国际经济学复习题答案08
《国际经济学》复习题及参考答案
《国际经济学》复习题及参考答案K135班一、名词解释1、国际经济学：是研究经济资源或稀缺资源在世界范围内的最优分配，以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学。
2、倾销：海外的货物以低于同样货物的销售价格在同一时候在国内市场类似条件下的出售。
3、国际收支（广义）：在特定的时期（一般为一年）内，一个经济体与世界其他地方的各项经济交易。
4、提供曲线：就是相互需求曲线，表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品的交换比率。
5、关税同盟：它是指两个或两个以上的国家通过签订条约或协定取消区域内关税或其他进口限制，并对非同盟国家实行统一的关税率而缔结的同盟。
6、贸易条件：即商品的国际交换比率。
也就是单位出口能够换回的进口，用出口价格指数比进口价格指数。
7、外汇管制：一国政府通过法令对本国对外的国际结算和外汇买卖实行管制，用以实现国际收支平衡与本国货币汇率稳定的一种制度。
8、汇率：又称为汇价。
是不同货币在外汇买卖过程中形成的交换比率。
9、开放经济：一个经济与其外部存在着经济往来关系，如对外贸易、资金流动、劳动力流动等对外经济关系。
10、资本国际流动：指资本从一个国家、地区或经济体，转移到另一个国家、地区和经济体的过程。
二、判断题1、如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失小于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。
×如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失大于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。
2、李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，即使其中一个国家在所有产品上郡具有绝对成本优势，各国也可以根据比较优势进行专业化生产，然后通过贸易获益。
√3、贫穷化增长适用于长期以来人口增长快于国内生产总值增长的国家。
×贫穷化增长适用于经济是典型的单一经济，离开单一产品的的生产和出口，该国就会陷入困境的发展中国家。
4、社会无差异曲线用来表示能够为社会成员提供相同满意感的商品消费组合。
国际经济学章节复习试题含答案
1．国际经济学产生与发展的客观基础是（）A．国际经济活动范围不断扩大B．国际经济关系日益复杂C．跨越国界的经济活动不断增长D．国与国之间经济联系密切2．国际经济学的研究对象（）A．国际经济活动B．国际经济关系C．世界范围内的资源配置D．国际经济活动与国际经济关系3．国际经济学产生的时间（）A．20世纪60年代 B．20世纪50年代 C．20世纪40年代 D．20世纪70年代4．以下不是国际贸易理论要解决的基本问题的是（）A.国际贸易利益的分配B.国际交换比例的确定C.国际贸易产生的原因D.国际贸易制度安排5．以宏观经济分析为主要工具，集中于国际经济的货币方面的国际经济学的组成部分是（）A．国际贸易 B．国际金融 C．国际要素流动 D．区域经济一体化6．世界经济学的研究对象（）A．国际经济活动B．国际经济关系 C．国际生产关系D．国际贸易与国际金融活动二、判断改错题1．国际经济学产生与发展的理论基础是国际贸易理论。
（）2. 国际经济学是西方经济学的重要组成部分。
（）3．国际经济学的微观部分主要讨论世界范围内的资源配置问题。
（）4．国际金融理论与政策是站在单个国家角度来研究金融问题的。
（）三、名词解释1．国际经济学2．国际经济关系四、简答题1．简述国家之间的经济活动的四种形式。
2．简述国际经济学区别于一般经济学的特征。
3．简述国际经济学与西方经济学的联系与区别。
4．简述国际经济学的内容体系。
1．C 2．D 3．A 4．D 5．B 6．C二、判断改错题1．×。
将“国际贸易理论”改为“国际贸易理论与国际金融理论”。
2．×。
国际经济学是从西方经济学中独立出来的一门系统科学。
3．√。
4．×。
国际金融理论与政策是独立于个别国家之外来研究所有国家参与国际金融市场的问题。
三、名词解释1．国际经济学：以国与国之间的经济活动和经济关系为研究对象，通过对国家之间的各种经济活动和经济关系的分析，提示各个国家或地区之间经济联系的传导机制及其发展规律。
国际经济学题库(含参考答案)
国际经济学题库（含参考答案）一、单选题（共50题，每题1分，共50分）1、区域一体化组织中最松散、最低级的形式是（）A、关税同盟B、自由贸易区C、共同市场D、优惠贸易安排正确答案：D2、要素价格均等化表明（）A、一国丰富要素所有者受益，稀缺要素所有者受损B、一国丰富要素所有者受损，稀缺要素所有者受益C、一国丰富要素所有者和稀缺要素所有者都受益D、一国丰富要素所有者和稀缺要素所有者都受益正确答案：A3、下列不属于关税同盟动态效应的是（）A、大市场效应B、加剧竞争C、吸引外资D、贸易创造效应正确答案：D4、如果开放前一国X产品的相对价格低于其贸易伙伴，则贸易后该国（）A、进口 X产品B、生产者福利增加C、整体福利下降D、消费者福利增加正确答案：B5、下列（）会给本国带来较大的贸易创造效应。
A、本国对贸易商品的供给弹性较大B、本国对成员国的初始关税较大C、本国与成员国之间贸易商品的成本差别较大D、本国对贸易商品的需求弹性较小正确答案：D6、初级产品的出口价格若下降，其出口量将增加，出口总收入（）A、不变B、增加C、下降D、不确定正确答案：C7、马歇尔一勒纳条件所要说明的是在供给弹性（）的情况下，本币贬值能够改善贸易收支的进出口需求弹性条件。
A、零B、无穷大C、1D^大于零小于1正确答案：B8、假设中国和美国都能生产小麦和布，中国将一单位劳动时间全部生产布，可以生产50米；全部生产小麦，可以生产80千克；美国将一单位劳动时间全部生产布，可以生产40米；全部生产小麦，可以生产 100千克。
如果开放后的国际交换比价为1米布=L 8千克小麦，则下列说法正确的是（）A、无法比较美国和中国的获利情况B、中国从贸易开放中获利更多C、美国和中国从贸易开放中获利相同D、美国从贸易开放中获利更多正确答案：D9、下列不属于国际收支平衡表资本项目的是（）A、利息收支B、短期信贷C、短期证券买卖D、票据买卖正确答案：A10、消费者剩余是（）A、消费者为了商品的消费而必须向政府支付的东西B、消费者通过低于市场价格的价格而得到的收益C、消费者购买商品所需支付的价格低于其愿意支付的价格而获得的收益D、消费者可以在各种价格水平得到的收益正确答案：C11、外汇市场中的即期交易不包含（）A、套汇B、投机C、国际贸易结算D、银行同业拆借正确答案：B12、如果一个中国工人能生产3匹布或者1辆汽车，一个美国工人能生产4匹布或2辆汽车，则能促进中国与美国进行贸易并各自收益的交换比率是（）A、4匹布换2辆汽车B、3匹布换1辆汽车C、3匹布换2辆汽车D、5匹布换2辆汽车正确答案：D13、国际经济学的研究对象是（）A、国际商品流动B、国际收支平衡C、世界范围内的稀缺资源的最优配置D^国际人员流动正确答案：C14、根据国民收入决定方程Y=C+I+G+X-M,国际收支的吸收分析法中的“吸收”是指（）A、YB、C+IC、C+I+GD、X-M正确答案：C15、开放经济条件下的宏观经济政策目标是（）A、追求贸易顺差B、汇率稳定C、扩大出口D、国际收支平衡正确答案：D16、在进行贸易后，一国的收入分配会发生如下变化，（）A、收入由消费者转向生产者B、受到进口商品竞争压力的国内生产者遭受损失，而出口商品的生产者则会受益C、消费者受损，生产者受益D、作为整体的国家受益，而个人则会受到损失正确答案：B17、商品和服务贸易记录在国际收支平衡表中的（）A、经常项目B、误差和遗漏项目C、官方结算项目D、资本项目正确答案：A18、下列哪个行业最有可能具有内部规模经济？（）A、好莱坞的电影业B、加州硅谷的半导体产业C、美国的大型农场D、北京中关村的电脑城正确答案：C19、采用（）的配额分配方式，配额的福利效果与关税一样。
国际经济学第九版英文课后答案 第8单元
*CHAPTER 8 (Core Chapter)TRADE RESTRICTIONS: TARIFFSOUTLINE8.1 Introduction8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a TariffCase Study 8-1: Average Tariff on Non-Agricultural Products in Major Developed CountriesCase Study 8-2: Average Tariff on Non-Agricultural Products in Some MajorDeveloping Countries8.2a Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff8.2b Effects of a Tariff on Producer and Consumer Surplus8.2c Costs and Benefits of a TariffCase Study 8-3: The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some U.S. Products Case Study 8-4: The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some EU Products 8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure8.3a The Rate of Effective Protection8.3b Generalization and Evaluation of the Theory of Effective ProtectionCase Study 8-5: Rising Tariff Rates with Degree of Domestic ProcessingCase Study 8-6: Structure of Tariffs on Industrial Products in U.S., EU, Japan, and Canada8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4a General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4b Illustration of the Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4c The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country8.5a General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Large Country8.5b Illustration of the Effects of a Tariff in a Large Country8.6 The Optimum Tariff8.6a The Meaning of the Concept and Retaliation8.6b Illustration of the Optimum Tariff and RetaliationAppendix: A8.1 Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Large NationA8.2 Derivation of the Formula for the Rate of Effective ProtectionA8.3 The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem GraphicallyA8.4 Exception to the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem - The MetzlerParadoxA8.5 Short-run Effect of a Tariff on Factors' IncomeA8.6 Measurement of the Optimum TariffKey TermsTrade or commercial policies Consumer surplusImport tariff Rent or producer surplusExport tariff Protection cost or deadweight loss of a tariff Ad valorem tariff Nominal tariffSpecific tariff Rate of effective protectionCompound tariff Domestic value addedConsumption effect of a tariff Prohibitive tariffProduction effect of a tariff Stolper-Samuelson theoremTrade effect of a tariff Metzler paradoxRevenue effect of a tariff Optimum tariffLecture Guide1.I would cover sections 1 and 2 and assign problems 1-2 in the first lecture. Themost difficult part of section 2 is the meaning and measurement of consumer and producer surplus. Since a clear understanding of the meaning and measurementof consumer and producer surplus is crucial in evaluating the effect of tariffs, Iwould explain t hese concepts very carefully.2.I would then cover section 3 and assign problems 3-6 in the second lecture. Thetheory of tariff structure is also very difficult and important, and so I would alsoexplain this concept very carefully. I found that the best way to explain it is byusing the simple example used in the text of the suit with and without importedinputs.3.The rest of the chapter can be skipped without loss of continuity by thoseInstructors who do not wish to cover the general equilibrium effects of tariffs. 4.For those Instructors who wish to cover the rest of the chapter, I would take upanother two lectures to do so. I would also assign and grade problems 8-14 tomake sure that students understand the material.5.In covering section 8.4, I would pay special attention to the explanation of Figure8-5 and to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem.6.In covering Section 8.6, please note that the optimum tariff can only be discussedintuitively without trade indifference curves (examined in Appendix A8.6). Answer to Problems1.a) Consumption is 70Y, production is 10Y and imports are 60Y (see Figure 1 onthe next page).b) Consumption is 60Y, production is 20Y and imports are 40Y (see Figure 1).c) The consumption effect is -10Y, the production effect is +10Y, the trade effectis -20Y and the revenue effect is $40 (see Figure 1).2. a) The consumer surplus is $245 without and $l80 with the tariff (see Figure 1).b)Of the increase in the revenue of producers with the tariff (as compared withtheir revenues under free trade), $l5 represents the increase in production costsand another $15 represents the increase in rent or producer surplus (see Figure1).c) The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $l0 (see Figure 1).3. This will increase the rate of effective protection in the nation.4. a) g = 0.4 - (0.5)(0.4) = 0.4 - 0.2 = 0.2 = 40%1.0 - 0.5 0.5 0.55. a) g=60%b) g=80%c) g=0d) g=20%6. a) g=70%b) See the first paragraph of section 8.3b.7. See Figure 2.8.When Nation 1 (assumed to be a small nation) imposes an import tariff oncommodity Y, the real income of labor falls and that of capital rises.9.Py/Px rises for domestic producers and consumers. As production of Y (the K-intensive commodity) rises and that of X falls, the demand and income of K rises and that of L falls. Therefore, r rises and w falls.10.If Nation 1 were instead a large nation, then Nation 1's terms of trade rise and thereal income of L may also rise.India is more likely to restrict imports of K-intensive commodities in which India has a comparative disadvantage and this is likely to increase the return to capitaland reduce the return to labor according to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem.12. See Figure 3 on the previous page.13. See Figure 4.14. a) The volume of trade may shrink to zero (the origin of offer curves).App. 1. The more elastic S H and S F are, the lower is the free trade priceof the commodity and the lower is the increase in the domesticprice of the commodity as a result of the tariff.App. 2a. The supply curve of the nation for the commodity shifts upand to the left (as with the imposition of any tax); this does not affectthe consumption of the commodity with free trade, but it reducesdomestic production and increases imports of the commodity; italso increases the revenue effect and reduces producers' surplus.b)The imposition of a tariff on imported inputs going into the domestic productionof the commodity will have no effect on the size of the protection cost ordeadweight loss.App. 3. See Figure 5 (on the next page).App. 4. See Figure 6.App. 5. Real w will fall in terms of Y and rise in terms of X. On theother hand, r eal r will rise in terms of Y and fall in terms of X. Thiscan be seen by drawing a figure similar to Figure 8-10, but with theVMPLy curve shifting upward.App. 6a. See Figure 7.c) After Nation 1 has imposed an optimum tariff and Nation 2 has retaliatedwith an optimum tariff of its own, the approximate terms of trade for Nation1 is 0.8, while the approximate terms of trade of Nation2 is 1.25.d) Nation 1's welfare declines from the reduction in the volume and in the termsof trade. Although nation 2's terms of trade are higher than under free trade,the volume of trade has shrunk so much that nation 2's welfare is also likelyto be lower than under free trade.Multiple-choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?a. An ad valorem tariff is expressed as a percentage of the value of the traded commodityb. a specific tariff is expressed as a fixed sum of the value of the traded commodity.c. export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution*d. The U.S. uses exclusively the specific tariff2. A small nation is one:a. which does not affect world price by its tradingb. which faces an infinitely elastic world supply curve for its import commodityc. whose consumers will pay a price that exceeds the world price by the amount of the tariff*d. all of the above3. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity, its:a. consumption of the commodity increasesb. production of the commodity decreasesc. imports of the commodity increase*d. none of the above4.The increase in producer surplus when a small nation imposes a tariff is measured bythe area:*a. to the left of the supply curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffb. under the supply curve between the quantity produced with and without the tariffc. under the demand curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffd. none of the above.5. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity:*a. the rent of domestic producers of the commodity increasesb. the protection cost of the tariff decreasesc. the deadweight loss decreasesd. all of the above6.Which of the following statements is incorrect with respect to the rate of effectiveprotection?a. for given values of ai and ti, g is larger the greater is tb. for a given value of t and ti, g is larger the greater is a ic. g exceeds, is equal to or is smaller than t, as t i is smaller than, is equal to or is larger than t*d. when a i t i exceeds t, the rate of effective protection is positive7. With a i=50%, t i=0, and t=20%, g is:*a. 40%b. 20%c. 80%d. 08. The imposition of an import tariff by a small nation:*a. increases the relative price of the import commodity for domestic producers and consumersb. reduces the relative price of the import commodity for domestic producers and consumersc. increases the relative price of the import commodity for the nation as a wholed. any of the above is possible9. The imposition of an import tariff by a small nation:a. increases the nation's welfare*b. reduces the nation's welfarec. leaves the nation's welfare unchangedd. any of the above is possible10. According to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, the imposition of a tariff by a nation:a. increases the real return of the nation's abundant factor*b. increases the real return of the nation's scarce factorc. reduces the real return of the nation's scarce factord. any of the above is possible11. The imposition of an import tariff by a nation results in:a. an increase in relative price of the nation's import commodityb. an increase in the nation's production of its importable commodityc. reduces the real return of the nation's abundant factor*d. all of the above12. The imposition of an import tariff by a nation can be represented by a rotation of the: *a. nation's offer curve away from the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantageb. the nation's offer curve toward the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantagec. the other nation's offer curve toward the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantaged. the other nation's offer curve away from the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantage13. The imposition of an import tariff by a large nation:a. increases the nation's terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. may increase or reduce the nation's welfare*d. all of the above14. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation:a. improves its terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the nation's welfare*d. all of the above15. The optimum tariff for a small nation is:a. 100%b. 50%*c. 0d. depends on elasticities。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch08
Chapter 8The Instruments of Trade PolicyChapter OrganizationBasic Tariff AnalysisSupply, Demand, and Trade in a Single IndustryEffects of a TariffMeasuring the Amount of ProtectionCosts and Benefits of a TariffConsumer and Producer SurplusMeasuring the Costs and BenefitsOther Instruments of Trade PolicyExport Subsidies: TheoryCase Study: Europe’s Common Agricultural PolicyImport Quotas: TheoryCase Study: An Import Quota in Practice: U.S. SugarVoluntary Export RestraintsCase Study: A Voluntary Export Restraint in Practice: Japanese Autos Local Content RequirementsBox: American Buses, Made in HungaryOther Trade Policy InstrumentsThe Effects of Trade Policy: A SummarySummaryAppendix I: Tariff Analysis in General EquilibriumA Tariff in a Small CountryA Tariff in a Large CountryAppendix II: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly The Model with Free TradeThe Model with a TariffThe Model with an Import QuotaComparing a Tariff with a QuotaChapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 33Chapter OverviewThis chapter and the next three focus on international trade policy. Students will have heard various arguments for and against restrictive trade practices in the media. Some of these arguments are sound and some are clearly not grounded in fact. This chapter provides a framework for analyzing the economic effects of trade policies by describing the tools of trade policy and analyzing their effects on consumers and producers in domestic and foreign countries. Case studies discuss actual episodes of restrictive trade practices. An instructor might try to underscore the relevance of these issues by having students scan newspapers and magazines for other timely examples of protectionism at work.The analysis presented here takes a partial equilibrium view, focusing on demand and supply in one market, rather than the general equilibrium approach followed in previous chapters. Import demand and export supply curves are derived from domestic and foreign demand and supply curves. There are a number of trade policy instruments analyzed in this chapter using these tools. Some of the important instruments of trade policy include specific tariffs, defined as taxes levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported; ad valorem tariffs, levied as a fraction of the value of the imported good; export subsidies, which are payments given to a firm or industry that ships a good abroad; import quotas, which are direct restrictions on the quantity of some good that may be imported; voluntary export restraints, which are quotas on trading that are imposed by the exporting country instead of the importing country; and local content requirements, which are regulations that require that some specified fraction of a good is produced domestically.The import supply and export demand analysis demonstrates that the imposition of a tariff drives a wedge between prices in domestic and foreign markets, and increases prices in the country imposing the tariff and lowers the price in the other country by less than the amount of the tariff. This contrasts with most textbook presentations which make the small country assumption that the domestic internal price equals the world price times one plus the tariff rate. The actual protection provided by a tariff willnot equal the tariff rate if imported intermediate goods are used in the production of the protected good. The proper measurement, the effective rate of protection, is described in the text and calculated for a sample problem.The analysis of the costs and benefits of trade restrictions require tools of welfare analysis. The text explains the essential tools of consumer and producer surplus. Consumer surplus on each unit sold is defined as the difference between the actual price and the amount that consumers would have been willing to pay for the product. Geometrically, consumer surplus is equal to the area under the demand curve and above the price of the good. Producer surplus is the difference between the minimum amount for which a producer is willing to sell his product and the price which he actually receives. Geometrically, producer surplus is equal to the area above the supply curve and below the price line. These tools are fundamental to the student’s understanding of the implications of trade polici es and should be developed carefully. The costs of a tariff include distortionary efficiency losses in both consumption and production. A tariff provides gains from terms of trade improvement when and if it lowers the foreign export price. Summing the areas in a diagram of internal demand and supply provides a method for analyzing the net loss or gain from a tariff.Other instruments of trade policy can be analyzed with this method. An export subsidy operates in exactly the reverse fashion of an import tariff. An import quota has similar effects as an import tariff upon prices and quantities, but revenues, in the form of quota rents, accrue to foreign producers of the protected good. Voluntary export restraints are a form of quotas in which import licenses are held by foreign governments. Local content requirements raise the price of imports and domestic goods and do not result in either government revenue or quota rents.34 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth EditionThroughout the chapter the analysis of different trade restrictions are illustrated by drawing upon specific episodes. Europe’s common agricultural policy provides and example of export subsidies in action. The case study corresponding to quotas describes trade restrictions on U.S. sugar imports. Voluntary export restraints are discussed in the context of Japanese auto sales to the United States. The oil import quota in the United States in the 1960’s provides an example of a local content scheme.There are two appendices to this chapter. Appendix I uses a general equilibrium framework to analyze the impact of a tariff, departing from the partial equilibrium approach taken in the chapter. When a small country imposes a tariff, it shifts production away from its exported good and toward the imported good. Consumption shifts toward the domestically produced goods. Both the volume of trade and welfare of the country decline. A large country imposing a tariff can improve its terms of trade by an amount potentially large enough to offset the production and consumption distortions. For a large country, a tariff may be welfare improving.Appendix II discusses tariffs and import quotas in the presence of a domestic monopoly. Free trade eliminates the monopoly power of a domestic producer and the monopolist mimics the actions of a firm in a perfectly competitive market, setting output such that marginal cost equals world price. A tariff raises domestic price. The monopolist, still facing a perfectly elastic demand curve, sets output such that marginal cost equals internal price. A monopolist faces a downward sloping demand curve under a quota.A quota is not equivalent to a tariff in this case. Domestic production is lower and internal price higher when a particular level of imports is obtained through the imposition of a quota rather than a tariff.Answers to Textbook Problems1. The import demand equation, MD, is found by subtracting the home supply equation from the homedemand equation. This results in MD= 80 - 40 ⨯P. Without trade, domestic prices and quantities adjust such that import demand is zero. Thus, the price in the absence of trade is 2.2. a. Foreign’s export supply curve, XS, is XS=-40 + 40⨯P. In the absence of trade, the price is 1.b. When trade occurs, export supply is equal to import demand, XS=MD. Thus, using theequations from Problems 1 and 2a, P= 1.50, and the volume of trade is 20.3. a. The new MD curve is 80 - 40 ⨯ (P+ t) where t is the specific tariff rate, equal to 0.5. (Note: Insolving these problems, you should be careful about whether a specific tariff or ad valorem tariff is imposed. With an ad valorem tariff, the MD equation would be expressed as MD= 80 - 40 ⨯(1 + t)P.) The equation for the export supply curve by the foreign country is unchanged. Solving,we find that the world price is $1.25, and thus the internal price at home is $1.75. The volume of trade has been reduced to 10, and the total demand for wheat at home has fallen to 65 (from thefree trade level of 70). The total demand for wheat in Foreign has gone up from 50 to 55.b. andc. The welfare of the home country is best studied using the combined numerical andgraphical solutions presented below in Figure 8.1.Figure 8.1Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy 35where the areas in the figure are:a.55(1.75 - 1.50) -0.5(55 - 50)(1.75 - 1.50) = 13.125b. 0.5(55 - 50)(1.75 - 1.50) = 0.625c. (65 - 55)(1.75 - 1.50) = 2.50d. 0.5(70 - 65)(1.75 - 1.50) = 0.625e. (65 - 55)(1.50 - 1.25) = 2.50Consumer surplus change: -(a+ b+ c+ d) =-16.875. Producer surplus change: a= 13.125.Government revenue change: c+ e= 5. Efficiency losses b+ d are exceeded by terms of tradegain e. (Note: In the calculations for the a, b, and d areas, a figure of 0.5 shows up. This isbecause we are measuring the area of a triangle, which is one-half of the area of the rectangledefined by the product of the horizontal and vertical sides.)4. Using the same solution methodology as in Problem 3, when the home country is very small relativeto the foreign country, its effects on the terms of trade are expected to be much less. The smallcountry is much more likely to be hurt by its imposition of a tariff. Indeed, this intuition is shown in this problem. The free trade equilibrium is now at the price $1.09 and the trade volume is now$36.40.With the imposition of a tariff of 0.5 by Home, the new world price is $1.045, the internal home price is $1.545, home demand is 69.10 units, home supply is 50.90, and the volume of trade is 18.20.When Home is relatively small, the effect of a tariff on world price is smaller than when Home is relatively large. When Foreign and Home were closer in size, a tariff of 0.5 by home lowered world price by 25 percent, whereas in this case the same tariff lowers world price by about 5 percent. The internal Home price is now closer to the free trade price plus t than when Home was relatively large.In this case, the government revenues from the tariff equal 9.10, the consumer surplus loss is 33.51, and the producer surplus gain is 21.089. The distortionary losses associated with the tariff (areas b+ d) sum to 4.14 and the terms of trade gain (e) is 0.819. Clearly, in this small country example, the distortionary losses from the tariff swamp the terms of trade gains. The general lesson is the smaller the economy, the larger the losses from a tariff since the terms of trade gains are smaller.5. ERP = (200 ⨯ 1.50 - 200)/100 = 100%6. The effective rate of protection takes into consideration the costs of imported intermediate goods.Here, 55% of the cost can be imported, suggesting with no distortion, home value added would be 45%. A 15% increase in the price of ethanol, though, means home value added could be as high as 60%. Effective rate of protection = (V t-V w)/V w, where V t is the value added in the presence of trade policies, and V w is the value added without trade distortions. In this case, we have (60 - 45)/45 = 33% effective rate of protection.7. We first use the foreign export supply and domestic import demand curves to determine the newworld price. The foreign supply of exports curve, with a foreign subsidy of 50 percent per unit,becomes XS=-40 + 40(1 + 0.5) ⨯P. The equilibrium world price is 1.2 and the internal foreign price is 1.8. The volume of trade is 32. The foreign demand and supply curves are used to determine the costs and benefits of the subsidy. Construct a diagram similar to that in the text and calculate the area of the various polygons. The government must provide (1.8 - 1.2)⨯ 32 = 19.2 units of output to support the subsidy. Foreign producers surplus rises due to the subsidy by the amount of 15.3 units of output. Foreign consumers surplus falls due to the higher price by 7.5 units of the good. Thus, the net loss to Foreign due to the subsidy is 7.5 + 19.2 - 15.3 = 11.4 units of output. Home consumers and producers face an internal price of 1.2 as a result of the subsidy. Home consumers surplus rises by 70 ⨯ 0.3 + 0.5 (6⨯ 0.3) = 21.9, while Home producers surplus falls by 44 ⨯ 0.3 + 0.5(6 ⨯ 0.3) =14.1, for a net gain of 7.8 units of output.36 Krugman/Obstfeld •International Economics: Theory and Policy, Eighth Edition8. a. False, unemployment has more to do with labor market issues and the business cycle than withtariff policy.b. False, the opposite is true because tariffs by large countries can actually reduce world priceswhich helps offset their effects on consumers.c. This kind of policy might reduce automobile production and Mexico, but also would increase theprice of automobiles in the United States, and would result in the same welfare loss associatedwith any quota.9. At a price of $10 per bag of peanuts, Acirema imports 200 bags of peanuts. A quota limiting theimport of peanuts to 50 bags has the following effects:a. The price of peanuts rises to $20 per bag.b. The quota rents are ($20 - $10) ⨯ 50 = $500.c. The consumption distortion loss is 0.5 ⨯ 100 bags ⨯ $10 per bag = $500.d. The production distortion loss is 0.5 ⨯ 50 bags ⨯ $10 per bag = $250.10. The reason is largely that the benefits of these policies accrue to a small group of people and thecosts are spread out over many people. Thus, those that benefit care far more deeply about these policies. These typical political economy problems associated with trade policy are probably even more troublesome in agriculture, where there are long standing cultural reasons for farmers andfarming communities to want to hold onto their way of life, making the interests even moreentrenched than they would normally be.11. It would improve the income distribution within the economy since wages in manufacturing wouldincrease, and real incomes for others in the economy would decrease due to higher prices formanufactured goods. This is true only under the assumption that manufacturing wages are lower than all others in the economy. If they were higher than others in the economy, the tariff policies would worsen the income distribution.。
《国际经济学》练习题及答案
延边大学《国际经济学》练习题及答案2021目录第1章绪论 (1)第2章国际贸易的基础（1）：古典国际贸易理论 (2)第3章国际贸易的基础（2） (4)第4章贸易政策 (6)第5章贸易保护理论 (7)第6章国际收支分析 (8)第7章汇率决定理论 (10)第8章国际货币危机与国际货币体系 (11)第9章要素的国际流动 (12)第10章宏观经济的内外均衡 (14)第11章经济一体化与国际经济秩序 (15)内容可能与手中的教材有一些出入！！！第1章绪论重点问题:国际经济学的产生、发展、对象及其其他经济学科的关系✧单选1．国际经济学分析的最基本的出发点是（B）A经济增长 B经济自然增长 C制度创新的经济增长 D经济发展2．经济发展是（D）A经济结构的变革 B社会和政治体制的变革 C经济自然增长 D制度创新的经济增长3．国际经济最基本的出发点是（B ）A社会分工 B国际分工 C产业内分工 D产业之间的分工和合作4．国际经济交往的主要方式是（A）A生产要跨国界流动 B国际分工 C商品跨国界流通 D开放经济✧判断1．经济的自然增长与人口的自然增长有关。
（√）2．国际经济学的重要出发点和归宿点是国际资源配置、国际经济福利分配和可持续发展。
（√）3．一般而言，国际经济运行中，经济调节手段能够贯彻得比较彻底。
（×）4．经济产出与经济要素在国际间可以流动但却不能自由流动。
（√）5．个体、企业和国家的跨国经济活动有机结合形成开放经济。
（×）6．国际经济学的研究对象是国与国之间的经济活动和经济关系。
（√）7．国际经济中不存在公平和效率问题。
（×）8．无论国际经济的经济主体还是国内经济的经济主体，其运行的主要基础是市场。
（√）✧名词国际经济学：国际经济学主要研究各国之间的经济活动和国家之间经济的相互依存性。
它也分析一国与世界其他国家间商品劳务和资金的流向，分析直接约束这个流向的政策和这些政策对国家福利所产生的效应。
国际经济学试题及答案
一、单项选择题1。
从国际经济资源流动的难度看,最容易流动的要素是（A）A。
商品B。
资本 C.人员 D.技术2.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价（C）A。
在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上B。
在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下C。
在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间D。
与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同3.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是（A)A。
劳动生产率的差异B。
技术水平的差异C.产品品质的差异D。
价格的差异4.在绝对技术差异理论与相对技术差异理论中，机会成本是（D）A。
递增B。
递减C。
先递增后递减D。
不变5。
不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有（B）A。
重叠需求理论 B.要素比例理论C.规模经济理论D。
垄断竞争理论6。
能反映规模经济理论本意的是（B)A。
规模报酬递减 B.规模报酬递增C。
规模报酬不变D。
规模成本递增7。
不改变贸易结构，只改变贸易规模的增长方式有(C）A.偏向进口的生产要素增长B。
偏向出口的生产要素增长C。
生产要素等比例增长D。
悲惨的增长8。
最佳关税水平应等于（B）A。
零进口关税 B.零进口关税与禁止性关税之间的水平C。
禁止性关税 D.禁止性关税以上9.世界贸易组织秘书处设在（B）A.日内瓦B。
纽约C。
布鲁塞尔 D.乌拉圭10。
在国际卡特尔订价中，当产品的需求弹性越小，卡特尔订价水平就（B) A。
越低B。
越高 C.不变D。
不确定11。
下述哪一种不属于投机性外汇交易（D）A。
双边套汇B。
多边套汇C。
套利D。
套期保值12。
下述几种货币中，哪一种是实行联合浮动的货币（D)A。
英镑B。
日元C。
美元D。
人民币13。
下述哪一种属于国际收支的事后项目（D）A.进出口B。
利息收支C。
直接投资D。
特别提款权变动14.在分析货币贬值对贸易收支的影响时，小国所面临的供给弹性是（D）A。
零B。
小于需求弹性C。
大于需求弹性D。
无穷大15。
发展中国家主要采取的汇率制度是（C）A。
固定汇率制 B.浮动汇率制 C.钉住汇率制 D.联合浮动制16。
《国际经济学》课程知识 复习 学习材料 试题与参考答案
《国际经济学》课程知识复习学习材料试题与参考答案一、单选题1、国际经济学的研究对象是（C）。
A国际关系B经济关系C国际经济关系D国与国的关系2、世界贸易组织：是GATT的产物和继承者，于（C）正式成立。
它是多边贸易体制的法律基础和组织基础，通过规定各成员国政府所应承担的主要契约义务来规范各国国内贸易立法与规章制度的制定和实施。
A1996年1月1日B1997年1月1日C1995年1月1日D1994年1月1日3、只有（C）才能在总体上反映一国自主性交易的状况。
A经常项目B资本项目C贸易收支D官方结算4、（A）是指期限为一年或一年以内的国际资本流动。
A短期资本流动B长期资本流动C国际资本流动D不定期资本流动5、实际汇率表示剔除什么价格变动后的市场汇率（B）A国际市场价格B国内市场价格C出口价格指数D进口价格指数6、发展中国家主要采取的汇率制度是( C )A固定汇率制 B浮动汇率制 C钉住汇率制 D联合浮动制7、比较优势理论的提出者是（B）A斯密B李嘉图 C奥林D赫克歇尔8、随着信息技术的发展，各类外汇市场上的汇率差异变动的趋势是（B）A扩大B缩小C不变D变化不确定9、国际贸易通过一系列刺激效应和传递机制作用于经济部门，最终推动经济增长的动态机制。
这种最终推动经济增长的贸易利益称为（C），也称贸易间接利益。
A静态贸易利益B贸易直接利益C动态贸易利益D静止利益10、利用本国货币对外（A）的机会，向外倾销商品和争夺市场的行为称为外汇倾销。
A贬值B保值C增值D倾销11、国际经济学主要研究（D）产生的原因、利益分配机制以及国际贸易政策和措施的影响和作用机制，以促进国家和世界经济的增长。
A国家B经济学C贸易D国际贸易12、要素密集只是一个相对的概念，当某一要素比重超过社会常规或平均水平时,我们即可以说是某要素密集型的生产类型。
所以，要素密集度是指某一要素在成本中比例（B）社会平均水平的程度。
A等于B超过C低于D无法比较13、(B)，促进了的形成和发展。
期末复习用 《国际经济学》各章习题及答案
2.答：新古典经济学是 19 世纪 70 年代由“边际革命”开始而形成的一种经济 学流派。它在继承古典经济学经济自由主义的同时，以边际效用价值论代替了 古典经济学的劳动价值论，以需求为核心的分析代替了古典经济学以供给为核 心的分析。新古典学派主要包裹奥地利学派、洛桑学派、剑桥学派。认为边际 效用递减规律是理解经济现象的一个根本基础，利用这一规律可以解释买主面途之间的最佳配置等各种经济问题。
这是，A 国的提供曲线会发生什么变化？
第 3 章复习思考题参考答案 1．答： （1） 5X + 4Y = 20000 。 （2）封闭条件下，此国生产可能性边界的斜率是-5/4=PX/PY。因为 X 的国
际相对价格为 2，所以此国出口 X 进口 Y。出口 1000 个单位的 X 可以换得 2000 个单位的 Y。贸易三角形即可划出。
3.答：不是否定，而是相互补充。 4.答：保罗·克鲁格曼的贡献主要是对贸易模式和经济活动的区位等新贸易 理论的发展。1979 年克鲁格曼在《国际经济学杂志》发表了一篇经典论文《规 模报酬递增、垄断竞争和国际贸易》，论证了资源相似的两国也可以进行国际 贸易，且贸易可以发生在同一行业。克鲁格曼加入了规模经济、消费者喜好消 费的多样性等因素。1991 年克鲁格曼在《政治经济学杂志》上发表了一篇的开
7．自由贸易的利益。A 国稿纸的需求曲线方程为： QD = 350 − 0.5P 。
国际经济学复习课后答案
国际经济学复习课后答案 Last revision date: 13 December 2020.第一章练习与答案1． 为什么说生产和消费只取决于相对价格？ 2．答：经济主体的经济行为考虑的是所有商品的价格，而不是单一价格因素。
3.在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案：是4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5.如果改用Y 商品的过剩供给曲线（B 国）和过剩需求曲线（A 国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：不一定一致，x 商品的价格是Px/Py ，而y 商品的价格是Py/Px. 7.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
8.根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。
第二章答案1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
表1 X 、Y 的单位产出所需的劳动投入A BX Y6 215 12表2 X 、Y 的单位产出所需的劳动投入A B X Y10 45 5答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。
（表2-2（a ）和表2-2（b ）部分的内容）2． 假设A 、B 两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。
表3 X 、Y 的单位产出所需的劳动投入A B X Y4 28 4答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A 国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。
所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。
3． 如果一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么也必具有比较优势吗？ 4．答案提示：不一定，比较优势的确定原则是两优取最优，两劣取最劣。
国际经济学复习题、课后题答案
国际经济学复习指南1、绝对利益：指在某种商品上，一个经济在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一经济，若各个经济都从事自己占有绝对优势商品的生产，继而进行交换，那么双方都可以通过交换得到绝对的利益，从而整个世界也可以获得分工的好处。
2、比较利益：由托伦斯提出、李嘉图发展的国际贸易理论。
认为：即使一个国家生产每种产品都具有最高生产率，处于绝对优势,而另一个国家生产每种产品都处于绝对劣势,只要它们的劳动生产率在不同产品上存在区别,遵循“两利相权取其重,两弊相衡取其轻”的原则,便能从国际分工和贸易中获得利益。
12、幼稚产业：具有比较利益的产业处于幼稚状态，经过保护使之发展，具有现实的比较利益。
穆勒标准：某种产业由于技术不足、生产率低下、成本高于国际市场，无法竞争，在保护下，能够在自有贸易下获利，自我投资发展，即为幼稚产业。
（368 页）13、外汇：是货币行政当局以银行存款、财政部库券和政府证券等形式保有的在国际收支出现逆差时可以用作支付使用的国际支付手段或债权。
14、汇率：汇率是一国货币与其他货币之间的比关系，是外汇在市场中的价格。
汇率有多种表现形式，如固定汇率、浮动汇率、远期汇率、即期汇率等。
28、国际收支：狭义的指的是一国在一定时期内，同其他国家由于贸易、劳务、资本等往来而引起的资产转移。
广义的是指系统记载的在特定时期内，一个经济体与世界其他地方的各项经济交易。
二、简答题与计算题1、试推导贸易乘数公式（395 页）答：1）在开放条件下,对外贸易的增长可以使国民收入成倍增加,贸易乘数探讨对外贸易与国民收入和就业之间的关系,描述了开放经济体系内部出口促进经济增长的动态过程。
2）从总需求角度有Y＝C+I+G+X；从总供给角度有Y＝C+S+T+M；令T＝G,变换: C+I+X＝C+S+M I+X＝S+M设dI为投资增量, dX为出口增量, dS为储蓄增量, dM为进口增量,则有dI+dX＝dS+dM变形后dI+dX＝(dS/dY+dM/dY)dY整理dY＝(dI+dX)×[1/(dS/dY+dM/dY)]若令dS＝dI＝0则有dY＝dX ×[l/(dM/dY)]。
国际经济学练习题及标准答案（内部资料）
国际经济学练习题及标准答案（内部资料）国际经济学练习题及答案(内部资料)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：国际经济学练习题一、判断题1、当开放贸易时，所有消费者的境况都会得到改善。
2、根据简单贸易模型，在贸易发生之前，如果各国的某种商品价格相同，这些国家之间就不会有交换该种商品的动机。
3、如果一国中某生产者通过贸易能使自己的境况得到改善，那么，该国中所有的生产者都会通过贸易来改善自己的境况。
4、在两国间均衡贸易价格条件下，一国对某种商品的过度供给必然与另一国对该商品的过度需求相等。
5、不存在free lunch，但却存在free trade。
6、一国即便在某种商品的生产上具有绝对劣势，它也可以在该商品的生产上具有相对优势。
7、根据H—O理论，一国如果比他国拥有更多英亩的土地，该国便是“土地丰富”的国家。
8、在成本递增的条件下，各国并不一定要完全专业化于一种商品的生产。
9、H—O理论假设各国拥有相同的商品偏好。
10、我们或许可以通过更为细分化的生产要素定义而解决Leontief Paradox。
11、Stolper-Samuelson定理认为，贸易将使丰富要素的所有者得到更低的实际收入，同时使稀缺要素的所有者得到更高的实际收入。
12、如果各国的生产技术相同，贸易便不会使生产要素价格均等化。
13、一国的非技术性工人会比技术性工人更加反对贸易自由化。
14、大国可投资发展进口替代产业而不是出口产业，进而改善本国的贸易条件。
15、按照定义，小国的经济增长将不会使贸易条件发生变化。
16、青春期是一个贫困化增长的好例子。
17、一国生产要素的增长总会使该国更加自给自足，进而减少对国际贸易的依赖。
18、一个与外界隔绝的国家一定会降低其公民的生活水平。
19、产业内贸易在充分竞争性产业中更为盛行。
20、根据H—0理论，各国应进行大量的产业内贸易。
国际经济学试题及答案（题库）
国际经济学试题及答案（题库）国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界范围内的资源配置问题。
2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。
3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。
4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。
5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。
6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。
7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。
第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；李嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。
3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
4、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
6、在李嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。
7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
8、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。
选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、李嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。
国际经济学课后习题答案1-8章
第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡试解释原因。
答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些答案提示：小国。
9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸答案提示：第二章答案1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
国际经济学作业答案-第八章
Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade PolicyMultiple Choice Questions1. Specific tariffs are(a) import taxes stated in specific legal statutes.(b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.(c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.(d) the same as import quotas.(e) None of the above.Answer: B2. Ad valorem tariffs are(a) import taxes stated in ads in industry publications.(b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.(c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.(d) the same as import quotas(e) None of the above.Answer: C3. The excess supply curve of a product we (H) import from foreign countries (F) increases as(a) excess demand of country H increases.(b) excess demand of country F increases.(c) excess supply of country H increases.(d) excess supply of country F increases.(e) None of the above.Answer: D4. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariffin country H(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: Eword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持5. If a good is imported into (small) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff In country H(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and does not affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: B6. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff in country Hin the presence of the Metzler Paradox,(a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”).(b) raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F.(c) lowers the price of the good in both countries.(d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.(e) raises the price of the good in H and lowers it in F.Answer: C7. The effective rate of protection measures(a) the “true” ad valorum value of a tariff.(b) the quota equivalent value of a tariff.(c) the efficiency with which the tariff is collected at the customhouse.(d) the protection given by the tariff to domestic value added.(e) None of the above.Answer: D8. If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift from domesticallyproduced semiconductors to imported components, then the effective rate of protection in the computer industry will(a) increase.(b) decrease(c) remain the same.(d) depend on whether computers are PCs or “Supercomputers.”(e) None of the above.Answer: A9. If the tariff on computers is not changed, but the government then adds hitherto nonexistent tariffs onimported semi-conductor components, then the effective rate of protection in the computer industry will(a) increase.(b) decrease(c) remain the same.(d) depend on whether computers are PCs or “Supercomputers.”(e) None of the above.Answer: B10. If a small country imposes a tariff, then(a) the producers must suffer a loss.(b) the consumers must suffer a loss.(c) the government revenue must suffer a loss.(d) the demand curve must shift to the left.(e) None of the above.Answer: B11. If a large country imposes a tariff, then(a) the producers must suffer a loss.(b) the consumers must suffer a loss.(c) the government revenue must suffer a loss.(d) the demand curve must shift to the left.(e) None of the above.Answer: E12. The imposition of tariffs on imports results in deadweight (triangle) losses. These are(a) production and consumption distortion effects.(b) redistribution effects.(c) revenue effects(d) efficiency effects.(e) None of the above.Answer: E13. Suppose the United States eliminates its tariff on ball bearings used in producing exports. Ball bearingprices in the United States would be expected to(a) increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase.(b) decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase.(c) increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease.(d) decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease.(e) None of the above.Answer: C14. A specific tariff provides home producers more protection when(a) the home market buys cheaper products rather than expensive products.(b) it is applied to a commodity with many grade variations.(c) the home demand for a good is elastic with respect to price changes.(d) it is levied on manufactured goods rather than primary products.(e) None of the above.Answer: Aword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持15. A lower tariff on imported steel would most likely benefit(a) foreign producers at the expense of domestic consumers.(b) domestic manufacturers of steel.(c) domestic consumers of steel.(d) workers in the steel industry.(e) None of the above.Answer: C16. When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country duty free,this generally results in a(an)(a) effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.(b) nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.(c) rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates.(d) fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates.(e) None of the above.Answer: B17. Of the many arguments in favor of tariffs, the one that has enjoyed significant economic justification hasbeen the(a) cheap foreign labor argument.(b) infant industry argument.(c) even playing field argument.(d) balance of payments argument(e) domestic living standard argument.Answer: B18. The main redistribution effect of a tariff is the transfer of income from(a) domestic producers to domestic buyers.(b) domestic buyers to domestic producers.(c) domestic producers to domestic government.(d) domestic government to domestic consumers.(e) None of the above.Answer: B19. The principle benefit of tariff protection goes to(a) domestic consumers of the good produced.(b) foreign consumers of the good produced.(c) domestic producers of the good produced.(d) foreign producers of the good produced.(e) None of the above.Answer: C20. As globalization tends to increase the proportion of imported inputs relative to domestically suppliedcomponents,(a) the nominal tariff automatically increases.(b) the rate of (effective) protection automatically decreases.(c) the nominal tariff automatically decreases.(d) the rate of (effective) protection automatically increases.(e) None of the above.Answer: D21. Which of the following policies permits a specified quantity of goods to be imported at one tariff rateand a higher tariff rate to imports above this quantity?(a) Import tariff(b) Voluntary exports restraint(c) Tariff quota(d) Ad valorum tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: C22. Should the home country be “large” relative to its trade partners, its imposition of a tariff on importswould lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms of the trade rectangle exceed the sum of the(a) revenue effect plus redistribution effect.(b) protective effect plus revenue effect.(c) consumption effect plus redistribution effect.(d) protective distortion effect plus consumption distortion effect.(e) None of the above.Answer: D23. A problem encountered when implementing an “infant industry” tariff is that(a) domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of the tariff.(b) the industry may never “mature.”(c) most industries require tariff protection when they are mature.(d) the tariff may hurt the industry’s domestic sales.(e) None of the above.Answer: B24. Which of the following is a fixed percentage of the value of an imported product?(a) Specific tariff(b) Ad valorem tariff(c) Nominal tariff(d) Effective protection tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: Bword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持25. A tax of 20 cents per unit of imported garlic is an example of a(n)(a) specific tariff.(b) ad valorem tariff.(c) nominal tariff.(d) effective protection tariff.(e) None of the above.Answer: A26. A tax of 20 percent per unit of imported garlic is an example of a(n)(a) specific tariff.(b) ad valorem tariff.(c) nominal tariff.(d) effective protection tariff.(e) None of the above.Answer: B27. Which type of tariff is forbidden in the United States on Constitutional grounds?(a) Import tariff(b) Export tariff(c) Specific tariff(d) Prohibitive tariff(e) None of the above.Answer: B28. The deadweight loss of a tariff(a) is a social loss because it promotes inefficient use of national resources.(b) is a social loss because it reduces the revenue of the government.(c) is not a social loss because it merely redistributes revenue from one sector to another.(d) is not a social loss bacuase it is paid for by rich corporations.(e) None of the above.Answer: A29. Tariffs are not defended on the ground that they(a) improve the terms of trade of foreign nations.(b) protect jobs and reduce unemployment.(c) promote growth and development of young industries.(d) prevent over-dependence of a country on only a few industries.(e) None of the above.Answer: A30. The most vocal political pressure for tariffs is generally made by(a) consumers lobbying for export tariffs.(b) consumers lobbying for import tariffs.(c) consumers lobbying for lower import tariffs.(d) producers lobbying for export tariffs.(e) producers lobbying for import tariffs.Answer: E31. A policy of tariff reduction in the computer industry is(a) in the interest of the United States as a whole and in the interest of computer producing regions ofthe country.(b) in the interest of United States as a whole but not in the interest of computer producing regions ofthe country.(c) not in the interest of the United States as a whole but in the interests of computer producing regionsof the country.(d) not in the interest of the United States as a whole and not in the interests of computer consumers.(e) None of the above.Answer: B32. The fact that industrialized countries levy very low or no tariff on raw materials and semi processedgoods(a) helps developing countries export manufactured products.(b) has no effect on developing country exports.(c) hurts developing country efforts to export manufactured goods.(d) hurts developing country efforts to export raw materials.(e) None of the above.Answer: C33. The Metzler Paradox(a) explains why the United States uses both specific and ad valorum tariffs.(b) explains why the United States uses many none-tariff barriers to imports.(c) refers to the fact that the United States exported labor-intensive goods.(d) is not considered to be of practical application in the real world.(e) None of the above.Answer: D34. The Metzler Paradox(a) could theoretically happen when a small country levies a tariff.(b) refers to a situation when an Optimal Tariff hurts a country’s economic welfare.(c) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff lowers domestic prices.(d) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff helps foreign exporters.(e) None of the above.Answer: Cword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持35. An Optimal Tariff(a) could theoretically happen when a small country levies a tariff.(b) refers to a situation when a tariff hurts a country’s economic welfare.(c) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff lowers domestic prices.(d) refers to a situation when the imposition of a tariff helps foreign exporters.(e) None of the above.Answer: E36. An Optimal Tariff is considered unlikely to be observed in the real world because of(a) The Metzler Paradox.(b) it is practically impossible to define optimality in trade policy terms.(c) the likelihood of foreign repercussions.(d) real countries are considered to be “small” in the world trade context.(e) None of the above.Answer: C37. In an inflationary environment, then over time(a) A specific tariff will tend to raise more revenue than an ad valorum tariff.(b) An ad valorum tariff will tend to raise more revenue than a specific tariff(c) An optimum tariff will tend to raise more revenue than an escalating tariff(d) A tariff quota will tend to raise more revenue than a specific tariff.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B38. The imposition of tariffs will help a nation attain which of the following goals?(a) Decreased domestic consumer prices(b) Increased domestic employment(c) Increased amount and variety of goods available for consumers(d) Increased competition between domestic and foreign producers(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E39. Tariff rates on products imported into the U.S.(a) have dropped substantially over the past 50 years.(b) were prohibited by the constitution(c) reached an all time high in 2002.(d) have risen steadily since 1920(e) None of the aboveAnswer: A40. What is a true statement concerning the imposition in the U.S. of a tariff on steel?(a) It lowers the price of cheese domestically(b) It raises the price of cheese internationally(c) It raises revenue for the government(d) It will always result in retaliation from abroad(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C41. An important difference between tariffs and quotas is that tariffs(a) raise the price of the good(b) generate tax revenue for the government(c) stimulate international trade(d) help domestic producers(e) None of the aboveAnswer: BEssay Questions1. Economic theory in general, and trade theory in particular are replete with equivalencies. For example, itis argued that for any specific tariff one can find an equivalent ad valorum tariff; and that for any quota one can calculate a tariff equivalent. Discuss conditions or situations under which a specific and an ad valorum tariff are not equivalent. Discuss conditions or situations when a tariff and a quota are notequivalent.Answer: E.g., during a period of price inflation, an ad valorum tariff would become increasingly more effective. The government does not receive any of the quota revenues, unless the importlicenses are sold or auctioned.2. The Metzler Paradox is a special case of the optimum tariff concept. Discuss this assertion. Would theoptimum tariff tend to be a high one or a low one in the case where this paradox exists? What conditions would be needed in the international ma rkets for a country’s exports for this paradox to exist? Why do you suppose empirical support for the existence of this paradox has not been forthcoming to date?Answer: The Metzler Paradox describes an unlikely situation in which the imposition of a tariff not only improves a country’s welfare, but also improves that of its domestic consumers. If thisparadox were present then the magnitude of the optimum tariff would tend to be large, sincethe welfare decreasing decrease in imports is not present in this case (the imports actuallyincrease, as world prices drastically drop). The Metzler Paradox could occur only if theforeign offer curves are inelastic. It is not likely to be observed because trade elasticities tendto be relatively large. Also, were it to exist, its activation by a large country would tend toevoke foreign retaliation.3. Some argue that tariffs always hurt the imposing country’s economic welfare, and are typically designedto shift resources from one sector to another, protected or preferred one, within an economy. Find and discuss a counterexample to this argument.Answer: The optimum tariff is theoretically a first-best trade policy.word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持4. The effective rate of protection is a weighted average of nominal tariffs and tariffs on imported inputs. Ithas been noted that in most industrialized countries, the nominal tariffs on raw materials or intermediate components or products are lower than on final-stage products meant for final markets. Why wouldcountries design their tariff structures in this manner? Who tends to be helped, and who is harmed by this cascading tariff structure?Answer: The cascading tariff structure is probably the result of systematic lobbying on the part of manufacturing interests and lobbies to lower costs of production (in terms of imported inputs).The end result is in fact to create effective rates of protection for downstream, or finalmanufacturing processes that are often much higher than nominal tariffs on these products. Animportant group, which is hurt by this are exporters of raw materials and components indeveloping countries.5. The two deadweight triangles are the Consumption distortion and Production distortion losses. It is easyto understand why the Consumption distortion constitutes a loss for society. After all it raises the prices of goods to consumers, and even causes some consumers to drop out of the market altogether. It seems paradoxical that the Production distortion is considered an equivalent burden on society. After all, in this case, profits increase, and additional production (with its associated employment) comes on line. This would seem to be an offset rather than an addition to the burden or loss borne by society. Explain why the Production distortion is indeed a loss to society, and what is wrong with the logic that leads to the apparent paradox.Answer: The Production Distortion represents an inefficient shift of society’s resources to produce a good, which it could not sell profitably at world prices. Since (with full employment assumed)these resources were formerly used to produce export goods, which could compete profitably,the net result is a loss in real income to the country.6. It is argued that a tariff may help promote employment in a single industry, but is not likely to helpemployment in general. Discuss.Answer: A general tariff on all imports is equivalent to a depreciation in the value of the country’s currency. It would raise the prices of all imports, and have a considerable income effect. Thisincome effect will have a negative effect on total consumption of the import-competing sector(as well as the exportables and non-tradables). In addition, under conditions of a flexibleexchange rate regime (assuming the Marshal-Lerner Conditions hold) it will lower the supplyof the country’s currency in the foreign exchange market, and hence cause an appreciation ofthe currency. This will harm the country’s exports, and negatively affect this sector’semployment.Quantitative/Graphing Problems1. In the Figure above, in the absence of Trade how many Widgets does this country produce and consume?Answer: 602. In the absence of trade what is the country’s consumer plus producer surplus?Answer: $180, $1803. With free trade and no tariffs, what is the quantity of Widgets imported?Answer: 1004. With a specific tariff of $3 per unit, what is the quantity of Widget imports?Answer: 805. The loss of Consumer Surplus due to the tariff equalsAnswer: $2306. The lowest specific tariff which would be considered prohibitive isAnswer: $5。
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名词解释
1、生产者剩余：是指生产者愿意接受的价格和实际接受的价格之间的差额。
2、罗伯津斯基定理：罗伯津斯基定理是指在生产两种产品的情况下，如果商品的国际比价保持不变，
一种生产要素增加所导致的密集使用该生产要素的产品产量增加，会同时减少另外一种产品的产量。
3、机会成本：为生产一单位的某一产品所必须放弃的其他产品的产出量。
4、产品生命周期：产品生命周期是指产品经历发明、应用、推广到市场饱和、产品衰落，进而被其他
产品所替代四个阶段。
5、边际转换率：生产可能性曲线斜率的绝对值，反映了X的变化量所引起的Y的变化量。
6、边际替代率：是指一国在同一条社会无差异曲线上为保持同等效用，多消费一单位X而必须放弃Y
的数量。
7、绝对利益（绝对优势）：在某种商品的生产上，一个经济体在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生
产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一个经济体。
8、悲惨的增长：当一国生产要素增加使产品出口增加时，该国的出口收入不但没有增加，反而减少了，
这是由于贸易条件的恶化造成的。
9、特定要素：短期内在不同部门间不能自由流动的要素。
10、贸易转移：贸易转移是指产品从过去进口自较低生产成本国转向从较高成本国进口的过程和现象。
11、国际分工：既世界各国间的劳动分工，是社会分工跨越国界发展的结果。
12、贸易创造：贸易创造是指产品从生产成本较高的国内生产转向较低成本的关税同盟中贸易对象国生
产，本国从贸易对象国进口的一种过程和现象，贸易创造对于经济发展有积极的促进意义。
13、开放的区域经济一体化：是新型区域经济合作形式，其特征是非机制性、渐进性、开放性、单边行
动和集体行动相结合。
14、市场内部化：市场内部化是指企业为减少交易成本，减少生产和投资风险，而将该跨国界的各交易
过程变成企业内部的行为。
15、国际收支：指的是一国在一定时期内（一般为一年），同其他国家由于贸易、劳务、资本等往来而
引起的资产转移。
16、经常项目：是国际收支平衡表中最基本的项目，它记录的是一国国际经济交易的主要内容，包括居
民与非居民间发生的所有涉及经济价值的交易，主要有商品、服务、收入和经常转移四个子项目。
17、资本项目：主要包括资本转移和非生产性非金融资产的获取或处置。
18、购买力平价：购买力平价是指两种货币之间的汇率决定于它们单位货币购买力之间的比例。
19、外汇汇率：是本国货币与其他货币之间的比价关系,是外汇在市场中的价格
20、贸易乘数：在开放条件下，对外贸易的增长可以带动国民经济成倍增加，这种贸易促进增长的倍数
关系即为对外贸易乘数。
简答题
1、一个没有贸易的假想世界有哪些条件？
答：（1）两国相同商品的生产函数相同；
（2）两国的相对要素禀赋相同；
（3）两国的消费偏好相同；
（4）规模收益不变；
（5）两国的商品市场和要素市场都是完全竞争市场。
2、简述出口补贴对出口国经济的影响。
(1）出口补贴有利于出口规模的扩大，有利于增加生产者剩余。
(2）出口补贴减少了消费者剩余。
(3）增加了政府财政支出。
(4）出口补贴使一国经济福利净损失。
3、简述发展中国家汇率制度的主要特征。
答：(1)采取钉住汇率制度，即本国货币钉住主要发达国家货币，保持汇率相对固定。
(2)实施外汇管制。
(3)本国货币不能自由兑换外国货币。
4、试述世界贸易组织的基本原则。
(1）非歧视原则；
(2）贸易自由化原则；
(3）可预见原则；
(4）促进公平竞争原则；
(5）鼓励发展与改革原则。
5、简述倾销的含义及其构成条件。
答：倾销是指出口商以低于本国国内价格或成本向国外销售商品的行为。
条件：(1)进口国生产同类产品的企业是否受到低价冲击，以使其市场份额明显减少；
(2)进口国同类企业的利润水平是否明显降低；
(3)是否威胁进口国新兴工业的建立。
6、简述恩格尔定理对国际贸易的意义。
(1）恩格尔定律是指随着收入水平的提高，收入中用于食品等必需品的支出比例减少，用于非必需品的比重上升。
(2）随着世界收入水平的提高，奢侈品及消费品和耐用消费品的需求增长快，有利于生产这些产品的国家出口。
(3）收入水平的提高，不利于农业生产国的发展，不利于食品等的出口。
7、政府调节国际收支的政策和措施有哪些？
答：（1）外汇缓冲政策。
（2）需求管理政策。
（3）直接管制政策。
（4）汇率调整政策。
（5）国际收支调节政策的国际协调。
8、早期和晚期的重商主义的异同何在？
答：重商主义者认为，货币是国民财富的唯一形态，只有国际贸易才会增加一国财富。
早期的重商主义是一种将货币禁锢在国内以实现积累货币使国家致富目的的思想。
晚期的重商主义是以保护贸易出超为目标的主张。
9、出口补贴发挥作用的限制因素有哪些？
答：①本国的财政状况
②出口商品的生产潜力
③出口商品在国内的供给价格弹性
④在国际市场上的需求价格弹性
⑤进口国对出口补贴的态度。
10、外汇市场及其主要功能?
外汇市场是交易主体买卖外汇的场所和进行外汇交易关系系统的总和。
它的主要功能包括：①国际清算；②套期保值；③外汇投机。
11、决定和影响短期汇率变动的主要因素是什么?
①相对利率的高低；
②货币供应量；
③政府或中央银行汇率政策和其它干预行为；
④心理预期因素；
⑤信息因素；
⑥国际上政治、军事等方面的因素也会在短期内对汇率变动产生影响。
12、官方储备由哪几部分组成？
①货币化黄金；
②特别提款权；
③外汇；
④国际货币基金组织的储备头寸。
论述题
1、为什么中国在贸易自由化的初期往往采取货币贬值的汇率政策？你如何理解它？
答：贸易自由化必须建立在扩大出口的基础上。
因为随着本国市场的逐步开放，必然有大量的商品流入本国市场，如果在进口不断增加的同时，没有出口的增加，进口国为支付进口所需要的资金差额会不断增加，造成入不付出。
在此情况下，该国政府不得不限制进口，从而断送贸易自由化的连续性。
另一方面，商品的大量进口可能挤垮国内竞争力比较弱的企业或产业，结果失业人数可能增加，当这些失业人口不能被出口行业的扩展所吸收时，退回到保护贸易的呼声或社会压力就会增高。
为了使贸易自由化能够成为一个持久的政策选择，政府应该在实施贸易自由化的过程中尽可能减缓自由化带来的冲击，因此在实行贸易自由化的过程中，要配合一些其他的鼓励出口、限制进口的政策措施。
在这种措施中，最简便的是本国货币对外贬值。
2、“地区经济一体化组织对参加国总是有益的，而对不参加的国家也不会造成损失。
”请对上述观点进行
分析。
答：地区经济一体化组织对参加国并非总是有益的，要视具体情况而定。
以关税同盟为例。
如果一国未来的关税同盟伙伴国的生产成本不高于世界价格，则该国参加关税同盟总是有益的，因为这时有贸易开辟效应而没有贸易转移效应。
但是如果未来伙伴国的生产成本高于世界价格，则会同时出现贸易开辟和贸易转移两种效应。
如果贸易转移效应大于贸易开辟效应，则其参加关税同盟可能会有损失。
当然，如果考虑到组成关税同盟后的动态效应，则问题就会更加复杂。
但有一点是确定的，那就是一国参加地区经济一体化组织并不总是得益的，也可能会有损失。
地区经济一体化组织对不参加的国家也有可能造成损失。
仍以关税同盟为例。
如果其他国家结成了关税同盟后产生贸易转移效应，使得原来从该国进口的商品改为从同盟成员国进口，则留在同盟外的国家就有可能受损。
如果同盟内部因为结成同盟而扩大市场，产生更强的竞争能力和规模效应，则留在外面的国家更有可能受损。
3、为什么发达国家的保护大部分集中在农业和服装业这两个部门？
答：农业。
因为在发达国家，农民通常都是一个组织良好和具有强大政治影响力的群体，他们一直能够从政府那里得到相当高的有效保护。
比如，欧洲的共同农业政策使得大量的欧洲农产品价格达到世界市场的2倍－3倍；日本政府有传统的大米进口禁令，该禁令使得日本国内的大宗食品价格超过国际市场的5倍，由于90年代中期的歉收，日本政府才稍微放松了禁令，但到1998年底，尽管遭到其他国家包括美国在内的抗议，日本还是决定对大米进口征收1000%的关税。
服装业。
服装工业由两部分组成：纺织品（纺纱和织布）和服装。
这两个行业，尤其是服装加工业，一直受到发达国家政府的关税和进口配额的有力保护。
目前它们在为许多国家制定了进出口的配额多边纺织品协议的管辖之下。
服装加工业有两个显著特征。
首先，它是个劳动密集型的行业：一个工人只需要很少的资本投入，有时甚至一台缝纫机就可工作，也不需要接受广博的正规教育。
其次，服装加工业要求的技术非常简单：技术能轻易转移到任何贫穷的国家。
因此服装加工业在低工资国家具有的比较优势而在高工资国家则处于明显的比较劣势。
但是在发达国家，服装加工业具有组织性强的传统，例如，很多美国服装加工业的工人就属于国际妇女时装工会。