GRE Issue 主体逻辑归类总结 Issue 题目逻辑公式全集
GRE写作issue技巧分享
GRE写作issue技巧分享GRE写作issue技巧分享1. 写作宗旨“老美是一个崇尚自由，个性，创造力，个人能力的国家，所以我们的立题最后也是偏向这一方面。
从的出题倾向中可以很明显的感觉到这种偏好。
对于很肯定的题目，不要脚踩两只船，要有自己鲜明的观点!(我觉得凭自己的水平是写不好两边都讨好的题目的，所以与其攻其十指，不如伤其一指。
)论点不要重复题目。
由于我有时候找不出什么论点了，会把题目的再重复一遍，所以也想提醒一下和自己有相同毛病的g友，不要犯同样的错误。
其实有时候可以把题目再读一遍，你就会有新的发现。
”2. 如何审题“题目中的话说到绝对的，就diagree。
比如题目中有这些词的as long as，anything，everything，all，only，我们可以把它们作为一个论点进行攻击，这是很容易找到反例的。
我考试的时候就遇到了这样的情况：题目是：Practicality is now our GREat idol，which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today s world.可以看到题目中有三处很绝对的地方(all，anything，little )，一一反驳就是三个论点了。
题目对X.X不满，就agree。
这种题目一般很明显的可以察觉到出题者的意图，所以你就跟着他不满。
若有比较，就顺着agree。
题目中会出现诸如as...more...than...这样的词，看到了，你也可以顺着他的意思同意。
题目会很明显的提示你从哪些方面来写，比如说：In any realm of life--whether academic，social，business，or political--the only way to succeed is to take a practical，rather than an idealistic，point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival，whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler，more immediate options.你可以看到破折号里面的academic，social，business，or political，所以你就跟着他一个个举例子。
GRE考试Issue整理(Categorization)
科技的影响1. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.使人的思考能力退化同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件43.The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than itsolves.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which youagree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoningfor the position you take. In developing and supporting yourposition, you should consider ways in which the statement mightor might not hold true and explain how these considerationsshape your position.快节奏生活造成问题同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件101.Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seemto offer schools improved methods for instructing students, thesetechnologies all too often distract from real learning.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which youagree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoningfor the position you take. Indeveloping and supporting yourposition, you should consider ways in which the statement mightor might not hold true and explain how these considerationsshape your position.技术使学生无法专注于真正的学习同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件109. Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us. Others believe that science has revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized.Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.技术发展使人更好了解世界正反观点对比64. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.人脑强于机器同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件91. The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that they have more leisure time.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.技术进步首要目标是提高效率从而使人有更多空闲时间同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件132. Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented技术减少人之间的互动vs. 技术提供更好的交流方式正反观点对比科学研究56. Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.重要发明发现源于偶然同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件59. Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.科学家应致力于造福最多人的领域同意/不同意的程度，建议可行与否的条件131. Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.科研结果无法预知，拒绝实用主义同意/不同意的程度143. No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement mightor might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.任何领域的研究只有通过吸收领域外的知识经验才会获得巨大进展同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件国家与社会2.To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one muststudy its major cities.reasoningfor the position you take. Indeveloping and supporting yourposition, you should consider ways in which the statement mightor might not hold true and explain how these considerationsshape your position.城市化；通过主要城市来了解社会同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件5.Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive thefinancial support they need in order to thrive. Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions arepreserved and generated.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which youagree or disagreewith the claim and the reason on which thatclaim is based.城市化；城市生成和保存传统文化同意/不同意的程度117. It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are generated and preserved.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement mightor might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.城市化；城市生成和保存传统文化同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件77. The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.通过年轻人的潮流了解当代文化同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件28. The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.伟大国家的标志（民众福利vs. 统治者艺术家科学家的成就）同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件113. Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based伟大国家的标志（民众福利vs. 统治者艺术家科学家的成就）同意/不同意的程度120. Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation's people.that claim is based.伟大国家的标志（民众福利vs. 统治者艺术家科学家的成就）同意/不同意的程度127. The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the generalwell-being of all its people.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.伟大国家的标志（民众福利vs. 统治者艺术家科学家的成就）同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点121. Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people. Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.伟大国家的标志（民众福利vs. 统治者艺术家科学家的成就）正反观点对比145. The general welfare of a nation's people is a better indication of that nation's greatness than are the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.伟大国家的标志（民众福利vs. 统治者艺术家科学家的成就）同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点85. Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens. Others believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people.Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.社会整体繁荣vs. 人民个人福利正反观点对比94. The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country's citizens. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.国家领导人效力由人民幸福程度衡量同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点147. The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country's citizens. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.国家领导人效力由人民幸福程度衡量同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件18.The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its peoplequestion authority.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which youagree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoningfor the position you take. In developing and supporting yourposition, you should consider ways in which the statement mightor might not hold trueand explain how these considerationsshape your position.人民质疑权威使社会健全同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件英雄/模范22. Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.了解一个社会最好方式是考察这个社会标榜的英雄/模范同意/不同意的程度122.The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine thecharacter of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroesor its role models.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which youagree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supportingyour position, be sure to address the most compelling reasonsand/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.了解一个社会最好方式是考察这个社会标榜的英雄/模范同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点41.The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live afterthem, not by their contemporaries.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which youagree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoningfor the position you take. In developing and supporting yourposition, you should consider ways in which the statement mightor might not hold true and explain how these considerationsshape your position.只能被后世人评判同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件44. Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.媒体使英雄消失同意/不同意的程度75. In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman asa hero.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement mightor might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.媒体使英雄消失同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件84. It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.当今社会无英雄同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点教育cational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students frompursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which youagree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supportingyour position, be sure to address the most compelling reasonsand/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.选科；选易成功的领域同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点cational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.选科；选易成功的领域讨论对政策的观点以及可能后果cational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.选科；选易成功的领域同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件cational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.选科；选赚钱多的领域同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点cational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.选科；选赚钱多的领域讨论对政策的观点以及可能后果20. Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.选科；兴趣vs. 就业正反观点对比32. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.选科；兴趣vs. 就业同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点39. College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.选科；兴趣vs. 就业同意/不同意的程度，建议可行与否的条件cational institutions should actively encourage their students tochoose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful. Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policyand explain your reasoning for the position you take. Indeveloping and supporting your position, you should consider thepossible consequences of implementing the policy and explainhow these consequences shape your position.选科；兴趣vs. 就业讨论对政策的观点以及可能后果129. College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.选科；兴趣vs. 就业同意/不同意的程度，建议可行与否的条件cational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.选科；兴趣vs. 就业同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点13.Universities should require every student to take a variety of coursesoutside the student's field of study.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.学生应该多选副科同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点46. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.学生应该多选副科同意/不同意的程度，建议可行与否的条件70. Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's major field of study.Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.学生应该多选副科同意/不同意的程度102. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.学生应该多选副科讨论对政策的观点以及可能后果112. Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.学生应该多选副科同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件140. Some people believe that universities should require every student to take variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields.Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.学生应该多选副科正反观点对比6.A nation should require all of its students to study the same nationalcurriculum until they enter college.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which youagree or disagree with the recommendation and explain yourreasoning for the position you take. In developing and supportingyour position, describe specific circumstances in which adoptingthe recommendation would or would not be advantageous andexplain how these examples shape your position.课程设置；统一课程vs. 因材施教同意/不同意的程度，建议可行与否的条件14. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.课程设置；统一课程vs. 因材施教讨论对政策的观点以及可能后果96. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.课程设置；统一课程vs. 因材施教同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点116. A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement mightor might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.课程设置；统一课程vs. 因材施教同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件37. Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.课程设置；天才儿童的特殊课程同意/不同意的程度，建议可行与否的条件40. Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students.Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interestedin what they are studying.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which youagree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which thatclaim is based.课程设置；应当考虑学生兴趣同意/不同意的程度47. Educators should find out what students want included in the curriculum and then offer it to them.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.课程设置；应当考虑学生兴趣同意/不同意的程度，建议可行与否的条件90. Educators should take students' interests into account when planning the content of the courses they teach.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adoptingthe recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.课程设置；应当考虑学生兴趣同意/不同意的程度，建议可行与否的条件54. In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.课程设置；必须学习想像文学同意/不同意的程度，建议可行与否的条件142. Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.Reason: College students—like people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.课程设置；指定必修课取消选修课同意/不同意的程度12. Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.政府出资（贫困学生）讨论对政策的观点以及可能后果25. Governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all students.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adoptingthe recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.政府出资（所有学生）同意/不同意的程度，建议可行与否的条件17.Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.教育效果；限制思维vs. 解放思维同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件68.Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mindand the spirit. Others believe that formal education tends to restrain ourminds and spirits rather than set them free.Write a response in which you discuss which view more closelyaligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for theposition you take. In developing and supporting your position, youshould address both of the views presented教育效果；限制思维vs. 解放思维正反观点对比24.The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negativeones.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.教育方式；表扬正面& 忽视负面同意/不同意的程度，成立/不成立的条件29.The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—isto praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.教育方式；表扬正面& 忽视负面同意/不同意的程度，讨论反面观点52. The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.教育方式；表扬正面& 忽视负面同意/不同意的程度，建议可行与否的条件48. Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.。
gre作文issue范文结构
GRE作文Issue范文结构
1. 引言：
A. 开篇简洁明了地提出文章的主题或论点。
B. 阐述该主题或论点在现实生活中的重要性或影响。
2. 正文：
A. 第一个主体段落：提出第一个主要论点，并对其进行详细阐述。
使用具体例子、事实或统计数据来支持观点。
B. 第二个主体段落：提出第二个主要论点，并对其进行详细阐述。
同样，使用相关证据来支持观点。
C. 第三个主体段落：提出第三个主要论点，并对其进行详细阐述。
提供与前两个论点不同的视角或进一步深化观点。
3. 结论：
A. 总结前文的主要观点，并强调其重要性。
B. 提出建议或解决方案，以解决文章开头提出的主题或问题。
C. 表达个人见解或对未来的展望。
请注意，以上只是一个通用的GRE作文Issue范文结构，具体写作时还需根据具体的题目和要求进行适当的调整。
GREIssue写作高分经验技巧参考
GREIssue写作⾼分经验技巧参考
GRE Issue写作⾼分经验技巧参考
⼀、结构：
我个⼈的结构⼀般都是五段。
开头+三段展开+结尾升华。
这个⽐较中规中矩，三段也基本能把想说的话都说完。
⼆、逻辑：
我认为逻辑主要在中间三段。
开头只不过是引⼀下题，表⼀下态。
具体操作我会在字数⾥⾯提到。
结尾我认为主要就是升华⼀下。
把讨论推倒⼀个⾼度。
除⾮时间不够，我感觉结尾最好不要再把开头重写⼀遍，或者把前头论述简明总结⼀下。
读⽂章的⼈智商是⾜以记得我们之前说了啥的，不⽤结尾提醒。
我在美国的⼀个华裔⽂科⽼师说过，中国⼈就应该把⾃⼰平时写作的.结尾当成英⽂写作的开头，因为我们中⽂的结尾⼀般都是总结全⽂。
⽽英⽂习惯⼀开头就总结全⽂，把全⽂脉络写出来，那样⼤家读着⽅便。
⽽结尾，则是试图把⾃⼰的讨论上升到⼀个⾼度，或者开辟⼀个新话题，提出⼀个新问题等等。
后两者也许适⽤于学术论⽂。
但是上升到⼀个⾼度肯定适⽤于G。
这点会在思想处提到。
说到中间三段的逻辑，我⼀般会有两种选择。
⼀种是给三个⽀持论据，就是AAA形式。
⼀种是两个⽀持⼀个让步，就是AAB形式。
这个基本取材于。
下⾯阐述⼀下我的理解。
【GRE Issue写作⾼分经验技巧参考】相关⽂章：
1.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.。
新gre作文题库：issue的提问规律讲解
新gre作文题库：issue的提问规律讲解（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!新gre作文题库：issue的提问规律讲解gre写作考察考生的逻辑分析能力，写作部分是我们国人的一个薄弱环节，改革后的新gre考试题目要求更加具体，考察考生完成题目过程中是否融合批判性思维。
GRE作文ISSUE和ARGUMENT写作指导
GRE作文ISSUE和ARGUMENT写作指导原则：先提正，再求反，因人因题合、反、散。
ISSUE的五种题目分析类型一、因果类(1)这个因果关系推理中的原因是否成立？(2)假设这个原因成立，从他能否推出结果？Whether mutually shared ideas can make people learn more from each other is quite a personal matter.It's true that disagreement can cause stress and sometimes inhibit our learning, and as a result we might learn more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own. Anyhow, people are at least easier to understand each other when they find them sharing the same ground in most cases.However, disagreement can also benefit us greatly. On the one hand, distinct perspectives on an issue may turn out to sharpen our mind, broaden our ken and shed some new light on the issue in question, and therefore enhance our learning. On the other hand, throughout the human intellectual history, it is always the different schools of thought rather than those who share, on any issue, identical ideas with each other that combine to boost scientific and technological progress.All in all, which one, disagreement or agreement, will promote our learning from others is quite a personal matter which depends on so many factors such as one’s age, motivations, psychological maturity, personal understanding with each other and so on.二、建议类（1）题目中的建议可行性如何？（2）如果实施题目中的建议，能否导致同初始目的相矛盾或其他荒谬的结果？（3）有无替代或折中方案？Connecting the courses on collegiate campus with the actual professional know-how is not always the necessary condition for improving the teaching quality in those courses.Workshop experience can really enrich subjects in classroom. This is especially true for such subjects as engineering, machinery manufacturing, economics, and so forth.But such cases by no means indicate that bridging workshops and classrooms can always work magic. In fact, for some subjects theoretical physics and some mathematical researchers in these areas to directly apply their knowledge to practical work. These sciences seem only to perform well within the brain cells.As for methods contributing to the teaching quality, they include many apart from sharing workshop experience, such as the long-term academic atmosphere, the good timing birth of geniuses etc.三、是非类（1）这种价值判断的标准是什么？（2）这种价值判断的标准是否值得修订？The statement that ”the human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds” sounds precarious for failing to clearly define the meaning of “superior”.When we say one thing is superior to another because the latter is a tool of the former, we are judging their relative status in a social or ethical sense. As a matter of fact, we human beings sometimes feel quite self-conceited before the nature is right forour assurance that we can, with the aid of science and technology, turn, sooner or later, all the things around us into a tool.But obviously, the ter m “superior” allows a definition from many perspectives. It can refer to the memory power, speed, creativity, extensibility, flexibility, and so forth. In these senses, can we still say that the human mind always performs better than machines?The above analysis might remind us human beings of a bare fact: yes, we are sitting on top of thepyramid of creatures on earth; but we are not perfect. Sometimes, it is man who brings himself to the dead mire, just because he is overly confident.四、定义类（1）题目中的定义是否抓住了问题的本质？（2）能否给出我自己的、更为恰当的定义（恰当的定义就是能很好解释自己的论点、论据以及所列举的现象的定义）？关键：若想使你的ISSUE作文有深度、有你自己独到见解，记住“下定义”这个十分重要的技巧。
GRE写作-ISSUE
ISSUE写作“1+5”写作模型：1个写作套路加上5种题目分析类型及各自相应的分析切入点。
从分析切入点着手，找到自己的写作思路，再整理出提纲和写作框架。
（1）1个写作套路指的是在文章的正文部分，分正反两个方面展开写作的行文思路或结构。
对所有题目，都可以有条件的同时支持和反对，从而两面兼顾，从两方面同时展开分析注：对于ISSUE作文，一定要从两方面来写（2）5种题目分析类型.A 因果类题目（通常蕴含或提出某种因果关系）切入点：这个因果关系推理中的原因是否成立；假设这个原因成立，能否推出结果？B 建议类题目（通常提出了某种解决问题的办法或建议）切入点：题目中的建议可行性如何；如果实施题目中的建议，是否会导致同初始目的相矛盾或其他荒谬的结果有无替代或折中方案C 是非类题目（提出或蕴含了某种好坏、是非的价值判断）切入点：这种价值判断的标准是什么？这种价值判断的标准是否值得修正？D 定义类（提出或蕴含了一个或多个定义）切入点：单纯类定义类题目：题目中的定义是否抓住了问题的本质；能否给出自己的、更为恰当的定义结合式定义类题目：能否给出自己的更为恰当的定义？E 事实类题目（指出一个或多个事实（非公认的，可反复证实或证伪的现象））切入点：能否从公认的原则或事实中推出相反的判断？能否举出反例。
注意事项：1、留意题中是否有逻辑陷阱（如偷换、以偏概全、有问题的假设等）2、留意题目中可同时归属不同类别，多角度分析3、文章的中心思想/论点一定是在有了正文的三个意群段之后，自然而然总结出来的。
4、对于套叠式多角度分析题目，学会多层次切入分析（3）运用该模型步骤：先提正，在求反，因人因题合、反、散。
步骤：1、拿到ISSUE题目，归具体题目类型2、可在某种角度/程度上，同意题目中的立场（先提正）3、从各类型题目各自的分析切入点入手，分析得出反对意见，修正题目所陈述的观点和体现的思路（在求反）4、结合具体题目的特点和自己对该题目的分析、驾驭能力，确定是将上面一正、一反两方面综合起来阐述（合：正反一起说），还是再提出一个对题目所持立场的反对意见来进行修正（反），或是从一个相关角度将问题发散开来阐述（散）5、最后，提出文章的中心思想/论点，即最后写。
GRE作文分类题库—ISSUE
GRE作文分类题库—ISSUE前言GRE作文是美国研究生入学考试中重要的组成部分，由于GRE作文在评分中占比较大的比重，因此考生需要在备考之前提前了解GRE作文的题目类型和考察方向，这样才可以有充分的准备和信心面对考试。
本文将为大家介绍GRE作文ISSUE题型，向大家展示常见的考察方向、题目模式以及一些备考建议。
什么是ISSUE题型？ISSUE题型是GRE作文中的一种常见题型，其主要考察考生对于某一主题的立场和看法，并要求考生在文章中提供足够的证据来支撑自己的观点，展示自己的逻辑和论述能力。
ISSUE题型通常包括以下三个要素：•题目陈述：题目会给出一个主观性较强的表述，要求考生就该表述发表自己的看法。
•分析要求：题目会就某一主题提出一系列问题，要求考生就这些问题进行分析。
•思考范围：题目会给出一个主题，要求考生就这一主题从多方面进行思考，并论述自己的观点。
在ISSUE题型中，考生需要将自己的观点和证据清晰表达出来，并表明自己对于该主题的态度和看法，同时，考生需要思考问题全面、立论充分、逻辑合理，并且给出具体和可行的实例。
常见的ISSUE题目类型ISSUE题目的主题比较广泛，测试考生在各种主题下进行思考和立论的能力。
以下列举一些常见的ISSUE题目类型，考生可以在此进行参考和备考，更好地为GRE作文ISSUE题型做好准备。
社会类1.人类生活是否需要个人道德的引导？2.社会上的贫富差距是否应得到重视？3.政府是否应该彻底取消福利制度？4.生育权是否应该在各国间得到保护？5.义务教育是否应该废除？政治类1.民主政治是否是当前的最佳选项？2.政府是否应该介入企业的内部管理？3.政府是否应该对教育进行干预？4.美国还需要维持其全球霸权地位吗？伦理类1.人类是否应该保护和维护环境？2.科技的发展是否应该因为道德原则受到限制？3.是否应该禁止人类克隆？教育类1.各国学生在智力和文化方面是否存在差异？2.在校学生是否应该得到免费的教育？3.考试和考试成绩是否是唯一的衡量学生能力的标准？4.在大学期间能否同时考虑工作和学业？上述问题不仅覆盖了政治、伦理、教育、社会等多个领域，而且这里展示的只是其中的部分，考生在掌握以上基本类型的基础上，需要进一步深入探究题目的推广方向，了解更多的考试内容。
GRE+issue+五种题目分析
导人 ★推论中偷换概念：“将一个有效的政治领袖不可能讲真话” 偷换为不诚实的概念。
因果类题目
反：但不能据此推出，完全的诚实不是一种有用的品 德
★用个案否定原则的有效性：用部分政治家不讲真话（或者就
是不诚实）来否定一般化的道德原则（凡人都必须诚实）的有 效性。而实际上，这两个问题可以是毫不相干的。 ★题目中的推理还有一个以偏概全的错误：用一个有效的政治 领袖来推论所有的政治家。
因果类题目
反：但不能据此推出，完全的诚实不是一种有用的品 德
★讨论“有用的”这一价值判断的标准。诚实作为一项道德要
求，判断它是否有利于的标准应该是：它是否在伦理上使得政 治家相信保护其所代表的组织或者群体利益的合理性。如果是， 诚实作为一项道德规范是有用的，不管是否有部分政治家不诚 实并背叛了其所代表的组织和群体的利益。
★不符合事实：
（1）大多数政治家认为完全诚实是一种有用的品质。 人不能生活在道德交错之中，政治家也不例外。诚实的 外表和伪善的内心 会让一个人崩溃。 （2）选民也认为完全诚实是一种有用的品质。
因果类题目
反：但不能据此推出，完全的诚实不是一种有用的品 德
★选民不可能明知道某个政治家是个骗子，但任然选举其做领
★同样的社会环境，因为个人的秉性不同，可以产生完全不同 的世界观和价值观。而个人的秉性，在排除每个人彼此不同的 生理特质后，多半是与个体较为密切的小环境（比如家庭、朋 友、老师等）的产物。 ★相关的个人秉性影响思想和行为的例子。
概念定义类题目
160. "The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little." 对于一位强有力的领导者来说，最关键的能力就是要 对一些原则和目标坚定不移。任何领导如果很频繁的、 很轻易的为大众意志而转移的话，他将会一事无成。 少数和多数之领导与大众
GRE Issue写作思路逻辑链条举例
本文重点讲的是Issue的写法，培养辩证思考的逻辑。
它问你是否同意一个观点。
你需要表明自己的态度：批判性思考，不一定是绝对的对错，要从两个或多个方面来考虑。
例题讲解82.Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.托福考试中不在乎逻辑：用交朋友、新文化+语言学习，再来一个让步就可以。
但是从GRE的角度，上面的逻辑就有问题。
去国外学习可以交朋友，那么是说在国内学习就交不到朋友吗?出国可以学习语言和文化，那么在国内就学习不到语言和文化吗?还有很多同学喜欢写让步，但这里是有误区的。
我认为让步段落是可以写的，但是在论证过程中并没有什么营养，只是凑字数，完成一篇文章而已。
你之前以为的让步段落是这样的：提问：你觉得要不要爬珠穆朗玛峰啊?答：要!理由一：锻炼身体(嗯，是的，挺好的。
)理由二：可以帮助我更好地交朋友(行吧，也许对你来说只有在户外的时候才能交到一些特别好的驴友。
)让步：我承认爬珠穆朗玛峰有很大的风险，可能会因此丧失生命，就算没有丧命，但也可能因此落下病根。
(让步)但是对于前面所说的两个好处来说，我觉得爬珠穆朗玛峰依然值得。
(谁信啊?)用上面这个思路去写Issue，应该不会拿到太好的分数。
说回刚才的题目，我们可以这样写。
首先有一个introduction，“我的观点是……”INTRO：It is argued in the statement that … ，有一定的benefits，but not a requirement!Study overseas1.personal development: academically vs professionally: 1. different countries = different cultures = Disparity in education concepts and systems = disparity in academic researches = students with new perspective+ innovative1know-how2 / knowledge; 2 professionally:global citizen = working & researching cooperate with people different cultural background = team work = cultural tolerance3 = immersion4 in the country = one good way = one semester in foreign countries.NOT study overseas1.problems = exposed to a new cultural / social environment: cultural tolerance vs cultural shock: on the one hand, cultureshock frustrates5 students = not focusing too much on the studying but struggling with the cultural issues every day = loss of orientation6; on the other hand, exposure to so many new interesting and exotic events, not focusing on studying but going for fun for most of the time, even try drugs / violence and other things they might not think of in homeland.2.University should require??? free will vs obligation = require = ignorance of the personal willingness = might not be interested = waste of time and effort, especially great financial burden for either the university or the students. IFUniversities sponsor the oversea studies =students not getting the expected result = waste of limited resources; IF students self finance = expensive + the results not ensured. SO University create the system to ensure the possibility, provide relevant offerings but not set a requirement for the the students = unfair.每个部分都有一个逻辑链条。
GRE写作提纲Issue完整版
GRE写作提纲Issue完整版GRE写作提纲Issue完整版1、As people rely on 表态+论述观点：中立偏否定1、科技确实对人有巨大帮助，减轻了人的思维负担：a、电子计算器帮助人们完成复杂计算，推动数学及相关领域发展;b、电脑由于其强大的功能可以被应用在几乎所有领域，成为人们思考和解决问题的重要工具;c、科技使得人们的研究领域大为扩展，同时拓展了人类的思维(intellection)和认知(perception)2、不得不说，很多情况下科技确实造成人类独立思维能力的下降：a、依赖计算器完成简单计算，运算能力下降;b、便利的科技造成人们懒于思考，而习惯于通过技术手段求助;c、通讯技术发展造成交流形式快速化，交流能力减退3、尽管如此，采用科技仍然利大于弊(outweigh)：a、科技确实减退了人类某些方面的思维能力，但主要集中在重复性(accurate)和精确性(precise)的领域，而独立思维寻求解决方法的能力并不受影响，反而被提升;b、部分能力下降相对于获得的实际利益和扩展人类的思维空间是值得的;c、科技本身没有错，很多时候是由于我们过度或不当的运用结论：尽管科技对人类思维的不良影响将持续讨论，我仍然认为只要我们正确运用科技，其弊端是可以削弱的，而优点则会极大地使我们受益。
GRE写作提纲Issue完整版2、To understand the most important characteristic表态+论述观点：偏否定1、不可否认，主要城市某些程度上可以代表一个国家及其社会的特性：a、主要城市往往是一个社会最强大繁华的地区，其特性影响了这个社会的特性，比如伦敦设计师偏爱格子型花纹(plaid)，逐渐成为英国特色;b、由于主要城市往往汇聚了来自全国的人士，则各地特色的融合形成了该城市的特色，进而代表了该国社会的特色2、然而，这种代表性(representativeness)正在逐渐消退a、当今全球化程度日趋提高造成代表性下降，各国社会的主要城市逐渐趋同(skyscrapers)，丧失独特个性;b、另一方面，某一社会各个地区发展程度差异很大，尤其在许多developing country造成主要城市反而成为特例，如中国，北京、上海等城市的繁华不能说明中国的发达，许多乡村地区非常落后3、事实上，由于主要城市代表性的下降，我们很难仅仅通过研究他们理解社会特性，而要针对不同社会的实际情况进行选择。
GRE Issue课堂笔记
Analysis of an issueCritical thinking &Persuasive writingIssue题目分类：.领域.核心思想.正文逻辑结构Preparing steps1, 抓住主题定分类；（观察限定找思路）2, 思维发散找切入PFW: Purposeful Free Writing3, 根据特点定结构4, 针对要求做调整Issue论证层次：.Position.Reason.T.S.ExamplePFW: Purposeful Free Writing.What to write?DCD(CP)R(IBN)E●Definition of the critical term●Categories of critical term and concept●Domains that would be affected by the claimUnder what Condition is the claim valid?At what historical Period is the claim valid?●Reasons that would probably lead people to come to such claimImportanceBenefitNecessity●Effects that would possibly be brought about by the claimExample : Category C(+) Benefits of technology improvement (R & E)making lives more efficient;improving living standard;freeing people from repetitive, boring and dangerous works(—) problems of technology improvement:Traffic jam, pollution, accidents; (E)adversely affecting quality of living;(De)As Roger Waters put it, “ I’vegot thirteen channels of shit on the TV to choose from.”----- Pink Floyd, The Wall “Nobody Home”making human lives (and the society as a whole) unstable and unsafe.正文总体结构.有倾向观点.直线型.平衡结构：More … than, less … than,A rather thanB (A>B); Instead of B, A (A>B)审题：●确定对比双方；●确定题目倾向论证内容：●Positive vs. Negative: 分析AB双方的正负优劣●Comparability: 可比性Example : A, 19● A (+) : Solving of some existing problems is urgent and critical for the survival of a society. (R:I/N)Example:unemployment, CPI, The Global Financial Crisis of late 2008: stock market crashes and bank bailouts●A(—): Overemphasis of some current problems may cause harmful effects. (E)Example: real estate, Economic Reform of China● B (+) : The investment for expected problems could help future generations. (R: I/N) Example:Sustainable development, Environmental protection, Infrastructure construction● B (—) :The consequences of some research are unclear. (E)Example: Cloning genetic engineering问题解决Solution标志：The way to …, /To do …, we must do …/ through, by审题：●明确topic issue;●找出topic solution论证内容：(+) topic solution的合理性；(—)●topic solution局限性、问题●feasibility●other solutionsExample : B, 77●Fashion culture is best represented by the trends of youth. (Ca)Example: fast foodMAGIC: Music/Animation/Game/Internet/Comic(—) Other solutions●Mainstream culture:Adults and seniors are the primary producers of fortune, and the primary consumers of mainstream culture. (Ca)●Domestic/foreign culture: Tradition, custom and history(Ca)Example: festivalsCarnival/The Bull Game /Thanks Giving Day●DietExample 2 : B, 2●Business society: “T he business of American is to do business”●Racial diversificationWASP: White Anglo- Saxon Person (Protestant);Afro - American;Hispanic;Asian - American●American history标志：Because (of), since, for, as, :Thus, therefore审题：●分清论据结论；●看清推理关系论证内容：(+)●论据A合理；●推理过程合理；●结论B有道理(—)●质疑论据；●质疑推理关系；●结论的问题或不良后果(发散)●Assumption: 推理前提是否成立；●Feasibility: 结论是否有可行性Example: 64(+)论据合理(+)推理过程合理：●From ethical point of view, dominator is superior to his tools.(+) 结论的合理性：●On the basis of creative thinking and emotional sensitivity, human minds are superior. (Do)●(—) 推理过程的问题：●Most tools are superior to human in their special use, that’s why human produce them.(—) 结论的问题：●Machines can perform many technical jobs with greater accuracy and speed.●判断句●无法归入前三类论证内容：(+)●观点的客观合理性；●形成该观点的主观理由(—)●分析观点不合理之处;●有条件时转化成其他论证结构Example : A, 63(+)●The extinction of some species has nothing to do with human activities. (R:B)●The protection of some species is beyond human capability. (Feasibility)●Some urgent problems of human society have higher priority than to save endangeredspecies. (R: I)Example:unemployment, financial crisis / poverty, famine, disease, etc.(－) 质疑前提；●Most extinctions are caused by human activities, directly or indirectly. (R: B)(—) 质疑推理关系:●Human society has the responsibility to save those species even if they will become naturallyextinct.(R: N)Genesis 1:28, And God blessed them, and God said unto them, be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.(—)观点的不良后果●Some species possess great value to human race, some of which are not realized by humanyet.(R:I/E)Example: rubber tree — latexInstructions of Issue Tasks●是否同意上文Statement，讨论在哪些方面成立哪些方面不成立；●是否同意上文Recommendation，讨论在何种情形下采纳建议将有利或不利；●讨论对Policy的看法，考虑该政策可能带来的后果●是否同意上文的观点和理由；●讨论同意哪一方观点；●是否同意上文观点，并回应可能用于挑战你的相反理由A, 148(+)●Human interference will more or less disturb natural environment. (R:N)(—) problem of the claim:●Some wilderness areas have little value to preserve.(—) other solution:eco-tourism. Raising fund. PublicationC, 91(+)●One of the goals and functions of technology improvement: making human lives moreefficient.(—) Problem of the claim (intention)●original mission of technology: To discover the laws of nature, thereby help human betterunderstand nature and make efficient use of it.(—) Problem of the claim (effect)●Other function: a motive force of social improvement●Technology is not always a positive force:creates more problemsthreatens the quality of life(—) 质疑推理关系：●Technological developments have actually contributed to a more rushed and frantic pace oflife, due to the nature of humanity.●Technology can change the material world, but not the condition of humanity.E, 55Categories of arts:painting / sculpture / handcraft / architecture / music / dancing / literature / drama / movie / game(+) Example: Narrative arts: portraits, operas, light literature(—)●Art works are usually exclusive expressions of artists’in ner feeling, some great works confrontus with uncertainty and lack of reason. (De)Example:Cubism: PicassoPink Floyd: The Dark Side of the Moon(—) other solution:●Art works that reveal otherwise hidden ideas and impulses could also have merit.(Do)Pablo PicassoSalvador DaliPremonition of Civil WarThe face of warThe Velvet Underground: HeroinPink Floyd: The WallRoger Waters: Watching TV (from the album Amused to Death)(—) other solution:●The purpose of some art works is to upset old ways of artistic creation. (Do)Dadaism:Architecture: baroque/ Modernism, Post-modernism/ Deconstructivism:Rem Koolhaas: The CCTV New Head-quarterF, 18(+) Benefits:●Motivating force of social improvements and innovations●Avoiding negative social tendency(+)Necessity:●Some theories will become out of date;●Some theories have inherent drawbacks.(—)●The primary goal: Development and progress;●Avoid vicious challengeF, 65(+) Disobedience of law is a sublime virtue under certain circumstances. (Condition)(—) Problems of topic solution●How to define just and unjust? (Assumption/Feasibility)●may result in social disturbance and chaos (E)(—) Other solutions●Legislation：Amendment●Mass mediaExample : B, 38(+)●The characteristics of social groups could reflect many aspects of human lives.Example:Political group/ Religious group/ vegetarian(—)problem of topic solution●Everyone could have more than one social identification, sometimes the image reflected byincompatible groups will distort.(—)other solution●Solitude: Some aspects of self-recognition, such as one’s inner feeling and subjectiveexperience, can be most effectively acquired through introspective method. (De)B, 62(+)●Certain demands are fundamental condition for the creation of a leader.Example:George Washington. Economical: taxation. Political: land property. The War of Independence/ The American RevolutionAbraham Lincoln. Economical: industrialization. Political: The Abolition of SlaveryFranklin Roosevelt. Economical: the Depression and the New Deal. Political: the WW II(—) Other solutions●Many other essential characteristics are necessary for a leader to be successful.. Knowledge; vision; great target. Justice. courage, broad-mindedness, organization skillsHow to write the introduction不好的写法:. 问句结束；. 空洞，说废话●T+P+(R)Topic + Position + (Reason),题目观点+立场+（理由）●T+CC+PTopic + Concession + Position题目观点+让步+立场●T+A+PTopic + Assumption + Position,题目观点+暗含假设+立场●T+CP+PTopic + Complexity + Position,题目观点+问题复杂性+立场●T+CT+PTopic + Controversy + Position,题目观点+相反观点+立场●Q+A+PQuestion + Answer + Position,问题+回答+立场●P+R+(E)Position+ Reason+ (Example),立场+概述理由（框架型开头）●B+PBackground + Position,背景+立场●O+POld-saying + Position,格言+立场●It takes decades to raise a tree, centuries a person.●Giving a man a fish, you feed him a day; teaching a man to fish, you feed him a life.●E+PExample + Position, 例子+立场Basic structure of a body paragraph:. Topic Sentence. Reason. Example. 反证句. 反证理由. 反证例证. Paragraphic Conclusion●段首句的语言衔接.并列：On the one hand / on the other (hand);For one thing / for another (thing);In one sense / in another (sense);.递进：Further / furthermore; moreover, what is more, in addition, additionally,not only…but (also).让步：it is true, it is correct, of course;no doubt, undoubtedly;do, may, seem, appear, sound;admittedly;concede, admit, acknowledge●反证句Unless A, B;If not A, then BWe cannot do B without A.No A no B.How to write the conclusion.In conclusion, to sum up, in summary;on the whole, all in all;obviously, understandably, accordinglyBasic elements:●Concession (C)●Reprise of position (P)●Explanation (E)●反证(D)●Combinations. P+E / E+P / P+D / D+P. C+D+P/D+C+P/D+P+E, etc.. D+C+P+E/E+C+P+D, etc.. P+E+E/C+C+P+D, etc.写作语言提炼Basic requirement:●Formal written English●Variety词汇使用原则●避免重复，同义词替换●使用具体专用词汇，避免抽象通用词汇●注意词汇搭配常用句式变化●后置修饰语主要用途：段首句修改文章●同位语主要用途：同位语解释/代替定语从句●插入语. 表示论证前提if (it occurs) at all;if (there is) any(thing);if (sth is indeed) necessary;if (sth) ever (happened). “Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research. ”. 表示递进推理：if so. 表示取非：if not五大重点句型：●让步句●被动句Traditionally, saving is viewed as a virtue, while borrowing a vice.●强调句It is … that, so … thatIt is the belief in a brighter future that gives us optimism.●双重否定句主要用途：正文段、结尾段反证句●倒装句●长短句结合“You have no idea what I’m talking about, I’m sure. You will someday. ”—— The American Beauty“Ernest Hemingway once wrote:‘T he world is a fine place, and worth fighting for.’I agree with the second part.”—— Se7en Issue语言原则●避免人称主语形式主语：it is widely claimed that…There be: there is a controversy over …第三人称泛指“Unless one person undertakes more than he possibly can do, he will never do all he can do. ”●词义替换●避免极端词汇最高级词汇：◆频率最高级：always, all the time, forever /never, no,◆顺序最高级：first, paramount, supreme◆唯一性词汇：only, unique, sole (ly)感情色彩词汇：◆过分肯定perfect, outstanding, extreme, absolute, total, complete, thorough◆过分贬低：reproach, condemn, curseironically, surprisingly, nonsenseB, 11●Absolute choice (= absolute freedom) does not exist at all●For some aspects, choice is an illusion.Choice is an illusion created between those with power and those without.——The Matrix Reloaded●Although inherent condition –one’s physical condition, family, nationality, etc –cannot bechosen, many other aspects (thoughts, wisdom, values)could be acquired.The choices one makes, not the chances one takes, determine his destiny.“No one could force you to do things that you should not do.”——Maximus, Gladiator Issue preparing strategies1, 复习主线：文章结构/ 论证过程/ 论证语言2, 熟读题目3,每类题目进一步发散思考，搜集素材例证●无限制●熟悉●无争议，不难解释4,列提纲5, 全文练习；●没有思路：分析论证结构看限定词看类似题目思考I, B, and N推极端●字数不够，没的可写反证变换分析角度in other words分析例子6, 修改文章：self – correction,peer – correction7, 模考；8, 考前2-3天：把提纲、模板全部过一遍；改最后一遍文章9, 广泛阅读。
新GRE写作 Issue 思路拓展、快速梳理逻辑
N 应该做某事
做某事的影响
Issue 63
There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts—especially at a great cost in money and jobs—to save endangered animal or plant species.
Hale Waihona Puke MSTS 1：在科技领域，discoveries是必然的
在科技领域，很多实验都是基于了科 学家们长期的努力
TS 2：在政治领域，creation是必然的
Creation来自于其他方面或他人的 inspiration
TS 3：反驳 – 想的太简单
很多发明或创造看以来是偶然的，但 实际上依赖于科学家们的专业知识， 敏锐的意识和长期的坚持
MS TS 1：在经济领域，一个人的伟大可以被
当代人所认可
TS 2：在竞技和娱乐领域，当代人也可以 决定一个人的伟大程度
TS 3：在科技领域，一个人的成就也是有 当代人判定的
经济领域的伟大主要体现在解决经济 问题、促进社会的发展
这些名人不仅仅技艺精湛，而且积极 回报社会，解决了社会问题
这些科技产品迅速提升了人们的生活 水平，革新了人们的理念
grammar, usage, and mechanics) but may have minor errors
快速生成合理逻辑
常见的数学公式及求证方法
公式 N>M N对M有影响 N应该对M做某事 N应该做某事 N是M
求证方法 N和M不一样大、N=M=0 对M1、M2分别有什么影响 是N的责任吗，对M有什么影响，能做得到吗？ 长短期的影响、程度拆分
GRE写作—ISSUE高频提纲整理
ISSUE高频话题：传统文化与现代化
传统文化与现代化之间存在着复杂的互动关系。现代化进程必然 会对传统文化产生影响，但同时也需要保留和传承传统文化的精 髓。如何平衡传统文化与现代化的关系，既能促进社会发展，又 能保持文化传承，是当代社会面临的重要课题。
在探讨传统文化与现代化的关系时，需要关注文化的多样性与包 容性。现代化并非要完全摒弃传统，而是要在传承中创新，在借 鉴中发展。
ISSUE高频话题：环境保护与经济发展
可持续发展
环境保护与经济发展并非相互矛盾，两者 可以相互促进。
生态保护
保护自然环境是可持续经济发展的基石， 我们要重视生态保护的长期效益。
绿色科技
发展绿色科技，可以有效减少环境污染， 促进经济绿色转型。
ISSUE高频话题：平等机会与 社会公正
平等机会和社会公正一直是人类社会关注的重要议题。GRE写作中经常出现探 讨这两者的关系。本节将探讨平等机会与社会公正的内涵，分析两者之间的 关系，并举例说明如何运用相关论证进行写作。
稳定的重要性
社会稳定是改革成功的基础，为改革创造 良好的外部环境。
改革与稳定的平衡
在改革过程中，要注重改革的力度和节奏 ，确保社会稳定，避免剧烈动荡。
总结与展望
GRE写作备考
通过对ISSUE写作高频话题的梳理，希望能帮助考生更有效率地备考，提高写作水平。
持续学习
写作能力的提升是一个持续积累的过程，建议考生定期阅读写作材料，练习写作。
用事实、数据、例子等佐证你的观点。
解释逻辑 3
解释你的论据如何支持你的观点。
每个论点都应该清晰地表达你的观点，并用充足的论据和逻辑解释来支撑。
如何引用例子论证
选择相关例子 1
GRE Issue 主体逻辑归类总结 Issue 题目逻辑公式全集
Issue 题目逻辑公式全集目录一、主题逻辑：N>M (3)二、主题逻辑：N 对 M 有影响 (6)三、主题逻辑：N 应该对 M 做某事 (10)四、主体逻辑：N 应该做 M (12)五、主体逻辑：N 是 M (16)高频题目总结一、主题逻辑：N>M常见拆分方式：领域拆分N 和M 哪个重要，有两种处理方式：1.N 和M 不一样大，N or M 随便选一个进行领域拆分2.N = M很多题目中，都是我们应该做N 还是做M？一旦涉及到了这种两难的选择，就是在论证N 和M 到底谁好，就是变相的比大小1.觉得好写，我们就直接比出N 和M 的大小2.觉得不好写，我们就求证N=M科技类题目64. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.科技类题目我们一般不拆machine 和technology，所以这道题目我们拆human mind。
我们有情感、能力但是机器没有社会类题目4. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker orreformer ever could.丑闻和演说家哪个更有用呢？我们需要在不同领域对丑闻和演说家进行比较哦19. Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.眼前的问题和未来的问题哪个重要呢（可以一样重要，也可以其中一个更重要）在不同领域，对眼前和未来的问题进行比较43./89. The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.快节奏的生活到底是解决的问题多，还是处理的问题多（要在不同领域进行比较哦）33./109. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.知识让事情更容易理解，还是复杂呢？在不同的领域比较知识的力量（心理，疾病、历史等都可以）28./85./113./120./121./127./145. The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.A ofB 中，B 是主体，对great nation 下定义（伟大的国家还有国际责任）领导人的成就和福利待遇谁更重要（N=M 比较好写，但是如果大家会，N>M 也可以哦）27. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.领域拆分，在不同领域，将新人和专家进行比较93. Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.不同领域，到底是表象重要，还是本质重要105./106./126. Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.同上152. We learn our most valuable lessons in life from struggling with our limitations rather than from enjoying our successes. （题库新增题目）N>M –我们需要比较到底从困难中还是从成功中学到的东西多重点还是解释learn 的内容是什么Academic study –从困难中能更好的知道自己哪里学的不好，进行更有针对性的学习Non-academic study—克服苦难对我们的意志品质有更好的促进作用让步：但是我们从成功也是可以学到一些东西的，不过不如从困难中学到的深刻教育类题目48./92. Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.这个可以认为是N 应该对M 做某事，也可以理解成N>M,因为涉及到了两个事物的对比领域拆分：在知识习得领域，谁重要；在能力培养领域，谁重要大家看到teach，就和看到learning 一样，教或者学什么如果论述难度大，这个也可以使用程度拆分（适度依赖其中一个）51./71. Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.这个和眼前问题、未来问题的思路很像哦，可以程度也可以直接领域拆分在学习领域，只关注眼前的学习成绩，会导致学习过于功利在经济领域，只追求短期的政绩和经济发展，不考虑长期的影响也不行49./76. Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.到底从谁身上学的多拆learning – 1. 和谁能学到更多的知识、2. 和谁能学到更多的能力政治类题目5./23.117. Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive.Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated. 这道题目有点特殊，里面只提到了major cities，但是潜在的是和其他城市进行比较N 是大城市、M 是其他城市和地区1.政府的责任是维持平衡– N 和M 一样重要（也可以不一样重要）2.文化保护–可以写大城市保护的好，也可以写小地方保护的好，解释合理就可以3.让步60./151. Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals.N：common groundM : elusive ideals不同领域的领导人的责任是什么，和N、M 有什么关系二、主题逻辑：N 对M 有影响(一) 科技类1. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to thinkfor themselves will surely deteriorate.由于我们不拆科技，所以我们这道题目拆的是 ability –对能力下定义132. Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.同样的，我们不拆科技，那我们就拆分 human interaction –人们交流需要满足的不同条件，可以当做是对交流的领域拆分（共同话题，沟通的途径等）(二) 社会类2. To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.我们要讨论社会的特点都是什么的，然后再说和大城市有什么关系N 是大城市M 是社会的特点我们拆M22./122 Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.N 是英雄的特征M 是社会的特点我们拆M在reasoning 的过程可以涉及：英雄确实可以反映社会的最高水平，正是因为如此，英雄的特征很多人都没有，所以他们并不能反映社会的特征152. The best way to solve environmental problems caused by consumer-generated waste is for towns and cities to impose strict limits on the amount of trash they will accept from each household.N 是施加限制M 是环境问题我们可以把M 拆开，讨论环境问题的来源，然后再和N 产生联系–这道题目和human interaction 的思路很像11./99. People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.N 是behavior M 是forces 随便拆一个就好了这个我们上课讲过了哦38. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.N 是社会组织M 是我们对自己的理解41. /144.The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.N 是人们M 是一个人的伟大我们对M 进行领域拆分–讨论不同领域的人的伟大是由哪一部分的人决定的44. Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.N 是media scrutiny M 是英雄我们对M 进行领域拆分，讨论不同领域的英雄和媒体审核之间的关系75./84. In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.这道题和上面的思路如出一辙哦103. The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.N 是interests M 是ideas 我们把M 进行领域拆分，通过对不同领域的想法进行分析，来讨论常见事物对人们想法的影响Interests in commonplace things 是什么呢：可以理解成日常事物的有心人，把台式机变成laptop 就是一个很好的例子—关注身边的例子33./109. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.N 是knowledge，M 是things 我们要对M 进行领域拆分34.In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.N 是contrasting points M 是progressN 对M 有影响，对M 进行领域拆分；讨论不同领域内的进步和相左观点的关系78.People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole.N 是immediate situation 或者是society，M 是attitudes对M 进行领域拆分，讨论不同领域中，人们的态度都收到了什么了因素的影响79./146. Claim: The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.N 是convince 别人／M 是argument 的价值这道题目和一个人的伟大是被谁决定的逻辑很像；一场争论或辩论的价值肯定不在于说服别人，还有很多其他的意义M１. 在社会领域：争论的意义在于唤醒人们的意识，introduce 新的思想，即使别人不一定认可M２．在政治领域，争论的意义在于彰显民主108./110. Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.N 是expert，M 是workA ofB 中我们拆B 哦B 是主体呢(三) 历史类基本所有历史类题目都是N 对M 有影响论述和拆分的思路都是雷同的，大家可以快速掌握哦9. In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.N 是前人的经验，M 是contribution在科技领域，正是借鉴了前任的经验，才有了突出的贡献–电话在政治领域，前任的经验给后人的政策制定提供了基础–新政。
GRE ISSUE 写作套路
命题所有题目从一定的角度/程度上都是可以赞同的，ISSUE 的写作分析过程就是找角度，程度，确定态度的过程。
因此，在立论上可以采取两面兼顾的策略。
●因为GRE写作的评分形式（holistic scoring）, 正反两面兼顾恰好体现出我们看到了问题的复杂性（complexity）●文章内容有更大的展开空间。
●容易做到文章脉络清晰。
●不易跑题。
题目类型分析有因就有果Because X, so/ therefore YISSUE 139 p29.The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.ISSUE 45 p10 vs. Issue 205People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups.Issue 225 p.47We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.. Approach●原因是否成立●原因能否推出结果提出建议Issue30 p.7In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculties should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.Issue 197 ? p. 41In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must first study the successful work for others to learn what contributions remain to be made.Issue 198In order for any work of art- whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song-to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.Issue 228 ? 引入No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field to study.It’s necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature.Issue 84It’s primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears.Issue 93It’s primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves. Approach*建议的可行性*如果遵循建议，是否结果/结论会很荒谬。
GRE写作-ISSUE高频提纲整理
1======================Issue 51======================【题目】”Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.‖【翻译】只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣，教育才真正的有意义。
【题纲】Position: There is no doubt that education should pay more attention on the needs and interests ofstudents, but it is possible for education to satisfy every student.1、从教育的目的上讨论，兴趣对教育的重要性；对个人，爱因斯坦有句至理名言：―兴趣是最好的老师‖；对社会，教育的目的就是为社会培养各种人才，如果不注重学生兴趣，那么他们到社会不可能尽其所能。
有时候可能埋没人才。
比如一味的强调分数，那么对发明有兴趣的学生可能会失去动力，eg.哥白尼以前学医，爱因斯坦小时候学习并不好（这个例子是以前看到别人用的，我没有想到很好的例子）2、学校必须努力发现并培养学生的兴趣。
因为有些学生没有意识到自己的兴趣，因此学校要在这方面作引导。
例如学校可以通过开设对终选修课，增加各类奖学金等方法来鼓励学生培养自己的兴趣；3、但是，鼓励兴趣的培养不等于学校必须根据每个学生的兴趣来进行教育，这既无意义也不现实；一方面老师是有限的，而学生的兴趣是各种各样的。
另一方面，学生没有足够的判断力来决定自己该学什么，比如数学，有些学生不喜欢学，但是能够去掉吗？过分强调学生兴趣势必会造成教学的紊乱，而且学生的兴趣不同阶段可能发生改变；4、总结2=================Issue 144=================【题目】"It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value."【翻译】是艺术家而不是批评家，给了社会一些永久的价值。
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Issue 题目逻辑公式全集目录一、主题逻辑：N>M (3)二、主题逻辑：N 对 M 有影响 (6)三、主题逻辑：N 应该对 M 做某事 (10)四、主体逻辑：N 应该做 M (12)五、主体逻辑：N 是 M (16)高频题目总结一、主题逻辑：N>M常见拆分方式：领域拆分N 和M 哪个重要，有两种处理方式：1.N 和M 不一样大，N or M 随便选一个进行领域拆分2.N = M很多题目中，都是我们应该做N 还是做M？一旦涉及到了这种两难的选择，就是在论证N 和M 到底谁好，就是变相的比大小1.觉得好写，我们就直接比出N 和M 的大小2.觉得不好写，我们就求证N=M科技类题目64. The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.科技类题目我们一般不拆machine 和technology，所以这道题目我们拆human mind。
我们有情感、能力但是机器没有社会类题目4. Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker orreformer ever could.丑闻和演说家哪个更有用呢？我们需要在不同领域对丑闻和演说家进行比较哦19. Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.眼前的问题和未来的问题哪个重要呢（可以一样重要，也可以其中一个更重要）在不同领域，对眼前和未来的问题进行比较43./89. The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.快节奏的生活到底是解决的问题多，还是处理的问题多（要在不同领域进行比较哦）33./109. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.知识让事情更容易理解，还是复杂呢？在不同的领域比较知识的力量（心理，疾病、历史等都可以）28./85./113./120./121./127./145. The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.A ofB 中，B 是主体，对great nation 下定义（伟大的国家还有国际责任）领导人的成就和福利待遇谁更重要（N=M 比较好写，但是如果大家会，N>M 也可以哦）27. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.领域拆分，在不同领域，将新人和专家进行比较93. Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.不同领域，到底是表象重要，还是本质重要105./106./126. Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.同上152. We learn our most valuable lessons in life from struggling with our limitations rather than from enjoying our successes. （题库新增题目）N>M –我们需要比较到底从困难中还是从成功中学到的东西多重点还是解释learn 的内容是什么Academic study –从困难中能更好的知道自己哪里学的不好，进行更有针对性的学习Non-academic study—克服苦难对我们的意志品质有更好的促进作用让步：但是我们从成功也是可以学到一些东西的，不过不如从困难中学到的深刻教育类题目48./92. Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.这个可以认为是N 应该对M 做某事，也可以理解成N>M,因为涉及到了两个事物的对比领域拆分：在知识习得领域，谁重要；在能力培养领域，谁重要大家看到teach，就和看到learning 一样，教或者学什么如果论述难度大，这个也可以使用程度拆分（适度依赖其中一个）51./71. Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.这个和眼前问题、未来问题的思路很像哦，可以程度也可以直接领域拆分在学习领域，只关注眼前的学习成绩，会导致学习过于功利在经济领域，只追求短期的政绩和经济发展，不考虑长期的影响也不行49./76. Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.到底从谁身上学的多拆learning – 1. 和谁能学到更多的知识、2. 和谁能学到更多的能力政治类题目5./23.117. Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive.Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated. 这道题目有点特殊，里面只提到了major cities，但是潜在的是和其他城市进行比较N 是大城市、M 是其他城市和地区1.政府的责任是维持平衡– N 和M 一样重要（也可以不一样重要）2.文化保护–可以写大城市保护的好，也可以写小地方保护的好，解释合理就可以3.让步60./151. Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals.N：common groundM : elusive ideals不同领域的领导人的责任是什么，和N、M 有什么关系二、主题逻辑：N 对M 有影响(一) 科技类1. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to thinkfor themselves will surely deteriorate.由于我们不拆科技，所以我们这道题目拆的是 ability –对能力下定义132. Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another.同样的，我们不拆科技，那我们就拆分 human interaction –人们交流需要满足的不同条件，可以当做是对交流的领域拆分（共同话题，沟通的途径等）(二) 社会类2. To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.我们要讨论社会的特点都是什么的，然后再说和大城市有什么关系N 是大城市M 是社会的特点我们拆M22./122 Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.N 是英雄的特征M 是社会的特点我们拆M在reasoning 的过程可以涉及：英雄确实可以反映社会的最高水平，正是因为如此，英雄的特征很多人都没有，所以他们并不能反映社会的特征152. The best way to solve environmental problems caused by consumer-generated waste is for towns and cities to impose strict limits on the amount of trash they will accept from each household.N 是施加限制M 是环境问题我们可以把M 拆开，讨论环境问题的来源，然后再和N 产生联系–这道题目和human interaction 的思路很像11./99. People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.N 是behavior M 是forces 随便拆一个就好了这个我们上课讲过了哦38. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.N 是社会组织M 是我们对自己的理解41. /144.The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.N 是人们M 是一个人的伟大我们对M 进行领域拆分–讨论不同领域的人的伟大是由哪一部分的人决定的44. Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero. Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.N 是media scrutiny M 是英雄我们对M 进行领域拆分，讨论不同领域的英雄和媒体审核之间的关系75./84. In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.这道题和上面的思路如出一辙哦103. The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.N 是interests M 是ideas 我们把M 进行领域拆分，通过对不同领域的想法进行分析，来讨论常见事物对人们想法的影响Interests in commonplace things 是什么呢：可以理解成日常事物的有心人，把台式机变成laptop 就是一个很好的例子—关注身边的例子33./109. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.N 是knowledge，M 是things 我们要对M 进行领域拆分34.In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.N 是contrasting points M 是progressN 对M 有影响，对M 进行领域拆分；讨论不同领域内的进步和相左观点的关系78.People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole.N 是immediate situation 或者是society，M 是attitudes对M 进行领域拆分，讨论不同领域中，人们的态度都收到了什么了因素的影响79./146. Claim: The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.N 是convince 别人／M 是argument 的价值这道题目和一个人的伟大是被谁决定的逻辑很像；一场争论或辩论的价值肯定不在于说服别人，还有很多其他的意义M１. 在社会领域：争论的意义在于唤醒人们的意识，introduce 新的思想，即使别人不一定认可M２．在政治领域，争论的意义在于彰显民主108./110. Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.N 是expert，M 是workA ofB 中我们拆B 哦B 是主体呢(三) 历史类基本所有历史类题目都是N 对M 有影响论述和拆分的思路都是雷同的，大家可以快速掌握哦9. In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.N 是前人的经验，M 是contribution在科技领域，正是借鉴了前任的经验，才有了突出的贡献–电话在政治领域，前任的经验给后人的政策制定提供了基础–新政。