英语独立主格结构精讲精练
独立主格结构精讲精练(定稿)
独立主格结构一、概述独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。
在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
具有以下特点：（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。
（2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。
（3）主要用于书面语。
（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。
（5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。
二、独立主格结构的构成1.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行）名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
①Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。
(表示条件)②Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了，树木绿油油的。
(表示时间) 注意：（1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+having done”，含义为“……已经……”。
例如：The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home.学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。
（2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”, being不能省略。
例如：Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep.当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。
独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案
独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案语法重点：独立主格结构。
1. 原文再现。
This silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.2. 独立主格结构定义。
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
3. 独立主格结构用法。
A．用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
B. 用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
C. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
D. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
高中英语 独立主格结构精讲(配套练习和答案)
独立主格结构“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”。
由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。
独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
（一）独立主格结构形式独立主格结构可以分为两部分，形式为：基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．名词/代词+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例：The man lay there, his hands trembling.So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的结构形式。
2．名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例：The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.3．名词/代词+不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作。
These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month.We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp.4. 名词/代词+名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例：Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.5．名词/代词+形容词短语形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
英语语法独立主格结构讲解和习题(完整版)
4、伴随状语 独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词 短语或并列谓语.如： 1>.We have lessons every day, __A______. A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above 2>.The boy fell asleep,___A______. A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap on was on head D. all the above
• 不能省略being <having been>的情形在下列两 种情况下,独立主格结构中的being〔或having been不能省略.
•
<1> 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时.如：It
being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,
我们去了做礼拜.
•
<2>在There being＋名词的结构中.如：
三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合 宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与 主句之间不应有从属连词〔如when, if, as soon as, as, while等或并列连词〔如and, but, or, so等.例如：
1.__A___ the teacher told the class to go
B.Being
C.Having been
D.There was
2>___B____no bus, we had to walk home. A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was
独立主格结构讲解及练习题
独立主格结构讲解及练习题Revised by Petrel at 2021独立主格结构讲解及练习题作者：1文章来源：网络点击数：6217更新时间：2013-05-1811:55:28我们知道，“V—ing或—ed形式”短语作状语时，其实就是状语从句在主从句主语一致的情况下省略的结果。
所以通常情况下，“V—ing或—ed形式”作状语时其逻辑主语是和主句的主语一致的。
在前后主语不一致的情况下，我们通常采用“V—ing或—ed形式”短语前加上其逻辑主语一起构成主句的状语部分，因此我们就把自带逻辑主语的“V—ing或—ed形式”结构叫做“独立主格结构”。
事实上，在英语中，“独立主格结构”还可以由“逻辑主语+不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语等”构成，其功能相当于“with复合结构”或“非限制性定语从句”。
独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
下面本人就从句型转化的角度解读“独立主格结构”的“独立”之处。
1.与状语从句的转化1).Alltheworkfinished,hesatdownforacoffee.【=Whenalltheworkwasfinished,hesatdownfora coffee.】2).Weatherpermitting,wewillgoswimmingtomorrow.【=Ifweatherpermits,wewillgoswimmingtomorrow.】3).Theboybeinglate,histeacherwasveryangry.【=Astheboywaslate,histeacherwasveryangry.】4)Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theeventwasagreatevent.【=Whene very thingtakenintoconsideration,theeventwasa great event.】5)Therebeingsomethingmoreimportanttoattendto,hehadtocanceltheappointmentwithme.【=Astherewassomethingmoreimportanttoattendto,hehadtocanceltheappointmentwithme.】6).Thefloorwet,theystayedoutside.【=Asthefloorwaswet,theystayedoutside.】2.与with复合结构的转化1).Alotofhomeworktodo,Ihavetostayhomeallday.【=Withalotofhomeworktodo,Ihavetostayhomeallday.】2）Thepresidententeredthemeetingroom,hissecretaryfollowinghim.【=Thepresidententeredthemeetingroom,withhissecretaryfollowinghim.】3).Thecrazyman,aguninhishand,wastryingtokillhiswife.【=Thecrazyman,withagunin his hand,wastryingtokillhiswife.】3.与非限制性定语从句的转化1).Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecenthavingbeenlaunchedattheendoflastmon th.【=Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecrafts,the most recentofwhichwaslaunchedattheendof last mo nth.】2).Theoldfarmerraised10pigs,twoweighing200kg.【=Theoldfarmerraised10pigs,twoofwhichweighed200kg.】巩固联系1.E very thing___intoconsideration,theyoughttohaveanotherchance.A.totakeB.takenC.tobetakenD.taking2.Anexpert___tohelpthemtomorrow,theyaresuretoworkoutthe problem.A.willcomeingC.tocomeD.havingcome3.Themeeting___over,hewenttopickup his sondirectlyA.tobeB.isC.wasD.being4.---Theysatstillintheroom,___.---WhydidtheydolikethatA.drawingthecurtains?B.withthecurtainsdrawnC.withthecurtainsdrawingD.havingthecurtainsdrawn5.Thesun___,theycontinuedtheirway.A.hasrisenB.havingrisenC.hasraisedD.havingraised6.Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,the most recent___attheendof last March.A.hasbeenlaunched?B.havingbeenlaunchedC.beinglaunchedD.tobelaunched7.Herearetwovolumes,thethirdone____nextmonth.esoutB.cameoutingoutD.tocomeout8.Withhisson___,theoldmanfeltunhappy.A.todisappoint?B.tobedisappointingC.disappointingD.beingdisappointed9.---Comeon,pleasegivemesomeideasabouttheproject.---Sorry.Withsomuchwork___mymind,Ialmostbreakdown.A.filledB.fillingC.tofillD.beingfilled 10．Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwith his work___,hegladlyacceptedit.A.finishedB.finishingC.havingfinishedD.wasfinished11.___,I?hadtoaskfortwodays’leave.A.MotherbeingillB.MotherillC.AsmotherwasillD.A,BandC12.Withsomanybooks___,Icouldn’tgotosurftheInternet.A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.read13.Thethiefstoodbeforethepoliceman____admittingwhathehaddone.A.withhisdroppinghead?B.droppinghisheadC.raisinghisheadD.withhisheaddown14.Winter___,itistimeto buy warmclothes.A.hascomeonB.iscomingoningoneson15.Theoldmanlayon his backatthecornerofthestreet,hiseyes___andhishands___.A.close,tremble?B.closed,tremblingC.closing,tremblingD.closed,trembled16.Withnothing__toburn,thefirebecameweakandfinallydiedout.A.leavingB.leaveC.leftD.toleave17.Itwasapitythatthe great writerdied___hisworksunfinished.A.forB.withC.ofD.from18.Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwiththatnoise___on.A.togoB.wentC.goingD.goes19.___twoexamstoworryabout,Ihavetoworkreallyhardt his weekend.A.BecauseofB.WithC.AsforD.Besides20.Tomcamehome,___.A.adogfollowinghim?B.adogfollowedhimC.beingfollowedhim?D.adogwasfollowedhim参考答案：BCDBBBDCBADADCBCBCBA。
独立主格结构(精讲精练 翻译练习)
独立主格结构●独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中作状语的短语，用于修饰整个句子。
其位置灵活，可位于句前或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
●独立主格结构具有两个特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。
●独立主格结构类型：● 1.名词/代词+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）● 2.名词/代词+(being)+表语（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）1.名词/代词+现在分词（doing）Winter coming,it gets colder and colder.=The winter comes,and it gets colder and colder.Time permitting,I will go with you.The girl looking at him,he didn’t know what to say.There being no bus,we had to walk home.2.名词/代词+过去分词He was listening carefully,his eyes fixed on the blackboard.The work done,he went back home.=After the work was done,he went back home.More time given,we can finish the work.=If more time is given to us,we can finish the work.3.名词/代词+动词不定式（由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态）His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first class.Many trees to be planted,our school will look even more beautiful.4.名词/代词+形容词He came into the room,his face red with cold.She went to party,her clothes beautiful.5.名词/代词+副词The meeting over,our headmaster soon left the meeting room.The lights off,we could not go on with the work.6.名词/代词+名词His first shot failure,he fired again.他第一枪没打中，又开了一枪A lot of people all over the world are fans of the smartphone,many of them Chinese.全世界很多人都是这款智能手机的粉丝，其中许多都是中国人。
独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案(可编辑修改word版)
语法重点：独立主格结构。
1.原文再现。
This silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.2.独立主格结构定义。
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词) 或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
3.独立主格结构用法。
A．用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
B.用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
C.用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
D.用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
高中英语 高考二轮复习语法专项：独立主格精讲及巩固提升练习(有答案)
独立主格精讲及巩固提升练习一、独立主格结构的特点独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点：(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
(2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
(3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的形式英语中，独立主格结构的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。
1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。
如：A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。
Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。
2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。
如：The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。
Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。
3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。
如：His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。
4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。
如：The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。
5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。
如：The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。
6.名词/ 代词+ 介词短语。
如(from )：Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。
独立主格结构精讲及练习
独立主格结构精讲及练习三、独立主格结构独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构的模式是：主格名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语1.主格名词/代词+分词 (现在分词/过去分词）例句：The storm drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．The storm drawing near在句中作：原因状语＝Since the storm was drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。
（call it a day 今天到此为止）例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
改写If time permits, I will go with you.2. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
独立主格精讲精练
独立主格精讲精练Absolute Structure独立结构，又称独立主格结构，是由名词/代词+现在分词/ 过去分词/不定式/ 形容词/ 副词/ 介词短语构成。
这种结构在句子中通常作状语，表示原因，时间，条件，方式或伴随动作等。
独立主格中的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，要独立存在。
名词或代词为逻辑主语。
1). n./pron. +V.ing (主动关系)Weather permitting, we will go swimming.The old black woman used to tell stories under the tall tree, her grandchildren seated and ________ carefully. (listen )2). n. / pron.+ pp. (被动关系)Everyone went, me included.He lay on his back, his hands _crossed_____ under his head.The job _finished_____, they are packing up to leave.3). n./pron. + to do/ to be done （将来的动作或状态)Lots of homework to do, the little boy had to stay home all day.I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year. ( follow )4). n./ pron. + adj. (表伴随状态）His stomach empty, he looked for something to eat when he came back.It was snowing heavily outside. Jason hurried into the room, __his nose red with cold_____________________ .他的鼻子冻得发红。
独立主格结构精讲精练
独立主格结构精讲精练一、概述独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。
在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
具有以下特点：（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。
（2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。
（3）主要用于书面语。
（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。
（5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。
二、独立主格结构的构成1.名词或主格代词+名词在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系，在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。
此结构也可写成：名词或代词＋ being ＋名词，其中being是非谓语（系）动词，往往省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。
名词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
①He fought against the thief, a stick (being) his only weapon (= and a stick was his only weapon). 他和这个贼打斗，一根棍子是他唯一的武器。
②He has translated the whole book into English, an English-Chinese dictionary (being) his tool.(=and an English-Chinese dictionary was his tool.)用一本英汉字典作工具，他把整本书翻译成了英语。
③It being Sunday (=As it was Sunday), I didn’t go to school.（句中的being不能省略）因为是星期天，我没有上课。
2.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行）名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
高三英语独立主格结构用法精讲精练
独立主格结构的用法详解独立主格复合结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。
它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
它由两部分构成，第一部分由名词或代词担任，第二部分由动词非谓语形式（即动词不定式、动名词或分词）、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语担任。
两部分在逻辑上是主谓关系。
一、独立主格复合结构的类型1．名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个则是劳力。
Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
2. 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词The duty completed, he had three months' leave. 任务完成之后，他休了三个月的假。
More time given，we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
Everything considered, it is possible for their factory to raise the output quickly.考虑到各方面的情况，他们厂迅速提高产量是可能的。
All his ribs broken, he lay half dead. 他的肋骨全被打断，半死不活地躺着。
3．名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式，用来表示将来意义。
Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. 这是头三卷，第四卷下月出版。
独立主格结构及精选习题
独立主格结构及精选习题独立主格结构（一）定义：不定式或分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须与句子的主语一致。
但有时它也可以有自己的独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
（二）构成：1. 名词（代词）+ 不定式、现在分词或过去分词Weather permitting, we'll go sightseeing.= If weather permits, ...作条件状语天气允许的话，我们要去观光。
Homework finished, the boy went out to play football.=When homework was finished,...作时间状语作业做完了，男孩出去玩足球。
The exam to be held tomorrow, I can't go to the cinema tonight.明天要考试，我今晚不能去看电影。
2. 名词（代词）+（being ）+表语（名词、形容词、副词或介词短语）It (being) Sunday, we went climbing.= As it was Sunday, ...作原因状语由于是星期天，我们去爬山。
Tod looked at the million-pound note, his eyes (being) wide open.托德眼睛睁得大大的看着百万钞票。
Summer vacations (being) over, students returned to school.暑假结束了，学生们返回学校。
3. with + 名词（代词）+宾补，宾补可用现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词或介词短语。
此句型又称with复合结构。
a. They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights burning.他们点着灯假装整晚都在努力工作。
独立主格(带练习)(完整版)
2)____D______, the train started.
A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given
1.___D_____, the train started.
A.The signal given B.After the signal was given C.Given the signal D.all the above
2.__D______, the text became easier for us to learn.
1.Father came back, ___A____ a bag of money on his left shoulder.
A.carrying
B.he was carrying
C.and carrying D.all the above
2.Father came back, _D______ by a monkey.
D.Being explained new words
3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词） 该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”
结构。如：
1)___B________, the patient can leave the hospital. A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions
A. New words explained B. B.When new words were explained C. C.When teacher explained new words
独立结构精讲及练习
高考语法复习独立结构精讲及练习状语有时可以由一个名词（代词）和另一成分构成的复合结构充当，称为独立（主格）结构。
独立结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式和介词是主谓关系。
独立结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常有逗号与主句分开。
需要特别注意的是，独立结构与句子之间不能使用任何连词。
一、独立主格结构的构成1.名词(代词)+现在分词The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cav e.Night falling, we hurried home.2.名词(代词)+过去分词He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.This done, we went home.3.名词(代词)+形容词She came into the room, her ears red with cold.The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside.4.名词(代词)+副词He put on his socks wrong side out.The meeting over, we all went home.5.名词(代词)+不定式Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.注意：不定式表示将来的动作。
6.名词(代词) +介词短语He walked out of the camp, rifle in hand (= with a rifle in his hand.)She came out of the library, a large book under her arm.二、独立结构在句中的作用1．时间状语The test finished, we began our holiday.（= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.）2．条件状语Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tom orrow.(=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach to morrow.)3．原因状语The storm drawing near, the worker decided to stop working.(=Since the storm was drawing near, the worker decided to stop wo rking.)4．伴随状语He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.(= He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.)三、其它形式的独立结构1．在以上所讲的独立结构前加with, 这种结构在句中可作：1）伴随状语With the young man leading, they started toward the mountain.The soldiers marched forward, with guns on their shoulders(=gun on shoulder).He used to sleep with the window open.2) 原因状语He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.With Tom away, we have got more room.3）时间状语With everything well arranged, he left his office.2．It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）It being Monday, the library is closed.It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.3．倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）1) there be形式There being no bus or taxi, we had to go home on foot.2) such形式Such being the case, she had nothing to say.3) 介词短语形式In the sand being the mark of a man’s foot, Crusoe stared at i t, full of fear.独立结构练习I.指出下列句子中的独立结构1.In front of the house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the other trees.2.The mid-term examination was over, the final examination to come in two months.3.The boy stood there, his eyes full of tears.4.A young policeman stood in the street, holding a little red flag, h is face red with cold.5.The teacher sat in her chair, surrounded by her students, a happy l ook in her eyes.6.With nothing to eat, he died of hunger.7.A tall man came into the bank, wearing a pair of dark glasses, his face hidden by an upturned (翻起的) collar and a cap pulled over hi s brows.8.Mary left left the office with tears in her eyes.9.Such being the case, you have no reasons for dismissing him.10.He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast, a nd his glaring eyes looking straight upward.II.用独立结构改正下列句子中的错误1.Being freezing cold, she had to dress herself in warm clothes.2.Having finished his homework, we went home.3.A young mother was taking a walk in the schoolyard, followed her li ttle son.4.His bike wrong, he has to walk to school.5.Tom rushed into my room, with his clothes covering with snow.6.They were angry with their money to be stolen.III.单项填空1.The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complai ned that his leaving distured the speaker.A.beganB.beginningC.having begunD.being beginning2.Such ______ the case, I have no other choices.A.beingB.isC.wasD.to be3.Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets.A.setB.settingC.has setD.was set4.With all factors ______ ,we think this program may be better than a ll the others in achieving the goal.A.being consideredB.consideringC.consideredD.are considered5.A new technique ______, the production increased by 20 percent.A.to have been worked outB.having worked outC.working outD.having been worked out6.On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ear s ______, alert, listening.A.pointedB.pointingC.are pointedD.are pointing7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our wo rk ______, we didn’t accept the offer.A.not being finishedB.not having finishedC.had not been finishedD.was not finished8.There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).A.hasB.hadC.to haveD.having9.The old man stood under a big tree, ______.A.a pipe in mouthB.with a pipe in mouthC.pipe in mouthD.pipe in his mouth10.The production ______ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasi ng supply of raw material (原料).A.has gone upB.is going upC.having gone upD.being gone upIV.用独立结构完成下列句子1.Jane ran into the classroom, _____________________________ (手里拿着一个新文具盒).2.______________________ (午饭时间到了), the students all went to the dining-hall.3.A little girl was making paper flowers, ___________________________ _________________________ (她的妈妈面带微笑坐在她旁边).4.Here comes the bus from Yiwu, _____________________________________ _____________ (永康来的班车十分钟后到).5.__________________________ (由向导带路),we set off on foot into the dark night.6.___________________________ (有那么多书要读), I can’t kill time by playing cards.7.At the gate stood a PLA man, __________________________ (手里握着枪).8._____________________________ (做完家庭作业), he went to bed.9.______________________ (她的钱包被偷了), she had no money to buy ev en a bus ticket.10.________________________ (所有的灯都亮着), our teaching building l ooks more beautiful.Keys:II.1.Being前加It 2.Having前加He或His homework finished 3.followe d her little son改为her little son following her 4.His bike wrong改为Something being wrong with his bike或There being something wrong w ith his bike5.covering改为covered6.to be stolen改为stolenIII.1.with a new pencil-box in her hand 2.It being time for lunch 3. her mother sitting beside her with a smile on her face 4.that/the bu s from Yongkang to come in ten minutes 5.(With) The guide leading th e way 6.With so many books to read 7.gun in hand (with a gun in his hand) 8.The/His homework done/finished (With his/the homework done/ finished) 9.Her wallet stolen 10.(With) All the lights onIV. 1—5 CABCD 6—10 AADCC。
高考英语独立主格结构精讲精练
A. The play being still on B. The play still on C Being still on the playD. A and B
6. _________,ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱso you can wait a while
高考英语独立主格结构讲练与链接
独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。
2. __________, the train started.
A. After having given the signal B. After the signal given C. Giving the signalD. After the signal was given
3. _________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A. Better conditionsB. Conditions betterC. Conditions are better D. Being better conditions
2. _________, the patient can leave the hospital.
A. If better conditions B. If conditions betterC. If conditions are betterD. Being better conditions
独立主格重点讲座及针对练习题
所以在语法上不是句子，独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。
独立主格之所以不叫独立主语，就是因为该名词或代词与后面的其它部分有逻辑上的句子关系，但无论长短，都不能构成句子，当后面是非谓语动词时，前面与后面能够构成逻辑上的偶尔作定语，使用时，注意要用逗号与句子的主体部分分隔开来。
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是逻辑主谓关系。
如：The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是逻辑动宾关系（逻辑谓宾关系）。
可以理解为被动句结构中删掉了“be”部分。
如：The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
注意：以上两种结构的功能相似于分词或分词短语作状语，只是分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，而独立主格结构中非谓语动词的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或主格代词。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是逻辑主谓关系，多表示将来的行为，表示“企图”“约定”等，指的是按计划安排要做的事，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
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英语：独立主格结构精讲精练I. 独立主格结构的基本概念由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。
1、名词或代词主格+ 分词①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
2、名词或代词主格+ 形容词①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!3、名词或代词主格+ 不定式The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。
4、名词或代词主格+ 介词短语① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
5、名词或代词主格+ 副词① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
② The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。
但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例①)。
而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。
① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为:Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为:Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作"依着法则"(例①)。
而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作"悬垂分词"(例②)。
①Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。
② When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots. (人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。
IV. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。
这些短语有:Generally speaking 总的说来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从……判断,Supposing 假设,等等。
① Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
②Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
2、有些固定短语是带to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。
这些短语有: to be honest老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。
① To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
② To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
英语高考专题复习讲与练独立主格结构常见类型及其用法独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。
该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。
独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。
在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式1、逻辑主语+V-ing这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。
如：1.__________no bus, we had to walk home.A.There beingB.BeingC.Having beenD.There was2._______no bus, we had to walk home.A.As there beingB.As there wasC.BeingD.There was3._______Sunday, the library doesn't open.A.BeingB.There beingC.It beingD.Having been4.______Sunday, the library doesn't open.A.As it beingB.BeingC.It isD.As it is2、逻辑主语+V-ed该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。
如：1._________, the train started.A.The signal givenB.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving2.__________, the train started.A.After having given the signalB.After the signal givenC.Giving the signalD.After the signal was given3._________, the text became easier for us to learn.A.Explaining new wordsB.New words explainedC.Being explained new wordsD.Having explained new words4.______________, the text became easier for us to learn.A. When new words were explainedB.Explaining new words B.New words explaining D.Being explained new words3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。
如：1.___________, the patient can leave the hospital.A.Better conditionsB.Conditions betterC.Conditions are betterD.Being better conditions2._________, the patient can leave the hospital.A.If better conditionsB.If conditions betterC.If conditions are betterD.Being better conditions3.________, we’d like to go outing.A.Being SundayB.Sunday OKC.Sunday is OKD.If Sunday OK4.___________, we’d like to go outing.A.If Sunday is OKB.Sunday being OKC.Sunday OKD.A,B and C5._________, you can wait a while.A.The play being still onB.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B6._________, so you can wait a whileA.The play is still onB.The play being still onC.As the play is still onD.The play still on4、逻辑主语+介词短语该结构相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语”结构。