to liquid at the same temperature in one minute? Assume that the ambient temperature is 300K and that the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is 50% of the maximum possible. (2.4)W?50%TH?TLQLTLTH?TL300?4.21684?2 PL??TL4.21660Solution:0.5P'?P?P'?393(W)?0.52(hp)5 if a fossil fuel power plant operating between 540 and 50℃ provides the electrical power torun a heat pum p that works between 25 and 5℃, what is the amount of heat pumped into the house per unit amount of heat extracted from the power plant boiler.(a) assume that the efficiencies are equal to the theoretical maximum values(b) assume the power plant efficiency is 70% of maximum and that coefficient of performance ofthe heat pump is 10% of maximum(c) if a furnace can use 80% of the energy in fossil foe to heat the house would it be moreeconomical in terms of overall fissile fuel consumption to use a heat pump or a furnace ? do the calculations for cases a and b (2.5)solution:TH,1?TL,1(a)PPH,11?TH,1P2?TH,2?TL,2PH,2TH,2(b)PH,2?0.6286PH,1P1?P2540?5025?5PH,1?PH,2540?273273?25PH,2?8.98PH,1(c)aisok,bisnot.6cal culate △U and △S when 0.5 mole of liquid water at 273 K is mixed with 0.5 mol of liquid water at 373 K and the system is allowed to reach equilibrium in an adiabatic enclosure. Assume that Cp is 77J /(mol K) from 273K to 373K (2.6) Solution:?U?0(J)TT323323?S?n1CPln(E)?n2CPln(E)?0.5CPln()?0.5CPln()?0.933(J/K)T1T23732737 A modern coal burning power plant operates with a steam out let from the boiler at 540℃ and acondensate temperature of 30℃.(a) what is the maximum electrical work that can be produced by the plant per joule of heatprovided to the boiler?(b) How many metric tons (1000kg) of coal per hour is required if the plant out put is to be500MW (megawatts). Assume the maximum efficiency for the plant. The heat of combustionof coal is 29.0 MJ/k g(c) Electricity is used to heat a home at 25℃ when the out door temperature is 10℃ by passinga current through resistors. What is the maximum amount of heat that can be added to the home per kilowatt-hour of electrical energy supplied? (2.7)(a)W?Solution:(b)TH?TL540?30QH?1?0.89(J)TH540?30TL?500?3600TH?TL(c)W?TH?TLQHTH273?251?19.9(J)25?1029.0mQH?m?69371(kg)?69.3(ton)8 an electrical resistor is immersed in water at the boiling temperature of water (100℃) th e electrical energy input into the resistor is at the rate of one kilowatt(a) calculate the rate of evaporation of the water in grams per second if the water container isinsulated that is no heat is allowed to flow to or from the water except for that provided by the resistor(b) at what rate could water could be evaporated if electrical energy were supplied at the rate of 1kw to a heat pump operating between 25 and 100℃data for water enthalpy of evaporation is 40000 J/mol at 100℃; m olecular weight is 18g/mol; density is 1g/cm3 (2.8)m40000?1000,m?0.45(g)18solution:m100?273(b)40000?1000,m?2.23(g)18100?25(a)9 some aluminum parts are being quenched (cooled rapidly ) from 480℃ to -20℃ by immersingthem in a brine , which is maintained at -20℃ by a refrigerator. The aluminum is being fed into the brine at a rate of one kilogram per minute. The refrigerator operates in an environment at 30℃; that is the refrigerator mayreject heat at 30℃. what is them minus power rating in kil owatts, of motor required to operate the refrigerator?Data for aluminum heat capacity is 28J/mol K; Molecular weight 27g/mol (2.9)100028?(480??20)27Solution:TH?TL30??20PW?PL?PL?102474(W)?102.5(kW)TL273?20PL?10 an electric power generating plant has a rated output of 100MW. The boiler of the plantoperates at 300℃. The condenser operates at 40℃(a) at what rate (joules per hour) must heat be supplied to the boiler?(b) The condenser is cooled by water, which may under go a temperaturerise of no more than10℃. What volume of cooling water in cubic meters per hour, is require to operate the plant?(c) The boiler tempeture is to be raised to 540℃,but the co ndensed temperature and electricoutput will remain the same. Will the cooling water requirement be increased, decreased, or remain the same?Data heat capacity 4.184, density 1g/cm3 (2.10)(a)PH?TH300?2738P?10TH?TL300?408(b)Solution: ?2.2?10(W)QL?4.3?1011(J)V?10?10?4.184?QLV?1.03?104(m3)6QH?PHt?7.9?1011(J)(c)PH?TH540?2738P?10TH?TL540?40?1.626?108(W)no11 (a) Heat engines convert heat that is available at different temperature to work. They have beenseveral proposals to generate electricity y using a heat engine that operate on the temperature differences available at different depths in the oceans. Assume that surface water is at 20℃, that water at a great depth is at 4℃, and that both may be con sidered to be infinite in extent. How many joules of electrical energy may be generated for each joule of energy absorbed from surface water? (b) the hydroelectric generation of electricity use the drop height of water as the energy source. in a particular region the level ofriver drops from 100m above sea level to 70m above the sea level . what fraction of the potential energy change between those two levels may be converted into electrical energy? how much electrical energy ,in kilowatt-hours, may be generated per cubic meter of water that undergoes such a drop? (2.11)(a)W?Solution:TH?TL20?4QH?1?0.055(J)TH20?273mg?h(b)P??3600?1.06?106(kW/h)100012 a sports facility has both an ice rink and a swimming pool. to keep the ice frozen during the summer requires the removal form the rink of 105 KJ of thermal energy per hour. It has been suggested that this task be performed by a thermodynamic machine, which would be use the swimming pool as the high temperature reservoir. The ice in the rink is to be maintain at a temperature of �C15℃, and the swimming pool operates at 20℃, (a) what is thetheoretical minimum power, in kilowatts, required to run the machine? (b) how much heat , in joule per hour , would be supplied t the pool by this machine?(2.12)(a)P?Solution:TH?TL20?155PL?10/3600?3.77(kW)TL273?15273?205(b)QH?10?1.14?105(kJ)273?1513(a)2Al?N2?2AlN(b)?H?152940(cal/mol)solution:(c)?S?4.82?2?6.77?2?45.77??49.67(c al/molK)(d)?H?152940(cal/mol)?S?4.82?2?6.77?2?45.77?8.314ln10??68.81(cal/molK) 1440CP,ICEC?Hm?S?m(?dT???P,WATERdT)?10TTmT00solution:?(2.1ln273336273?40??4.184ln)12000 263273273?22574(J/K)15W?TH?TL300?77QL?1000?2896(J)TL77W2?70428(J)16W?W? 17TH?TL300?4.2QL?83.3?5866.7(J)TL4.2TH?TL300?4.2QH?(83.3?1.5?8.314(300?4.2))?371 9.4(J)TH300(a)?T?0?U?OQ??W?n??pdV?1?8.314?298ln10?5704(J)P(b)?S?nRln0?1?8.314?ln10?19.1(J /K)P(c)Q?0(d)yes18500?60?TH?TL20?0335m?335mTL273m?1222(g)感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
材料热力学习题答案
材料热力学习题答案
材料热力学学习题答案
热力学是物理学的一个重要分支，研究物质的热量和能量转化规律。
在学习热
力学的过程中，我们常常会遇到各种各样的学习题，通过解答这些学习题，我
们可以更好地理解热力学的知识，提高自己的学习能力。
1. 热力学第一定律是什么？请用数学公式表示。
答案：热力学第一定律是能量守恒定律，即能量不会自发地产生或消失，只能
从一种形式转化为另一种形式。
数学公式表示为ΔU = Q - W，其中ΔU表示系
统内能的变化，Q表示系统吸收的热量，W表示系统对外做功。
2. 什么是热容？如何计算物质的热容？
答案：热容是物质单位质量在单位温度变化下吸收或释放的热量。
物质的热容
可以通过公式C = Q/mΔT来计算，其中C表示热容，Q表示吸收或释放的热量，m表示物质的质量，ΔT表示温度变化。
3. 什么是热力学循环？请举例说明一个热力学循环的应用。
答案：热力学循环是指一定物质在一定压力下，经过一系列的热力学过程后，
最终回到初始状态的过程。
一个常见的热力学循环是卡诺循环，它被广泛应用
于蒸汽发电厂和制冷系统中。
通过解答这些学习题，我们可以更加深入地理解热力学的知识，掌握热力学的
基本原理和计算方法。
希望大家在学习热力学的过程中能够勤加练习，提高自
己的学习能力，为将来的科学研究和工程实践打下坚实的基础。
热力学基础试题及答案
热力学基础试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 热力学第一定律指出能量守恒，下列哪项描述是正确的？A. 能量可以被创造或消灭B. 能量可以从一个物体转移到另一个物体C. 能量可以在封闭系统中增加或减少D. 能量总是从高温物体流向低温物体答案：B2. 熵是热力学中描述系统无序度的物理量，下列哪项描述是正确的？A. 熵是一个状态函数B. 熵是一个过程函数C. 熵只与系统的温度有关D. 熵只与系统的压力有关答案：A3. 理想气体状态方程为PV=nRT，其中P代表压力，V代表体积，n代表摩尔数，R代表气体常数，T代表温度。
下列哪项描述是错误的？A. 理想气体状态方程适用于所有气体B. 在恒定温度下，气体的体积与压力成反比C. 在恒定压力下，气体的体积与温度成正比D. 在恒定体积下，气体的压力与温度成正比答案：A4. 热力学第二定律指出热量不能自发地从低温物体传递到高温物体，下列哪项描述是正确的？A. 热量总是从高温物体流向低温物体B. 热量可以在没有外界影响的情况下从低温物体流向高温物体C. 热量可以在外界做功的情况下从低温物体流向高温物体D. 热量可以在没有外界做功的情况下从低温物体流向高温物体答案：C5. 卡诺循环是理想化的热机循环，其效率只与热源和冷源的温度有关。
下列哪项描述是错误的？A. 卡诺循环的效率与工作介质无关B. 卡诺循环的效率与热源和冷源的温度差有关C. 卡诺循环的效率与热源和冷源的温度成正比D. 卡诺循环的效率在所有循环中是最高的答案：C6. 根据热力学第三定律，下列哪项描述是正确的？A. 绝对零度是可以达到的B. 绝对零度是不可能达到的C. 绝对零度下所有物质的熵为零D. 绝对零度下所有物质的熵为负值答案：B7. 热力学中的吉布斯自由能（G）是用来描述在恒温恒压条件下系统自发进行变化的能力。
下列哪项描述是错误的？A. 吉布斯自由能的变化（ΔG）是负值时，反应自发进行B. 吉布斯自由能的变化（ΔG）是正值时，反应非自发进行C. 吉布斯自由能的变化（ΔG）是零时，系统处于平衡状态D. 吉布斯自由能的变化（ΔG）与系统的温度和压力无关答案：D8. 相变是指物质在不同相态之间的转变，下列哪项描述是错误的？A. 相变过程中物质的化学性质不变B. 相变过程中物质的物理性质会发生变化C. 相变过程中物质的熵值不变D. 相变过程中物质的体积可能会发生变化答案：C9. 热力学中的临界点是指物质的气液两相在该点的物理性质完全相同。
材料热力学习题解答
《材料热力学》复习思考题解答3. 在1560℃时，C 在液态铁中的活度系数和偏摩尔超额焓由下列式表示： 2l n 0.37711.7c C C X X γ=-++25.415.017.25E C C C H X X =++(K Cal) 其标准态为纯石墨，计算1560℃时液相与石墨平衡的相线的斜率。
解：以石墨为标准态时，C 在液态铁中的化学位为：l n (1)LC CC R T a μμ=+ 石墨 当液相与石墨平衡时，L C Cμμ=石墨。
即ln 0C α=。
又ln ln ln C C C X αγ=+ln ln 0(2)C C X γ∴+=由(2)式得：平衡时0.2067C X =两边取微分得：(ln )(ln )1[](1/)[]0(1/)C C C X T C C C C d T dX dX T X X γγ∂∂++=∂∂ (ln )[](1/)ln ln 1(1/)[()]1()CC X EC C C C C T C TC C CdX H X T d T R X X X X γγγ∂-∂∴==⋅∂∂-++∂∂2(5.415.017.25) 4.1810000.20678.311(723.4)278.6C C CC X X X X ++⨯⨯=-⋅++=- 2C dX T dT=-CdX 又d(1/T)5221278.68.310(1560273)C dX dT T -∴=-==⨯+C dX d(1/T) 1()K - 4. 在1000K 时，A-B 二元溶液中，当0.01B X =时，0.1B a =。
在盛有大量A 的量热计中加入少量的B 组元时，测得吸热7000Cal/mol ，假定2ln ln B A B X γγ=。
求1500K 时，当0.02B X =时，B 组元的活度。
解：在1000K 时，当0.01B X =时，0.1B a =0.1100.01B γ∴== 又022ln ln10ln 2.3490.99B B A X γγ=== 又ln [](1/)ii P H R T γ∂∆=∂15001500010001000l n (1/)BBH d d T Rγ∆∴=⎰⎰1500100011[ln ][ln ]()15001000B B B H R γγ∆∴=+-7000 4.18112.349()8.31150010001.175⨯=+-= 202l n (l n )0.981.175B A B X γγ∴==⨯ 1.128= l n 3.09B γ∴= 3.090.020.0B B B a X γ==⨯=7. 若A-B 二元合金系在液、固态两组元均能无限互溶，且均为理想溶液。
热力学基础试题及答案
热力学基础试题及答案试题一1. 热力学是研究什么物理系统的基本规律和性质的学科？答：热力学是研究宏观物理系统的基本规律和性质的学科。
2. 请解释热力学第一定律。
答：热力学第一定律，也称为能量守恒定律，表示能量在物理系统中的转化和守恒关系。
它表明能量可以从一种形式转化为另一种形式，但总能量守恒不变。
3. 热平衡的定义是什么？答：热平衡是指物理系统与其周围环境之间没有温度差异，且无任何能量交换的状态。
4. 请解释热容的概念。
答：热容是指物体在温度变化时所吸收或释放的热量的量度。
它与物体的质量和物质的性质有关。
试题二1. 定义熵。
答：熵是热力学状态函数，表示系统的混乱程度或无序程度。
熵越大，系统的无序程度越高。
2. 请解释热力学第二定律。
答：热力学第二定律说明了自然界中存在着一个热量只能从高温区域传递到低温区域的方向性。
这一定律包括熵增原理和卡诺定理。
3. 简要描述热力学过程中的绝热过程。
答：绝热过程是指系统与外界之间没有热量交换的过程。
在绝热过程中，系统的熵保持不变。
4. 请解释热力学温标。
答：热力学温标是用热平衡状态下的热力学系统特性来定义的一个温度刻度。
常见的热力学温标有开尔文温标和摄氏温标。
试题三1. 简要解释焓。
答：焓是系统内可以执行的最大非体积功，它是能量转化过程中的一种状态函数，用来描述系统的能量。
2. 请解释热力学第三定律。
答：热力学第三定律指出在绝对零度（0K）时，任何物质的熵值趋于一个常数，接近于零。
3. 简要描述等温过程。
答：等温过程是指在恒定温度下进行的热力学过程。
在等温过程中，系统与外界之间发生的热量交换能够保持系统温度不变。
4. 简要解释热力学平衡态。
答：热力学平衡态是指系统内各个部分的宏观性质保持稳定且不发生变化的状态。
在热力学平衡态下，系统的熵取极小值。
以上是热力学基础试题及答案。
祝您学习顺利！。
热力学考试题库及答案
热力学考试题库及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 热力学第一定律表明能量守恒，下列哪项描述是错误的？A. 能量不能被创造或消灭B. 能量可以从一种形式转换为另一种形式C. 能量可以在系统和周围环境之间转移D. 能量可以在系统中无限增加或减少答案：D2. 根据热力学第二定律，下列哪项描述是正确的？A. 热能自发地从低温物体传递到高温物体B. 热能自发地从高温物体传递到低温物体C. 热能自发地从低温物体传递到高温物体，但需要外部工作D. 热能不能自发地从低温物体传递到高温物体答案：B3. 熵是一个状态函数，它表示系统的哪种属性？A. 能量B. 温度C. 混乱程度D. 压力答案：C4. 在理想气体的等温过程中，下列哪项是正确的？A. 体积和压力成正比B. 体积和压力成反比C. 体积和温度成正比D. 体积和温度成反比答案：B5. 热力学第三定律指出，当温度趋近于绝对零度时，下列哪项属性趋近于零？A. 熵B. 内能C. 压力D. 体积答案：A6. 卡诺循环的效率与哪些因素有关？A. 热源和冷源的温度B. 热源的温度C. 冷源的温度D. 工作介质的种类答案：A7. 热力学中，一个系统经历可逆过程时，下列哪项是正确的？A. 系统和周围环境之间没有能量交换B. 系统和周围环境之间有能量交换，但系统状态可以完全恢复C. 系统和周围环境之间有能量交换，且系统状态不能恢复D. 系统和周围环境之间没有能量交换，且系统状态不能恢复答案：B8. 绝热过程是指系统与外界没有热量交换的过程，下列哪项描述是正确的？A. 系统和周围环境之间有热量交换B. 系统和周围环境之间没有热量交换C. 系统和周围环境之间有做功D. 系统和周围环境之间没有做功答案：B9. 理想气体状态方程为PV=nRT，其中R是？A. 气体常数B. 普朗克常数C. 玻尔兹曼常数D. 阿伏伽德罗常数答案：A10. 根据热力学第一定律，下列哪项描述是错误的？A. 系统内能的增加等于系统吸收的热量和对外做的功之和B. 系统内能的减少等于系统放出的热量和对外做的功之差C. 系统内能的增加等于系统吸收的热量和对外做的功之差D. 系统内能的减少等于系统放出的热量和对外做的功之和答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 热力学第一定律也称为______定律。
材料热力学试题_参考答案 (2007年)
材料热力学试题_参考答案 (2007年)一、填空题（每题5分，共10分）1. 0≥m dS 作为过程的可逆性判据，其适用条件是 绝热或隔离体系 。
2. 热力学基本方程Vdp SdT dG +-=的适用条件是 只作体积功的封闭体系 。
二、简答题 (本题20分，每小题10分)1. 平衡态的判据（即判断某一过程是否能自发进行）有哪几个？哪一个最广泛地在实践中被运用？为什么？（10分）[答] (1) 熵(S)判据（ dS ≥0 ）；(2) 恒温恒容且只作体积功的亥姆霍兹(Helmholtz)自由能判据：自发过程dF <0，平衡过程dF=0 ；(3) 恒温恒压且只作体积功的的吉布斯(Gibbs)自由能判据：自发过程dG <0，平衡过程dG=0。
吉布斯(Gibbs)自由能判据最广泛地被运用。
因为绝大多数的实际过程发生在恒温恒压的条件下。
2. 简述马氏体相变的特点。
并举一实例说明其在具体实践中应用。
（10分）[答] 马氏体相变的特点有：马氏体相变是无扩散相变之一，原子只做有规则的重排（集团式变位）而不进行扩散；(2) 马氏体沿惯习（析）面生长并与奥氏体母相保持一定的取向关系，形成共格晶界；(3) 马氏体相变发生在一定的温度区间内(M s ~M f )；(4) 马氏体相变的可逆性；(5) 快速长大；(6) 马氏体转变的不完全性。
实例1：刀具通过锋刄的高温局部淬火，可达到强度和韧性的结合；实例2：通过高温淬火生产弹簧。
三、计算题（共40分）1. Al 在Fcc 结构时的摩尔吉布斯自由能为G Fcc_A1：-7976.15 + 137.093T - 24.3672 T lnT - 1.88466 T 2×10–3 - 8.7766 T 3×10–7 + 74092 T –1 (298.15<T<700) 计算300K ，500K 时Al 的Cp 值，S 值以及H 值。
材料热力学 习题答案
The problems of the first law1. a lead bullet is fired at a frigid surface. At what speed must it travel to melt on impact, if its initial temperature is 25℃ and heating of the rigid surface of the rigid surface is neglected? The melting point of lead is 327℃. The molar heat of fusion of the lead is 4.8kJ/mol. The molar heat capacity C P of lead may be taken as 29.3J/(mol K) (1.1)Solution: )/(5.112.20721]108.4)25327(3.29[2121)(2322s m V v n n WQ nMv mv W H T C n Q Q Q absorb melting p melt increase absorb ==⨯+-⨯===∆+∆=+=2. what is the average power production in watts of a person who burns 2500 kcal of food in a day? Estimate the average additional powder production of 75Kg man who is climbing a mountain at eh rate of 20 m/min (1.2)Solution )/(24560208.975)/(12160602410467000//)(104670001868.4102500sin 3S J t h mg P S J t Q t W P J Q gincrea Burning Burning =⨯⨯=∆==⨯⨯====⨯⨯=3 One cubic decimeter (1 dm 3) of water is broken into droplets having a diameter of onemicrometer (1 um) at 20℃. (1.3)(a) what is the total area of the droplets?(b) Calculate the minimum work required to produce the droplets. Assume that the dropletsare rest (have zero velocity)Water have a surface tension of 72.75 dyn/cm at 20℃ (NOTES: the term surface energy (ene/cm 2) is also used for surface tension dyn/cm)Solution)(25.218)106103(1075.72)(103)101(4)101(34)101(232523263631J S W m nS S Single total =⨯-⨯⨯⨯=∆=⨯=⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯==-+----σππ4.Gaseous helium is to be used to quench a hot piece of metal. The helium is in storage in an insulated tank with a volume of 50 L and a temperature of 25℃, the pressure is 10 atm. Assume that helium is an ideal gas.(a) when the valve is opened and the gas escapes into the quench chamber (pressure=1 atm),what will be the temperature of the first gas to hit the specimen?(b) As the helium flows, the pressure in the tank drops. What will be the temperature of thehelium entering the quench chamber when the pressure in the tank has fallen to 1 atm? (1.4)Solution: )(180118298)(1185.229810101325501010101325)5500(1)()(118)101(298)()(0334.0/00K T T T K RR nC W T b K T P PT T Adiabatic a p C R P=-=∆-==⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯-⨯==∆=⨯==--5 An evacuated (P=0), insulted tank is surrounded by a very large volume (assume infinite volume) of an ideal gas at a temperature T 0. The valve on the tank is opened and the surrounding gas is allowed to flow quickly into the tank until the pressure inside the tank is equals the pressure outside. Assume that no heat flow takes place. What is the final tempeture of the gas in the tank? The heat capacity of the gas, C p and C v each may be assumed to be constant over the temperature rang spanned by the experiment. You answer may be left in terms of C p and C vhint: one way to approach the problem is to define the system as the gas ends up in the tank. (1.5)solution 0/000/00)()(T P P T T P PT T Adiabatic PPC R C R ≈-==6. Calculate the heat of reaction of methane with oxygen at 298K, assuming that the products of reaction are CO 2 and CH 4 (gas)[This heat of reaction is also called the low calorific power of methane] convert the answer into unites of Btu/1000 SCF of methane. SCF means standard cubic feet, taken at 298 and 1atmNOTE: this value is a good approximation for the low calorific powder of natural gas (1.6)DA TA:)()()(224g O H g CO g CH FOR80.5705.9489.17]/[0298---∙∆mol g Kcal Hsolution)1000/(9.2610252103048.01101076.191)/(76.191)89.1780.57205.94()2(22333332982982224422SCF Btu mol g Kcal H H H H H OH CO O CH CH O H CO =⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯=∙=∆+⨯---=∆-∆+∆-=∆+=+-7. Methane is delivered at 298 K to a glass factory, which operates a melting furnace at 1600 K. The fuel is mixed with a quantity of air, also at 298 K, which is 10% in excess of the amount theoretically needed for complete combustion (air is approximately 21% O 2 and 79% N 2) (1.7)(a) Assuming complete combustion, what is the composition of the flue gas (the gasfollowing combustion)?(b) What is the temperature of the gas, assuming no heat loss?(c) The furnace processes 2000kg of glass hourly, and its heat losses to the surroundingsaverage 400000 kJ/h. calculate the fuel consumption at STP (in m 3/h) assuming that for gas H 1600-H 298=1200KJ/KG(d) A heat exchanger is installed to transfer some of the sensible heat of the flue gas to thecombustion air. Calculate the decrease in fuel consumption if the combustion air is heated to 800KDA TA STP means T=298K, P=1atm22224O N O H CO CH for 2.82.89.117.1316)/(C mol cal C P ∙Solution)(210448.1125.9100076.191298)/(25.9)]87.012.72(2.843.179.1171.87.13[01.0)(%87.0%%12.72%%43.17%2%%71.8)11.1(221791.1231%22)(0,,222222224K T T T C mol cal X C C b O N CO O H CO O H CO O CH a i i p p p =⨯⨯+=∆+=∙=+⨯+⨯+⨯=======-⨯+⨯⨯+=+=+∑)/(1644)0224.011868.448.11)8001600(48.1125.9189570(102800000)/(189570)298800)](48.1187.8)48.1125.9[(100076.191)()/(87.848.11/]211002.22.816[)()/(3214)0224.011868.448.11)2981600(48.1125.9100076.191(102800000)/(280000040000020001200)(33min ,,,,298,,33min h m V mol g cal dTn C n C H H C mol cal X C C d h m V h KJ P C gConsu i i r p i i p p i i p r p g Consu =⨯⨯-⨯-⨯=∙=-⨯-⨯-⨯=--∆=∆∙=⨯⨯+===⨯⨯-⨯-⨯⨯==+⨯=⎰∑∑∑8.In an investigation of the thermodynamic properties of a-manganese, the following heat contents were determined: H 700-H 298=12113 J/(g atom) H 1000-H 298=22803 J/(g atom)Find a suitable equation for H T -H 298 and also for C P as a function of temperature in the form (a+bT) Assume that no structure transformation takes place in the given tempeture rang. (1.8)Solution )298(0055.0)298(62.35011.062.35011.062.3522803)2981000(2)2981000(12113)298700(2)298700(]2[2229822222982---=∆-=-===-+-=-+-+=+==∆⎰⎰T T H TC b a ba ba T baT bTdT a dT C H TP T P9.A fuel gas containing 40% CO, 10% CO 2, and the rest N 2 (by volume) is burnt completely with air in a furnace. The incoming and ongoing temperatures of the gases in the furnace are 773K and 1250K,respectively. Calculate (a) the maximum flame temperature and (b) heat supplied to the furnace per cu. ft of exhaust gas (1.9)molJ Hmol J H CO f CO f /393296/1104580,298,0,298,2-=∆-=∆)/(10184.403.29)/(1067.11010.492.19)/(1037.81020.935.44)/(1042.01097.345.283,253,253,253,222molK J T C molK J T T C molK J T T C molK J T T C N P O P CO P CO P -------⨯+=⨯-⨯+=⨯-⨯+=⨯-⨯+=Solution?0)499.0321.018.1()1067.01019.277.28(28.282831067.01038.477.289.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)()/(1019.01058.528.33722.0278.0)/(1067.01038.477.281.065.005.02.0)()/(282838110458393296%2.72%8.27%10%65%5%20)4/(1122298127332981523733253253298,,,,298,253,,,,,253,,,,,,,0,298,0,298,298,22222222222222==+--⨯+⨯++⨯=⨯-⨯++⨯⨯-⨯+-⨯=--∆=∆⨯-⨯+=+==⨯-⨯+=+++===-=∆-∆=∆========+-----------⎰⎰⎰∑∑⎰∑∑∑∑T T T T T T T dT T T dTT T dT n C n C n H H molK J T T C C n C C molK J T T C C C C n C C a mol J n Hn H H N CO production O N CO CO reation then O N air mole need fuel mole when CO O CO T TT i i r p i i p p i i N P CO P i i p p r p O P N P CO P CO P i i p p r p i pf i rf idTT T Q dT T T Q b T T T T T T T dT T T dTT T dT n C n C n H H T TT i i r p i i p p i i 9.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.02828389.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)(0)499.0321.018.1()1067.01019.277.28(28.282831067.01038.477.289.0)1019.01058.528.33(2.0282838)(253125029812502982531250298125029829812125029815231250253253298,,,,298,⨯⨯-⨯++⨯-=⨯⨯-⨯++⨯-===+--⨯+⨯++⨯=⨯-⨯++⨯⨯-⨯+-⨯=--∆=∆-----------⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰∑∑⎰10. (a) for the reaction 2221CO O CO →+,what is the enthalpy of reaction (0H ∆) at 298 K ?(b) a fuel gas, with composition 50% CO, 50% N 2 is burned using the stoichiometric amount of air. What is the composition of the flue gas?(c) If the fuel gas and the air enter there burner at 298 K, what is the highest temperaturethe flame may attain (adiabatic flame temperature)? DA TA :standard heats of formation f H ∆ at 298 K (1.10))/(393000)/(1100002mol J CO mol J CO -=-=Heat capacities [J/(mol K)] to be used for this problem N 2=33, O 2=33, CO=34, CO 2=57 Solution)(21100)298)(39889.0(222.02830000)/(3975.03325.057)/(33111.034222.033666.033)(%,75%%,251.111002.22%%1.11%%,6.66%%,2.222.0/25.015.0%)()/(283000393000110000)(,0,,,,,,22220,298,0,298,0K T T dT C n H H K mol J X C C K mol J X C C C N CO product O N CO fuel b mol J n H n H H a P p p i P r i P r i P p i P p i P f i r f ==-⨯-⨯=-∆=∆∙=⨯+⨯==∙=⨯+⨯+⨯====-====+==+-=∆-∆=∆⎰∑∑∑∑11.a particular blast furnace gas has the following composition by (volume): N 2=60%, H 2=4, CO=12%, CO 2=24%(a) if the gas at 298K is burned with the stochiometric amount of dry air at 298 K, what is the composition of the flue gas? What is the adiabatic flame temperature? (b) repeat the calculation for 30% excess combustion air at 298K(C)what is the adiabatic flame temperature when the blast furnace gas is preheated to 700K (the dry air is at 298K)(d) suppose the combustion air is not dry ( has partial pressure of water 15 mm Hg and a total pressure of 760 mm Hg) how will the flame temperature be affected? DA TA(k J/mol) （1.11）2CO CO FOR513.393523.110)/(--∆m o lkJ H f 2222,)(O N g O H CO CO FOR34505733]/[K mol J C P ∙Solution)(1052)(75438286370])295.03450(241604[026.0])335.03457(110523393513[079.0])([%8.66%%,8.6%%,6.2%%,8.15%%,9.72.0/83.110012%)()(1122)(82538313430])295.03450(241604[029.0])335.03457(110523393513[086.0])([%7.65%%,7.5%%,9.2%%,1.17%%,6.82.0/810012%2121)(,,,,,,,02222,,,,,,,0222222222K T K T T n C T T X C dT n C n C H x H N O H CO CO b K T K T T n C T T X C dT n C n C H x H N O H CO CO OH O H CO O CO a i i r P ii P i i r P i i p P i i i i r P ii P i i r P i i p P i i ===∆=∆-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=+--∆=∆=====⨯+====∆=∆-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=+--∆=∆=====+=→+→+∑∑∑⎰∑∑∑∑∑⎰∑∑)(1419),(11213842594034286.0)402(2.39714.0])295.03450(241604[029.0])335.03457(110523393513[086.0)3(K T K T T T T T H ===∆=∆⨯--∆⨯-∆-⨯--+∆-⨯---=∆12．A bath of molten copper is super cooled to 5℃ below its true melting point. Nucleation of solid copper then takes place, and the solidification proceeds under adiabatic conditions. What percentage of the bath solidifies?DATA: Heat of fusion for copper is 3100 cal/mol at 1803℃(the melting point of copper) C P,L =7.5(cal/mol ℃), C P,S =5.41+(1.5*10-3T )(cal/mol ℃) （1.12） Solution)/(310355.75.0)17981803(105.1541.5310002231798,1798,17981803,18031798,1803,mol cal H H dT C dT C HL S SL L P S P LS =⨯-⨯-⨯+⨯+==+++-⎰⎰13．Cuprous oxide (Cu 2O) is being reduced by hydrogen in a furnace at 1000K, (a)write the chemical reaction for the reduced one mole of Cu 2O(b)how much heat is release or absorbed per mole reacted? Given the quantity of heat and state whether heat is evolved (exothermic reaction) or absorbed (endothermic reaction) DATA: heat of formation of 1000K in cal/mol Cu 2O=-41900 H 2O=-59210 （1.13） solution)/(173104190059210222mol cal H OH Cu H O Cu =-=∆+=+,exothermic reaction14. (a) what is the enthalpy of pure, liquid aluminum at 1000K?(b) an electric resistance furnace is used to melt pure aluminum at the rate of 100kg/h. the furnace is fed with solid aluminum at 298K. The liquid aluminum leaves the furnace at 1000K. what is the minimum electric powder rating (kW) of furnace.DATA : For aluminum : atomic weight=27g/mol, C p,s =26(J/molK), C p,L =29(J/molK), Melting point=932K, Heat of fusion=10700J/mol (1.14)Solution )(28.0)(7.2793600110002727184)/(2718410700)9321000(29)298932(261000932,932298,1000,kW W P mol J H dT C dT C H SLL P S P l ==⨯⨯==+-⨯+-⨯=++=⎰⎰15 A waste material (dross from the melting of aluminum) is found to contain 1 wt% metallic aluminum. The rest may be assumed to aluminum oxide. The aluminum is finely divided and dispersed in the aluminum oxide; that is the two material are thermally connected.If the waster material is stored at 298K. what is the maximum temperature to which it may rise if all the metallic aluminum is oxidized by air/ the entire mass may be assumed to rise to the same temperature. Data : atomic weight Al=27g/mol, O=16g/mol, C p,s,Al =26(J/molK), C p,s,Al2O3=104J/mol, heat formation of Al 2O 3=-1676000J/mol(1.15)Solution;)(600)(3021041029927275.116122711676000K T K T T ==∆∆⨯⨯++⨯⨯=⨯⨯16 Metals exhibit some interesting properties when they are rapidly solidified from the liquid state. An apparatus for the rapid solidification of copper is cooled by water. In the apparatus, liquid copper at its melting point (1356K) is sprayed on a cooling surface, where it solidified and cools to 400K. The copper is supplied to the apparatus at the rate of one kilogram per minute. Cooling water is available at 20℃, and is not allowed to raise above 80℃. What is the minimum flow rate of water in the apparatus, in cubic meters per minute? DATA; for water: C p =4.184J/g k, Density=1g/cm 3; for copper: molecular weight=63.54g/mol C p =7cal/mol k, heat of fusion=3120 cal/mol (1.16)Solution:min)/(10573.2)2080(1min /min54.631000)]4001356(73120[min /33m V VQ Q Water Copper -⨯=-=⨯⨯-⨯+=17 water flowing through an insulated pipe at the rate of 5L/min is to be heated from 20℃ to 60℃ b an electrical resistance heater. Calculate the minimum power rating of the resistance heater in watts. Specify the system and basis for you calculation. DATA; For water C p =4.184J/g k, Density=1g/cm 3 (1.17) Solution: )(139476010005)2060(184.4W W =⨯⨯-⨯=18 The heat of evaporation of water at 100℃ and 1 atm is 2261J/mol (a) what percentage of that energy is used as work done by the vapor?(b)if the density of water vapor at 100℃ and 1 atm is 0.597kg/m 3 what is the internal energy change for the evaporation of water? (1.18)Solution: )/(375971822613101%6.71822613101%)/(31010224.0273373101325mol J Q W U mol J V P =⨯+-=+=∆=⨯==⨯⨯=∆19 water is the minimum amount of steam (at 100℃ and 1 atm pressure) required to melt a kilogram of ice (at 0℃)? Use data for problem 1.20 (1.19) Solution )(125,3341000)10018.42261(g m m =⨯=⨯+20 in certain parts of the world pressurized water from beneath the surface of the earth is available as a source of thermal energy. To make steam, the geothermal water at 180℃ is passed through a flash evaporator that operates at 1atm pressure. Two streams come out of the evaporator, liquid water and water vapor. How much water vapor is formed per kilogram of geothermal water? Is the process reversible? Assume that water is incompressible. The vapor pressure of water at 180℃ is 1.0021 Mpa( about 10 atm) Data: C P,L =4.18J/(g k), C P,v =2.00J/(g k), △H V =2261J/g, △H m =334 J/g (1.20) Solution:leirreversib g x x x )(138),1000(8018.4)8018.48022261(=-⨯⨯=⨯-⨯+The problems of the second law1 The solar energy flux is about 4J cm 2/min. in no focusing collector the surface temperature can reach a value of about 900℃. If we operate a heat engine using the collector as the heat source and a low temperature reservoir at 25℃, calculate the area of collector needed if the heat engine is to produce 1 horse power. Assume the engine operates at maximum efficiency. (2.1)Solution )(664.0)(74660104273900)25900(24m S W tWP StQ T T T W H H L H ===⨯⨯+-=-=2 A refrigerator is operated by 0.25 hp motor. If the interior of the box is to be maintained at -20℃ ganister a maximum exterior temperature of 35℃, what the maximum heat leak (in watts) into the box that can be tolerated if the motor runs continuously? Assume the coefficient of performance is 75% of the value for a reversible engine. (2.2)Solution:)(114474625.02035202733475.0%75W P P T T T P Q T T T W L LLLH HHLH =⨯⨯+-⨯=-=-=3 suppose an electrical motor supplies the work to operate a Carnot refrigerator. The interior of the refrigerator is at 0℃. Liquid water is taken in at 0℃ and converted to ice at 0℃. To convert 1 g of ice to 1 g liquid. △H=334J/g is required. If the temperature outside the box is 20℃, what mass of ice can be produced in one minute by a 0.25 hp motor runningcontinuously? Assume that the refrigerator is perfectly insulated and that the efficiencies involved have their largest possible value. (2.3)Solution: )(4576033474625.020273g m M m P P T T T P L LLLH ===⨯⨯=-=4 under 1 atm pressure, helium boils at 4.126K. The heat of vaporization is 84 J/mol what size motor (in hp) is needed to run a refrigerator that must condense 2 mol of gaseous helium at 4.126k to liquid at the same temperature in one minute? Assume that the ambient temperature is 300K and that the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is 50% of the maximum possible. (2.4)Solution: )(52.0)(393'60284216.4216.4300'5.0%50hp W P P T T T P P Q T T T W L L L H LLLH ==⨯⨯-=-==-= 5 if a fossil fuel power plant operating between 540 and 50℃ provides the electrical powerto run a heat pump that works between 25 and 5℃, what is the amount of heat pumped into the house per unit amount of heat extracted from the power plant boiler. (a) assume that the efficiencies are equal to the theoretical maximum values(b) assume the power plant efficiency is 70% of maximum and that coefficient ofperformance of the heat pump is 10% of maximum(c) if a furnace can use 80% of the energy in fossil foe to heat the house would it be moreeconomical in terms of overall fissile fuel consumption to use a heat pump or a furnace ? do the calculations for cases a and b (2.5)solution:1,2,2,1,212,2,2,2,21,1,1,1,198.82527352527354050540)(H H H H H H L H H H L H P P P P P P P T T T P P T T T P a =+-=+-=-=-=.,)(6286.0)(1,2,not is b ok is a c P P b H H =6 calculate △U and △S when 0.5 mole of liquid water at 273 K is mixed with 0.5 mol of liquid water at 373 K and the system is allowed to reach equilibrium in an adiabaticenclosure. Assume that C p is 77J /(mol K) from 273K to 373K (2.6) Solution:)/(933.0)273323ln(5.0)373323ln(5.0)ln()ln()(02211K J C C T T C n T T C n S J U P P E P E P =+=+=∆=∆ 7 A modern coal burning power plant operates with a steam out let from the boiler at 540℃and a condensate temperature of 30℃.(a) what is the maximum electrical work that can be produced by the plant per joule of heatprovided to the boiler?(b) How many metric tons (1000kg) of coal per hour is required if the plant out put is to be500MW (megawatts). Assume the maximum efficiency for the plant. The heat of combustion of coal is 29.0 MJ/k g(c) Electricity is used to heat a home at 25℃ when the out door temperature is 10℃ bypassing a current through resistors. What is the maximum amount of heat that can be added to the home per kilowatt-hour of electrical energy supplied? (2.7)Solution:)(3.69)(6937136005000.29)()(89.013054030540)(ton kg m T T T mb J Q T T T W a LH LH H L H ==⨯=-=+-=-=)(9.191102525273)(J Q Q T T T W c H HHLH =-+=-=8 an electrical resistor is immersed in water at the boiling temperature of water (100℃) the electrical energy input into the resistor is at the rate of one kilowatt(a) calculate the rate of evaporation of the water in grams per second if the water containeris insulated that is no heat is allowed to flow to or from the water except for that provided by the resistor(b) at what rate could water could be evaporated if electrical energy were supplied at therate of 1 kw to a heat pump operating between 25 and 100℃data for water enthalpy of evaporation is 40000 J/mol at 100℃; molecular weight is 18g/mol; density is 1g/cm 3 (2.8)solution:)(23.2,2510027310010004000018)()(45.0,10004000018)(g m m b g m ma =-+===9 some aluminum parts are being quenched (cooled rapidly ) from 480℃ to -20℃ byimmersing them in a brine , which is maintained at -20℃ by a refrigerator. The aluminum is being fed into the brine at a rate of one kilogram per minute. The refrigerator operates in an environment at 30℃; that is the refrigerator may reject heat at 30℃. what is them minuspower rating in kilowatts, of motor required to operate the refrigerator? Data for aluminum heat capacity is 28J/mol K; Molecular weight 27g/mol (2.9)Solution:)(5.102)(102474202732030)20480(28271000kW W P P T T T P P L L L L H W L ==---=-=--⨯=10 an electric power generating plant has a rated output of 100MW. The boiler of the plantoperates at 300℃. The condenser operates at 40℃(a) at what rate (joules per hour) must heat be supplied to the boiler?(b) The condenser is cooled by water, which may under go a temperature rise of no morethan 10℃. What volume of cooling water in cubic meters per hour, is require to operate the plant?(c) The boiler tempeture is to be raised to 540℃,but the condensed temperature and electricoutput will remain the same. Will the cooling water requirement be increased, decreased, or remain the same?Data heat capacity 4.184, density 1g/cm 3 (2.10)Solution: )(109.7)(102.21040300273300)(1188J t P Q W P T T T P a H H L H H H ⨯==⨯=-+=-=)(1003.1184.41010)(103.4)(34611m V Q V J Q b L L ⨯==⨯⨯⨯⨯=noW P T T T P c L H H H )(10626.11040540273540)(88⨯=-+=-=11 (a) Heat engines convert heat that is available at different temperature to work. Theyhave been several proposals to generate electricity y using a heat engine that operate on the temperature differences available at different depths in the oceans. Assume that surface water is at 20℃, that water at a great depth is at 4℃, and that both may be considered to be infinite in extent. How many joules of electrical energy may be generated for each joule of energy absorbed from surface water? (b) the hydroelectric generation of electricity use the drop height of water as the energy source. in a particular region the level of river drops from 100m above sea level to 70m above the sea level . what fraction of the potential energy change between those two levels may be converted into electrical energy? how much electrical energy ,in kilowatt-hours, may be generated per cubic meter of water that undergoes such a drop? (2.11)Solution:)/(1006.136001000)()(055.0127320420)(6h kW hmg P b J Q T T T W a H H L H ⨯=⨯∆==+-=-=12 a sports facility has both an ice rink and a swimming pool. to keep the ice frozen during the summer requires the removal form the rink of 105 KJ of thermal energy per hour. It has been suggested that this task be performed by a thermodynamic machine, which would be use the swimming pool as the high temperature reservoir. The ice in the rink is to be maintain at a temperature of –15℃, and the swimming pool operates at 20℃, (a) what is the theoretical minimum power, in kilowatts, required to run the machine? (b) how much heat , in joule per hour , would be supplied t the pool by this machine? (2.12)Solution:)(1014.1101527320273)()(77.33600/10152731520)(555kJ Q b kW P T T T P a H L L L H ⨯=-+==-+=-=13solution:)/(81.6810ln 314.877.45277.6282.4)/(152940)()/(67.4977.45277.6282.4)()/(152940)(22)(2molK cal S mol cal H d molK cal S c mol cal H b AlNN Al a -=+-⨯-⨯=∆=∆-=-⨯-⨯=∆=∆=+14solution:)/(2257412000)27340273ln 184.4273336263273ln1.2()(40,010,K J dT T C T H dT T C m S WATER P m mICE P =+++=+∆+=∆⎰⎰- 15)(70428)(2896100077773002J W J Q T T T W L L L H ==-=-=16)(4.3719))2.4300(314.85.13.83(3002.4300)(7.58663.832.42.4300J Q T T T W J Q T T T W H H L H L L L H =-⨯+-=-==-=-=17yesd Q c K J PPnR S b J pdV n W Q OU T a )(0)()/(1.1910ln 314.81ln )()(570410ln 298314.810)(0==⨯⨯==∆=⨯⨯=-=-==∆=∆⎰18)(122233527302033560500g m m m T T T L L H =-=-=⨯教材各章习题参考答案 (魏)3.2 ΔG = -108.9 J/mol; ΔS = -21.42 J/(mol.K)3.6 (a ) 22.09/(.)S J mol K ∆=；(b) At 0︒C, ∆G =0; (c) ∆H = 5841.9 J;(d) ∆S =21.39J /(mol.K)，∆G = 109.38 J/mol4.1 (a ) 2898.28J/mol; ( b ) No; ( c ) 345 J/mol; ( d ) 14939 atm; ( e )4921 J/mol4.2 ( a ) 272.8K; ( b ) Pa P 610345⨯≈∆ ; ( c ) 249.46K 4.3 1202K4.4 P=5.73⨯10-6 atm 4.5 0.16P4.7 08.10430685ln +-=TP 4.8 ( a ) 1180K; ( b ) 695.3K; ( c ) 114.4kJ/mol; ( d ) 7123 J/mol; ( e )4.2J/mol4.9 In the initial state: 4.06 mol %; in the final state:5.3 mol% 4.10 ( a )348 kJ; ( b ) 2.3×10-3Pa ;( c ) “ solution not possible ”; (d ) “solution not possible ”5.1 atm p H 0005.0= 5.2、atmp o 1221007.1-⨯=If the error in enthalpy is 500cal, the uncertainty in the pressure calculated is 28.6%, and if the error in enthalpy is -500cal, the uncertainty is -22.1%5.3、(a) T =462K; (b) T = 420K5.4 (a) atm P O 2621014.1-⨯=, (b) P O2 =2.28⨯10-10 atm., (c) The equilibriumoxygen pressure remains the same when the total pressure increases, which means a higher purity level of N 2 .5.5 (a) 略； (b) Pa atm P H 8.181013056.1800019.0)('2=⨯==; (c) 21.5L Ar isneeded to be bubbled into the melt.5.6（a ）l n K a1/T, 10-31/K=∆-=∆o o G kJ H 1000;50- 66.6kJ(b) Ja = 3 < Ka, the reaction will proceed from left to right, and theatmosphere will not oxidize Ni. 5.7 略5.8. (a) P SiO = 8.1⨯10-8 (atm) (b) ∆H o = 639500J; ∆So =334.9J/K (c ) PO2 =10-30 atm 5.9 5.10．J H o72250=∆，the reaction is an endothermic one.5.11. (a),166528J H o =∆ the reaction is an endothermic one.; (b) At 1168K, the equilibrium pressure of CO2 equals one atmosphere.)(106.08)(atm Pg u -⨯=5.12 (a) 略 ， (b) Mg CO P P =; (c) T = 2037 K 5.13 (a) 略； (b) 13109.2⨯=K ; (c) ppm 186.0 5.14 (a) 略； (b) kJ H 52.267=∆; (c) K T 1592= 5.15 (a) )(106.13atm -⨯≈; (b) )(1028.210)(2atm P g O H -⨯=5.16 (a) 97.9=K ; (b) atm x 14.4=; (c) if the temperature is increased, the fraction of water reacted will increase since the equilibria constant increases with increasing temperature.6.2 （a ）1.287V;(b) When the water impure, the voltage will go higher; (c) 1.219V 6.4 (a) 145.3kJ;(b) The maximum work that could be derived is 702.36kJ; (c) In this case, the maximum work that could be derived is696.56kJ.6.5 (a) -6252J/mol; (b) 370.0)(=II Cd a ; (c) )(42.3mmHg P Cd =; 6.67.87⨯10-4 V 6.7 (a))(22g Cl Mg MgCl +=(b) Pa P Cl 21'1086.82-⨯=;(c) 2.485V6.8 (a) Pa P O 11'2105.5-⨯=;(b) Anode: e Ni Ni 2+→Cathode: -→+2222/1O e O ;(c) 0.757V; (d) 0.261V6.10 (a) )(509.3V E o=;(b) 0.074kJ;(c) 4.1⨯106J;(d) Yes. In this case, the open circuit voltage is 3.648V;(e) In this case, to keep the temperature constant, 3.92⨯106J heatshould be removed from the battery per hour. 6.11(a) TG CO Al C O Al o 26.3211008.12/322/36232-⨯=+=+Δ(b) The minimum voltage at which the electrolysis may be carriedout at 1250K is 1.172V .7.1 0.117 atm 7.5 ( a ) ,82.5 2.5 2.5B A BA BB T PV V V x x x x x ⎛⎫∂=+=--⎪∂⎝⎭ ,102.5 2.5 2.5A B A A B A T PV V V x x x x x ⎛⎫∂=+=-- ⎪∂⎝⎭( b) B A M x x V 5.2=7.7 2)1(736.0ln Sn Sn x --=γ7.8 The maximum solubility of MgF2 in liquid MgCl at 900︒C is 19。
热力学复习十套题
测试一一、选择（本大题16 分，每小题2 分）1. 已知当地大气压P b , 压力表读数为P e , 则绝对压力P 为（）。
（a ）P=P b -P e （b ）P=P e -P b （ c ）P=P b +P e2.准静态过程满足下列哪一个条件时为可逆过程（）。
（a ）做功无压差（ b ）传热无温差（ c ）移动无摩擦3. A 点是海平面某点，B 点是高原上一点，试问 A 、B 处哪点沸水温度高（）(a)A 点（ b ）B 点（c ）同样高4.工质进行了一个吸热、升温、压力下降的多变过程，则多变指数（）(a) 0< <1 （b ）0< <k （ c ）>k5.以下（）措施，不能提高蒸汽朗肯循环的热效率。
(a) 提高新汽温度（b ）提高新汽压力（ c ）提高乏汽压力6.在环境温度为300K 的条件下，一可逆机工作于两个恒温热源（2000K ，400K ）之间，吸热200kJ ，其中可用能为（）(a) 160 kJ （b ）170kJ （ c ）180 kJ7.同一理想气体从同一初态分别经定温压缩、绝热压缩和多变压缩（1<n<k ）到达同一终压，耗功最大的的是（）过程(a)定温压缩（b ）绝热压缩（ c ）多变压缩（1<n<k ）8.适用于（）(a)稳流开口系统(b)闭口系统(c)任意系统(d)非稳流开口系统二、判断正误（划―√‖或―×‖号）（本大题16 分，每小题 2 分）1.热力系统的边界可以是固定的，也可以是移动的；可以是实际存在的，也可以是假想的。
2.热力系统放热后，系统的熵一定减少。
( )3.理想气体任意两个状态参数确定后，气体的状态就一定确定了。
( )4.因为不可逆过程不可能T — s 图上表示，所以也不能计算过程的熵变量。
( )5.水蒸汽绝热膨胀过程中的技术功。
( )6.循环的热效率越高，所得到的循环净功也越大。
( )7.任何可逆循环的热效率都相等。
热力学基础练习题
热力学基础练习题一、选择题1．关于热力学过程，下列说法正确的是： ( ) A 、 准静态过程一定是可逆过程； B 、 非准静态过程不一定是不可逆过程； C 、 可逆过程一定是准静态过程； D 、 不可逆过程一定是非准静态过程．2. 如图所示，当气缸中的活塞迅速向外移动而使气体膨胀时，气体所经历的过程（ ） A ．是准静态过程，它能用p-v 图上的一条曲线表示 B ．不是准静态过程，但它能用p-v 图上的一条曲线表示 C ．不是准静态过程，它不能用p-v 图上的一条曲线表示 D ．是准静态过程但它不能用p-v 图上的一条曲线表示3．如图所示，一定量理想气体从体积V 1，膨胀到体积V 2分别经历的过程是：A →B 等压过程，A →C 等温过程；A →D 绝热过程，其中吸热量最多的过程（ ）（A ）是A →D. （B ） 是A →C. （C ）是A →B.（D ）既是A →B 也是A →C , 两过程吸热一样多。
4．气体的摩尔定压热容m P C ,大于摩尔定容热容m V C ,，其主要原因是（ ） （A ）膨胀系数不同； （B ）温度不同；（C ）分子引力不同； （D ）气体膨胀需作功。
5．氦气、氮气、水蒸汽(均视为刚性分子理想气体)，它们的摩尔数相同，初始状态相同，若使它们在体积不变情况下吸收相等的热量，则（ ） (A) 它们的温度升高不相同，压强增加不相同． (B) 它们的温度升高相同，压强增加不相同． (C) 它们的温度升高不相同，压强增加相同． (D) 它们的温度升高相同，压强增加相同．6．理想气体在如图中实线所示的由状态1到状态2的准静态过程中： （ ） A 、000>>>∆Q W E ，，; B 、000<><∆Q W E ，，； C 、000>><∆Q W E ，，； D 、000=><∆Q W E ，，p pVOA B C D7．如图所示为一定量的理想气体的p —V 图，由图可得出结论（ ） （A ）ABC 是等温过程； （B ）B A T T >； （C ）B A T T <；（D ）B A T T =。
材料热力学11年试题
问答题1、简述热力学第一定律、热力学第二定律、热力学第三定律的内容及应用。
2、简述熵判据、亥姆赫兹函数判据和吉布斯函数判据的内容及使用条件3、请说明为什么纯金属（纯铁材料除外）加热的固态相变是由密排结构到疏排结构的变/link?url=TB3ynKTakLolx53PSt3lqIRlj9i0a7uxwlSvLchHRQzuXIqwFkc-ZsPauEoTMKUnLgq1B_IkWu-KihBIe8zx2YpCnkxGhYX9TYHlyKCPuSy室温下为铁磁性金属在超过居里温度将变为顺磁性，自发磁化消失物质由铁磁态变化到顺磁态的过程伴随着自由能的变化4、请说明为什么固相与气相或液相之间平衡时，相平衡温度T 与压力P 之间的关系是指数关系；而固相与液相之间平衡时，相平衡温度T 与压力P 之间的关系是直线关系5、对于一个二元体系A-B ，试简述相互作用能I AB 的意义，以及I AB 值对A-B 二元正规溶体体系吉布斯自由能-组分关系图形状以及A 、B 在溶体中微观存在状态的影响？T=0时i=0.自由能曲线倾斜的直线，0>i 自由能曲线向下的曲线i >0，自由能曲线向上的曲线T >0时i ≦0，向下凹曲线。
在绝大多数情况下，Gm-X 曲线都是单调向下弯曲的形状。
在i >0，T 不太高时，向上凸的曲线且两个拐点6、试简述多元体系中化学位和活度的意义，并说明为什么在一些固溶体中会发生上坡扩散的原因？7、试简述两相平衡条件的热力学条件、意义，对于两种或者两种以上物相存在的二元体系吉布斯自由能-组分关系图中如何确定相平衡条件啊和范围，以及上述方法的日力学原理；8、物相尺度影响其在溶体中的溶解度，晶体材料中出现晶界偏析的原因和热力学原理 P m GG G -=∆9简述固体热容的杜隆-普替定律，爱因斯坦，德拜模型中材料的热容随温度的变化规律，以及比较各自的优缺点杜隆-普替定律：温度较高Cv=3R 定值。
材料热力学习题答案
材料热力学习题答案材料热力学习题答案热力学是研究物质的能量转化和能量传递规律的科学。
在材料科学中，热力学是一个重要的分支，它可以帮助我们理解材料在不同条件下的性质和行为。
在学习热力学的过程中，我们经常会遇到一些习题，下面我将给出一些常见材料热力学习题的答案。
1. 问题：在常压下，将1mol的水从25℃加热到100℃，需要吸收多少热量？答案：要计算这个问题，我们可以使用热容的概念。
热容是物质在单位温度变化下吸收或释放的热量。
对于水来说，其热容为4.18J/(g℃)。
首先，我们需要知道水的质量，由于1mol的水的摩尔质量为18g/mol，因此1mol的水的质量为18g。
接下来，我们需要计算水的温度变化，即100℃-25℃=75℃。
最后，我们可以使用公式Q=mCΔT来计算所需吸收的热量，其中Q是热量，m是质量，C是热容，ΔT是温度变化。
代入数值得到Q=18g×4.18J/(g℃)×75℃=5613J。
2. 问题：在恒定温度下，气体的体积与压力之间的关系是什么？答案：根据热力学的理论，理想气体的体积与压力成反比。
这可以用理想气体状态方程PV=nRT来解释，其中P是压力，V是体积，n是物质的摩尔数，R是气体常数，T是温度。
根据这个方程，当温度保持不变时，如果压力增加，体积将减小，反之亦然。
这种关系被称为波义尔定律。
3. 问题：在材料科学中，什么是熵？答案：熵是热力学中的一个重要概念，它用于描述物质的无序程度。
熵可以理解为系统的混乱程度或无序程度。
根据热力学的第二定律，系统的熵总是趋向于增加，即系统总是朝着更高的熵状态发展。
当物质从有序状态转变为无序状态时，熵会增加。
例如，当固体融化成液体，或者液体蒸发成气体时，系统的熵会增加。
熵在材料科学中起着重要的作用，可以帮助我们理解材料的相变行为和稳定性。
4. 问题：什么是自由能？答案：自由能是热力学中另一个重要的概念，它用于描述系统的稳定性和可逆性。
材料热力学习题及答案
1、At 300K, 1 mole ideal gas expands from p =10⨯pΘ to p= pΘ isothermally and reversibly calculate (1) Calculate the q, w, ∆H m, ∆U m, ∆G m, ∆F m and ∆S m; (2) If the gas expands isothermally to a vacuum until the pressure reaches p= pΘ, calculate q, w, ∆H m, ∆U m, ∆G m, ∆F m and ∆S m.2. Calculate the equilibrium vapour pressure (atm) of sodium for an aluminum melt containing 0.005 mol% sodium(Na). The activity coefficient of sodium in aluminum is 320 and the vapor pressure of pure sodium at 750 °C is 0.23 atm.3、At 413.15K，the vapor pressure of pure C6H5Cl and C6H5Br are 125.238kPa and 66.104kPa. Given that the two pure liquids are mixed and form ideal solution. If a solution formed by the two pure liquids boils at 413.15K、101.325kPa, please calculate the composition of the solution and the vapor above it.4、Given that when a specie A in a binary solution, its vapor pressure varies with its concentration in the pattern illustrated below. Make a table to indicate the activity, activity coefficient and chemical potential of A in different concentration sectionsI 、II and III，using its pure substance as standard state.III III5、At 300K, the vapor pressure of liquid A and liquid B are 37.33kPa and 22.66kPa.When 2 moles of A and 2 moles of B are mixed to form a solution, the vapor pressure above the solution is 50.66kPa, and the molar fraction of A in the vapor is 0.60. Given that vapors can be taken as ideal gases. ①Calculate a A( R )and a B( R) in the solution, ②γA and γB , ③∆mix G , ④ If the solution is an ideal solution, what is the value of ∆mix G id ? ⑤ What is the value of ∆mix G ex of this solution?6、The variation, with composition, of G E for Fe-Mn alloys at 1863K is listedbelow:X Mn 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 G m E ,Joules 395703 925 1054 1100 1054925 703 395a 、Is the process to form Fe-Mn alloy at 1863K an exothermic one or an endothermic one ?b. Does the system exhibit regular solution behavior?c. Calculate E Feμ and EMn μ at X Mn = 0.6; d. Calculate m mix G ∆ atX Mn = 0.4; e. Calculate the partial pressures of Mn and Fe exerted by the alloy of X Mn = 0.27、Melts in the system Pb-Sn exhibit regular solution behavior. At 473︒C, a Pb =0.055 in a liquid solution of X Pb = 0.1. Calculate the value of PbSn ωfor the system and calculate the activity of Sn in the liquid solution of X Sn = 0.5 at 500︒C.8、With respect to the Ellingham diagram, answer the following questions:93.23ln 27.145390)(ln *+--=T Tatm pFe68.37ln 02.333440)(ln *+--=T Tatm p Mna) Explain the slope changes for the reaction 2Mg + O 2 = 2MgO; b) You want to heat up and a piece of silicon metal to 1600︒C, decide on a suitable crucible material;c) What is the value of ∆H Θ of formation of TiO 2 ? d) Find ∆G Θfor the reaction Fe + 0.5O 2 =FeO at 1200 ︒C;e) Find ∆G Θ for the reaction 3Mg + AlO 3 = 3MgO + 2A1 at 1500 ︒C; f) What is the equilibrium oxygen pressure when metallic titanium is in equilibrium with TiO 2 at 1000 ︒C?g) If you want to reduce pure TiO 2 to pure metallic titanium at 1000︒C using a CO/CO 2 gas mixture, what is the minimum CO/CO 2 ratio that can achieve such a reduction.9、Answer the following questions according to Ellingham diagram:① At what temperature(s) C can reduce SnO 2(s)、Cr 2O 3(s) and SiO 2(s) ？ ② At what temperature, the decomposition pressure of CuO reaches 1.01325⨯105 Pa ?③ The temperature(s) at which Fe 3O 4 can be reduced to FeO by H 2 ? ④ ∆G Θ when Mg reduces Al 2O 3 at 1000︒C,⑤ At what temperature, for the reaction )(322)(3234S S O Cr O Cr =+,Pa 1019'2－（平）is p O ⑥ Calculate the ∆G when Fe reacts with O 2 at 10－5Pa and 10－10Pa respectivelyat1000︒C, and '(2平）O p as well. ⑦ Calculate the equilibrium constant of reaction 2)()(CO Mn CO MnO s s +=+ at1100︒C (CO CO p p K /2=)⑧ At what temperature, for reaction )(2)(2)(g s s O H Mn H MnO +=+, the（平）)/(22O H H is 104/1 ? 10、The standard Gibbs free energy change for reaction I:Ni （s ） + 1/2 O2 == NiO （s ）is -244560 + 98.53TlnT J/ mol , question: a) How much is the standard Gibbs free energy change for reaction II : 2Ni （s ） + O2 == 2 NiO （s ）b) Calculate the equilibrium constants for reaction I and reaction II respectively at 1000︒ C.c) At 1000︒ C, when oxygen pressure is maintained at 10-4 atm, how much is theGibbs free energy change for reaction I ? Can reaction I proceed forward ? Is Ni stable under this condition ? Is NiO stable under this condition ? d) At 1000︒ C, how much should be the oxygen pressure if we want the Gibbs free energy change for reaction I to be 0, and how much should be the oxygen pressure if we want a Ni-NiO-O 2 system to be at equilibrium ?e) At 1000 C, what is the condition to prevent Ni from being oxidized ? and whatis the condition to reduce NiO ?11、Liquid FeO is reduced to metallic iron at 1600 °C with CO(gas) accordingto the following reaction:FeO(liquid) + CO(g) = Fe(liquid) + CO 2a) Calculate ∆G Θ at 1600 °C for this reactionb) Detennine the minimum CO/C02 ratio required to reduce pure liquid FeO topure metallic iron at 1600 °C.c) Determine the minimum CO/CO2 ratio required to reduce FeO dissolved in a liquid slag to metallic iron at 1600 °C. The metallic iron formed has a purity of 96 mole % iron. The activity of FeO in the liquid slag is 0.3.CO(g) at 1600 °C: ∆GΘ= -274.9 kJ/molCO2(g) at 1600 °C: ∆GΘ = -396.3 kJ/molFeO at 1600 °C: ∆GΘ = -144.6 kJ/molR= 8.314 J/ mol.K= 1.987 ca1/mol.K12、In an experiment, it was found that the Ar was not pure enough. So a setup was devised in an attempt to purify the Ar, as illustrated below. Ar which was at 2 atm was let to flow through a glass tube and the Cu powder pile in it. Given that the temperature in the glass tube is 600︒C and gas pressure is constant at 2 atm.. Calculate the purity of the outgoing Ar in percentage.Ellingham Diagram习题参考答案3.2 ΔG = -108.9 J/mol; ΔS = -21.42 J/(mol.K)3.6 (a ) 22.09/(.)S J mol K ∆=；(b) At 0︒C, ∆G =0; (c) ∆H = 5841.9 J;(d) ∆S =21.39J /(mol.K)，∆G = 109.38 J/mol4.1 (a ) 2898.28J/mol; ( b ) No; ( c ) 345 J/mol; ( d ) 14939 atm; ( e ) 4921 J/mol 4.2 ( a ) 272.8K; ( b ) Pa P 610345⨯≈∆ ; ( c ) 249.46K 4.3 1202K4.4 P=5.73⨯10-6 atm 4.5 0.16P4.7 08.10430685ln +-=TP 4.8 ( a ) 1180K; ( b ) 695.3K; ( c ) 114.4kJ/mol; ( d ) 7123 J/mol; ( e ) 4.2J/mol 4.9 In the initial state: 4.06 mol %; in the final state: 5.3 mol% 4.10 ( a )348 kJ; ( b ) 2.3×10-3Pa ;( c ) “ solution not possible”; (d ) “solution not possible”5.1 atm p H 0005.0=5.2、atm p o 1221007.1-⨯= If the error in enthalpy is 500cal, the uncertainty in the pressure calculated is 28.6%, and if the error in enthalpy is -500cal, the uncertainty is -22.1%5.3、(a) T =462K; (b) T = 420K5.4 (a) atm P O 2621014.1-⨯=, (b) P O2 =2.28⨯10-10 atm., (c) The equilibrium oxygen pressureremains the same when the total pressure increases, which means a higher purity level of N 2 .5.5 (a) 略； (b) Pa atm P H 8.181013056.1800019.0)('2=⨯==; (c) 21.5L Ar is needed to bebubbled into the melt.5.6（a ）l n K a1/T, 10-31/K=∆-=∆ooG kJ H 1000;50- 66.6kJ(b) Ja = 3 < Ka, the reaction will proceed from left to right, and the atmosphere willnot oxidize Ni.5.7 略5.8. (a) P SiO = 8.1⨯10-8 (atm) (b) ∆H o = 639500J; ∆So =334.9J/K (c ) PO2 =10-30 atm5.9 5.10．J H o72250=∆，the reaction is an endothermic one. )(106.08)(atm P g u -⨯=5.11. (a),166528J H o =∆ the reaction is an endothermic one.; (b) At 1168K, the equilibrium pressure of CO2 equals one atmosphere. 5.12 (a) 略 ， (b) Mg CO P P =; (c) T = 2037 K 5.13 (a) 略； (b) 13109.2⨯=K ; (c) ppm 186.0 5.14 (a) 略； (b) kJ H 52.267=∆; (c) K T 1592= 5.15 (a) )(106.13atm -⨯≈; (b) )(1028.210)(2atm P g O H -⨯=5.16 (a) 97.9=K ; (b) atm x 14.4=; (c) if the temperature is increased, the fraction of water reacted will increase since the equilibria constant increases with increasing temperature.6.2 （a ）1.287V;(b) When the water impure, the voltage will go higher; (c) 1.219V 6.4 (a) 145.3kJ;(b) The maximum work that could be derived is 702.36kJ;(c) In this case, the maximum work that could be derived is 696.56kJ. 6.5 (a) -6252J/mol; (b) 370.0)(=II Cd a ; (c) )(42.3mmHg P Cd =; 6.6 7.87⨯10-4 V 6.7 (a))(22g Cl Mg MgCl +=(b) Pa P Cl21'1086.82-⨯=; (c) 2.485V6.8 (a) Pa P O 11'2105.5-⨯=;(b) Anode:e NiNi 2+→Cathode:-→+2222/1O e O ; (c) 0.757V; (d) 0.261V6.10 (a) )(509.3V E o=;(b) 0.074kJ;(c) 4.1⨯106J;(d) Yes. In this case, the open circuit voltage is 3.648V;(e) In this case, to keep the temperature constant, 3.92⨯106J heat should beremoved from the battery per hour.6.11(a) TG CO Al C O Al o 26.3211008.12/322/36232-⨯=+=+Δ(b) The minimum voltage at which the electrolysis may be carried out at1250K is 1.172V .7.1 0.117 atm 7.5 ( a ) ,82.5 2.5 2.5B A B A B B T PV V V x x x x x ⎛⎫∂=+=--⎪∂⎝⎭ ,102.5 2.5 2.5A B A A B A T PV V V x x x x x ⎛⎫∂=+=-- ⎪∂⎝⎭( b) B A M x x V 5.2=7.7 2)1(736.0ln Sn Sn x --=γ7.8 The maximum solubility of MgF2 in liquid MgCl at 900 C is 19 mol% .7.9 ( a ) 1121K; ( b ) 1. 8 cal/K9.6Temperature(ºC ) Phase Composition Fraction1300 Liquid 0.59 0.64 α 0.06 0.36 β ---- 01000+Liquid 0.8 0.43 α 0.1 0.57 β ---- 01000-Liquid ---- 0α 0.1 0.65 β 0.95 0.359.8 Solution:(a) 90 mol%B is the composition of the first solid to form;10 mol % is the composition of the last liquid drop.(b) solid (60 mol%B is the composition) is about 77% ; liquid (15 mol%B is the composition) is 23%9.9 (a) 2900℃, α(12%) (b) 2300℃, liq(95%) (c) 8.2%α(composition is24% )+91.8%β(85%)习题参考答案1.ΔS m =19.1J/mol.K, ΔG m = -5740 J/mol, ΔF m = -5740 J/molIsothermally expands to a vacuum: w = 0, ΔH m =0 , ΔU m = 0,ΔS m =19.1J/mol.K, ΔG m = -5740 J/mol, ΔF m = -5740 J/mol2. 3.68 × 10-3 atm3、Pa x x Br H C Cl H C 406.0;594.05556==Pa p Pa p Br H C Cl H C 26838;744445556==4.5、JG J G J G a a ex mix id mix mix B A R B R A 5302)5(;6912)4(;1610)3(;788.1;62.1)2(;894.0;81.0)1()()(=∆-=∆-=∆====γγ 6. a endothermic one; b. Yes; c J J EMn E Fe 704;1584==μμd ;/9363mol J G m mix -=∆e Pa p Pa p Fe Mn 4;1198==7. J SnPb 4578-=ω; 418.0=Sn aPure Substance as Stand ard Statepq（b ）I 、II 、IIIAAA AAA A AAAA x R T T p x k R T T p p R T T T 0'ln )(ln)(ln )()(γμμμμ+=+=+=*****III:I:II:AA AAAA a RT T p p RT T T ln )(ln )()('+=+=***μμμAA AA AA x RT T p p RT T T ln )(ln)()(*'*+=+=*μμμk A8. a) Mg boils and which makes o S ∆more negative, so the slope changes for larger; b) Firstly, we should avoid using metallic material for this purpose since the melting points of metals are mostly too low. Ceramic materials, usually composed of oxides and having high melting points can be chosen The material should not be reduced by pure silicon at 1600ºC. By examing Ellingham diagram, crucibles (坩埚) made of Al 2O 3 .c ) -890kJ /molO2;d ) -170kJ /molFeO; e) -30kJ; f) Pa 2110－; g)721063.0/⨯=pco p CO 9、⑨ 650ºC ，1220 ºC and 1520 ºC ; ⑩ 1480 ºC ;⑪ When the temperature is equal to or higher that 710 ºC ; ⑫ 2/100molO kJ G o -=∆ ⑬ 900 ºC; ⑭0,102/112,1010'25'2=∆=-=∆=--G Pa P molO kJ G Pa P O O , Pa p e O 10')(210-= ⑮ 510-=K ;⑯ 1220ºC10、a) -489120+197.06TlnT J/mol;b) 2.89×10-54 ; c) J G 749429=∆; Ni is stable under this condition, and NiO is not stable; d) Pa p e o 58')(21046.3⨯= e) from the calculation, we found that at 1000ºC,Pa p e o 58')(21046.3⨯=.So at 1000ºC, when theoxygen pressure is less than 3.46×1058Pa, Ni is stable and can not be oxidized, and NiO will be reduced to Ni under this condition.11. a) mol kJ G o /2.23=∆; b)43.42=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛eCO COp p. This is the minimumCO/CO2 ratio required to reduce pure FeO to Fe at 1600ºC. c)2.142=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛eCO CO p p . This is the minimum CO/CO2 ratio required to reduce FeO in a slag( 炉渣) to Fe in a metallic iron melt under the given conditions at 1600ºC.12.%100)1015.3%10⨯⨯-＝（Ar。
热力学计算题(50题)
热力学计算题(50题)本文包含了50个热力学计算题的答案，分别为：1. 在1 atm下，如果1 L液态H2O沸腾，则液态H2O的温度是多少？答案：100℃2. 在标准状况下，1摩尔理想气体的体积是多少?答案：22.4 L3. 1升液态水的密度是多少？答案：1千克/升4. 一摩尔甲烷气体在标准状况下的热力学能是多少?答案: -74.8 kJ / mol5. 1升的理想气体在标准大气压下的焓(molar enthalpy)是多少？答案: -295 kJ / mol6. 一升20℃的空气有多少质量？答案：1.2 g7. 一升空气，温度为25℃，压力为1 atm，含有多少氧气分子？答案：其中氧气分子数量为 1.2 × 10^228. 一升CO2气体的温度为298K时，压力是多少？答案: 37.96 atm9. 如果一个物体的热容为25 J/℃，它受热 80℃，所吸收的热量是多少？答案：2000 J10. 摩尔热容是15 J/mol·K的氧气气体在1 atm下被加热10 K 会发生多少变化?答案：1.5 J11. 一个物体被加热10 J，它受热前的温度是20℃，它后来的温度是多少℃？答案：受热后的温度为 73.53℃12. 对于固体氧气（O2），如果将它从25℃加热到50℃，需要消耗多少热量？答案：340 J/mol13. 一升液态水被加热 100℃，需要吸收多少热量？答案：4184 J14. 一克液态水被加热 1℃，需要吸收多少热量？答案：4.18 J15. 对于CO2气体（1 mol），在1 atm和273 K下，它的物态方程是什么？答案：pV = (1 mol)(8.21 J/mol·K)(273 K)16. 用50 J的热量加热1升冷却水可能使它的温度升高多少℃？答案：温度可能升高 10℃17. 如果把长度为10 cm、质量为20 g的铝棒从25℃加热到175℃，需要多少热量？答案：252 J18. 对于一个摩尔二氧化碳气体，如果把压力从1 atm减小到0.75 atm，需要释放多少热量？答案：-495 J19. 对于1摩尔理想气体，如果把温度从200 K增加到1000 K，并保持其体积不变，则需要吸收多少热量？答案：23.32 kJ20. 一个系统吸收 250 J 的热量，释放50 J的热量，系统的内能的变化是多少？答案：200 J21. 对于一个物体，如果它从25℃升高到50℃，则它的热动能将变为原来的几倍？答案：1.5倍22. 一瓶500 g的汽水在室温下是10℃，如果将汽水加热到37℃，需要吸收多少热量？答案：目标温度需要吸收 8725 J 的热量23. 在25℃下，一块金属的热容容值是25 J/K，其体积是1 cm^3，密度为6.5 g/cm^3，求其热导率。
热力学考试试题
热力学考试试题一、选择题（每题 5 分，共 30 分）1、下列关于热力学第一定律的表述中，正确的是（）A 系统从外界吸收的热量等于系统内能的增加量与系统对外做功之和B 系统内能的增加量等于系统从外界吸收的热量减去系统对外做功C 系统对外做功等于系统从外界吸收的热量减去系统内能的增加量D 以上表述都不正确2、一定质量的理想气体，在绝热膨胀过程中（）A 气体的内能增大，温度升高B 气体的内能减小，温度降低C 气体的内能不变，温度不变D 气体的内能不变，温度升高3、对于热机，下列说法中正确的是（）A 热机效率越高，做的有用功越多B 热机效率越高，消耗的燃料越少C 热机效率越高，燃料燃烧释放的内能转化为机械能的比例越大D 热机效率可以达到 100%4、下列过程中，可能发生的是（）A 某一物体从外界吸收热量，内能增加，但温度降低B 某一物体从外界吸收热量，内能增加，温度升高C 某一物体对外做功，内能减少，但温度升高D 以上过程都不可能发生5、一定质量的理想气体，在等容变化过程中，温度升高，则（）A 气体压强增大B 气体压强减小C 气体压强不变D 无法确定气体压强的变化6、关于热力学第二定律，下列说法正确的是（）A 不可能使热量从低温物体传向高温物体B 不可能从单一热源吸收热量并把它全部用来做功，而不引起其他变化C 第二类永动机不可能制成，是因为它违反了能量守恒定律D 热力学第二定律说明一切宏观热现象都具有方向性二、填空题（每题 5 分，共 20 分）1、热力学温度与摄氏温度的关系为_____，当热力学温度为 273K 时，摄氏温度为_____℃。
2、一定质量的理想气体，在等温变化过程中，压强与体积成_____比。
3、卡诺循环包括_____个等温过程和_____个绝热过程。
4、熵增加原理表明，在任何自然过程中，一个孤立系统的熵总是_____。
三、计算题（每题 15 分，共 30 分）1、一定质量的理想气体，初始状态为压强 p₁＝ 10×10⁵ Pa，体积 V₁＝ 10×10⁻³ m³，温度 T₁＝ 300 K。
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年 秋 季学期研究生课程考试试题
考 试 科 目：材料热力学
学生所在院（系）：材料学院、航天学院 学生所在学科：材料学、材料加工工程
(* 题签与答题纸一起上交)
一、仔细阅读下列论述，判断正误，如果错误，请说明该论述违反了哪些热力学原理，并给出正确的论述。
（16分）
(1)在一炉10吨的钢水(Fe-C 二元溶体)中加入12克碳后，使钢水的吉布斯自由能的增加值即为Fe 的化学位。
(2)中间化合物的组元间的亲和力越大，与化合物相邻的端际固溶体的溶解度越大。
(3)在隔离体系中，体系的发展趋势是达到宏观有序。
(4)恒温恒压下，如果两相的吉布斯自由能相等，则两相彼此处于平衡状态。
二、（1）请推导如下公式： ， ， (9分) （2）在定压热容Cp 的经验表达式通常采用Cp=a+bT+cT -2的形式，请导出此时焓(H)、熵(S)和Gibbs 自由能(G)的表达式。
(9分)
三、简答题：
(1)请解释化合物的标准生成焓、标准生成自由能。
（6分）
(2)用吉布斯自由能曲线及公切线法则说明某些化合物（中间相）存在的成分范围可能不包含其理想配比的成分。
(6分)
(3)简述Calphad 的三要素及其主要功能。
（6分）
(4)请解释Onsager 倒易关系、最小熵产生原理。
（6分）
四、请分析溶解度间隙和有序无序转变发生的热力学条件，并讨论在何种情况下会导致在一个材料中同时发生溶解度间隙和有序无序转变。
（8分）
五、试从热力学的角度分析合金低温时效过程中出现GP 区（与母相晶体结构相同的溶质原子富集区），包括自由能-成分曲线、GP 区形核的形核驱动力。
(8分)
六、50%Au-50%Cu(原子百分数)的混合物在高温下形成固溶体，在低温下形成化合物(CuAu)，（10分）
（1）1mol Cu 和1mol Au 在1150K 恒温混合，此时的Gibbs 自由能的变化量为多少？假设Cu 和Au 形成理想溶体。
（2）计算CuAu 化合物和Cu-Au 理想溶体的相变温度。
假设Cu-Au 固溶体和有序化合物之间的相变为一级相变。
（3）实测的CuAu 化合物和Cu-Au 理想溶体之间的相变温度为683K 。
请解释你计算的结果比实测结果高或者低的原因。
所需数据：CuAu 化合物的形成焓=-11904J/mol ，CuAu 化合物的形成熵忽略不计；Cu 的熔
学院学号姓名
(/)(1/)P
G T H T ⎡⎤∂=⎢⎥∂⎣⎦P G S T ∂⎛⎫=- ⎪∂⎝⎭V P G T =⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂
点=1358K ，Au 的熔点=1338K ，摩尔气体常数R=8.314J/(mol ·k).
七、试通过如图所示的二元合金相图（a ）和（b ）,判断Mg-Si 和Cr-W 溶体的性质、溶体组元间的相互作用能。
(6分)
八、证明分散在α相中的θ相 (A m B n )的溶解度 与θ相粒子的半径r 之间存在以下关系：（10分） 这里， 是θ相粒子具有平面界面(r=∞)时的平衡溶解度，σ是α/θ界面的能量，V 是θ
相的摩尔体积。
并假设α溶体为正规溶体，且 。
012exp B B V X X nRT r αασ⎡⎤⎛⎫=⋅ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦
0B X α
B X α01B X α
<<（a ） （b ）。