微观经济学沈炳珍第二章 参考答案
西方经济学(微观经济学)课后练习答案第二章
一、名词解释需求供给需求的变动需求量的变动供给的变动供给量的变动均衡价格需求价格弹性需求收入弹性需求交叉弹性供给弹性二、选择题1、下列哪一项会导致粮食制品的均衡价格下降（B ）A、鸡蛋价格上升B、良好的天气情况C、牛奶价格上升D、收入上升2、下列因素中除哪一项以外都会使需求曲线移动（D ）A、购买者（消费者）收入变化B、消费者偏好变化C、其他有关商品价格变化D、商品价格变化3、当其他条件不变时，汽车的价格上升，将导致（）A、汽车需求量的增加B、汽车供给量的增加C、汽车需求的增加D、汽车供给的减少4、在需求和供给同时减少的情况下（C ）A、均衡价格和均衡交易量都将下降B、均衡价格将下降，均衡交易量的变化无法确定C、均衡价格的变化无法确定，均衡交易量将减少D、均衡价格将上升，均衡交易量将下降5、粮食市场的需求是缺乏弹性的，当粮食产量因灾害而减少时（）A 粮食生产者的收入减少，因粮食产量下降B 粮食生产者的收入增加，因粮食价格会更大幅度上升C 粮食生产者的收入减少，因粮食需求量会大幅度减少D 粮食生产者的收入不变，因粮食价格上升与需求量减少的比率相同6、政府把价格限制在均衡水平以下可能导致（）A、买者按低价买到了希望购买的商品数量B、大量积压C、黑市交易D、A和C7、如果价格下降10%能使消费者的购买量增加1%，则这种商品的需求量对价格（）A、富有弹性B、具有单位弹性C、缺乏弹性D、弹性不能确定8、如果某种商品的价格上升5%，引起了另一种商品的数量增加2%，则这两种商品是A、互补品B、替代品C、独立商品D、正常商品9、某种需求弹性等于0的商品，若政府对每单位商品征收10元的税收，则可以预料该商品的价格将上升（）A、小于10元B、等于10元C、大于10元D、不可确定10、如果需求的收入弹性大于0但小于1（）A. 消费者在该商品上的花费的增长大于收入的增长B. 这种商品叫低档商品C. 消费者在该商品上的花费与收入等比例增长D. 消费者在该商品上的花费的增长小于收入的增长11、低档商品的需求收入弹性是（ ）A.< 0B.0和1之间C.= 0D.1和无穷大之间12、蛛网模型是以（ ）为前提条件的A 、需求量对价格缺乏弹性B 、供给量对价格缺乏弹性C 、需求方改变对未来的价格预期D 、生产者按本期的价格决定下期的产量13、按照蛛网模型，若供给曲线和需求曲线均为直线，则收敛型摆动的条件是（ ）A 、供给曲线的斜率大于需求曲线的斜率B 、供给曲线的斜率小于需求曲线的斜率C 、供给曲线的斜率等于于需求曲线的斜率D 、以上都不正确三、判断题1、需求就是消费者在一定时期内，在每一价格水平时愿意购买的商品量。
微观经济学课后习题答案
第二章供求与价格一、选择题1．所有下列因素除哪一种外都会使需求曲线移动? （）A．消费者收入变化 B．商品价格变化C．消赞者偏好变化 D．其他相关商品价格变化2．如果商品x和商品y是相互替代的，则x的价格下降将导致（）A．x的需求曲线向右移动 B．x的需求曲线向左移动C．y的需求曲线向右移动 D．y的需求曲线向左移动3．某种商品价格下降对其互补品的影响是（）。
A．需求曲线向左移动 B．需求曲线向右移动C．供给曲线向右移动 D．价格上升4．需求的价格弹性是指（）A．需求函数的斜率 B．收入变化对需求的影响程度C．消费者对价格变化的反映程度 D．以上说法都正确5．如果一条直线型的需求曲线与一条曲线型的需求曲线相切，切点处两曲线的需求弹性（）。
A．相同 B．不同C．可能相同也可能不同 D．依切点所在的位置而定6．直线型需求曲线的斜率不变，因此其价格弹性也不变，（）。
A．正确 B．不正确C．有时正确，有时不正确 D．难以确定7．假定某商品的价格从10元下降到9元，需求量从70增加到75，则可以认为该商品（）。
A．缺乏弹性 B．富有弹性C．单一弹性 D．难以确定8．假定商品x和商品y的需求交叉弹性是—2．则（）A．x和y是互补品 B．x和y是替代品C x和y是正常商品 D．x和y是劣质品9．下列哪种情况使总收益增加?（）A．价格上升，需求缺乏弹性 B．价格下降，需求缺乏弹性C．价格上升，需求富有弹性 D．价格下降，需求富有弹性10．劣质品需求的收入弹性为（）A．正 B．负C．零D．难以确定二、判断题1．垂直的需求曲线说明消费者对此种商品的需求数量为零。
（）2．陡峭的需求曲线弹性一定小；而平坦的需求曲线弹性一定大。
（）3．如果某商品的需求曲线的斜率绝对值小于供给曲线的斜率绝对值，则蛛网的形状是发散型的。
（）4．如果商品的需求弹性大于供给弹性，则销售税主要由生产者负担。
（）5．对香烟征收销售税时，其税收主要由生产者负担。
微观经济学原理课后习题及答案-第二章需求、供给和均衡价格
微观经济学原理课后习题及答案-第二章需求、供给和均衡价格第一部分教材配套习题本习题详解1. 下列各事件对x 商品的需求有何影响?(1) x 商品的生产厂商投入大量资金做广告宣传。
(2) 生产x 商品的工人的工资增加了。
(3) y 商品是x 商品的替代品,y 商品的价格下降了。
(4) 消费者的收入增加了。
解答：(1)x 商品的生产厂商投入大量资金做广告宣传，提高商品的知名度和消费者对商品的偏好，导致在每一价格下，消费者对商品需求量增加，使需求曲线向右移动。
(2) 生产x 商品的工人的工资增加了。
对x 商品的需求没有直接影响，需求曲线不变，但是工人的工资增加，增加了生产成本，使供给曲线向左上移动，需求不变供给减少，导致均衡价格上升，均衡数量减少。
(3) y商品是x 商品的替代品,y 商品的价格下降了，x 商品相对贵了，消费者用y 商品替代x 商品，导致在每一价格下，消费者对商品需求量减少，使需求曲线向左移动。
(4) 若消费者消费的是正常商品，消费者的收入增加了，在每一价格下，消费者对商品需求量增加，使需求曲线向右移动；若消费者消费的是劣商品(抵挡商品)，导致在每一价格下，消费者对商品需求量减少，使需求曲线向左移动。
2. 下列各事件对棉花供给有何影响?(1) 气候恶劣导致棉花歉收。
(2) 种植棉花所需的化肥的价格上升。
(3) 政府对种植棉花的农户实施优惠政策。
(4) 棉花价格上升。
下列事件对棉花供给有何影响?(1)气候恶劣导致棉花歉收。
解答：( 1)棉花的供给曲线会左移。
因为恶劣气候导致的棉花歉收在棉花价格不变的情况下,会使棉花的供给数量减少，棉花的供给曲线会左移。
(2)棉花的供给曲线会左移。
因为化肥价格上升使得棉花的生产成本上升、利润下降，在任一价格水平下，农户都会缩小棉花种植面积，导致棉花供给数量下降, 棉花的供给曲线会左移。
(3)棉花的供给曲线会右移。
因为政府对种植棉花农户的优政策将激励农户的生产积极性，在任价格水平下，户都会大棉花种面积，导致棉花供给数量増加,棉花的供给曲线会右移。
微观经济学第二章答案教学提纲
第二章 需求、供给和均衡价格一．名词解释1.需求价格弹性[解析](1)需求价格弹性是指：在一定时期内，一种商品的需求量对其价格变动的反应程度，其弹性系数等于需求量变动的百分比处以其价格变动的百分比。
如果用e d 表示需求价格弹性系数，用Q 和Q ∆分别表示需求量和需求量，用P 和P ∆分别表示价格和价格变动量，则需求价格弹性公式为：d e Q P P Q ∆=-∆g 。
(2)影响需求价格弹性的因素主要有消费者对商品的需求强度。
商品的替代数目和可替代程度、商品用途的广泛性等，另外，时间、地域差别、消费习惯、商品质量等也会影响需求价格弹性。
(3)需求价格弹性与商品销售总收益有密切的关系。
如果价格弹性大于1，即商品富有弹性，则其销售总收益与价格是反方向变动，即销售总收益随价格的提高而减少，随价格的降低而增长；如果需求价格弹性小于1，即商品是缺乏弹性的，则该商品销售总收益与价格变动是同方向的，即总收益随价格的提高而增长，随价格的降低而减少。
2.需求收入弹性[解析](1)需求收入弹性是指：在一定时期内，一种商品的需求量对消费者的收入变动程度，是需求量变动的百分比与收入变动的百分比之比。
如果用e M 表示需求的收入弹性系数，用I 和ΔI 分别表示收入和收入的变动量，用Q 和ΔQ 分别表示需求的量和需求量的变动量，则需求收入弹性公式为：eMQ II Q∆=∆g。
(2)在影响需求的其他因素既定的前提下，可以通过需求收入弹性来判断商品是正常商品还是劣等品。
如果某种商品的需求收入弹性系数为正值，即e M>0，表示随着收入水平的提高，消费者对此种商品的需求量增加，则该商品就是正常品。
如果某种商品的需求收入弹性系数是负值，及e M<0，表示随着收入水平的提高，消费者对此种商品的需求反而下降，则该商品为劣等品。
需求收入弹性并不取决于商品本身的属性，而取决于消费者购买时的收入水平。
3.蛛网模型[解析]蛛网模型是一个动态模型，其考察的是价格波动对下一个周期产量的影响，以及由此而产生的均衡的变动，它通常用来分析市场经济中某些产品价格与产量之间的关系，这些产品具有这样的特点，即本期产量决定本期价格，而本期价格决定下期产量。
大学微观经济课后答案第二章作业
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微观经济学答案第二章
日志分享的日志<<返回前一页观经济学答案（第二章）今天23:07微观经济学答案（第二章）分享作者：爱笑的眼睛已被分享1次评论(0) 复制链接1. Economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. They devise theories, collect data, andthen analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. Economists useheory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to run controlled experiments. Insted,hey must rely on natural experiments.2. Economists make assumptions to simplify problems without substantially affecting the answer. Assumptions canmake the world easier to understand.3. An economic model cannot describe reality exactly because it would be too complicated to understand. A model is a simplification that allows the economist to see what is truly important.4. Figure 3 shows a production possibilities frontier between milk and cookies (PPF1). If a disease kills half of theeconomy's cow population, less milk production is possible, so the PPF shifts inward (PPF2). Note that if theeconomy produces all cookies, so it doesn't need any cows, then production is unaffected. But if the economyproduces any milk at all, then there will be less production possible after the disease hits.图表5.The idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available. In terms of theproduction possibilities frontier, an efficient point is a point on the frontier, such aspoint A in Figure 4. A point inside the frontier, such as point B, is inefficient since more of one good could beproduced without reducing the production of another good.图表6. The two subfields in economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of howhuseholds and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. Macroeconomics is the study ofecoomy-wide phenomena.7. Positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normative statements areprescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. Here is an example. Positive: A rapid growth rateof money is the cause of inflation. Normative: The government should keep the growth rate of money low.8. The Council of Economic Advisers is a group of economists who consult with the president of the United Statesabout economic matters. The Council consists of three members and a staff of several dozen economists. It writesthe annual Economic Report of the President.9. Economists sometimes offer conflicting advice to policymakers for two reasons: (1) economists may disagree about the validity of alternative positive theories about how the world works; and(2) economists may have different values and, therefore, different normative views about what public policy shouldtry to accomplish.Problems and Applications1. Many answers are possible.2. a. Steel is a fairly uniform commodity, though some firms produce steel of inferior quality.b. Novels are each unique, so they are quite distinguishable.c. Wheat produced by one farmer is completely indistinguishable from wheat produced by another.d. Fast food is more distinguishable than steel or wheat, but certainly not as much as novels.3. See Figure 5; the four transactions are shown.图表4. a. Figure 6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It is bowed out because whenmost of the economy’s resources are being used to produce butter, the frontier is steep and when most of theeconomy’s resources are being used to produce guns, the frontier is very flat. When the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of gunsgiven up yields a large increase in the production of butter. Thus, the production possibilities frontier is flat. Whenthe economy is producing a lot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used tomake butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increase in the production of butter. Thus, the productionpossibilities frontier is steep.b.Point A is impossible for the economy to achieve; it is outside the production possibilities frontier. Point B isfeasible but inefficient because it’s insi de the production possibilities frontier.图表c. The Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much butter. The Doves might choose a pointlike D, with a lot of butter and few guns.d. If both Hawks and Doves reduced their desired quantity of guns by the same amount, the Hawks would get abigger peace dividend because the production possibilities frontier is much steeper at point H than at point D. As aresult, the reduction of a given number of guns, starting at point H, leads to a much larger increase in the quantityof butter produced than when starting at point D.5. See Figure 7. The shape and position of the frontier depend on how costly it is to maintain a cleanenvironment¾the productivity of the environmental industry. Gains in environmental productivity, such as thedevelopment of a no-emission auto engine, lead to shifts of the production-possibilities frontier, like the shift fromPPF1 to PPF2 shown in the figure.图表6. a. A family's decision about how much income to save is microeconomics.b. The effect of government regulations on auto emissions is microeconomics.c. The impact of higher saving on economic growth is macroeconomics.d. A firm's decision about how many workers to hire is microeconomics.e. The relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money is macroeconomics.7. a. The statement that society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment is a positivestatement. It deals with how the economy is, not how it should be. Since economists have examined data andfound that there is a short-run negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact,thus it is a positive statement.b. The statement that a reduction in the rate of growth of money will reduce the rate of inflation is a positivestatement. Economists have found that money growth and inflation are very closely related. The statement thustells how the world is, and so it is a positive statement.c. The statement that the Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of growth of money is a normative statement. It states an opinion about something that should be done, not how the world is.d.The statement that society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs is a normative statement. It doesn't state a fact about how the world is. Instead, it is a statement of how the world should be and is thus a normative statement.e. The statement that lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving is a positive statement. Economists have studied the relationship between tax rates and work, as well as the relationship between tax rates and saving. They have found a negative relationship in both cases. So the statement reflects how the world is, and is thus apositive statement.8. Two of the statements in Table 2 are clearly normative. They are: "5. If the federal budget is to be balanced,it should be done over the business cycle rather than yearly" and "9. The government should restructure thewelfare system along the lines of a 'negative income tax.'" Both are suggestions of changes that should be made,rather than statements of fact, so they are clearly normative statements.The other statements in the table are positive. All the statements concern how the world is, not how the worldshould be. Note that in all cases, even though they are statements of fact, fewer than 100 percent of economistsagree with them. You could say that positive statements are statements of fact about how the world is, but noteveryone agrees about what the facts are.9. As the president, you'd be interested in both the positive and normative views of economists, but you'dprobably be most interested in their positive views. Economists are on your staff to provide their expertise abouthow the economy works. They know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different sectors. So you would be most likely to call on them about questions of fact¾positive analysis. Since you are the president, you are the one who has to make the normative statements as to what should be done, with an eye to the politicalconsequences. The normative statements made by economists represent their own views, not necessarily yourviews or the electorate’s views.10. There are many possible answers.11. As of this writing, the chairman of the Federal Reserve is Alan Greenspan, the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers is R. Glen Hubbard, and the secretary of the treasury is Paul H. O’Neill.12. As time goes on, you might expect economists to disagree less about public policy because they will haveopportunities to observe different policies that are put into place. As new policies are tried, their results willbecome known, and they can be evaluated better. It's likely that the disagreement about them will be reducedafter they've been tried in practice. For example, many economists thought that wage and price controls would bea good idea for keeping inflation under control, while others thought it was a bad idea. But when the controls weretried in the early 1970s, the results were disastrous. The controls interfered with the invisible hand of themarketplace and shortages developed in many markets. As a result, most economists are now convinced thatwage and price controls are a bad idea for controlling inflation.But it is unlikely that the differences between economists will ever be completely eliminated. Economists differ ontoo many aspects of how the world works. Plus, even as some policies get tried out and are either accepted orrejected, creative economists keep coming up with new ideas.分享已被分享1次◆显示全部条评论>>我也说一句...表情确定取消0/100。
微观经济学chapter2-6习题答案
微观经济学chapter2-6习题答案Chapter 2 Thinking Like an EconomistsTRUE OR FALSE1. Economists devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these datain an attempt to verify or refute their theories. (T)2. While the scientific method is applicable to studying natural sciences, it is not applicable to studying a nation’s economy. (F)3. It is difficult for economists to make observations and develop theories, but it is easy for economists to run experiments to generate data to test their theories. (F)4. Good assumptions simplify a problem without substantially affecting the answer. (T)5. Assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easierto understand. (T) 6. Economic models omit many details to allow us to see what is truly important. (T)7. The circular-flow diagram explains, in general terms, how the economyis organized and how participants in the economy interact with one another. (T)8. In the circular-flow diagram, households and firms are the decision makers. (T)9. In the circular-flow diagram, factors of production are the goods and services produced by firms. (F)10. In the circular-flow diagram, firms own the factors of production and use them to produce goods and services. (F)11. In the circular-flow diagram, one loop represents the flow of goods and services, and the other loop represents the flow of factors of production.(F)12. The production possibilities frontier is a graph that shows thevarious combinations of outputs that the economy can possibly produce giventhe available factors of production and the available production technology. (T)13. Refer to Figure 2-1, if this economy uses all its resources in the dishwasher industry, it produces 35 dishwashers and no doghouses. (T) Figure2-114. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 75 doghouses. (F) 15. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 30 doghouses and 20 dishwashers. (T)16. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 45 doghouses and 30 dishwashers. (F)17. Refer to Figure 2-1, unemployment could cause this economy to produce at point B. (T)18. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of moving from point A to point D is 10 dishwashers. (T)19. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of moving from point B to point D is 15 doghouses. (F)20. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of an additional doghouse increases as more doghouses are produced. (T)21. If an economy can produce more of one good without giving up any of another good, then the economy’s current production point is inefficient. (T)22. When a production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, the opportunity cost of the first good in terms of the second good increases as more of the second good is produced. (F)23. A production possibilities frontier will be bowed outward if some of the economy’s resources are better suited to producing one good than a nother. (T)24. While the production possibilities frontier is a useful model, it cannot be used to illustrate economic growth. (F)25. Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. (T)26. Macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena. (T)27. Economists acting as scientists make positive statements, while economists acting as policy advisers make normative statements. (T)28. Normative statements describe how the world is, while positive statements prescribe how the world should be. (F)29. \statement, not a positive statement. (F)30. There is only one explanation for why economists give conflicting advice on policy issues, and it is that they have different values about what policy should try to accomplish. (F)31. The slope of a line is equal to the change in the x-variable divided by the change in the y-variable. (F)Chapter 3 Interdependence And The Gains From TradeTRUE OR FALSE1. Interdependence among individuals and interdependence among nations are both based on the gains from trade. (T)2. If a person chooses self-sufficiency, then she can only consume what she produces. (T)3. If Wrex can produce more math problems per hour and more book reports per hour than Maxine can, then Wrex cannot gain from trading math problems and book reports with Maxine. (F)4. Trade allows a country to consume outside its production possibilities frontier. (T)5. Opportunity cost refers to how many inputs a producer requires to produce a good. (F)6. Opportunity cost measures the trade-off between two goods that each producer faces. (T)7. For a country producing two goods, the opportunity cost of one goodwill be the inverse of the opportunity cost of the other good. (T)8. If one producer has the absolute advantage in the production of all goods, then that same producer will have the comparative advantage in the production of all goods as well. (F)9. If a country has the comparative advantage in producing a product, then that country must also have the absolute advantage in producing that product.(F)10. If one producer is able to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than some other producer, then the producer with the lower opportunity cost is said to have an absolute advantage in the production of that good. (F)11. Unless two people who are producing two goods have exactly the same opportunity costs, thenone person will have a comparative advantage in one good, and the other person will have a comparative advantage in the other good. (T)12. The principle of comparative advantage states that, regardless of the price at which trade takes place, everyone will benefit from trade if they specialize in the production of the good for which they have a comparative advantage. (F)13. Trade can benefit everyone in society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. (T)14. Two countries can achieve gains from trade even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods. (T)15. As long as two people have different opportunity costs, each can gain from trade with the other, since trade allows each person to obtain a good ata price lower than his or her opportunity cost. (T) 16. When each person specializes in producing the good in which he or she has a comparative advantage, each person can gain from trade but total production in the economy is unchanged. (F) 17. For both parties to gain from trade, the price at which they trade must lie exactly in the middle of the two opportunity costs. (F)18. David Ricardo was the author of the 1817 book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. (T) 19. International trade may make some individuals in a nation better off, while other individuals are made worse off. (T)20. Trade can make some individuals worse off, even as it makes thecountry as a whole better off. (T) SHORT ANSWER1. Explain the difference between absolute advantage and comparative advantage. Which is more important in determining trade patterns, absolute advantage or comparative advantage? Why?Absolute advantage refers to productivity, as in the producer who can produce a product at a lower cost in terms of the resources used in production. Comparative advantage refers to the producer who can produce a product at alower opportunity cost. Comparative advantage is the principle upon which trade patterns are based. Comparative advantage is based on opportunity cost, and opportunity cost measures the real cost to an individual or country of producing a particular product. Opportunity cost is therefore the information necessary for an individual or nation to determine whether to produce a good or buy it from someone else.2. The only two countries in the world, Alpha and Omega, face the following production possibilities frontiers.Alpha’s Production Possibilities Frontier Omega’s Production Possibilities Frontiera. b. c. d.Assume that each country decides to use half of its resources in the production of each good. Show these points on the graphs for each country as point A.If these countries choose not to trade, what would be the total world production of popcorn and peanuts?Now suppose that each country decides to specialize in the good in which each has a comparative advantage. By specializing, what is the total world production of each product now?If each country decides to trade 100 units of popcorn for 100 units of peanuts, show on the graphs the gain each country would receive from trade. Label these points B.Alpha’s Production Possibilities FrontierOmega’s Production Possibilities Frontiera. Alpha would be producing 125 units of peanuts and 75 units of popcorn (point A on itsproduction possibilities frontier) and Omega would be producing 50 units of peanuts and 150 units of popcorn (point A on its production possibilities frontier).b. The total world production of peanuts would be 175 units and the total world productionof popcorn would be 225 units.c. The total world production of peanuts would now be 250 units and the total worldproduction of popcorn would now be 300 units.d. Alpha would be producing 250 units of peanuts and would trade 100 of them to Omega,leaving Alpha with 150 units of peanuts. Alpha would then receive 100units of popcorn from Omega. Omega would be producing 300 units of popcorn and would trade 100 of them to Alpha, leaving Omega with 200 units of popcorn. Omega would then receive 100 units of peanuts from Alpha.Choice1. People who provide you with goods and services (b)a. are acting out of generosity.b. do so because they get something in return.c. have chosen not to become interdependent.d. are required to do so by the government.2. When an economist points out that you and millions of other people are interdependent, he or she is referring to the fact that we all (b)a. rely upon the government to provide us with the basic necessities of life.b. rely upon one another for the goods and services we consume.c. have similar tastes and abilities.d. are concerned about one another’s well-being. 3. When can two countries gain from trading two goods? (d)a. when the first country can only produce the first good and the second country can onlyproduce the second goodb. when the first country can produce both goods, but can only produce the second good atgreat cost, and the second country can produce both goods, but can only produce the first good at great costc. when the first country is better at producing both goods and the second country is worseat producing both goodsd. Two countries could gain from trading two goods under all of the above conditions.4. Shannon bakes cookies and Justin grows vegetables. In which of the following cases is it impossible for both Shannon and Justin to benefit from trade? (a)a. Shannon does not like vegetables and Justin does not like cookies.b. Shannon is better than Justin at baking cookies and Justin is better than Shannon atgrowing vegetables.c. Justin is better than Shannon at baking cookies and at growing vegetables.d. Both Shannon and Justin can benefit from trade in all of the above cases. 5. A production possibilities frontier is bowed outward when (d)a. the more resources the economy uses to produce one good, the fewer resources it hasavailable to produce the other good.b. an economy is self-sufficient instead of interdependent and engaged in trade.c. the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced is constant.d. the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced depends on how much ofeach good is being produced.6. The following table contains some production possibilities for an economy for a given month. (d) Sweaters Gloves 4 300 6 ? 8 100 If the production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, then “?” could be感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
(完整word版)微观经济学第二章课后习题答案(word文档良心出品)
第二章 需求、供给和均衡价格1.解:（1）将需求函数Q d = 50-5P 和供给函数Q s =-10+5P 代入均衡条件Q d =Q s ,有:50- 5P= -10+5P 得: Pe=6以均衡价格Pe =6代入需求函数 Q d =50-5p ,得: Qe=50-5×6 或者,以均衡价格 Pe =6 代入供给函数 Q s =-10+5P ,得:Qe=-10+5×6 所以,均衡价格和均衡数量分别为Pe =6 , Qe=20 图略.（2）将由于消费者收入提高而产生的需求函数Q d =60-5p 和原供给函数Q s =-10+5P, 代入均衡条件Q d = Q s 有: 60-5P=-10+5P 解得Pe =7 以均衡价格Pe =7代入Q d =60-5p ,得 Qe=25 或者,以均衡价格Pe =7代入Qs =-10+5P, 得Qe=25 所以,均衡价格和均衡数量分别为Pe =7，Qe=25（3）将原需求函数Q d =50-5p 和由于技术水平提高而产生的供给函数Q s =-5+5p ,代入均衡条件Q d =Q s ,有: 50-5P=-5+5P 得 P e =5.5 以均衡价格Pe=5.5代入Q d =50-5p,得Qe=50-5×5.5=22.5所以,均衡价格和均衡数量分别为Pe=5.5，Qe=22.5图略。
（4）（5）略 2.解：(1)根据中点公式计算，e d =1.5 (2)由于当P=2时，Q d =500-100*2=300, 所以，有： 22.(100)3003ddQ P dP Q e =-=--*=（3）作图，在a 点P=2时的需求的价格点弹性为：e d =GB/OG=2/3或者e d =FO/AF=2/3 显然，利用几何方法求出P=2时的需求的价格弹性系数和（2）中根据定义公式求出结果是相同的，都是e d =2/3 3解:(1) 根据中点公式 求得：43s e =(2) 由于当P=3时，Qs=-2+2×3=4，所以 3.2 1.54sdQ P dP Q e ==⨯= (3) 作图，在a 点即P=3时的供给的价格点弹性为：e s =AB/OB=1.5显然，在此利用几何方法求出的P=3时的供给的价格点弹性系数和（2）中根据定义公式求出的结果是相同的，都是e s =1.5 4.解：(1)根据需求的价格点弹性的几何方法,可以很方便地推知:分别处于不同的线性需求曲线上的a 、b 、e 三点的需求的价格点弹性是相等的,其理由在于,在这三点上都有: e d =FO/AF （2）根据求需求的价格点弹性的几何方法,同样可以很方便地推知:分别处于三条线性需求曲线上的a 、e 、f 三点的需求的价格点弹性是不相等的,且有e da <e df <e de 其理由在于: 在 a 点有，e da =GB/OG 在 f 点有，e df =GC/OG 在 e 点有，e de =GD/OG在以上三式中, 由于GB<GC<GD 所以e da <e df <e de 5．解：（1）不相等。
微观经济学课后习题答案第二章
第二章 复习与思考题参考答案1. 已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为Q d =50-5P ，供给函数为Q s =-10+5p 。
（1） 求均衡价格P e 和均衡数量Q e ，并作出几何图形。
（2） 假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高，使需求函数变为Q d =60-5P 。
求出相应的均衡价格P e 和均衡数量Q e ，并作出几何图形。
（3） 假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，使供给函数变为Q s =-5+5p 。
求出相应的均衡价格P e 和均衡数量Q e ，并作出几何图形。
（4） 利用（1）（2）（3），说明静态分析和比较静态分析的联系和区别。
（5） 利用（1）（2）（3），说明需求变动和供给变动对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响。
解 (1) 由Q d =50-5P ，Q s =-10+5p ，Q d =Q s ，得：50-5P=-10+5P ，所以 P e =6 Q e =20 (2) 由Q d =60-5P ，Q s =-10+5p ，Q d =Q s ，得： 60-5P=-10+5P ， 所以 P e =7 Q e =25。
(3) 由Q d =50-5P ，Q s =-5+5p ，Q d =Q s ， 得：(4)静态分析与比较静态分析的联系：变量的调整时间被假设为零。
在（1）（2）（3）中，所有外生变量或内生变量都属于同一个时期。
而且，在分析由外生变量变化所引起的内生变量变化过程中，也假定这种调整时间为零。
区别：静态分析是根据既定的外生变量值来求内生变量值的分析方法。
如图（1）中，外生变量收入、消费者偏好、自发需求量及自发供给量等是确定的，从而求出相应均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e。
而（2）（3）中，外生变量收入水平、生产技术水平发生变化，得出得内生变量P 和Q 的数值是不相同的。
这种研究外生变量变化对内生变量的影响方式，以及分析比较不同数值的外生变量的内生变量的不同数值，被称为比较静态分析。
最新微观经济学第二章课后练习答案资料
第二章需求、供给和均衡价格1. 已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为Q d＝50－5P，供给函数为Q s＝－10＋5P。
(1)求均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e，并作出几何图形。
(2)假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高，使需求函数变为Q d＝60－5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e，并作出几何图形。
(3)假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，使供给函数变为Q s＝－5＋5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e，并作出几何图形。
(4)利用(1)、(2)和(3)，说明静态分析和比较静态分析的联系和区别。
(5)利用(1)、(2)和(3)，说明需求变动和供给变动对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响。
解答：(1)将需求函数Q d＝50－5P和供给函数Q s＝－10＋5P代入均衡条件Q d＝Q s，有50－5P＝－10＋5P得P e＝6将均衡价格P e＝6代入需求函数Q d＝50－5P，得Q e＝50－5×6＝20或者，将均衡价格P e＝6代入供给函数Q s＝－10＋5P，得Q e＝－10＋5×6＝20所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为P e＝6，Q e＝20。
如图2—1所示。
图2—1(2)将由于消费者收入水平提高而产生的需求函数Q d＝60－5P和原供给函数Q s＝－10＋5P代入均衡条件Q d＝Q s，有60－5P＝－10＋5P得P e＝7将均衡价格P e＝7代入Q d＝60－5P，得Q e＝60－5×7＝25或者，将均衡价格P e＝7代入Q s＝－10＋5P，得Q e＝－10＋5×7＝25所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为P e＝7，Q e＝25。
如图2—2所示。
图2—2(3)将原需求函数Q d＝50－5P和由于技术水平提高而产生的供给函数Q s＝－5＋5P代入均衡条件Q d＝Q s，有50－5P＝－5＋5P得P e＝5.5将均衡价格P e＝5.5代入Q d＝50－5P，得Q e＝50－5×5.5＝22.5或者，将均衡价格P e＝5.5代入Q s＝－5＋5P，得Q e＝－5＋5×5.5＝22.5所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为P e＝5.5，Q e＝22.5。
微观经济学第二章答案-21页word资料
第二章 需求、供给和均衡价格一．名词解释1.需求价格弹性[解析](1)需求价格弹性是指：在一定时期内，一种商品的需求量对其价格变动的反应程度，其弹性系数等于需求量变动的百分比处以其价格变动的百分比。
如果用e d 表示需求价格弹性系数，用Q 和Q ∆分别表示需求量和需求量，用P 和P ∆分别表示价格和价格变动量，则需求价格弹性公式为：d e Q PP Q ∆=-∆。
(2)影响需求价格弹性的因素主要有消费者对商品的需求强度。
商品的替代数目和可替代程度、商品用途的广泛性等，另外，时间、地域差别、消费习惯、商品质量等也会影响需求价格弹性。
(3)需求价格弹性与商品销售总收益有密切的关系。
如果价格弹性大于1，即商品富有弹性，则其销售总收益与价格是反方向变动，即销售总收益随价格的提高而减少，随价格的降低而增长；如果需求价格弹性小于1，即商品是缺乏弹性的，则该商品销售总收益与价格变动是同方向的，即总收益随价格的提高而增长，随价格的降低而减少。
2.需求收入弹性[解析](1)需求收入弹性是指：在一定时期内，一种商品的需求量对消费者的收入变动程度，是需求量变动的百分比与收入变动的百分比之比。
如果用e M 表示需求的收入弹性系数，用I 和ΔI 分别表示收入和收入的变动量，用Q 和ΔQ 分别表示需求的量和需求量的变动量，则需求收入弹性公式为：eMQ II Q∆=∆。
(2)在影响需求的其他因素既定的前提下，可以通过需求收入弹性来判断商品是正常商品还是劣等品。
如果某种商品的需求收入弹性系数为正值，即e M>0，表示随着收入水平的提高，消费者对此种商品的需求量增加，则该商品就是正常品。
如果某种商品的需求收入弹性系数是负值，及e M<0，表示随着收入水平的提高，消费者对此种商品的需求反而下降，则该商品为劣等品。
需求收入弹性并不取决于商品本身的属性，而取决于消费者购买时的收入水平。
3.蛛网模型[解析]蛛网模型是一个动态模型，其考察的是价格波动对下一个周期产量的影响，以及由此而产生的均衡的变动，它通常用来分析市场经济中某些产品价格与产量之间的关系，这些产品具有这样的特点，即本期产量决定本期价格，而本期价格决定下期产量。
西方经济学(微观经济学)课后练习答案第二章
一、名词解释需求供给需求的变动需求量的变动供给的变动供给量的变动均衡价格需求价格弹性需求收入弹性需求交叉弹性供给弹性二、选择题1、下列哪一项会导致粮食制品的均衡价格下降（B ）A、鸡蛋价格上升B、良好的天气情况C、牛奶价格上升D、收入上升2、下列因素中除哪一项以外都会使需求曲线移动（D ）A、购买者（消费者）收入变化B、消费者偏好变化C、其他有关商品价格变化D、商品价格变化3、当其他条件不变时，汽车的价格上升，将导致（）A、汽车需求量的增加B、汽车供给量的增加C、汽车需求的增加D、汽车供给的减少4、在需求和供给同时减少的情况下（C ）A、均衡价格和均衡交易量都将下降B、均衡价格将下降，均衡交易量的变化无法确定C、均衡价格的变化无法确定，均衡交易量将减少D、均衡价格将上升，均衡交易量将下降5、粮食市场的需求是缺乏弹性的，当粮食产量因灾害而减少时（）A 粮食生产者的收入减少，因粮食产量下降B 粮食生产者的收入增加，因粮食价格会更大幅度上升C 粮食生产者的收入减少，因粮食需求量会大幅度减少D 粮食生产者的收入不变，因粮食价格上升与需求量减少的比率相同6、政府把价格限制在均衡水平以下可能导致（）A、买者按低价买到了希望购买的商品数量B、大量积压C、黑市交易D、A和C7、如果价格下降10%能使消费者的购买量增加1%，则这种商品的需求量对价格（）A、富有弹性B、具有单位弹性C、缺乏弹性D、弹性不能确定8、如果某种商品的价格上升5%，引起了另一种商品的数量增加2%，则这两种商品是A、互补品B、替代品C、独立商品D、正常商品9、某种需求弹性等于0的商品，若政府对每单位商品征收10元的税收，则可以预料该商品的价格将上升（）A、小于10元B、等于10元C、大于10元D、不可确定10、如果需求的收入弹性大于0但小于1（）A. 消费者在该商品上的花费的增长大于收入的增长B. 这种商品叫低档商品C. 消费者在该商品上的花费与收入等比例增长D. 消费者在该商品上的花费的增长小于收入的增长11、低档商品的需求收入弹性是（ ）A.< 0B.0和1之间C.= 0D.1和无穷大之间12、蛛网模型是以（ ）为前提条件的A 、需求量对价格缺乏弹性B 、供给量对价格缺乏弹性C 、需求方改变对未来的价格预期D 、生产者按本期的价格决定下期的产量13、按照蛛网模型，若供给曲线和需求曲线均为直线，则收敛型摆动的条件是（ ）A 、供给曲线的斜率大于需求曲线的斜率B 、供给曲线的斜率小于需求曲线的斜率C 、供给曲线的斜率等于于需求曲线的斜率D 、以上都不正确三、判断题1、需求就是消费者在一定时期内，在每一价格水平时愿意购买的商品量。
微观经济学答案第二章
日志分享的日志<<返回前一页观经济学答案（第二章）今天23:07微观经济学答案（第二章）分享作者：爱笑的眼睛已被分享1次评论(0) 复制链接1. Economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. They devise theories, collect data, andthen analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. Economists useheory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to run controlled experiments. Insted,hey must rely on natural experiments.2. Economists make assumptions to simplify problems without substantially affecting the answer. Assumptions canmake the world easier to understand.3. An economic model cannot describe reality exactly because it would be too complicated to understand. A model is a simplification that allows the economist to see what is truly important.4. Figure 3 shows a production possibilities frontier between milk and cookies (PPF1). If a disease kills half of theeconomy's cow population, less milk production is possible, so the PPF shifts inward (PPF2). Note that if theeconomy produces all cookies, so it doesn't need any cows, then production is unaffected. But if the economyproduces any milk at all, then there will be less production possible after the disease hits.图表5.The idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available. In terms of theproduction possibilities frontier, an efficient point is a point on the frontier, such aspoint A in Figure 4. A point inside the frontier, such as point B, is inefficient since more of one good could beproduced without reducing the production of another good.图表6. The two subfields in economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of howhuseholds and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. Macroeconomics is the study ofecoomy-wide phenomena.7. Positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normative statements areprescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. Here is an example. Positive: A rapid growth rateof money is the cause of inflation. Normative: The government should keep the growth rate of money low.8. The Council of Economic Advisers is a group of economists who consult with the president of the United Statesabout economic matters. The Council consists of three members and a staff of several dozen economists. It writesthe annual Economic Report of the President.9. Economists sometimes offer conflicting advice to policymakers for two reasons: (1) economists may disagree about the validity of alternative positive theories about how the world works; and(2) economists may have different values and, therefore, different normative views about what public policy shouldtry to accomplish.Problems and Applications1. Many answers are possible.2. a. Steel is a fairly uniform commodity, though some firms produce steel of inferior quality.b. Novels are each unique, so they are quite distinguishable.c. Wheat produced by one farmer is completely indistinguishable from wheat produced by another.d. Fast food is more distinguishable than steel or wheat, but certainly not as much as novels.3. See Figure 5; the four transactions are shown.图表4. a. Figure 6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It is bowed out because whenmost of the economy’s resources are being used to produce butter, the frontier is steep and when most of theeconomy’s resources are being used to produce guns, the frontier is very flat. When the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of gunsgiven up yields a large increase in the production of butter. Thus, the production possibilities frontier is flat. Whenthe economy is producing a lot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used tomake butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increase in the production of butter. Thus, the productionpossibilities frontier is steep.b.Point A is impossible for the economy to achieve; it is outside the production possibilities frontier. Point B isfeasible but inefficient because it’s insi de the production possibilities frontier.图表c. The Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much butter. The Doves might choose a pointlike D, with a lot of butter and few guns.d. If both Hawks and Doves reduced their desired quantity of guns by the same amount, the Hawks would get abigger peace dividend because the production possibilities frontier is much steeper at point H than at point D. As aresult, the reduction of a given number of guns, starting at point H, leads to a much larger increase in the quantityof butter produced than when starting at point D.5. See Figure 7. The shape and position of the frontier depend on how costly it is to maintain a cleanenvironment¾the productivity of the environmental industry. Gains in environmental productivity, such as thedevelopment of a no-emission auto engine, lead to shifts of the production-possibilities frontier, like the shift fromPPF1 to PPF2 shown in the figure.图表6. a. A family's decision about how much income to save is microeconomics.b. The effect of government regulations on auto emissions is microeconomics.c. The impact of higher saving on economic growth is macroeconomics.d. A firm's decision about how many workers to hire is microeconomics.e. The relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money is macroeconomics.7. a. The statement that society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment is a positivestatement. It deals with how the economy is, not how it should be. Since economists have examined data andfound that there is a short-run negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact,thus it is a positive statement.b. The statement that a reduction in the rate of growth of money will reduce the rate of inflation is a positivestatement. Economists have found that money growth and inflation are very closely related. The statement thustells how the world is, and so it is a positive statement.c. The statement that the Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of growth of money is a normative statement. It states an opinion about something that should be done, not how the world is.d.The statement that society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs is a normative statement. It doesn't state a fact about how the world is. Instead, it is a statement of how the world should be and is thus a normative statement.e. The statement that lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving is a positive statement. Economists have studied the relationship between tax rates and work, as well as the relationship between tax rates and saving. They have found a negative relationship in both cases. So the statement reflects how the world is, and is thus apositive statement.8. Two of the statements in Table 2 are clearly normative. They are: "5. If the federal budget is to be balanced,it should be done over the business cycle rather than yearly" and "9. The government should restructure thewelfare system along the lines of a 'negative income tax.'" Both are suggestions of changes that should be made,rather than statements of fact, so they are clearly normative statements.The other statements in the table are positive. All the statements concern how the world is, not how the worldshould be. Note that in all cases, even though they are statements of fact, fewer than 100 percent of economistsagree with them. You could say that positive statements are statements of fact about how the world is, but noteveryone agrees about what the facts are.9. As the president, you'd be interested in both the positive and normative views of economists, but you'dprobably be most interested in their positive views. Economists are on your staff to provide their expertise abouthow the economy works. They know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different sectors. So you would be most likely to call on them about questions of fact¾positive analysis. Since you are the president, you are the one who has to make the normative statements as to what should be done, with an eye to the politicalconsequences. The normative statements made by economists represent their own views, not necessarily yourviews or the electorate’s views.10. There are many possible answers.11. As of this writing, the chairman of the Federal Reserve is Alan Greenspan, the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers is R. Glen Hubbard, and the secretary of the treasury is Paul H. O’Neill.12. As time goes on, you might expect economists to disagree less about public policy because they will haveopportunities to observe different policies that are put into place. As new policies are tried, their results willbecome known, and they can be evaluated better. It's likely that the disagreement about them will be reducedafter they've been tried in practice. For example, many economists thought that wage and price controls would bea good idea for keeping inflation under control, while others thought it was a bad idea. But when the controls weretried in the early 1970s, the results were disastrous. The controls interfered with the invisible hand of themarketplace and shortages developed in many markets. As a result, most economists are now convinced thatwage and price controls are a bad idea for controlling inflation.But it is unlikely that the differences between economists will ever be completely eliminated. Economists differ ontoo many aspects of how the world works. Plus, even as some policies get tried out and are either accepted orrejected, creative economists keep coming up with new ideas.分享已被分享1次◆显示全部条评论>>我也说一句...表情确定取消0/100。
微观经济学第二章价格机制课后习题答案
微观经济学第二章价格机制课后习题答案第二章计算题答案1.（1）需求函数，供给函数供求均衡时有：，求得：，（2）新的需求函数为：P=100-5(Q+15)=175-5Q（3）新的供给函数为：（4）利用（2）中新需求函数和（3）中新供给函数，由得新的均衡数量与均衡价格分别为：，（5）比较（1）和（4）中的均衡结果可得，均衡价格没有发生变化，均衡的产量增加。
2.（1）由需求函数和供给函数，得均衡时得出均衡价格与均衡数量分别是：，（2）在设定最高平均月租金100美元的情况下，市场将出现供不应求。
则人口减少为万人（3）在设定900美元月租金的情况下，市场出现供过于求。
故新建的住房数量为万间3.（1）在所有消费者和生产者同质的情况下，市场需求函数和市场供给函数分别是单个需求函数与供给函数的加总。
（3）征2美元的销售税后，新的供给函数变为新的供求均衡满足，解得：，实际上由消费者和生产者共同支付了税款，每件商品消费者承担的税款为4-3=1美元，生产者承担的税款为3-2=1美元。
政府征收的税额为美元。
（4）当政府对每单位产品进行1美元的补贴时，新的供给函数变为，新的均衡条件为：，得，这样消费者每单位产品支付的价格减少了3-2.5=0.5元，生产者每单位产品实际获得了3-2.5=0.5美元的补贴，相当于政府的补贴同时使生产者和消费者受益。
4.由反需求函数得需求函数，从而有则需求弹性为：当P=40时，Q=3600，从而当P=60时，Q=1200，从而5.（1）P=2和P=4之间的弧弹性为（2）点弹性计算公式为当P=2时当P=4时（2）在均衡点供给弹性为：需求弹性为：7.根据交叉弹性公式：，将，，，代入上式，可求得，故乘火车的人数减少了1.462万人。
8.根据需求函数和供给函数得，均衡价格和均衡的产量分别为和。
当初始产量为20时，出现供过于求的状况，在第一年，价格会下降至P=5,达到供求相等。
第二年，生产者根据第一年的价格P=5做出的生产决策为Q=5，此时出现供不应求，价格上升至P=12.5，供求达到相等。
微观经济学第二章习题与答案
• 19、均衡价格一定随着( ) A、需求与供给的增加而上升 B、需求的增加和供给的减少而上升 C、需求的减少和供给的增加而上升 D、需求和供给的减少而上升 • 20、假设某商品的需求曲线为Q=3-9P，市场上该商品的均衡价格 为4，那么，当需求曲线为Q=5-9P后，均衡价格将( ) A、大于4 B、小于4 C、等于4 D、无法确定 • 21、供给的变动引起( ) A、均衡价格和均衡数量同方向变动 B、均衡价格与数量反方向变动 C、均衡价格反方向变动，均衡数量同方向变动 D、均衡价格同方向变动，均衡数量反方向变动 • 22、政府为了扶植某一行业生产而规定的该行业的最低价格是 ( ) A、限制价格 B、支持价格 C、领先价格 D、歧视价格
• 选择题
• 1、当汽油的价格上升时，在其它条件不变的情况下，对小汽车 的需求量将( ) A、减少 B、不变 C、 增加 D、难以确定 • 2、当咖啡的价格急剧上升时，在其它条件不变的情况下，对茶 叶的需求量将( ) A、减少 B、不变 C、增加 D、没有影响 • 3、消费者预期某种物品将来价格要上升，则对该物品当前的需 求会( ) A、减少 B、不变 C、 增加 D、难以确定 • 4、需求的变动与需求量的变动( ) A、都是由于一种原因引起的 B、需求的变动由价格以外的其它因素的变动所引起，而需求量 的变动由价格的变动所引起 C、需求量的变动是由一种因素引起的，需求变动是两种及两种 以上的因素引起的 D、是一回事.
• 15、供给规律表明，商品价格与供给量的变动是( ) A、同方向 B、反方向 C、无关的 D、反方向同比例 • 16、供给规律说明( ) A、生产技术提高会使商品的供给量增加 B、政策鼓励某商品的生产，因而该商品的供给量增加 C、消费者更喜欢消费某商品，使该商品的价格上升 D、某商品价格上升将导致对该商品的供给量增加 • 17、鸡蛋的供给量增加是指供给量由于( ) A、鸡蛋的需求量增加而引起的增加 B、人们对鸡蛋偏好的增加 C、鸡蛋的价格提高而引起的增加 D、由于收入的增加而引起的增加 • 18、均衡价格是( ) A、供给与需求相等时的价格 B、固定不变的价格 C、支持价格 D、限制价格
微观经济学课后复习题参考答案
《微观经济学》课后复习题参考答案第一章导论1．什么是经济学，资源的稀缺性和选择性假定的意义何在？参考答案：经济学就是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置到相互竞争的用途之中以使人类欲望得到最大满足的科学。
或者说，经济学就是研究选择问题的一门学科，即经济学是研究个人、企业和政府如何进行选择，才能把有限的资源得到合理地配置和有效地利用的一门学科。
资源的稀缺性是指相对于人类需要的无限性而言，再多的经济物品总是不足的。
由于资源是稀缺的，所以人们只能对资源的利用作出选择。
选择就要有标准，在微观经济学中这个标准就是消费者满足程度的最大化和厂商利润的最大化。
资源的稀缺性和选择性假定提出了经济学研究的三个基本问题，即生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．举例说明现实生活中存在稀缺性、或不存在稀缺性的案例。
参考答案：根据自己生活中的体验举例说明（略）。
3．经济学研究的三个基本问题是什么？参考答案：经济学研究的三个基本问题是生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
生产什么涉及资源在产品之间的配置；如何生产涉及要素在生产中的配置；为谁生产涉及生产出来的产品在社会成员之间的配置（收入分配）。
4．试举例说明你身边存在的交替关系。
参考答案：略。
5．计算一下你学习的机会成本。
参考答案：机会成本（opportunity costs）就是在既定的资源和技术条件下，人们把某一既定资源投入于某一特定用途时，所放弃的利用该资源在其他用途中可能给选择者带来的最大收益。
选择上大学，直接花费（成本）包括4年学杂费和生活费，放弃的机会是4年时间所能够挣到的收入。
假定4年学杂费约3万元，4年生活费约4万元，则直接付出的货币为7万元左右；如果这4年时间参加工作，可以挣到4万元。
合计上4 年学的机会成本是11万元。
6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”能够做什么？参考答案：市场中那只“看不见的手”是指自由竞争的市场机制，它的主要作用就是调节资源配置。
具体体现在：通过市场价格信号，使市场经济主体做出反应和选择（3W），使得经济资源在部门和企业间流动；同时，“看不见的手”还能够决定收入分配，如工资和利息分别是劳动力和资本的价格。
微观经济学第二章 习题答案
(1)求均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e，并作出几何图形。
(2)假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高，使需求函数变为Q d＝60－5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e，并作出几何图形。
(3)假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，使供给函数变为Q s＝－5＋5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e，并作出几何图形。
(4)利用(1)、(2)和(3)，说明静态分析和比较静态分析的联系和区别。
(5)利用(1)、(2)和(3)，说明需求变动和供给变动对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响。
解答：(1)将需求函数Q d＝50－5P和供给函数Q s＝－10＋5P代入均衡条件Q d＝Q s，有50－5P＝－10＋5P得P e＝6将均衡价格P e＝6代入需求函数Q d＝50－5P，得Q e＝50－5×6＝20或者，将均衡价格P e＝6代入供给函数Q s＝－10＋5P，得Q e＝－10＋5×6＝20所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为P e＝6，Q e＝20。
如图2—1所示。
图2—1(2)将由于消费者收入水平提高而产生的需求函数Q d＝60－5P和原供给函数Q s＝－10＋5P代入均衡条件Q d＝Q s，有60－5P＝－10＋5P得P e＝7Q e＝60－5×7＝25或者，将均衡价格P e＝7代入Q s＝－10＋5P，得Q e＝－10＋5×7＝25所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为P e＝7，Q e＝25。
如图2—2所示。
图2—2(3)将原需求函数Q d＝50－5P和由于技术水平提高而产生的供给函数Q s＝－5＋5P代入均衡条件Q d＝Q s，有50－5P＝－5＋5P得P e＝5.5将均衡价格P e＝5.5代入Q d＝50－5P，得Q e＝50－5×5.5＝22.5或者，将均衡价格P e＝5.5代入Q s＝－5＋5P，得Q e＝－5＋5×5.5＝22.5所以，均衡价格和均衡数量分别为P e＝5.5，Q e＝22.5。
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第二章练习题参考答案一、单项选择题1.在得出某种商品的个人需求曲线时，下列因素除哪一种外均保持不变（ D ）A.个人收入B.其余商品的价格C.个人偏好D.所考虑商品的价格2.消费者预期某物品价格要上升，则该物品的当前需求会（ B ）A.减少B.增加C.不变D.上述三种情况都可能3.如果商品X和商品Y是可以相互替代的，则X的价格下降将造成（ D ）A.X的需求曲线向右移动B.X的需求曲线向左移动C.Y的需求曲线向右移动D.Y的需求曲线向左移动4.一个商品价格下降对其互补品最直接的影响是（ A ）A.互补品的需求曲线向右移动B.互补品的需求曲线向左移动C.互补品的供给曲线向右移动D.互补品的供给曲线向左移动5.若X和Y两产品的交叉弹性是-2.3，则( D )A.X和Y是替代品B.X和Y是正常商品C.X和Y是低档商品D.X和Y是互补品6.如果某商品的需求富有价格弹性，则该商品的价格上升会使( C )A.该商品销售收入增加B.该商品销售收入不变C.该商品销售收入下降D.该商品销售收入可能上升也可能下降7.如果价格下降10%能使买者的总支出增加1%，则这种商品的需求量对价格（A）A.富有弹性B.具有单位弹性C.缺乏弹性D.其弹性不能确定8.政府为了增加财政收入，决定按销售量向卖者征税，假如政府希望税收负担全部落在买者身上，并尽可能不影响交易量，那么应该具备的条件是（ C ）A.需求和供给的价格弹性均大于零B.需求的价格弹性大于零小于无穷，供给的价格弹性等于零C.需求的价格弹性等于零，供给的价格弹性大于零小于无穷D.需求的价格弹性为无穷，供给的价格弹性等于零9.政府为了扶持农业，对农产品规定了高于其均衡价格的支持价格。
政府为了维持支持价格，应该采取的相应措施是（ C ）A.增加对农产品的税收B.实行农产品配给制C.收购多余的农产品D.对农产品生产者予以补贴10.政府把价格限制在均衡水平以下可能导致（ A ）A.黑市交易B.大量积压C.买者按低价买到了希望购买的商品数量D.A和C11.经济学家所说的“需求曲线”，是描述价格和需求量关系的曲线。
这样研究价格意味着（ B ）A.经济学家相信价格是影响需求量的唯一因素B.经济学家假设其他因素对需求量的影响不变，这样价格的效果就独立出来。
C.经济学家不恰当地忽略掉其他影响需求量的因素D.这个模型的预测能力没有什么价值12.当供求力量自由作用时，一次谷物歉收的后果通过（ B ）显示在市场上。
A.政府限制个人谷物购买量B.谷物价格上升C.谷物价格下降D.谷物贸易量增加13.市场需求曲线是（ B ）A.由每个人数量上的个人需求曲线垂直叠加得出B.由每个价格上的个人需求曲线水平叠加得出C.由每个价格上的个人需求曲线垂直叠加得出D.由每个数量上的个人需求曲线水平叠加得出14.成功的商品广告会（ C ）A.使该商品需求曲线左移B.使该商品需求量沿着需求曲线增加C.使该商品需求曲线右移D.使该商品需求量沿着需求曲线减少15.如果一种商品的需求价格弹性是2，价格由1元上升至1.02元会导致需求量( C )A.上升4%B.上升2%C.下降4%D.下降2%16.如果一种商品的需求完全没有价格弹性，需求曲线将会（ B ）A.呈水平状B.呈垂直状C.向上倾斜D.向下倾斜17.长期而言,寻找某种商品的合适替代品会比短期 _____，结果是需求的价格弹性在长期可能_____。
( D )A.容易，较低B.困难，较高C.困难得多，低于D.容易，较高18.玉米价格下降一般会导致（ D ）A.玉米供给量沿着供给曲线增加B.玉米供给曲线左移C.玉米片供给量沿着供给曲线增加D.玉米片供给曲线右移19.如果糖价格上升，糖果供给曲线会向_____移动，需求不变时，其均衡交易量______，均衡价格会______。
（ A ）A.左，减少，上升B.左，减少，下降C.左，增加，下降D.右，减少，上升20.市场价格（ D ）A.衡量稀缺性B.传达信息C.提供激励D.以上都对二、计算题1.已知某商品的需求方程和供给方程分别为：Q d=14-3P，Q s=2+6P。
试求该商品的均衡价格，以及均衡时的需求价格弹性和供给价格弹性。
解：均衡时有：Q d=Q s，即14-3P=2+6P，P=4/3。
当P=4/3时，Q=10，E d=(ΔQ d/ΔP)(P/Q)=-3×（4/3）/10=-2/5当P=4/3时，Q=10，ΔEs=(ΔQ s/ΔP)(P/Q)=6×（4/3）/10=4/52.在某个国家，对新汽车需求的价格弹性系数 1.2dE=-，需求的收入弹性3.0mE=，请计算：（1）其他条件不变，价格提高3%对需求的影响。
（2）其他条件不变，收入增加2%对需求的影响。
（3）价格提高8%，收入增加10%，2013年新汽车销售量为800万辆，根据弹性系数估计2014年的新车销售量。
解：（1）其他条件不变，价格提高3%，需求减少3.6%；（2）其他条件不变，收入增加2%，需求增加6%；（3）价格提高8%，收入增加10%，需求量增加20.4%，2014年的新车销售量为963（800（1+0.204））万辆。
3.甲公司生产皮鞋，现价每双600元，2013年的销量每月约10000双，2013年1月，其竞争者乙公司把皮鞋价格从每双650元降到550元，甲公司2月份销量跌至8000双。
请计算：（1）甲公司和乙公司皮鞋的交叉弹性是多少？（甲公司价格不变）。
（2）若甲公司皮鞋的价格弹性系数是-2.0，乙公司把皮鞋价格保持在550元，甲公司想把销量恢复到每月10000双的水平，其每双价格要降低多少？解：（1）甲、乙公司皮鞋的交叉弹性E甲乙=∆Q甲Q甲⁄∆P乙P乙⁄=8000−1000010000⁄550−650650⁄=1.3（2）E甲d =∆Q甲Q甲⁄∆P甲P甲⁄；−2.0=25%∆P甲P甲⁄；∆P甲P甲⁄=25%−2.0=−12.5%，4.已知某一时期内某商品的需求函数为Q d=50-5P，供给函数为Q s= -10+5P。
（1）求均衡价格P e和均衡数量Q e。
（2）假定供给函数不变，由于消费者收入水平提高，使需求函数变为Q d =60-5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡产量Q e。
（3）假定需求函数不变，由于生产技术水平提高，使供给函数变为Q s=-5+5P。
求出相应的均衡价格P e和均衡产量Q e。
（4）利用（1）、（2）和（3），说明静态分析与比较静态分析的联系与区别。
（5）利用（1）、（2）和（3），说明需求变动和供给变动对均衡价格数量的影响。
解：（1）均衡时，Q d= Q s，50-5P=-10+5P，P e=6， Q e=20（2）60-5P=-10+5P，P e=7， Q e=25（3）50-5P=-5+5P，P e=5.5， Q e=22.5（4）比较（1）、（2）和（3）可以发现：（1）是静态分析，是在给定需求函数和供给函数中的外生变量值基础上，寻找内生变量的均衡解；（2）与（1）的比较、（3）与（1）的比较为比较静态分析，旨在观察在影响需求和供给的外生因素发生变化时，新的均衡发生了怎样的变化。
（5）比较（1）、（2）和（3）可以发现：在供给不变前提下，有收入水平提高而引起的需求增加（即需求曲线右移），使均衡价格和均衡数量增加；在需求不变前提下，由于生产技术水平提高而引起的供给增加（供给曲线右移），使均衡价格下降，均衡数量增加。
三、分析讨论题1.政府决定，应该通过减少使用汽油来减少空气污染。
他们对所销售的每升汽油征收0.5元的税收。
（1）人们应该对生产者收税呢，还是对消费者征税？认真地用供求图形加以说明。
（2）如果汽油需求较富有弹性，这种税对减少汽油消费较有效，还是较无效？并用文字和图形作出解释。
（3）这种政策使汽油消费者受害还是受益？为什么？（4）这种税使石油行业工人受益还是受害？为什么？答：(1)他们对生产者或消费者征税都可以。
(a)对消费者征税，使消费者支付的价格上升，需求曲线向左下方移动。
(b)对生产者征税，使供给曲线向左上方移动。
可见无论对谁征税，得到的市场效果都是一样的。
(2)如果汽油需求较富有弹性，这种税收对减少汽油消费更有效。
从下图中可以看出需求曲线D1 比D2更富有弹性。
对汽油征税，其价格会上升。
如果需求富有弹性，价格上升会使需求量大幅下降。
当需求曲线为D1 时，税收使需求量从Q下降到Q 1。
如果需求缺乏弹性，价格上升，其需求量也不会有太大的变化。
当需求曲线为D2时，税收使需求量从Q下降到Q2，小于D1的下降幅度。
(3)这种政策使汽油消费者受害。
因为他们必须支付更高的汽油价格。
(4) 这种税收使石油行业工人受害。
因为汽油生产者实际得到的价格下降了，而且，石油销售量下降，石油行业的总收益下降，使石油工人的收入也下降。
2.在一场关于学费费率的讨论中，一位大学官员争辩说，入学的需求完全缺乏弹性。
他所提出的证据是，在过去的15年里，大学学费（实际值）已翻了一番，而申请入学学生的数量和质量都没有下降。
你是否接受这一观点？答：不接受这一观点。
理由如下：（1）需求的价格弹性指某种商品需求量变化的百分率与价格变化的百分率之比，它用来测度商品需求量变动对于商品自身价格变动反应的敏感性程度。
若∆QQ∆PP⁄=0，则称该商品的需求为完全缺乏弹性。
（2）大学官员并没有观察到过去15年里的大学教学的需求曲线，只是看到了均衡价格和均衡数量。
事实上，即使大学教学需求曲线是富有弹性的，如图所示，如果供给曲线一起向上移动，就可能形成均衡价格提高而均衡数量不变的状况。
（3）供求曲线之所以向上移动，是有大学教学自身价格之外的因素引起的。
比如，办学成本的提高、大学教学预期价值的提高、需要接受教学的适龄人口的增加等。
3.假设政府希望能保证城市居民都能住上合适的住房。
考虑三种达到这个目的的方法。
第一种方法是通过一项法律，要求所有租金削减1/4。
第二种方法是对所有建房的人提供补贴。
第三种方法是直接给租房者提供补贴，其数额等于他们所支付租金的1/4。
指出每种建议在短期和长期中，对出租房的价格和数量将会产生什么影响。
答：4.近年来人们对于是否应该大力发展私人小轿车争论颇大，所涉及的范围也相当广。
假设对小汽车进行适当限制，试分析以下几种限制办法的利弊，并加以比较。
（1）私人买车要经过有关部门批准；（2）提高小汽车的价格；（3）对私人小汽车征收一次性附加税或其他费用；（4）提高汽油税。
答：（1）私人买车要经过有关部门批准，实际上就是实行购车的配额制度，其结果就是限制了部分需求，这必然导致对获得私家车购买批准权利的寻租。
经济理论认为，这种配额制度不仅造成由市场非均衡带来的福利损失，寻租过程造成的租金损失和腐败问题所造成的恶劣影响远远大于市场非均衡带来的社会福利损失。