英语词汇学第3章

In what situation do morphemes mismatch between form and meaning?
1) Inconsistent in form and meaning: singer ( one who) er clearer ( the comparative degree) eraser (one object) 2) Meaningless in isolation but meaningful in some words cranhuckleberry boysen3) Difficult to define the meaning -ceive in conceive/perceive/receive
Derivational


源自文库

Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.( like-dislike, sleep—asleep) Indicates semantic relations within the word. (specific lexical meaning， e.g., un-) Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.
词缀都是粘着语素，依附在词根上构成新词或表 示词的语法意义。 Two types of affixes: Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes 屈折词缀和派生词缀




Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. 表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。 They express the following meanings:
3.4 Identifying Morphemes
How to identify morphemes? They should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution. e.g., mono-morphemic: sky double-morphemic: chill + y, boy + ish triple-morphemic: un+dress+ed, care+less+ness four-morphemic: un+fruit+ful+ness over-four-morphemic: un+gentle+man+li+ness
Teaching focus:
• • • •
Definition of morphemes Definition of allomorphs Types of Types of morphemes free morpheme bound morpheme Definitions of root, stem and base

Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.
英语词汇学课程课件
课件名称：英语词汇的形态结构 制作人：孙红梅、寻阳 单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院
Chapter 3 Morphological structure of English words
Objectives:
• •
Discuss morphemes, their classification and identification; Explain the relationship between morphemes and wordformation
3. Classifications of morphemes



Free vs. bound morphemes in terms of their capacity of occurring alone Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes applying to affixes only Content / lexical vs. grammatical morpheme on a semantic and syntactic basis
粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上 以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。





Free morphemes are all roots /free roots, which are capable of being used as words or as wordbuilding elements to form new words. 自由语素都是词根, 也叫自由词根, 能用作词或作 为构成新词的构词要素。 Bound morphemes consist of either roots (bound roots) or affixes. 粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。
派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中 派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。

Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes.
屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折 语素只限于词缀。

What’s the difference between them?




Inflectional Doesn’t change meaning or part of speech of the stem. (work—works) Indicates syntactic relations between different words in a sentence. ( grammatical meaning) Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes. Occurs at margins of words. (radio—radios)
1. Morpheme

What is a morpheme？ It is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小 的构词单位
3.5 Morpheme and Word-formation
In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix.
在构词法中, 语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。
Affix

Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes.
Content / lexical vs. grammatical morphemes
Lexical 词 汇 / content 实 义 morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words (blackbird is coined on the basis of 2 lexical morphemes: black and bird.), and derivational morphemes such as –ship, -ize. Grammatical morphemes function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes(-books) and free morphemes ( in, and, do, have, they…functional words)
2. Morph and allomorph
The definition of morphs： The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’. 语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。 Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. 形素是口语中最小的意义载体。

E.g., bound root: -dict-, -cedaffix: -ion, -ist, -ic
A multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes, eg: ante-ced-ent. -ced- 是词根，‘接近’， ante- 是前缀，‘在…前’， -ent 是后缀，‘人，物’，
Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes 派生语素与屈折语素
What are derivational and inflectional morphemes?

Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.
What is an allomorph?


An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme. 语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。
For example
When the plural marker {s} is added to cat, dog, and horse, it is pronounced differently as /-s, -z, -iz/ and thus has three phonological forms; the three forms are just the variants of the same morpheme {s}, i.e. the allomorphs of morpheme {s}.
Free vs. bound morphemes 自由语素与粘着语素
Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意 义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。 E.g., man, wind, open, tour