代词指代题精讲
高考英语二轮复习阅读理解中词句猜测--代词指代题考查解读
2020届二轮复习阅读理解中词句猜测--代词指代题考查解读代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多，动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。
有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。
设问形式常有：(1)What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which...” refer to?(2)The underlined part “it/that/they/which...” in Paragraph...refers to “”．解题技巧——“就近原则”判指代第一步：明确代词所指代内容的位置代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中，或者前几句中。
第二步：熟悉代词的含义(1)it/this/that可指代一件事。
(2)it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。
(3)which/that/who等关系代词指代其所修饰的先行词，非限制性定语从句中which可指代前面整句话的内容。
第三步：替换核实再比较(1)用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。
(2)比较所代部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。
例如：【真题感悟】中第26题，sharing that与前面的shared thebelief呼应，由此可推知，拥有同样的信念使两人成了朋友；the belief替换that后，经核实意义正确，故选A项。
AThroughout the past few years，I have tried to give myself to others.I have bounced around to find where I truly fit in.I found my place while I stayed in Guatemala，an orphanage(孤儿院)，with the children living there.Through hearing many stories of their lives，I was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasn’t essential：7makeup and any other sort of luxury(奢侈品)．I lived like they did.It was the most relaxing feeling in the world.When at Nuestros Pequenos Hermanos，we were given the task of creating a pig 8pen.At first，I thought it should be easy.After arriving at the area where the pig pen should be，we saw a hill.We were told to 1uproot the weeds as well as level the entire area.Looking at it，we felt it would be impossible.On my own faith journey，I have felt this type of doubt before.The “hole”，as we referred to，is a symbol of my faith journey.It appeared to be an 2obstacle I could not overcome，but in the end I completed it with efforts.I feel this pig pen wasn’t easy to create but was so rewarding to give.I’ve always struggled to be on a journey of faith，but I’ve never completely stepped foot onto the path until Guatemala.I’ve always tried to open my heart to everyone aroundme and give them my love.I feel as though I cut open my heart and share every bit of love I had with these orphans.There is one orphan named Ceto who will always remain very close to my heart.In Guatemala，I sponsor with thirty dollars a month，but it doesn’t seem enough.I’ll return there next summer a nd give more of my love for a whole month.When it was time to leave，I looked out of the window and saw not just ordinary children.Overall，the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.1．What resulted in the author’s decision to live a new life? A．Desire to help others.B．Decrease in his income.C．A knowledge of the orphans’ life.D．Awareness of the difficulty in his life.答案 C解析细节理解题。
高中英语阅读技巧理解文章的基本结构——代词指代题、写作手法题
高中英语阅读技巧理解文章的基本结构——代词指代题、写作手法题理解文章的基本结构——代词指代题、写作手法题一、解题技巧★代词指代题代词指代题要求考生根据一定的语境推测代词（如it, they, them, one, that等）所指代的内容。
解这类题时，可根据语境在代词所在句或上文中寻找代词所指代的名词、名词性短语或句子，然后将其替换至代词所在的句子中，看句意是否符合上下文逻辑、语法是否正确。
★写作手法题这类题主要考查整篇文章或某个段落的写作手法。
常见的写作手法及提示语如下：1. 举例。
常见提示语有for example, for instance等。
2. 对比。
常见提示语有like, unlike, but, however, while 等。
3. 提供数据或研究结果。
常见提示语有statistics, research, study等。
4. 按照时间顺序。
除了明确表示时间的单词和短语外，常见提示语还有later, then, afterwards等。
5. 按照空间顺序。
常见提示语有in the distance, from the top, on the left / right等。
6. 按照逻辑顺序。
常见提示语有because, therefore, as a result, besides, in addition, in a word, in short等。
二、真题分析以下内容均选编自高考真题，我们将结合上面提到的解题技巧对各题进行分析解答。
[A]I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn't want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don't know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft (技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us hadthe qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other — but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core (核心) of our relationship off the screen.We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago. He'd been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn't talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn't need a lot of words.1. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Their belief.B. Their care for children.C. Their success.D. Their support for each other.（选自2017年全国卷II阅读理解B篇）【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。
公务员行测复习言语理解代词的用法
公务员行测复习言语理解代词的用法在公考中，最常见的代词为指示代词，如“这、那、这儿、那边” 等词，这些指示代词主要涉及的题型有三类。
下面是我为大家整理的关于公务员行测复习言语理解代词的用法，盼望对您有所关心!公务员行测复习言语理解代词的用法一、指示代词在代词指代中的用法【例】总体来讲，运用该法则解答代词指代题是特别便捷的一种方法，但是各位考生需留意，在做题时大家肯定不要过于机械，认为代词就是指代的前半句话的内容，这样有可能误选干扰选项。
1941年，美国正式参与了反法西斯战斗，大批美国士兵来到英国。
美国和英国都是使用英语的国家，美军与英国军民的接触没有语言障碍。
但是随着双方接触的增加，渐渐发生了一些摩擦。
英国人指责美国人没有礼貌，少教养，喜爱表现自己，待人接物太任凭。
美国人则责怪英国人自高自大，自以为是。
这种状况使英美关系有些紧急。
在盟军即将进行诺曼底登陆，攻占欧洲大陆的状况下，这明显是一个不利因素。
“这明显是一个不利因素”的“这”指的是( )。
A. 大批美国士兵来到英国B. 美国人英国人相互指责C. 英美之间关系有些紧急D. 盟军即将攻占欧洲大陆【解析】这道题目许多同学会误选B,和D。
假如同学们仔细审题，会发觉这道题目有两个代词“这”。
第一个“这”消失在“这种状况使英美关系有些紧急”，而这里的代词“这”根据就近原则，应当是看前面那一整句话，即B项，英美相互指责，而其次个代词“这”才是题目中需要我们解答的。
它消失在文中最终一句，“这明显是一个不利因素”。
而这里不能误选D,虽然D在“这”前面，但它的内容是说在盟军即将攻占欧洲大陆“的状况下”，只是一个背景介绍，应当再往前看一句，指代的内容是C，“英美之间关系有些紧急”。
因此，本题选择C项。
二、代词在主旨概括题中的用法除了指代详细的事物或大事，指示代词还可以指代宏观的内容。
在主旨概括题和意图推断题中，但许多考生由于对行文脉络把握不到位，无法找到文段的重点句。
高考英语 语法专题复习 代词试题精解
落堕市安心阳光实验学校语法专项(十一) 代词考点一none，no one，neither，nothing和no的用法1．none“没人，没有任何东西”，既可指人，也可指物。
none后可接of短语，常用来回答how many/much的问题。
They were all tired, but none of them would stop to have a rest.他们都累了，但没有一个愿意停下来休息。
None of us have/has been there.我们中没有人去过那里。
—How many of you have seen the film?你们中有多少人看过这部电影？—None (of us)．一个也没有。
[考题印证](2012·课标全国改编)Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him，but ________of them wants to，because they have work to do.解析：either和neither用于两者，句中but表示转折，所以应填neither，此处表示“但是他们(两人)没有想去的”。
答案：neither2．no one表“没有人，谁也不”，只指人，作主语时，后跟单数动词。
常可用来回答who引导的问句。
—Who can answer the question?谁能回答这个问题？—No one.没人。
3．nothing意为“没有东西”，一般回答what。
—What's in the cave?洞里有什么？—Nothing.没什么。
[考题印证]—Can I have some milk for my coffee?—I'm afraid there is ________ left.解析：none表示“没有”，既可以指人，也可以指物，但此处指的是物，强调的是数量。
高中英语阅读技巧：⑩ 理解文章的基本结构——代词指代题、写作手法题
高中英语阅读技巧：⑩理解文章的基本结构——代词指代题、写作手法题★代词指代题代词指代题要求考生根据一定的语境推测代词（如it, they, them, one, that 等）所指代的内容。
解这类题时，可根据语境在代词所在句或上文中寻找代词所指代的名词、名词性短语或句子，然后将其替换至代词所在的句子中，看句意是否符合上下文逻辑、语法是否正确。
★写作手法题这类题主要考查整篇文章或某个段落的写作手法。
常见的写作手法及提示语如下：1. 举例。
常见提示语有for example, for instance等。
2. 对比。
常见提示语有like, unlike, but, however, while等。
3. 提供数据或研究结果。
常见提示语有statistics, research, study等。
4. 按照时间顺序。
除了明确表示时间的单词和短语外，常见提示语还有later, then, afterwards等。
5. 按照空间顺序。
常见提示语有in the distance, from the top, on the left / right等。
6. 按照逻辑顺序。
常见提示语有because, therefore, as a result, besides, in addition, in a word, in short等。
以下内容均选编自高考真题，我们将结合上面提到的解题技巧对各题进行分析解答。
[A]I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn't want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don't know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft (技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other — but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core (核心) of our relationship off the screen.We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago. He'd been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn't talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn't need a lot of words.1. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Their belief.B. Their care for children.C. Their success.D. Their support for each other.（选自2017年全国卷II阅读理解B篇）【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。
英语代词试题类型及其解题技巧含解析
英语代词试题类型及其解题技巧含解析一、单项选择代词1．I prefer a flat in Inverness to ________ in Perth, as I want to live near my mum’s.A．it B．oneC．that D．which【答案】B【解析】试题分析：考查代词辨析。
本句中使用one指代单数可数名词a flat，表示泛指。
it指代上文出现的同一事物，that表示特指，which引导非限制性定语从句。
句意：我更喜欢在因弗内斯的一个公寓而不是珀斯的公寓，因为我们想生活得离我妈妈家近点的地方。
故B正确。
考点：考查代词辨析2．Our monitor’s breaking the record at the sports meeting was an exciting moment, ________ all of us will always treasure.A．that B．it C．one D．what【答案】C【解析】考查替代。
句意：我们的班长在运动会上打破了记录是一个令人兴奋的时刻，一个我们将总是珍惜的时刻。
a/an +单数可数名词，用one代替，故选C。
3．Jim sold most of his things.He has hardly___left in the house.A．anything B．everythingC．nothing D．something【答案】A【解析】【详解】考查代词。
句意：吉姆卖掉了他的大部分东西。
他家里几乎什么都没剩下。
anything用于疑问句、否定句、条件句中，或用于肯定句，但与含有疑问、否定意义的词连用,意为“任何事(物)，什么事(物)”，根据所提供的情景Jim sold most of his things.可判断出他房子里几乎没有什么东西了。
hardly意为“几乎不”，构成否定句；everything 意为“每件事物，万事”；nothing 意为“(什么也)没有，没有什么东西(什么事) ”；something 意为“某物，某事”。
初中英语 人教版七年级指示代词精讲精练
我会翻译
那是我的弟弟。 That is my brother. 那是我的阿姨。 That is my aunt. 那些是我的朋友们。 Those are my friends. 那些是我的书。 Those are my books.
我会翻译
这是我的妹妹。 This is my sister. 这是我的叔叔。 This is my uncle. 这些是我的父母。 These are my parents. 这些是我的爷爷奶奶。 These are my grandparents.
that
远指
those
That is my mother. Those are my brother Eric and my cousin Cindy.
练习题
5. These __________ my aunts. 6. That __________ Jack's schoolbag. 7. This __________ Linda's English book. 8. Those __________ her friends.
练习题
9. This is my __________ (sister). 10. These are uncle's __________ (son). 11. That is his __________ (eraser). 12. Those are her __________ (parent).
Thank you!
指示代词
01 含义 02 分类 03 用法 04 总结
含义
01
指示代词是用来指代或标记
代词指代题精讲
题型综述在片段阅读中还存在着这样一种题型，要求考生理解文中出现代词所指代的具体含义，这种题目我们称之为“代词指代题”。
这种题目属于比较成熟的题型，在中央国家机关及地方省市公务员考试中时有考查，考查的载体可以是片段阅读，也可以是篇章阅读。
通常提问的方式有：上“文中这‘，指的是” 、上“文中此‘，指代的是”、文“中他‘们'是指”、请“问那‘些，指代的是” 、句“中的后者，指的是” 、文“中它‘ '指代的是”等等。
事实上这种题目的难度并不大，只要考生掌握了正确的答题方法就可以顺利作答。
代词指代题主要有指代临近原则与主语话题原则两种。
技法点晴一、指代临近原则指的是代词所指代的内容一般应该是在句法结构上和它靠近的词语。
如“王刚写文章抨击小李，说他是个欺世盗名的小人。
”这一句子中的他“”应该指代小“李” ，因为他“”是指代人，句子中提到了两个人，一个是“王刚” ，一个是“小李” ，而“小李”离代词的句法位置比“王刚”要近得多，因此“他”优选指代“小李”。
二、主语话题原则指的是句子中的代词一般来说和句子或者话题的所指相同，这一原则尤其在句群和篇章中更为适用。
如：老“太太真的以为自己的房子要被拆了，急坏了的她立即赶到交道口办事处、规划局咨询，当她得到不拆的答复后，放心了”这里的几处“她”都指整个段落的话题“老太太”。
【精讲】由于代词词性功能的限制，所指代的通常为名词或名词性结构，根据指代临近原则和主语语题原则通常其指代的对角不会很远，因此考生在作答过和中只需瞻前顾后，考虑代词出现位置的前句和后句，考虑话题的一致性，考点，代词指代题中主要考查人称代词和指示代词的指代关系。
一、人称代词如你“、我、他、她、它、你们、我们、她们、它们、”指代的必然是人或动物，通常在句中做主语，因此在进行辩别时首先将指代事物的选项排除，指代人的优选，重点观察主语的内涵。
二、指示代词如“这、那、这些、此”等可能指人也可能指物，一般指物较多，不过也需要结合具体题目进行分析，以免造成误选。
专题 13 词义猜测题之代词指代-2021年高考英语阅读理解精讲精练 (解析版)
专题 13 词义猜测题之代词指代代词指代题旨在考查学生对阅读素材的理解和把握能力。
文章中的代词this，that, it，they，them等可以指上文提到的人或物。
其中it和that还可以指一件事。
有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的对象。
“3步法”解题此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this，that，it，they，them，one等）究竟指代什么。
具体方法：（1）返回原文，找出指代词(it，they，them，this...).（2）向上（有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子（就近原则）。
（3）将找到的词、词组或句子代人替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。
[微点拨]理清人物及事物间的逻辑关系是解答代词指代题的关键。
考生可利用上下文，采用逻辑关系梳理法，使人物或事物的关系明朗化。
要记住代词永远出现在原词之后，根据这条原则可快速排除选项中出现在代ADo you make money by doing small jobs? If you do, you may have heard of the idea of spending only some of it, saving some of it and donating (捐赠) some to people who need it more．The head of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, and his wife announced they were giving away 99% of their money from Facebook during their lives to help others！That alone is amazing considering most people donate about 3% to 5% of the money they have．It’s even more amazing when you realize they’re donating about D|S45 billion．That’s D|S45,000,000,000！！！！Don’t worry．They’ll still have about D|S455 million to live on!They made this decision partly because they had a baby girl, Max, and thought about what kind of world they’d like her to grow up in．It must be an amazing feeling to have that kind of money spent on people in need．Mark Zuckerberg is one of the richest persons in the world, so most of us will never know what that would be like．But we don’t have to be super wealthy to make meaningful change．Sometimes change can come from change!Tenyearold Joey Roth from America started saving up change he found anywhere —around his house, on the street, on his way to school ．．．And then he started putting it in a jar (广口瓶)．He even asked the tooth fairyto donate some change in his letter to her after he lost a tooth! (The tooth fairy is an imaginary person．) His collection, Jar for Change, has grown into a communitywide effort and he has raised over D|S10,000 all from people dropping coins into jars! The money he raises goes to help connect parents with their very sick babies．See what these people have done? You, too, can make a difference— no matter how old you are, where you live and how much you earn!1．How much would most people donate if they had 10,000 yuan?A．30－50 yuan．B．50－100 yuan．C．300－500 yuan． D．500－1,000 yuan．2．Mark Zuckerberg and his wife decided to make such a donation partly because of ________．A．Joey Roth B．their daughterC．their education D．their childhood3．What does the underlined word “that”in the third paragraph refer to?A．Making money．B．Spending money unwisely．C．Being the richest person in the world．D．Giving away D|S45 billion to help others．4．What does the author intend to tell us by mentioning Joey Roth’s story?A．Everyone can help others．B．Giving makes people happy．C．Pocket money can be helpful．D．Giving is better than receiving．BThere is more of a connection between food and culture than you may think. On an individual level, we grow up eating the food of our culture. It becomes a part of who we are. Many of us associate food from our childhood with warm feelings and good memories and it ties us to our families, holding a special and personal value for us. Food from our family often becomes the comfort food we seek as adults in times of frustration and stress.On a large scale, traditional food is an important part of culture. It also operates as an expression of culture identity. Immigrants bring it wherever they go, and it is a symbol of pride for their culture and means of coping with homesickness.Many immigrants open their own restaurants and serve traditional dishes. However, the food does not remain exactly the same. Some materials needed to make traditional dishes may not be readily available, so the taste and flavor can be different from what they would prepare in their home countries. Additionally, immigrants do not only sell dishes to people from the same countries as them, but to people from different countries. Therefore, they have to make small changes about the original dishes to cater to a wider range of customers. Those changes can create new flavors that still keep the cultural significance of the dishes.We should not only embrace our heritage (遗产) through our culture’s food but also become more informed about other cultures by trying their food. It is important to remember that each dish has a special place in the culture to which it belongs, and is special to those who prepare it. Food is a window into culture, and it should be treated as such.5．What’s the function of food mentioned in the article?A．To help motivate homesickness.B．To show national identity.C．To reflect a country’s history.D．To show a community’s superiority.6．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A．The specific traditional food.B．The national culture.C．A traditional expression of food.D．The old-fashioned taste.7．Why do some immigrants have to change the original dishes in their restaurants?A．To attach cultural importance to their dishes.B．To announce the beginning of their life on foreign soil.C．To make the dishes popular among customers.D．To present their own food culture in a new way.8．What’s he author’s attitude toward different food cultures?A．Negative.B．Balanced.C．Unfair. D．Unchangeable.CAlong with the progress of reform and opening up, the Chinese film industry has also made remarkable achievements and become in a flourishing (繁荣的) state in economic growth. It has recorded social changes in the past decades through the medium of the film. The film market of China has been much better than that of North America, becoming the largest in the world during the first season of 2019.In the original stage of reform and opening up, old Chinese movies were rescreen ed and foreign movies dubbed (译制). Audiences' enthusiasm for movies was lighted up by both these practices. In 1979, the attendance ofChinese moviegoers reached a record high of 29.3 billion. However, televisions and other entertainment activities sprang up in the late 1980s and drew many audiences away from movies when the film market faced a danger.The employment of a socialist market economy in China in 1992 brought energy again to the film industry. With the introduction of free competition and reforms, it made an abundant recovery and experienced rapid growth. In the same period, China began to introduce overseas movies into the home market, especially those from Hollywood. Despite the argument that foreign movies occupy the space of home-made ones, Chinese movies with increasingly higher quality have gained a firm foothold in the local market with box offices setting several new records.The development of the Internet has added new energy to the Chinese film industry. In 2015, the powerful Internet companies, one called Tencent and another Alibaba, developed their own film arm and began to adapt popular online stories for movies. With big data, more accurate marketing skills can target specific audiences to satisfy their personal preferences. Yet the development of online cinemas may pose threats to the survival of offline ones. Now the film industry is exploring more advanced film screening technologies to provide audiences with an improved movie experience.9．Which threat did the Chinese film market face in the late 1980s?A．Popularity of televisions.B．Development of online cinemas.C．A slowdown in economic growth.D．Introduction of overseas movies.10．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to?A．The space of Chinese movies.B．The Chinese film industry.C．The socialist market economy.D．The introduction of reform and opening up.11．What does the author indicate in the end?A．Online cinemas will replace traditional ones sooner.B．The film screening technology is key to films' success.C．The Internet is a two-edged sword for the film industry.D．Movies made by Tencent and Alibaba are most successful.12．What would be the best title for the text?A．The Ever-changing Film MarketB．Popular Online FilmsC．Advanced Film TechnologiesD．Flourishing Chinese Films答案A语篇解读：不是一定要有很多钱才能帮助别人，我们也可以从小处做起。
判断代词指代内容题解读
判断代词指代内容题解读判断代词指代内容题解读代词指代题要求考⽣根据语境判断代词（如it，they，them，this，that等）究竟指代什么，题⼲中经常有refer to。
从指代内容的位置上看，通常都在前⼀句中或同⼀句的前部分，但也有的在它前⾯⼏个句⼦中，很少出现在后⾯的句⼦中。
找的⽅法是由代词的单复数确定指代的名词的单复数，另外还要考虑指⼈还是指物等。
找到指代的内容后把它放在这个代词的位置上，看看这句话是否合理通顺，与前后的内容是否⼀致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。
1. 指代内容在同⼀句中[例1]（2013辽宁卷D篇?72）Sparrow failed to grow for another two years. Until a new CEO，Carl Pearson，decided to build up its market share. He did a survey，which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain，while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling to turn away from them. Sparrow had to develop a new promotional campaign.△What does the underlined word“them”in Paragraph 2 refer to？A. Customers of Sparrow restaurantsB. Sparrow restaurantsC. Customers of other fast-food chainsD. other fast-food chains解析：因Sparrow restaurants的消费者对其连锁店持积极的态度，⽽其他快餐连锁的顾客却不会轻易舍弃他们原来的选择，所以Sparrow才要开发⼀种新的促销运动。
托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理
托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理托福阅读指代题虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。
根据代词的不同类别，我们把托福阅读指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。
具体请看下文!托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理托福阅读考试中指代题是不可忽视的一大题型，虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。
通常的提问形式体现为“The word they/their/it/its/some in the passage refers to______”，然后给出四个选项，这四个词通常都是原文中出现过的生词，并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some这几个词的附近，需要考生经过严密思考推测，选出一个既符合行文逻辑又符合上下文意思的选项。
那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别，把指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。
然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。
下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。
第一类，人称代词人称代词主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。
此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断，通常是往前找最近的核心名词。
例如：“An auction is a po pular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。
”The word It in the passage refers to __________。
A. theoryB. priceC. processD. auction往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。
高中英语阅读理解技巧点拨理解文章的基本结构——代词指代题
高中英语阅读理解技巧点拨理解文章的基本结构——代词指代题代词指代题要求考生根据一定的语境推测代词（如that, this, it, they, them, one等）所指代的内容。
此类题目主要考查考生整体理解语篇的能力，理解相关句子的意义及上下文之间的逻辑关系是解这类题目的关键。
解答代词指代题时，也可按照上期所讲的解答名词（短语）指代题的步骤，将选项代入划线词所在句，看句意是否符合上下文逻辑。
此外，了解一定的语篇照应（指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系）知识也有助于解答代词指代题。
比如，一般来说，this和these既可用于前照应，又可用于后照应，但that 和those通常只用于前照应。
因此，寻找that和those指代的内容时，只需要关注上文内容即可。
下面我们结合高考真题对这种题型的解题技巧具体说明。
例1：（2020年新高考英语全国I卷C篇，保留原题号，下同）In the mid-1990s,Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. ...9. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Developing a serious mental disease.B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.【分析】本文是说明文。
代词和指代题目P-含答案解析
第二节：代词指代错误1. In cold-water habitats, certain invertebrates无脊椎动物and fish convert starches into complex carbohydrates called glycerols, in effect manufacturing its own antifreeze.A. in effect manufacturing its own antifreezeB. effectively manufacturing antifreeze of its ownC. in effect manufacturing their own antifreezeD. so that they manufacture their own antifreezeE. thus the manufacture of its own antifreeze结构提取：In…, invebrates and fish convert…into…, in effect manufacturing its own antifreeze.考点：代词指代POE排查过程：首尾排查：A项：its own antifreezeB项：antifreeze of its ownE项：its own antifreezeABE项优先排除：违背代词指代数格一致原则（invertebrates and fish为复数概念，不能用its指代）D项：so that they manufacture their own antifreezeD项优先排除：they指代不清：“ carbonhydrates, glycerols, starches, 或者vertebrates and fish”题干语法错误类型：指代错误语法点提示：分词短语逻辑主语的判断：位置之一：ing分词短语在句尾逻辑主语：1.表示伴随状态，逻辑主语等于句子主语2.表示结果，无逻辑主语E.g. Clark and Florence Wallace, a husband-and-wife medical team, worked steadily and efficiently through the night, but he seemed disoriented, she noticed, sipping their coffee the next morning.上述句子分析：首先找到分词短语，确定位置：sipping…在句尾，充当伴随动作状语；根据原则，其逻辑主语等于句子主语；全句只有一个动词：seemed，sipping their coffee的逻辑主语等于seemed的主语he, he sipped their coffee,逻辑意思不合理。
高考英语复习之阅读理解代词指代题课件
Walt Disney is credited for creating such wonderful things as Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse. However, he cannot take the credit for creating other well-loved characters, such as Cinderella and Snow White. They are almost automatically associated with Disney because Disney turned old fables(寓言) into cartoon movies.
代词的作用： 代替名词或一句话
Pronouns substitute in for regular nouns(普通名词) and proper nouns(专有名词) to avoid unnecessary repetition(避免重复) of the same words over and over again.
三 解题步骤
1.向前指代 答案在代词上一句或两句处（前一句有序数词）
2.数的一致 指代的名词单复数和代词的单复数一致
3.逻辑判断
判断是人/物/事，或者与谓语动词之间的逻辑关系(主 谓关系或动宾关系)
73. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to“______”. A. The local farmers B. Masqsood and Iftekhar C. Drayton and his team D. the poor people in Dhaka
阅读理解解题技巧--代词指代法课件
What does “it”mean in the second paragragh? A. Beautiful eye B. An eye exam every year C. Plastic surgery D. A good shape of body C 要确定代词指代的对象是人还是物，避免误 判。
What does “ones” mean? A. Fans B. Parks C. Songs D. Voices
Байду номын сангаас
C 看清楚是单数还是复数，在理解句子意思的 基础上进行判断。
Mama Li is famous for her cooking, and Papa Li for his homemade cookies. Children are always happy to come and milk the cows. Our dog will be waiting for you at the door. You are also welcome to bring your own. Come and enjoy the comfortable home we have prepared for you on your vacation.
What does “it ” mean? A. Tai’an B. Mount Tai National Park C. The National Palace Museum D. The car
B 仔细审查代词所表示的人或物。
Tony and Peter are famous for their wonderful voices. They are popular with both young and old people. Three years ago the brothers organized the Garbage Can with their three cousins. The five of them started to write their own songs and have become successful. In the coming concert in Greentown, the Garbage Can is going to sing their bestloved songs and several new ones.
第四讲：指代题PPT课件
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7
解题四大原则
1.语法原则：单复数一致，人称一致 （基本所有题目的选 项都符合语法原则） 2.前指原则：正确答案必在所考代词之前 3.句内原则：正确答案与所考代词通常在同一句内，除非 代词位于句首或出现指代传递现象 4.语义原则：代入并译成中文
The word It in the passage refers to
• an external cue such as sunrise
•the daily rhythm of an animal
•the local solar day
•a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours
• 第二类：天文学/地理学(14篇) OG: P48, P117 Delta: P18, P25, P39, P73/1-2, P74/5-6, P82, P92, P111, P158, P165, P182, P192
• 第三类：文学/历史/哲学(16篇) OG: P80, P101 Delta: P22, P24, P27, P52, P54, P56, P77, P114, P117, P132, P146/7-10, P149, P162, P196
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1.人称代词
在托福中经常考察的人称代词是they/it；they/it出现在句首通
常指前半句或前一句的主语.
Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after dayseems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation.
英语语法中考题解读-代词
the others
others others
other
the other the other another
another another
六 、疑问代词
用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词，通常位于句首，引导特殊疑问句。 1．who 作主语、表语或宾语，但不能放介词后。可询问身份和姓名。
如：(1)Who wants to go with me? (2)— __W__h_o___ is the boy in red？ — He is Jim. 2．whom 是who的宾格形式，作宾语。 如：To __w_h_o_m___ are you talking? 3．whose 是who的所有格形式，作定语。 如：这是谁的钱包？ __W__h_o_s_e_ wallet is this? 4．what指不定数目中的那一个。表示“什么；哪一些”，无范围，也可用于询问 职业。 如：(1)__W__h__at__ would you like? (2)— __W__h_a_t__ does your father do？ — He is a teacher. 5．which表示“哪一个”，指在一定范围内特指的人或物。 如：__W__h_i_c_h_ bike is yours?
第一部分 语法突破
第四节 代 词
考点解读
代词是代替名词的一种词类，大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。新 课程标准中，代词考查包括：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、 不定代词、疑问代词。中考命题常设情景干扰，特殊语境中代词的意义和功 能，替代词的选择是常考热点。
人称代词5年2考，物主代词5年5考，反身代词5年2考，指示代词5年0考， 不定代词5年0考，疑问代词5年0考。
important. 3．打电话时，常用this 指代自己，that指代对方。如：
(完整word版)中考语文阅读内容指代题解题指导
内容指代题解题指导考题解说我们说话或写文章时，为了使语言表达得简洁明快，常常要用到一些词语（以代词、名词为主）来复指或指代某些内容。
在文本阅读中，对指代内容的考查即“内容指代”题也很常见。
此类题目常见的设题语言如下：①“这（这些）”一词指代怎样的内容？②第×段加点的词语“××”具体指什么？（用原文语句回答）③根据上文，可以推测第×段中的“××”是指什么？④第×段中的“它”具体指什么？……解答此类题目，关键在于熟悉语境，联系上下文把握住文章的主要内容。
解题点拨（一）代词指代的内容1. 答题格式及要求代词指代的内容，一般是与这个词语相呼应的前文的某个短语或句子。
答题格式有两种：①直接用文中原词或原句回答，只要截取原文中的短语、片段或整句即可。
②对原文中的句子稍加改造，或提取关键词，或去头斩尾，或选一个分句，或择要概述等。
2. 举例（1）第⑤段加点的词“这样”在文中指代什么？（2013年甘肃兰州中考题）阅读中的“出”，是指读者能站在更高层次，对所读之书做出分析判断，能从新的角度进行阐发、评价和质疑。
哲学家叔本华就主张读书要与书本拉开距离，不要“入”书过度，要敢于并善于从书本中走出来。
这样读书，方可避免“是别人在代替我们思想，我们只不过重复他的思想活动的过程而已”；方可在读后能解其意、识其旨、得其要，真正做到“用得透脱”。
分析：“这样”指代的内容一般是指前文句子中的内容，回答时一定要读懂前文表述的意思，避免犯经验主义错误。
“这样”前面有两句话，一般情况下，它所指代的内容遵循临近原则，即指代“这样”前面的一句。
但这里第一句是讲一种读书方法，即阅读中的“出”，第二句引用叔本华的主张对第一句作进一步阐释，实际上与第一句意思一样。
所以，此题回答用一、二句均可，但如用第二句回答的话，要将“哲学家叔本华就主张”等字删去。
答案：指读者能站在更高层次，对所读之书作出分析判断，能从新的角度进行阐发、评价和质疑。
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技法点晴
一、指代临近原则
指的是代词所指代的内容一般应该是在句法结构上和它靠近的词语。如“王刚写文章抨击小李，说他是个欺世盗名的小人。”这一句子中的“他”应该指代“小李”，因为“他”是指代人，句子中提到了两个人，一个是“王刚”，一个是“小李”，而“小李”离代词的句法位置比“王刚”要近得多，因此“他”优选指代“小李”。
C．泳衣的色彩
D．泳衣的重量
【答案】C
【解析】一道典型的代词指代题，考生需要通过已知信息来获得未知信息，提问方式既然考查“后者”，那么在这之前必然存在“前者”，因此考生需要到“后者”之前的语句去寻找答案，辨别何为“前者”，何为“后者”。回到原文即“泳衣的重量和色彩也不容忽视”一句，根据“谁都想穿比对手更轻的泳装”可知前者指代的为重量，不言自明“后者”必然指代的是“色彩”，因此正确答案为C项。
例2、(2OO3年国考)今年2月份，科尔尼公司对全球134家大公司进行调查时，85％的公司表示今年将保持或增加外国直接投资。在这次调查中，95％的公司决策人表示对目前世界经济的担心甚于去年，但他们当中2／3的人表示，外国直接投资将保持去年的水平。本段中的“他们”，指代的是( )。
A．科尔尼公司的工作人员
【点拨】例5、例6两题均属于词语理解题与代词指代题结合考查的典型，其特征为提问方式看似考查对词语含义的理解，实则要求考生对涉及的代词有准确的把握。因此考生在复习这两种题型时要注意结合，其共同之处就是考生首先需要定位原文，寻找到需要理解的词语或代词，然后根据临近原则寻找到上下文的小语境进行辨别。二者结合时注意考查的实质何在。
代词指代题精讲
题型综述
在片段阅读中还存在着这样一种题型，要求考生理解文中出现代词所指代的具体含义，这种题目我们称之为“代词指代题”。这种题目属于比较成熟的题型，在中央国家机关及地方省市公务员考试中时有考查，考查的载体可以是片段阅读，也可以是篇章阅读。通常提问的方式有：“上文中‘这，指的是”、“上文中‘此，指代的是”、“文中‘他们'是指”、“请问‘那些，指代的是”、“句中的后者，指的是”、“文中‘它'指代的是”等等。事实上这种题目的难度并不大，只要考生掌握了正确的答题方法就可以顺利作答。
A．人们持续的关系
B．改变农业长久以来形成的劳作习惯
C．改变农业的生产模式
D．找到适合的回血循环办法
题3、(2006年江苏)自从扬州先下手将《茉莉花》定为市歌之后，苏州再次退出竞争，但是南京却心有不甘，他们开始设法强化《茉莉花》是六合民歌的印记。
A．我们看到《现代儒学论》能在中国内地引起欢呼的现象
B．“关心形而下”的学术探究突破时间、范围且获得发展
C．明清之际的地下舆论
D．知识分子间的探究
【答案】B
【解析】一道典型的代词指代题，然而这道题目难度较高，因为不单纯是一层指代关系，文中出现了三个代词，需要考生寻找到同源代词进行辨别。所谓同源代词是指两个代词指代的内容为同一事物，因此考生首先确定了同源代词之后在寻找同源代词的指代内容，从而确定正确的答案，在这个文段中最后一句“这的确是个迟到的文化现象，但从中国自身纵向来看，它的到来又并不为晚”的“这”和“它”就是同源指代，表示的是同一事物，因此指代内容应该在“这”之前的一句，即“关心形而下的学术探究已不再是明清之际的地下舆论，并且范围也绝不仅限于知识分子层面”。所以答案是B。
例4、(2004年国考)光滑的皮肤和人造的泳衣哪一个在水中的阻力小?这些泳衣采用了特殊的纤维，接缝都放在身体的背面，使其不会影响运动员的动作。另外，泳衣的重量和色彩也不容忽视。显然，谁都想穿比对手更轻的泳装，后者则涉及心理因素及品牌的形象问题。
句中的“后者”指( )
A．接缝都放在身体的背面
B．这些泳衣采用了特殊的纤维
例3、（2005年北京）经济学家保罗•罗默指出，知识的生产、应用和扩散的效率与知识的积累及人力资本正相关。而正是在这两点，发展中国家同发达国家存在着巨大差距，这种差距虽然使发展中国家在知识的选择和应用方面可以有较大的回旋余地，但同时使得他们与发达国家在国际分工中因位势的不同形成垂直分工的关系，因而处于不利地位，甚至随着新的技术壁垒的形成而形成新的“中心——依附”关系，加大贫富差距。
一、人称代词如“你、我、他、她、它、你们、我们、她们、它们、”指代的必然是人或动物，通常在句中做主语，因此在进行辩别时首先将指代事物的选项排除，指代人的优选，重点观察主语的内涵。
二、指示代词如“这、那、这些、此”等可能指人也可能指物，一般指物较多，不过也需要结合具体题目进行分析，以免造成误选。鉴于近年来中央国家机关及地方省市公务员考试的难度逐年增加，在代词指代题上出现了新的专利法，即将词语理解题与代词指代题相结合进行考查，提问的方式看似词语理解题，实则考查考生对于隐含代词指代的把握能力，因此考生在复习的过程中要注意将词语理解题与代词指代题相结合，把握这两种题型的共同之处，即临近原则，从而迅速有效地作答。进行分辩即可推出答案。根据公务员考试的例1、(2004年国考)尽管国际上对此存在很多争议，意大利文化部门还是决定用蒸馏水清洗米开朗基罗的旷世杰作——《大卫》雕像。这项工程的目的之一是除去这座高达4．5米的雕像上的尘土和油污。佛罗伦萨博物馆的负责人说：“这项工程并不是为了让雕像变得更好看。”意大利文化部长已经排除了干洗的可能性。
文中划线部分“而正是这两点”中的“这”指代的是（）
A．知识的产生和应用
B．知识的应用及扩赛效率
C．知识的积累
D．知识的积累和人力资本
【答案】D
【解析】一道典型的代词指代题，考生需要通过已知信息来获得未知信息，提问方式中明确指出“这”包含“两点”，意味着考生在回到原文寻找答案时要注意寻找相关两点的对象。根据临近原则“这”指代的必定是之前的语句信息，即“知识的生产、应用和扩散的效率与知识的积累及人力资本正相关”一句中的内容，其中“知识的生产、应用和扩散的效率”为并列关系，可以将其看作一个对象，与“知识的积累”和“人力资本”相关，因此“这”指代的应该是临近的两点，即“知识的积累和人力资本”，所以正确答案为D项。
文中“这些”指代的是( )。
A．激烈的市场竞争和产品革新
B．市场具有刺激产品革新的作用，也对工程革新具有间接的刺激作用
C．提高产品质量，降低成本
D．通过工程革新来实现的成本的降低
题2、(2006年浙江)由于人为活动的破坏和自然制约，黑土地多年得不到回补，水土流失日益严重。目前还没有找到适合的回血循环办法，黑土地的将来很值得人们持续的关注。改变农业长久以来形成的劳作习惯并非一日可成，况且主要的是要改变农业的生产模式，这需要生产力的提高，显然不可能一蹴而就。文中的“这”指代的是( )。
二、主语话题原则
指的是句子中的代词一般来说和句子或者话题的所指相同，这一原则尤其在句群和篇章中更为适用。如：“老太太真的以为自己的房子要被拆了，急坏了的她立即赶到交道口办事处、规划局咨询，当她得到不拆的答复后，放心了”这里的几处“她”都指整个段落的话题“老太太”。
【精讲】由于代词词性功能的限制，所指代的通常为名词或名词性结构，根据指代临近原则和主语语题原则通常其指代的对角不会很远，因此考生在作答过和中只需瞻前顾后，考虑代词出现位置的前句和后句，考虑话题的一致性，考点，代词指代题中主要考查人称代词和指示代词的指代关系。
【例6】(2005年北京)“礼”和“乐”是中国传统审美文化的基本特征。礼不仅包含宗教仪式，而且包括各种典章制度；乐则是调和礼制内人与人之间的思想感情。美善结合，以善统美。尽管后来的儒家把善的内容界定为封建仁义道德，反过来又束缚了文艺的发展。这一点鲁迅在辛亥革命时期写就的《摩罗诗力说》曾予以全面的批判与审理，但是强调美善一体，审美与文艺必须有特定的社会伦理内容，却是有其合理价值的。
“国际上对此存在很多争议”的“此”指的是( )。A．《大卫》雕像是米开朗基罗的旷世杰作
B．这项工程是为了让雕像变得更好看
C．决定用蒸馏水清洗《大卫》雕像
D．要除去这座高达4．5米的雕像上的尘土和油污
【答案】C
【解析】一道典型的代词指代题，根据临近原则可以推知“此”必然指代离它最近的一句话中的主语或者宾语。其中主语是“意大利文化部门”，宾语是“决定用蒸馏水清洗米开朗基罗的旷世杰作《大卫》雕像”，通常指示代词指代宾语，因此C项为正确答案。
例7、(2007年福建)无论如何，《现代儒学论》能在中国内地引起欢呼，总是一件令人高兴的事。这至少说明“关心形而下”的学术探究已不再是明清之际的地下舆论，并且范围也绝不仅限于知识分子层面。从国家之间横向来看，这的确是个迟到的文化现象，但从中国自身纵向来看，它的到来又并不为晚。
最ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ一句中“它”指代的是( )。
【点拨】例3和例4值得考生思考，提问方式中都隐含着一定信息来帮助考生判断，因此考生在审题时一定要仔细，善于从已知信息中推断未知。
例5、(2008年国考)中国消费信贷市场的现状，使得对中国银行业投入巨资的西方银行在信用卡‘业务上仍是投资’没有盈利。不过，外资银行对中国信用卡市场并没有失掉信心。虽然中国的消费者没有透支消费的习惯，而这个‘硬币，的另一面是中国居民的个人负债率很低，中国内地的个人消费信用市场才刚刚开始发展，这对外资银行是极具吸引力的。这段文字中的“硬币”指代的是( )。
B．调查中85％的公司人员
C．调查中95％的公司决策人
D．134家大公司中的决策人
【答案】C
【解析】一道典型的代词指代题，考生首先明确“他们”这类人称代词指代的成分必然是人，其次到离其出现位置最近的前后两句寻找答案，即“95％的公司决策人”为主语指代“他们”，因此C项为正确答案。
【点拨】例1和例2都是非常典型的对于代词指代题的考查，考生解题的关键就在于确定代词出现的位置之后，把握临近原则，在代词出现的前后句中寻找相关项即为答案，通常人称代词指代主语，指示代词指代宾语。
A．中国银行业B．中国消费信贷市场