语言学练习题1

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(完整版)语言学练习题及答案

练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ə ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech’s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy”they are synonyms but they have different______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words “dog” and “read” are called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which are called_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word “math” is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settingsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.195719. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.” belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of gov ernment.3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. “The boy smiled” has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don’t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I’m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech. 22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!”What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purely linguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。

语言学概论-试题及答案

《语言学概论》练习1参考答案（导言、第一章、第二章)一、填空1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度和希腊－罗马。

2、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。

3、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵语。

4、文字、音韵、训诂是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。

5、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。

6、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。

7、儿童语言习得一般经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段,这是儿童学话的关键两步。

8、说出的话语句子是无限的,但无限多的句子都是由有限的词和规则组装起来的。

9、符号包括形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。

10、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是语言符号的基本性质.11、心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。

12、语言系统二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。

13、组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系。

14、动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官.二、问答题。

1、为什么说语言学是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁？从语言学发展的历史来看，语言学首先深受哲学、逻辑学等历史悠久的人文学科思想方法的影响，后来语言学摆脱对传统人文学科的附庸地位成为独立的学科后，受到许多自然科学研究的影响。

比如，19世纪，历史比较语言学的语言观念和研究方法深受生物学的影响；20世纪初的语言结构思想与科学的整体论思想密切相关;生成语言学受数学、逻辑学影响；等等。

与此同时,其他学科也开始从语言学理论中汲取有益的思想观念。

20世纪的社会学、人类学、文学批评等都深受结构主义语言学的影响。

从19世纪后期开始，现代语言学的研究理念在很大程度上接受了物理学等自然科学的方法论原则，一些学者甚至提出语言学是一门自然科学.但另一方面，语言学又从未割断与传统人文学科的联系。

语言学的这一特点在很大程度上源于语言现象的独特性。

语言既具有社会属性，又是人类天赋的能力,既是贮存人类已有文明的宝库，又是人类新的精神创造的依托。

（完整版）语言学练习题（附答案）Chapter1Language

（完整版）语言学练习题（附答案）Chapter1LanguageChapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Whichfunction does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in alanguage are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English touse horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used todescribe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds ina language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are orat least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that hadoccurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a geneti c one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in anattempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than forexchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstra te his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer —in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order toacquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinctmeanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to createendless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) Th e term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real ornot real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view ofthe sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。

(完整版)语言学练习题(附答案)Chapter1Language

Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。

语言学练习（一,二）

语言学练习（一,二）Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 2Multiple choices (3*15=45?)1. Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe English consonants?A. voicelessB. oralC. alveolarD. lateral2. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?A. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeB. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.C. Allophones distinguish meaning.D. Allophones are language-specific.3. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. matB. mudC. dotD. boot4. Phoneticians adopt the following standards in describing English consonants. Which of the following is NOT correct about [s] sound?A. fricativeB. voicelessC. alveolarD. affricate5. The syllabic structure of “blade” can be described as______.A. CCVCB. CCVCVC. CVCD. CVCV6. _______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. AssimilationD. Metathesis7. Assimilation includes the following phenomena except________.A. nasalizationB. palatalizationC. dentalizationD. transmutation8. Which of the following statements is correct? ( )A. Diacritics added to letter-symbols bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone can do.B. The lips are the most flexible part in articulation, only secondary to tongue.C. The [e] sound in English is a front, semi-close, unrounded, tense vowel.D. Minimal pairs are created in order to show the distinctive value of one phone.9. Which is not a suprasegmental feature? ( )A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. conjuncture10. About phone, phoneme and allophone, which statement is wrong? ( )A. Phones are speech sounds we actually hear and produce during linguistic communication.B. Phones do not necessarily have distinctive values but phonemes do.C. Allophones in some cases also have distinctive values.D. Phones in complementary distribution are not necessarily allophones.11. Which one is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [?]C. [e]D. [I]12. _____ doesn?t form a minimal pair.A. meter-metreB. ill-isC. pad-patD. ton-tongue13. Conventionally, a ____ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme14. In the word______, [l] is velarized.A. leadB. stealC. lethalD. glide15. There are ____ syllables and _____ phonemes in the wordgentlemanly.A. 4, 9B. 3, 10C. 4, 10D. 3, 9Blank-filling (2*10=20?)16. If a sound can be a substitute for the other in a word in the same environment without changing the meaning, the two sounds are in__________ _________ (two words).17. The maximal numbers of consonants in coda position and onset position are respectively _____ and_____ (e.g. ________ and _______).18. The [g] sound is silent in design and paradigm but present in their corresponding forms signature and paradigmatic. This is due to a _______ rule which could be stated as: when occurring before a final consonant, a[g] sound is not pronounced.19. In terms of places of articulation, [θ] and [e ] can be classified into the category _______.20. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit which has distinctive value.21. When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _______. True or false (T for true and F for false 1*10=10?)22. Linguists are concerned with all the sounds produced by the human speech organs. ( )23. English has four basic types of intonation. ( )24. Suprasegmental features cannot distinguish meaning. ( )25. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not. ( )26. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception ofspeech sounds. ( )27. The stress can be laid on different syllables of a word, resulting in different meanings. ( )28. Because of assimilation, the negative forms of legal and possible are illegal and impossible. ( )29. All vowels are voiceless. ( )30. [m] sound is both a labiodental and a nasal. ( )31. The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. ( )Brief definitions (3*5=15?)32. phonology33. articulatory phonetics34. complementary distributionSound Description (2*5=10?)Describe the following speech sounds according to the criteria that we have learnt.35. [Λ]____________________________________________36. [ j ]____________________________________________37. [d?]____________________________________________38. [ h ]____________________________________________39. [ I ]____________________________________________Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 1Multiple choices (4*10=40?)1.Which of the following does not fall into the core of linguistics?A. phoneticsB. syntaxC. sociolinguisticsD. semantics2.Of the following statements, which is incorrect?A.Applied linguistics in a narrow sense refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching.B.The study of language variation in terms of gender and psychology belongs to the category ofpsycholinguistics.C.Modern linguistics takes a descriptive attitude rather than a prescriptive one in language study.D.The ultimate goal of language is not just to generate grammatically well-formed sentences but to createmeaningful sentences.3.Which of the following statements are problematic?A.Modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective, which seeks to describe the language people actually use.B.According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of acommunity, while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.C. A diachronic approach in modern linguistics is given priority over a synchronic one.D.N. Chomsky thinks what a linguist should study is an ideal speaker’s performance instead of his competence.4.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in some different ways except ____.A.Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is laying down rules of “correctness”.B.Spoken language is given prominence, not the written language in modern linguistics. The situation wasreverse in traditional grammar.C.Traditional grammar only examined one aspect of language while modern linguistics studies language in a comprehensive way.D.Modern linguists are opposed to the notion that any one language can provide an adequate framework for all others while traditional grammarians proposed a universal framework.5.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”--The famous quotation from Shakespeare's playRomeo and Juliet demonstrates that language and objects in physical world are associated by _____.A. conventionB. rulesC. arbitrarinessD. symbols6.Choose correct statements about arbitrariness of language.______/doc/fd6908020.html,nguage is not entirely arbitrary.B.Onomatopoeic words in language are motivated.C.Some compounds in language are not formed entirely arbitrarily.D.Different sounds may refer to the same object in different languages.7. A professor is employing the _____ function when he says, “Next, I will explain what …Paleozoic? means.”A. referentialB. conativeC. metalinguisticD. poetic8.Human language can be used to refer to situations removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.This design feature is called _____.A. productivityB. displacementC. discretenessD. duality 9.According to Halliday, when we use language to organize our experience of the real or imaginary world, we are performing the _____ function of language.A. textualB. interpersonalC. ideationalD. evaluative10.We can understand abstract words like happiness and motivation. This shows language has the propertyof _______.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacementTrue or false (T for true and F for false) (4*6=24?)11. Recursiveness, as seen in some sentences, well illustrates the creativity of language. ( )12. Some animal communication systems do show the feature of duality. ( )13. The sentence “I like the idea that Joseph proposed at the conference” shows referential function of language.( )14. Human child must learn a specific language after s/hewas born though genetically endowed with the ability to learn. ( )15. The distinction between syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation was made by N. Chomsky. ( )16. A linguistic study is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language. ( )Brief Definitions17. What is language? (6’)18. What is called general linguistics? (10’)Thought-provoking Question (20’)19. Is it necessary to make a distinction between speech and writing in linguistic study? Why?。

语言学概论练习题1-4套 (1)

语言学概论试题(1)一、填空1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（根词/基本词汇）。

2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的（辅助）交际工具。

•3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的（语文学），通称为“小学”。

4、英语属于印欧语系的（日耳曼）语族的西部语支。

•5、是否能够（独立/自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。

6、语言发展的主要特点是（渐变性）和（不平衡性）。

二、选择题••••••1、中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ）••Ａ、文字学Ｂ、语音学••Ｃ、词汇学Ｄ、语法学•2、汉语属于（B）•Ａ、屈折语Ｂ、词根语•Ｃ、多式综合语Ｄ、粘着语•3、一种语言中数量最少的是（B）••Ａ、音素Ｂ、音位••Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音节•4、文字的前身是（C）••Ａ、结绳记事Ｂ、手势••Ｃ、图画记事Ｄ、实物记事•5、派生词中包含（B）••Ａ、词尾Ｂ、词根••Ｃ、虚词Ｄ、根词•6、语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（C）••Ａ、音素Ｂ、义素••Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音位7、汉语“忽然”出现的位置是（C）••Ａ、主语位置Ｂ、谓语位置••Ｃ、状语位置Ｄ、定语位置8、以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（D）•••Ａ、土话Ｂ、客家话•••Ｃ、客套话Ｄ、黑话9、下列语素中属于自由语素的是（C）•••Ａ、初Ｂ、视•••Ｃ、人Ｄ、民能够独立成词，也能够同别的语素组合成词语的语素叫自由语素。

例如：人——人们、人民、人类、人生、众人、强人……电——电灯、电话、电影、电视、闪电、静电……10、在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，•具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（D）••Ａ、转换关系Ｂ、组合关系••Ｃ、层级关系Ｄ、聚合关系三、试以国际音标标出下列各词的读音1、优秀2、维持3、宏观4、精神5、离开四、用义素分析法分析下列各组词1、瞻仰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +崇敬地]鸟瞰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +向下]2、生[+存在状态 +开始或继续]死[+存在状态 +结束]五、简答题1、指出汉语普通话a音位的几个条件变体，描述其发音特点和出现条件。

语言学练习题(打印版)

语言学练习题（打印版）一、选择题1. 语言学是研究语言的科学。

以下哪项不是语言学的研究内容？- A. 语言的起源- B. 语言的演变- C. 语言的语法规则- D. 语言的数学模型2. 下列哪项属于语音学的研究范畴？- A. 单词的意义- B. 语音的产生和感知- C. 语言的社会功能- D. 语言的书写系统3. 语义学是研究语言意义的学科。

以下哪项不是语义学的研究内容？ - A. 单词的意义- B. 句子的意义- C. 语言的音韵学- D. 语言的语境对意义的影响二、填空题1. 语言的最小意义单位是________。

2. 语言学中，研究语言结构的学科称为__________学。

3. 语言的音位变化规律属于__________学的研究范畴。

三、简答题1. 描述语言学中的“语言功能”。

2. 解释“语言的同化”现象。

四、论述题1. 论述语言与文化之间的关系。

2. 讨论语言在全球化背景下的变迁。

五、实践题1. 选择一种你感兴趣的语言，并分析其语音系统的特点。

2. 从你熟悉的语言中挑选一个词，探讨其在不同语境中的意义变化。

答案一、选择题1. D2. B3. C二、填空题1. 语素2. 结构3. 音系三、简答题1. 语言功能是指语言在社会交往中所承担的不同角色和用途。

它包括但不限于表达思想、情感、意图，交流信息，以及在特定社会文化背景下的交际行为。

2. 语言的同化是指在语言接触过程中，一种语言的某些语音、词汇或语法特征被另一种语言所吸收和整合，从而使得两种语言在某些方面趋于相似的现象。

四、论述题1. 语言与文化是相互影响、相互塑造的。

语言不仅是文化的载体，也是文化的重要组成部分。

语言反映了一个社会的历史、价值观、习俗和思维方式，而文化则通过语言得以传承和发展。

2. 全球化背景下，语言的变迁主要表现在语言的传播、借用和融合。

随着国际交流的增加，一些语言的影响力扩大，而一些语言可能会逐渐消失或被边缘化。

同时，语言的标准化和规范化也在不断发展，以适应全球化的需求。

《语言学概论》练习题参考答案

《语⾔学概论》练习题参考答案《语⾔学概论》练习题⼀参考答案⼀、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1.《正名篇》；2.巴利、薛施霭、1916；3.⼈类最重要的交际⼯具、符号结构体系4.1888；5.模糊性；6.定型性；7.虚词8.《读写技巧》9.奥斯汀10.领⾳ 11.图画、字符12.词汇歧义、组合歧义13.壮侗、苗瑶、藏缅14.《说⽂解字》；15.语⾔决定论、语⾔相对论； 16.条件变体、⾃由变体；17.柴门霍夫；18.谓词；19.亲属语⾔；20.词根语、屈折语⼆、单项选择题（每⼩题1分，共10分）1.①；2.③；3.③；4.④；5.③；6.③；7.②；8.①；9.①；10.①11.④；12.④；13.④；14.②；15.②；16.①；17.③；18.③；19.①；20.②21.②；22.④；23.④；24.①；25.①；26.④；27.③；28.②；29.②；30.①三、多项选择（每⼩题2分，共10分）1.①④⑤；2.①②③；3.①②③④⑤；4.①③；5.①②③④⑤6.①②④⑤；7.②③④；8.①②③；9.③⑤；10.①②③⑤11.②③④；12.①②③；13.①②③④⑤；14.①②③④；15.①②③④⑤四、术语解释题（每⼩题2分，共10分）1.语⾔学：语⾔学就是专门以语⾔为研究对象的⼀门独⽴的科学。

语⾔学的任务就是研究语⾔的性质、功能、结构及其运⽤等问题，揭⽰语⾔存在和发展的规律，使⼈们理解并掌握语⾔的理性知识。

2.⾳位：⾳位是某种具体语⾔或⽅⾔⾥能够区别词、语素的语⾳形式和意义的最⼩的语⾳类型单位。

3.虚词：虚词没有实在的词汇意义，位置固定，数量封闭，可分为助词、介词、语⽓词、连词等，⼀般不充当句法成分。

4.象形⽂字: 象形⽂字是⼀种⽤简化了的图形来描摹事物的表意⽂字。

象形⽂字是在图画记事的基础上产⽣的，因此带有明显的图形性质和特征。

如古埃及⽂字、中国的部分甲⾻⽂以及古代克⾥特（⽶诺）⽂字和中美洲的古玛雅⽂字都是象形字。

语言学练习题1

姓名学号提醒：以学号作文件名，《语言学刚要》（修订版）练习与思考题（一）说明：以下题目来自王洪君《语言学刚要学习指导书》并略作调整导言一、名词解释语言学语文学普通语言学共时语言学历史语言学二、填空1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度、希腊-罗马。

2、语言学是19世纪成为独立的学科，其标志是历史比较语言学。

3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。

4、语言交际过程可分为编码–发送–传递–接受–解码五个阶段。

5、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵文。

6、音韵学、文字学、训诂学是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。

三、判断正误（正确的在题号后的括号内打“√”，错误的打“×”。

）1、语文学主要是研究古代的口语和书面语。

（×）2、语言有自身结构的独立性，与系统外的社会环境没有关系。

（×）3、理论语言学是研究语言一般规律的，不受具体语言研究影响。

（×）4、语言形式和内容的关系是语言研究的根本问题。

（√）四、思考题1、语言与人类社会生活有哪些密切关联？答：一、语言是一种社会现象，和人类社会有紧密的联系，语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素。

人与人之间的联系得靠语言来维持，没有语言，人与人之间的联系就会中断，社会就会解体。

二、语言在社会中最基本的功能是信息传递功能，这一功能体现在语言上就是内容的表达，信息的传递就是人与人之间交流的基本方式。

通过信息的交流，人们才可以在社会中彼此分享各自的经验感知，更好地分工协作。

三、语言可以建立或保持某种社会关联，就是语言的人际互动功能。

互动包括两个方面，一个是说话者在说话中表达自己的情感、态度、意图，另一方面这些又对受话者施加了影响，得到相应的语言或者行动上的反馈，从而达到某种实际效果。

2、语文学研究有哪些特征?答：语文学是从文献角度研究语言文学学科的总称，它以文献评审为主，目的在于解释、注疏和考订。

3、语言学学科内部都有哪些研究分类？如何看待它们之间的关系?答:分类：一、具体语言学和普通语言学；二、共时语言学和历时语言学；三、理论语言学和应用语言学；四、微观语言学和宏观语言学；五、内容语言学和外部语言学；六、结构语言学和建构语言学；4、为什么说语言学是一门基础学科？答：语言学和多种学科有着密切的联系，语言学是一门领先的科学，是沟通社会科学和自然科学的桥梁。

普通语言学试题1

16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.
A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation
C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic
5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows: .( )
A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask
C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones
3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( )
11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.
( )25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.

语言学习题1

Chapter oneMultiple Choice1. ____________, Father of modern linguistics, is known for his Course in General Linguistics.A. SassureB. ChomskyC. LeechD. Firth2. The traditional grammar rules like You should never use a double-negative are technically known as ______________.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. connotativeD. denotative3. The fact that human beings use languages to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication is referred to ______________ of language.A. displacementB. metalanguageC. dualityD. arbitrariness4. Which of the following pairs was proposed by Chomsky?A. langue and paroleB. etic and emicC. synchronic and diachronicD. competence and performance5. Macrolinguistics includes all the branches EXCEPT _____________.A. sociolinguisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. pragmaticsD. computational linguistics6. The functions of language DOES NOT consist of ____________.A. informativeB. emotiveC. performativeD. prescriptive7. The fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning is technically known as _______________.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. creativityD. displacement8. _________ made the important distinction between langue and parole.A. SaussureB. MalinowskyC. HallidayD. Chomsky9. What kind of function does the sentence “How do you do?” have?A. InformativeB. EmotiveC. Recreational D Phatic communion10. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. psycholinguistic D descriptive11. The term ___________ may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronic linguisticsB. comparative linguisticsC. diachronic linguisticsD. applied linguistics12.The Chinese phrase “茶，上茶，上好茶；坐，请坐，请上座” is an example of _____________ of human language.A. phatic communionB. emotive functionC. interpersonal functionD. metalingual function13. Which of the following is the major role played by human language?A. Emotive.B. Interpersonal.C. Performative.D. Informative.14. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called____________.A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission15. Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest16. The function of the sentence “Water bo ils at 100 degree Centigrad e” is .A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative17. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human ______.A.contactmunicationC.relationmunity18. ______ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.Sense relationD.Concept19. _______ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.A. DualityB. ArbitrarinessC. CreativityD. Displacement20. Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A.sociological…psychologicalB.applied… pragmaticC.psychological…sociologicalD. semantic …linguistic21. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable22. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas23. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is_________. A. arbitrary B. non-arbitrary C. logical D. non-productive24. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above25. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language26. “I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of __ ___.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement27. “Don’t end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of ____ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformationalD. functional28. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an ( every year be safe and happy), what the function of this idiom among the functions of language?A. InformativeB. InterpersonalC. PerformativeD. PhaticFill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called as_____________ study of language.2. L____________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while theparole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.3. In modern linguistics, s________ study seems to enjoy priority over d_______ study. The reason is that successful studies of various states of a language would be the foundations of a historical study.4. Chomsky defines “competence “as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.5. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consistsof two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.6. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.7. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is calleds________.8. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.9. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of suchapplications is generally known as a________ linguistics.10. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.11. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.12. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This famous quotation from Shakespeare illustrates that language has the design feature of .13. Halliday’s metafunctions include.Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.1. According to Chomsky, competence instead of performance should be studied in linguistics.2. Duality is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.3. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.4. When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informative function.5. Descriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved.6. Language is arbitrary by nature but it is not completely arbitrary.7. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.8. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.9. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.10. We use the word “word” to talk about a word, we can talk about “talk”, we can think about “thinking”, this shows that language has a metalingual function.11. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.12. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.13. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.14. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.15. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.16. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.17. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.18. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.19. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.20. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.21 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the oral language.22. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.23. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.Define the following terms.Linguistics 2. Phonology 3. Syntax 4. Pragmatics 5. Semantics 6. Language 7. Phonetics 8. Morphology 9.Arbitrariness 10. Displacement 11.Duality 12. Design Features 13. Competence 14 Performance 15. Langue16. Parole Rewrite each of the following lists of words into natural order.（1）Five /the /fresh /potatoes（2）Pretty /American /girls /the two（3）Airlines /brand /France-made /new /the two（4）Fashions /Chinese /the /latest /three（5）Beginning /hardworking /two /the /workersAnswer the following questions in details.1. Why do linguists say language is human specific?2. How you understand arbitrariness in human languages?3. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?4. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?5. How do you understand competence and performance ?。

语言学作业1

1. The distinction between parole and langue was made by （2006）A. HollidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure2. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue3. ___ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole4. ______ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics5. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics6. Linguistics is the __scientific________ study of language.7. Modern linguistics is __descriptive________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.8. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __diachronic________ study.9. Saussure put forward two important concepts. ___langue_______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. (T/F)11.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. (T/F)12. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ___record_______ over writing.13. The study of language as a whole is often called __great linguistics_.14. syntax___ studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.15. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive___ ; if it aims to lay down rules for "correct" behaviour, it is said to be prescriptive____.16. Langue refers to the _abstract__ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; parole refers to the _realization__ of langue in actual use.17. What are the main branches of linguistics?Phonetics ,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics。

语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的主要内容是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的规则D. 语言的规则和演变答案：D2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句D. 语素答案：D4. 以下哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 表达思想B. 娱乐C. 教育D. 所有选项答案：D5. 语言学中，研究语言的物理属性的学科是？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 计算语言学D. 语音学答案：D6. 语言的“能指”指的是什么？A. 语言的声音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写形式D. 语言的语法结构答案：A7. 以下哪项属于语言的内部因素？A. 社会环境B. 历史发展C. 语言使用者D. 语言规则答案：D8. 语言的“所指”指的是什么？A. 语言的声音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的书写形式D. 语言的语法结构答案：B9. 语言的“共时研究”和“历时研究”分别指的是什么？A. 同时期的语言研究和不同时期语言的变化研究B. 语言的内部结构研究和语言的外部影响研究C. 语言的规则研究和语言的演变研究D. 语言的语法研究和语言的词汇研究答案：A10. 语言的“方言”和“土语”有何区别？A. 方言是大范围的地域性语言，土语是小范围的地域性语言B. 方言是小范围的地域性语言，土语是大范围的地域性语言C. 方言和土语没有区别D. 方言是书面语言，土语是口头语言答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：语用学2. 语言的“词汇”是由一系列______组成的。

答案：词3. 语言的“句法”是指语言中词和词的组合规则。

答案：语法4. 语言的“语义”是指语言中的词和句子所表达的______。

答案：意义5. 语言学中，研究语言与社会的关系的学科是______。

语言学概要练习题1

(一) 单选题1. 语言的底层是一套()。

(A) 音位(B) 句子(C) 词(D) 语素参考答案：(A)2. 普通语言学研究()。

(A) 个别民族语言的特殊规律。

(B) 个别民族语言的一般规律。

(A) 词汇(B) 语音(C) 文字(D) 语法参考答案：(B)4. 什么样的声音与什么样的意义相结合，取决于约定俗成的社会习惯。

这里的“约定俗成”的内容是()。

(A) 只有任意性(B) 只有强制性(C) 既有任意性，又有强制性(D) 指随意性，也有强制性参考答案：(C)5. 语言符号的内容是()。

(A) 语义(B) 语音(C) 文字(D) 词汇参考答案：(A)6. 语言不具有()。

(A) 社会性(B) 符号性(C) 阶级性(D) 系统性参考答案：(C)7. 人类语言和动物的交际方式()。

(A) 在本质上是一致的(B) 有着本质区别(C) 有不大的差别(D) 基本一样参考答案：(B)8. ()的建立，标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。

(A) 结构主义语言学(B) 历史比较语言学(C) 普通语言学(D) 社会语言学参考答案：(B)9. 在语言符号的分层装置中，最小的音义结合的符号是()。

(A) 音位(B) 句子(C) 词(D) 语素参考答案：(D)10. 语言符号的任意性是指()。

(A)语言符号的创造和使用是任意的。

(B)人们对语言符号的理解是任意的。

(C)语言符号音、义之间的结合是任意的。

(D)语言符号的组合是任意的。

参考答案： (C)11. 下面正确的一项是()。

(A)语言是个人的，言语是社会的。

(B)言语是个人的，语言是社会的。

(C)语言是个人的，又是社会的，而言语是社会的。

(D)言语是个人的，又是社会的；而语言是社会的。

参考答案： (D)12. 语言是()。

(A)说本族语的人理解和构成合乎语法句子的先天能力，是人类先天具有的。

语言学第一章试题及答案

语言学第一章试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究人类语言的科学，它主要研究语言的哪些方面？A. 语音、语法、语义B. 语音、语法、语用C. 语音、语义、语用D. 语法、语义、语用答案：C2. 以下哪个选项不属于语言的组成部分？A. 词汇B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句答案：C4. 语言学的哪一项研究关注语言在社会中的使用？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 语义学答案：C5. 以下哪种语言现象属于语言的演变？A. 音变B. 词义演变C. 句法结构变化D. 所有以上答案：D6. 语言的哪一部分是研究语言的物理属性？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 语音学D. 计算语言学答案：C7. 以下哪个选项是研究语言如何表达意义的学科？A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 语义学D. 句法学答案：C8. 语言学中，研究语言如何随时间变化的学科是什么？A. 历史语言学B. 心理语言学C. 社会语言学D. 计算语言学答案：A9. 以下哪个选项是研究语言的起源和发展的学科？A. 比较语言学B. 心理语言学C. 历史语言学D. 社会语言学答案：C10. 语言学中的“转换生成语法”理论是由谁提出的？A. 弗洛伊德B. 乔姆斯基C. 索绪尔D. 布隆菲尔德答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 语言学的主要分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：语用学2. 语言的三个基本功能是表达思想、______和表达情感。

答案：交流信息3. 语言学中的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由______提出的。

答案：乔姆斯基4. 语言的最小音义结合单位是______。

答案：词5. 语言学研究的两个主要对象是语言和______。

答案：言语三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述语言学的主要研究内容。

答案：语言学主要研究语言的结构、意义、使用和演变等方面，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学等分支。

英语语言学练习题1

英语语言学练习题1英语语言学练习题Chapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks wit h one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky（乔姆斯基）defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages iscalled s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociologica l…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features 57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively aspossible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performanc e. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 Phonology语音体系Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2. 语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussure b. halliday c. Chomsky d. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. halliday d anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音complete obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。

英语语言学试题(1)及答案

英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、 prescriptiveB、 sociolinguisticC、 descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongueD、 vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、 bound morphemeB、 bound formC、 inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、 coordinatorB、 particleC、 prepositionD、 subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、 is synonymous withB、 is inconsistent withC、 entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、 semanticsB、 pragmaticsC、 sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、 elaborationB、 simplificationC、 external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、 Lingua francaB、 CreoleC、 PidginD、 Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、 learningB、 competenceC、 performanceD、 acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains. 29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an OldEnglish word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

语言学练习题1

语言学练习题1《语言学刚要》（修订版）练习与思考题（一）说明：以下题目来自王洪君《语言学刚要学习指导书》并略作调整导言一、名词解释语言学语文学普通语言学共时语言学历史语言学二、填空1、语言学的三大发源地就是中国、印度、希腊-罗马。

2、语言学是19世纪成为独立的学科，其标志是历史比较语言学。

3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。

4、语言交际过程可分为编码c 发送c传递c接受c解码五个阶段。

5、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵文。

6、音韵学、文字学、训诂学就是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。

三、判断正误（正确的在题号后的括号内打“√”，错误的打“×”。

）1、语文学主要是研究古代的口语和书面语。

（×）2、语言存有自身结构的独立性，与系统外的社会环境没关系。

（×）3、理论语言学就是研究语言通常规律的，不受到具体内容语言研究影响。

（×）4、语言形式和内容的关系就是语言研究的显然问题。

（√）四、思考题1、语言与人类社会生活存有哪些紧密关联？答：一、语言是一种社会现象，和人类社会有紧密的联系，语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素。

人与人之间的联系得靠语言来维持，没有语言，人与人之间的联系就会中断，社会就会解体。

二、语言在社会中最基本的功能就是信息传达功能，这一功能彰显在语言上就是内容的抒发，1信息的传达就是人与人之间交流的基本方式。

通过信息的交流，人们才可以在社会中彼此互动各自的经验认知，更好地分工协作。

三、语言可以建立或保持某种社会关联，就是语言的人际互动功能。

2、语文学研究有哪些特征?请问：语文学从文献角度研究语言文学学科的总称，它以文献评审居多，目的是表述、注疏和校勘。

3、语言学学科内部都有哪些研究分类？如何看待它们之间的关系?答:分类：一、具体内容语言学和普通语言学；二、共时语言学和历时语言学；三、理论语言学和应用领域语言学；四、微观语言学和宏观语言学；五、内容语言学和外部语言学；六、结构语言学和建构语言学；4、为什么说语言学是一门基础学科？请问：语言学和多种学科有著紧密的联系，语言学就是一门领先的科学，就是沟通交流社会科学和自然科学的桥梁。

语言学概论练习题1

【练习与思考】一、填空题1、研究语言的结构，主要是研究（）（）（）（）四大部分。

2、我国传统的语文学即“小学”指的是（）（）（）三大部门。

3、（）（）（）具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。

4、（）是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。

5、（）被称为现代语言学之父，他的代表性著作是（）。

6、结构主义语言学在发展中又分出（）（）（）三大主要的学派。

7、美国描写主义学派的代表人物是（），其著作（）是这一学派的奠基性著作。

8、转换生成语言学派的奠基人是美国著名的语言学家（）9、研究某种语言或某种方言的某个结构部分在其发展过程中某一阶段的详细状况的分支学科是（）10、从具体研究对象上看，现代汉语属于理论语言学门类中的（）二、名词解释1、语言学2、小学3、普通语言学4、专语语言学5、共时语言学6、历时语言学7、应用语言学8、社会语言学9、心理语言学10、神经语言学三、思考题1、古代传统的语言研究和今天的语言研究有哪些不同？2、现代语言学的发展经历了哪几个主要时期？其主要的代表流派有哪些？3、为什么说语言学既是一门古老的科学，又是一门年轻的科学？4、广义的应用语言学主要包括哪些门类？参考答案（解题要点）：一、填空题1、语音、词汇、语义、语法2、文字学、音韵学、训诂学3、中国、印度、古罗马－希腊4、历史比较语言学5、索绪尔、《普通语言学教程》6、哥本哈根学派、布拉格学派、美国描写主义学派7、布龙菲尔德、《语言论》8、乔姆斯基9、共时语言学10、个别语言学（具体语言学、专语语言学）二、名词解释1、语言学语言学是以人类所有语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展演变规律。

2、小学指中国传统的语文学，包括研究字形的文字学、研究字音的音韵学、研究字义的训诂学三个方面的内容。

3、普通语言学普通语言学也叫一般语言学，它以人类所有的语言为研究对象，探索各种语言所共有的特性、共同的规律、结构上的共同特点和一般原理。

语言学练习题及答案

语言学练习题及答案练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one‘s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn‘t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say ―How are you.‖ ―Hi‖ to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. ―Tell me the result when you finish.‖ If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [t]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y]B. [t∫]C. [z]D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ]B. [ i ]C. [ou]D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the ―words‖ listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ l? b ]C. [m?sta:∫]D. [lm?p]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957C. 1888D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]‘s in ―[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]‖ , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ?peak‘is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ?speak‘ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech‘s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech‘s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.‖Big‖ and ―Small‖ are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words ―same‖ and ―different‖ are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word ―gentleman‖ can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to ―implication‖ and ―implicature‖. E.g. When we mention about ―women‖, we‘ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, ―thought or reference‖ is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words ―lend‖and ―borrow‖ are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words ―flower/tulip‖ ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words ―railway‖ and ―railroad‖ are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words ―wide/narrow‖ are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of ―Morning Star‖, ―Evening Star‖ and ―Venus‖ is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words ―thrifty, economical, stingy‖they are synonyms but they have different______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. ―Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.‖ The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as ―and‖ ,‖very‖in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, ―sense‖ and ―meaning‖ are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ?bus‘. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one ofthe three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky‘s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky‘s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics iscurrently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word ―woman‖ can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words ―desk and furniture‖?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words ―dog‖ and ―read‖ a re called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which arecalled_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word ―bookish‖ contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words ―make, bus‖ are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word ―math‖ is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence ―He is waiting outside‖ with ―was‖. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represent s a speaker‘s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ?IC‘ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence ―She broke the window with a stone yesterday‖, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammaticalcategories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase ―boys and girls ‖ is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ?facts‘ in daily settin gsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ?the universal grammar‘11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device12. A speaker‘s actual utterance in Chomsky‘sterminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence ―The boy smiled‖?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. ―You sit down‖ is transformed into ―Sit down‖. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book ―Syntactic Structure‖.B.195719. ―A fish is swimming in the pond‖ is transformed into ―There is a fish swimming in the pond‖. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase ―the man about whom I‘ve been talking.‖ belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. ―I‘m a teacher.‖ ―He studies English.‖ describe the form of gov ernment.3. ―Langue‖ is much more stable than ―parole‖. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a ―树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence ― If the weather is nice, we‘ll go out.‖ is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. ―He came back very late last night.‖ The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about ―phonetic‖and ―lexicon components‖, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic –functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. ―The boy smiled‖ has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like ―do sb. in‖. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence ― she has sold it here yesterday. ‖.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. ―I‘ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.‖B. ―Good morning!‖C. ―could you open the window?‖D. ―I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ‖6. A: Let‘s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I‘m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I‘m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It‘s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it‘s not that we don‘t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve‘s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren‘t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don‘t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I‘m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn‘t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50‘s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin‘s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech.22. A(n )‖_____‖ means that some sentences, in the utterance andthe seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice‘s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. ―What a marvelous dinner you cooked!‖What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. ―I swear I have never seen the man before.‖ This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. ―We can do things with words‖ ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. ―I hereby declare war ‖ is the typical utterance of ―speech act theory‖. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types:constatives and performatives. T6. ―Locution‖ means the speaker‘s intention. F7. ―Perlocution‖ is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. ―Can you pass me the salt, please? ‖ is a question, but it isa direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. ―Pragmatics ― is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. ―In Semantics‖ the sentence meaning sh ould be studied. T12.― In pragmatics ‖ the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. ―What‘s that?‖ that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ?purely linguistic knowledge‘ pragmatics concerns all the ?__2A__ofmeaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world‘. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ?complementarism‘. According to Morris‘s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ?the formal relation of signs to one another‘, __4__ is the study of ?the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ‘,and pragmatics is the study of ?the relation of signs to__D5__‘.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。

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姓名学号提醒：以学号作文件名，发送至wangdaoqing2014@《语言学刚要》（修订版）练习与思考题（一）说明：以下题目来自王洪君《语言学刚要学习指导书》并略作调整导言一、名词解释语言学语文学普通语言学共时语言学历史语言学二、填空1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度、希腊-罗马。

2、语言学是19世纪成为独立的学科，其标志是历史比较语言学。

3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。

4、语言交际过程可分为编码–发送–传递–接受–解码五个阶段。

5、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵文。

6、音韵学、文字学、训诂学是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。

三、判断正误（正确的在题号后的括号内打“√”，错误的打“×”。

）1、语文学主要是研究古代的口语和书面语。

（×）2、语言有自身结构的独立性，与系统外的社会环境没有关系。

（×）3、理论语言学是研究语言一般规律的，不受具体语言研究影响。

（×）4、语言形式和内容的关系是语言研究的根本问题。

人与人之间的联系得靠语言来维持，没有语言，人与人之间的联系就会中断，社会就会解体。

二、语言在社会中最基本的功能是信息传递功能，这一功能体现在语言上就是内容的表达，信息的传递就是人与人之间交流的基本方式。

通过信息的交流，人们才可以在社会中彼此分享各自的经验感知，更好地分工协作。

三、语言可以建立或保持某种社会关联，就是语言的人际互动功能。

2、语文学研究有哪些特征?答：语文学是从文献角度研究语言文学学科的总称，它以文献评审为主，目的在于解释、注疏和考订。

第一章语言的功能一、名词解释信息传递功能人际互动功能思维儿童语言习得答：信息传递功能：语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能，这一功能体现在语言上就是内容的表达，信息的传递是社会中人与人交的基本方式。

通过信息的交流，人们才可以在社会中彼此分享各自的经验感知，更好地分工协作。

人类社会能够建立起如此辉煌的文明，是以语言的信息传递功能为基础的。

人际互动功能：语言的社会功能的另一个重要方面是建立或保持某种社会关联，这可称为语言的人际互动功能。

思维：思维是认识现实世界时的动脑筋的过程也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析、综合以认识现实的能力。

儿童语言习得：儿童语言习得是指儿童在成长过程中逐渐从语言环境中学习并最终掌握母语的过程。

二、填空1、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。

2、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。

3、在各种信息传递形式中，语言是第一性的、最基本的手段。

4、人的大脑分左右两个半球。

语言功能及计算、推理能力等由左半球掌管；音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由右半球制约。

5、儿童语言习得一般经过（独词句的出现）阶段和(从独词句到双词句) 阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。

三、判断正误（正确的在题号后的括号内打“√”，错误的打“×”。

）1、文字是建立在语言基础之上的再编码形式。

（√）2、当说话者陈述一个客观事实时，话语中不具有主观性。

（×）3、书刊上的话语不具有人际互动功能。

（×）4、抽象思维要以语言为形式依托。

（×）5、布洛卡区在大脑的右半球前部。

（×）6、聋哑人不会说话，所以不具有抽象思维能力。

（×）7、不同语言结构的差异体现出思维方式的不同。

（√）8、汉语名词没有数的变化，所以汉语没有区别单数和多数的概念。

（×）四、思考题1、为什么说语言是人类最重要的信息传递的手段？2、语言的人际互动功能表现在哪些方面？3、为什么说思维离不开语言？4、张三说“我们先发明了电视，然后才给电视命名，所以思维不需要语言。

”张三的错误在哪里？第二章语言是符号系统一、名词解释符号征候语言符号的任意性语言符号的线条性语言系统的二层性组合关系聚合关系答：符号：符号是指代某事物的标记征候：征候是事物发生某种情况的迹象语言符号的任意性：是指语言符号产生过程中，声音和意义的结合可以任意选择，没有必然性。

语言符号的线条性：是指语言符号只能在时间线条上一个单位接一个单位一次出现。

语言系统的二层性：语言是个层级系统，语言结构分成上层和底层两个层次也就是其二层性。

组合关系：组合关系是语言单位按线性次序组合起来所形成的关系。

聚合关系：在组合的某一位置上能够互相替换的语言单位具有相同的作用，它们自然地聚合成群（类），彼此之间所形成的关系叫做聚合关系。

二、填空1、说出的话语句子是无限的，但无限多的句子都是由有限的词和规则组装起来的。

2、符号包含形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。

3、语言符号的意义是对它所指代的一类心理现实的概括。

4、我们通过听话认识到“孔子是这个古代的思想家”这个心理现实的。

5、语言的表达是对心理现实的编码。

6、心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。

7、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是语言符号的基本性质。

8、语言系统二层性的一大特点是音位层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。

9、组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系。

10、动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有大脑的结构和功能。

三、判断正误（正确的在题号后的括号内打“√”，错误的打“×”。

）1、一种语言可说出的句子是无限的。

（√）2、语言是一种社会规约，所以每个人说话是不自由的。

（×）3、符号的形式和意义都具有一般性。

（√）4、语言是丰富人的心理现实的重要途径。

（√）5、心理现实是对客观现实的认知，与客观现实是等同的。

（×）6、语言符号形式与意义的关联很大程度上受制于它所属的符号系统。

（√）7、现实中的句子是无穷的，所以组合关系也是无限的。

（×）8、音位和音位组合构成语素。

（×）9、句子是比词组高一层级的符号单位，所以句子的长度一定大于词组。

（×）10、“飞鸟”和“小鸟”具有同样的组合关系。

（×）四、思考题1、听到一个熟人在说话，就能判断出是谁在说话，这个过程是语言符号在传递信息吗？为什么？答：主要是人的音色不同。

由于生理上的差别、每个人的声带结构不同，所以发出的声音也不一样。

这个过程其实就是声波的传递过程，不是语言符号在传递信息，是声波在传递信息。

2、语言符号如何增进人的客观现实的能力？答：心理现实为语言符号的最初编码提供了初步的材料。

语言符号，是对心理现实现象的概括。

现实的“房子”只能是具体的——平房、楼房、四合院、别墅。

口称的“房子”，从来都是抽象，是心理现实现象的概括。

语言符号的意义，是一般的、概括的东西。

如“粉笔”，和实际的粉笔是有很大的区别。

3、什么是语言符号的任意性？表现在哪些方面？答：语言符号任意性指语言中声音和意义的结合完全是任意的，是约定俗成的。

语言符号音和义的关系是任意的，但这并不意味着用什么声音表示什么意义，对使用者来说是随意的，不受制约的。

事实上，语言符号具有强制性，每个人都要遵守社会的约定俗成，不能任意的改变，否则就无法交际。

语言符号的任意性表现在四个方面：A不同的语言可以用相同的声音表示不同的意义，如：[mi],汉语是“蜜\密”,英语是meB不同的语言可以用不同的声音表示相同的意义，如：英语“book”,汉语“书”,日语“ほん”C同一语言中可以用相同的声音表示不同的意义，如：英语[sait] sight\ site\ cite.分别是“视力\场所\引证”的意思。

D相同的语言可以用不同的声音表示相同的意义，如：站台\月台4、举例说明说明是语言符号的聚合关系。

为什么说符号的聚合和组合是互相依存的？答：语言中的每个符号都处在既可以和别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换这样两种关系当中。

我们正可以从这两个不同的角度去研究语言符号的系统性。

符号和符号组合起来的关系称为符号的组合关系。

符号和符号的组合形成语言的结构。

在链条的某一环节上能够互相替换的符号具有某种相同的作用，它们自然地聚集成群。

它们彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。

不但语言符号（词、语素）处在这两种关系之中，而且构造符号的音位和意义也都处在这两种关系之中。

例如北京后中和an有组合关系的有b，P，m，f，d，t，n，l，z，c，s等等由于这些音能在相同的语音结构位置上出现，所以构成一个聚合——声母。

在声母这个大的聚合中，还可以根据发音部位或发音方法的共同性构成小的聚合，例如汉语拼音方案的声母表，b，P，m，f就是根据相同的发音部位排列的。

同样，词义的搭配，同义词的选择也反映出意义方面的组合和聚合关系。