固定收益证券总结

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固定收益证券基础知识介绍

固定收益证券基础知识介绍
持有期收益率: 案例:以09怀化债为例,假设我们在2012年1月4日以107.1236(净 价为100)的价格买入怀化债,在2月18日该债券付息,我们获得 8.1元的利息,在2月21日我们以100.9538(净价为100.865)的价格 卖出该债券,则从1月4日到2月21日3.4 收益率的计算—持有期收益率
持有期收益率:债券持有人在持有期间获得的收益率,能 综合反映债券持有期间的利息收入情况和资本利得水平。 公式计算:
年化持有期收益率=
债券持有期的利息收入 (债券卖出价-债券买入价) 365 债券买入价 持有天数
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3.4 收益率的计算—持有期收益率
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2.2 主要债券品种—其他信用产品
公司债:上市公司依照法定程序发行、约定在一年以上期限内还
本付息的有价证券。
可转债:发行人依照法定程序发行,在一定期限内依据约定的条
件可以转换为股份的公司债券。
可分离交易债:是一种附认股权证的公司债,可分离为纯债和认 股权证两部分。
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3、固定收益证券的投资收益
固定收益证券基础知识介绍
目录 1、固定收益证券
2、固定收益市场
3、固定收益证券投资收入组成
4、固定收益市场的风险以及风险管理指标
5、典型的组合投资策略介绍
6、固定收益类衍生产品简介
1、固定收益证券
1.1 债券定义
概念: 债券是要求发行人(Issuer)[也称为债务人(Debtor)或者借款人 (Borrower)]在规定期限内向债权人/投资者偿还借入款项并支 付利息的债务工具。
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3.5 EXCEL收益率计算方法展示
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固定收益知识点总结

固定收益知识点总结

固定收益知识点总结一、固定收益基础知识1.1 什么是固定收益固定收益是指投资者在购买某一金融工具后所得到的有确定性的和固定的回报。

这类金融工具主要包括国债、地方政府债券、企业债券、银行存款、定期存款等。

固定收益产品通常具有较低的风险,适合保守型投资者。

1.2 固定收益产品的种类固定收益产品主要包括债券、公债、企业债、国债、存款等。

1.3 固定收益产品的特点(1)稳定性:固定收益产品收益稳定,投资者可从中得到持续的收益;(2)保本性:固定收益产品通常具有保本性,投资者所购买的本金会受到保护;(3)流动性:固定收益产品通常具有一定的流动性,投资者可以在一定期限内提前赎回本金;(4)风险性:固定收益产品的风险相对较低,适合投资者在进行风险管理时选择。

1.4 债券的概念和特点债券是指政府、企业等发行的具有一定面值和期限、按约定利率支付利息并在到期日偿还本息的有价证券。

债券具有稳定的收益和低风险的特点。

1.5 公债、企业债和国债的区别公债是指政府发行的债券,企业债是指企业发行的债券,国债是指中央政府发行的债券。

公债信用度最高,国债次之,企业债信用度最低。

1.6 存款的种类和特点存款主要包括定期存款、活期存款和理财产品。

存款的特点是安全、流动性好和收益稳定。

二、固定收益投资的风险管理2.1 利率风险利率风险是指债券价格受市场利率变动所影响,投资者处于市场利率波动中的风险。

当市场利率上升时,已发行的债券价格下降,反之亦然。

2.2 信用风险信用风险是指债券发行人无法按时足额支付利息和本金的风险。

投资者在购买企业债等较低信用度的债券时,需要关注发行人的信用状况。

2.3 流动性风险流动性风险是指投资者面临突发情况需要提前赎回债券时,债券市场上没有足够的买家,导致价格下跌的风险。

2.4 汇率风险汇率风险是指投资者投资于外币资产时,由于汇率波动导致本金和收益的价值发生变动的风险。

2.5 政治风险政治风险是指投资者由于政治动荡、政策变化等因素导致投资回报受到损失的风险。

固定收益证券分析

固定收益证券分析

固定收益证券分析固定收益证券是指在投资过程中能够提供固定利息或者回报的金融工具。

它们通常被用于风险较低、相对稳定的投资领域,比如债券市场。

本文将围绕固定收益证券展开分析,并讨论它们的特点、风险和投资策略。

首先,固定收益证券具有明确的固定利率或回报。

这使得投资者能够在投资开始时就知道自己所能获得的回报。

这对于那些寻求稳定收益的投资者来说非常重要。

固定收益证券通常包括政府债券、公司债券和优先股等。

其次,固定收益证券通常具有较低的风险。

政府债券被认为是最安全的固定收益证券,因为政府通常不会违约。

公司债券的风险相对较高,但在评级较高的公司债券中,风险较小。

投资者可以通过评级机构的评级来评估债券的信用风险。

然而,固定收益证券也存在一些风险。

首先是利率风险。

当利率上升时,债券的市值将下降,因为投资者可以购买到更高的利率债券。

这对于长期债券的影响更大。

其次是违约风险。

虽然政府债券的违约风险较低,但公司债券的违约风险可能会导致投资者无法收回本金。

投资者可以通过多种方式来进行固定收益证券投资。

首先是购买个券,即直接购买债券。

个券投资者可以根据自己的风险偏好和收益目标选择债券。

其次是购买债券基金。

债券基金是一种集合投资工具,投资者可以购买基金份额来获得债券的收益。

债券基金的好处是风险相对较小,且投资门槛较低。

最后是交易固定收益衍生品,如利率期货和利率互换等。

这些衍生品可以用来对冲固定收益证券的利率风险。

在选择固定收益证券投资时,投资者需要根据自己的风险偏好和收益目标来进行评估。

如果追求风险较低的投资,可选择政府债券或评级较高的公司债券。

如果希望获得更高的收益,可以选择评级较低的公司债券或高收益债券。

另外,投资者还需要密切关注经济和市场环境。

如经济走向、通胀压力等因素都会对债券市场产生影响。

如果经济增长强劲,可能会引发通胀预期上升,从而提高利率水平。

投资者可以根据对经济和市场的判断来进行相应的调整。

总而言之,固定收益证券作为一种重要的投资工具,具有明确的回报和较低的风险。

第8章固定收益证券的价值分析

第8章固定收益证券的价值分析

第8章固定收益证券的价值分析固定收益证券是一种以固定利率支付利息或者以确定方式支付本金和利息的金融工具,如国债、债券等。

对于投资者来说,了解固定收益证券的价值分析非常重要,可以帮助他们做出明智的投资决策。

固定收益证券的价值分析可以从两个方面进行,一个是现金流分析,另一个是市场利率分析。

首先是现金流分析。

在购买固定收益证券之前,投资者需要对其未来的现金流进行评估。

通常,固定收益证券的现金流包括定期付息和到期时的本金偿还。

投资者可以通过计算现值来确定未来现金流的价值。

现值是指将未来的现金流折算为当前时点的价值。

这可以通过现金流量贴现模型(DCF模型)来实现。

在DCF模型中,使用固定的折现率对未来现金流进行贴现。

贴现率应该反映出证券的风险水平和市场利率。

除了现金流分析,市场利率分析也是固定收益证券的重要价值分析方法。

市场利率是指一段时间内资金的平均收益率,一般用市场利率曲线来表示。

当市场利率发生变化时,固定收益证券的价格也会发生变化。

这是因为当市场利率上升时,投资者可以选择购买新发行的高利率债券,因此旧债券的价格会下降。

相反,当市场利率下降时,投资者会将资金投入现有债券,因此债券的价格会上升。

固定收益证券的市场价值可以通过将现金流贴现来计算。

市场价值等于所有未来现金流的现值总和。

市场价值也可以通过对现有固定收益证券的交易价格进行分析来确定。

如果交易价格高于市场价值,那么投资者可以出售该证券以获得利润。

相反,如果交易价格低于市场价值,那么投资者可以购买该证券以获取收益。

此外,还可以通过对固定收益证券的收益率进行分析来确定其价值。

收益率是指投资者从固定收益证券获得的利息和本金收益率。

在市场利率相对稳定的情况下,固定收益证券的收益率可以作为衡量其价值的指标。

一般来说,收益率越高,固定收益证券的风险就越高。

投资者可以通过比较固定收益证券的收益率与市场利率来判断证券的价值。

综上所述,固定收益证券的价值分析对投资者来说非常重要。

固定收益证券(一些需要背的知识点)

固定收益证券(一些需要背的知识点)

固定收益证券(一些需要背的知识点)第一篇:固定收益证券(一些需要背的知识点)ϖ固定收益证券♣固定收益证券(fixed-income securities)是一个笼统、宽泛而又不太严格的定义。

一般而言,固定收益证券代表拥有对未来发生的一系列具有确定数额收入流的要求权,是一种要求借款人按预先规定的时间和方式向投资者支付利息和偿还本金的债务合同,与债券等同使用ϖ债券♣债券是发行人依照法定程序发行,并约定在一定期限还本付息的有价证券。

它反映的是债权债务关系,是广义的债务工具中可以流通或可以交易的部分。

ϖ债券的基本要素♣票面价值:票面金额、计价币种♣票面利率:计息依据♣付息方式:计息依据♣到期期限♣发行价格ϖ债券的特征♣偿还性♣收益性♣安全性♣流动性ϖ债券的风险♣利率风险ϖ价格风险ϖ再投资风险♣违约风险♣提前偿还风险♣通货膨胀风险♣流动性风险♣汇率风险ϖ债券的种类♣按发行主体分为:政府债券、金融债券、公司债券、国际债券。

♣按偿还期限分为:短期债券、中期债券、长期债券、永久债券。

♣按计息的方式分为:附息债券、贴现债券、单利债券、浮动利率债券、累进利率债券等♣按是否记名分为:记名债券和不记名债券。

按有无抵押担保分为:信用债券和担保债券。

按债券形态分为:实物债券、凭证式债券和记账式债券。

ϖ央行票据♣央行票据即中央银行票据,是中央银行为调节商业银行超额准备金而向商业银行发行的短期债务凭证,其实质是中央银行债券。

ϖ商业票据♣是商业信用工具,它是提供商业信用的债权人为保证自己对债务的索取权而掌握的一种书面债权凭证。

商业票据可以作为购买手段和支付手段流通转让。

♣当票据的持有者在票据未到偿还期而又需要资金时,票据持有人就可以背书,然后把它以一定的价格转让给金融机构,获得现款,这种活动称作票据贴现。

ϖ短期融资券♣短期融资券简称融资券,是指企业依照有关规定在银行间债券市场发行和交易并约定在一定期限内还本付息的有价证券。

♣发行市场化♣备案制ϖ债券回购♣债券回购是指债券持有人(卖方)在将债券卖给债券购买人(买方)时,买卖双方约定在将来某一日期以约定的价格,由卖方向买方买回相等数量的同品种债券的交易行为。

固定收益债券总结1

固定收益债券总结1

.固定收益债券总结(固定收益债券的内容特别多,本文只总结基础知识点不总结计算)一、固定收益债券的类型1.1债券1、私募(private placement)、市政债券(Municipal Bonds)。

一般责任债券(General Obligation Bonds):一般责任债券是由州、市、县或镇政府发行,以发行者的征税能力作保证的一种地方政府债券。

这种债券信用仅次于国债,安全性强,所筹措的资金往往用于修建高速公路、飞机场、公园及其他市政设施。

收入债券(revenue bond):安全或信用用以发债地方的政府经营项目(例如收费公路、医院、自来水供水系统)的重要性和成功度为保证。

市政债券通常分为两大类:一般责任债券(general obligation bond)和收益债券(revenue bond)。

收益债券(revenue bond):在美国收益是由铁路通行费或能源工厂等设施产生的所得。

2、债券到期日到期期限(term-to-maturity)、期限(term)具体现在四个方面(1)到期日表明了债券的预期和续存期,或是债券持有者预期能收到票息利息的期数,(2)债券的收益率实际上依赖于到期日。

(3)债券价格的波动性与到期日相关。

(4)一些风险与债券到期日相关。

市政债券(municipal bonds)就是典型的系列债券(serial bond)就是很多债券到期日的债券包(一些公司债券也具有这个特征)有偿债基金条款(sinking-fund provisions)、票据(note)3、息票利息(coupon)息票利率(coupon rate)、本金(principal)、面值(par value、face value)欧洲债券市场(Eurobond market)递延债券(deferrable bond)(也成为信用优先债券trust preferred)或债券权益混合债券(debt/equity hybid)、零息票债券(sero-coupon bond)国债投资票据(Treasury investment growth receipt,TIGR)本息剥离国债(Treasury strip)通胀指数债券(inflation-indexed bond)、通胀保护国债(Treasury inflation-protection security TIPS)阶梯式票据(set-up note)、自动重设证券(putable automatic-security,PARRS),也称为棘齿债券(ratchet bond)浮动利率证券(floating-rate)、可调整利率(adjustablerate)债券或可变利率(variable-rate)、利率上限(cap)、利率下限(floor)。

第五章 固定收益证券

第五章 固定收益证券

第五章固定收益证券投资收益水平与金融产品的现金流量及其频率有关。

而资本市场的金融产品分为固定收益产品和不确定收益产品两大类。

固定收益产品包括:债券、优先股、抵押支持债券和资产支持债券;而不确定收益产品泛指普通股票、期货和其他衍生产品等。

本章以介绍债券的计算为主。

主要研究的问题:(1)原始发行价格问题:在投资者已经预先有一个预期收益率,投资者对证券的可接受价格为多少?(2)收益率问题:上述问题的反问题。

(3)生存期间的价值问题:在证券存续期间的某个时刻,它的价值是多少?第一节固定收益证券的类型和特点固定收益证券:是指收益水平相对较为确定的一类证券。

一债券1定义:债券是由借款方签发的一种正式的债权债务关系凭证,通常用整数面值。

债权人对债务人的权利体现为获取利息和收回本金。

所以债券是一种带利息的证券,凭此券债权人可以在将来定期地收到利息,最终收回本金。

发行债券的目的是为发行人筹集资金。

通常情况下,债券是一种低风险的金融产品。

2期限:从债券认购到它被兑现所经过的时间称为债券的期限。

而债券期限结束日期称为债券的到期日。

两种特殊的债券:永久性债券是指期限为无穷的债券或永不兑换本金的债券;早赎债券是指债券发行者提前兑现本金的债券,其中的兑现日期被称为兑现日。

3 影响债券价值的特征:1)发行人:主要是企业、中央政府和地方政府,不同的发行人代表了不同的偿债能力,这是标志债务人信用等级的重要因素。

2)到期期限3)本金和息票收入4 债券的分类(1)依据债券的获取利息方式分为:累积债券和息票债券累积债券:是指将本金和累计利息在兑现时一次付清的债券。

通常是短期债券。

息票债券:是指定期支付利息并最终收回本金的债券。

通常是长期债权。

(2)依据债券的登记方式分为:记名债券和无记名债券记名债券:是指认购者的姓名登记在债券上并记录在发行者的相关帐薄上。

优点:可以挂失,缺点:转让须向发行者背书。

无记名债券:则属于任何法律上皆认可拥有他的当事人。

固定收益证券基本概念总结

固定收益证券基本概念总结

基本概念总结1.请解释固定收益证券的定义和范畴固定收益证券是承诺未来还本付息的债务工具以及相关衍生品的总称。

包括基础性债务工具、结构型债务工具、固定收益证券衍生品等。

基础性债务工具包括资本市场工具如国债、公司债等;货币市场工具包括:国库券、同业拆借、商业票据等;结构型债务工具包括:嵌入衍生产品如含权债券;资产证券化产品如抵押贷款支持证券;固定收益证券衍生品包括:利率衍生品,如远期利率协议,国债期货;信用衍生品,如信用违约互换等。

2. 固定收益证券面临的主要风险:1)利率风险2)再投资风险3)信用风险4)流动性风险3. 固定利率债券价格特征1)固定利率债券价格与贴现率呈反向关系2)对于给定的债券,贴现率下降导致的债券价格上升的幅度大于贴现率上升相同基点导致的债券价格下降的幅度3)随着时间的推移,债券的价格将收敛到面值。

4)贴现率变动同样的幅度,息票率越高的债券价格波动越小5)贴现率变动同样的幅度,剩余期限越长的债券价格波动越大4.远期利率协议远期利率协议是指买卖双方同意从未来的某一时刻开始的一定时期内按照协议利率借贷一笔数额确定、以具体货币表示的名义本金的协议。

5.利率期货利率期货是指以债务工具或利率作为标的资产的期货合约。

6.利率互换交易双方约定在未来的一定期限内,根据同种货币相同的名义本金交换现金流。

7.债务工具的基本要素包括发行条款、到期条款、计息条款、还本条款和含权条款。

8.按照发行主体的不同,资本市场交易的债务工具包括政府债券、政府机构债券、地方政府债券和公司债。

9.主要的利率衍生产品包括:利率远期,利率期货,利率期权10.到期收益率,总收益率。

到期收益率与即期利率的关系到期收益率是使未来现金流现值与当前债券价格相等的收益率。

总收益率是在预先设定的未来利率条件下计算债券投资的未来总收入,相应得到的内含收益率就是总收益率。

即期利率是以当前时刻为起点的一定到期期限的利率,它代表了此期间无现金流的收益率。

第8章 固定收益证券的价值分析

第8章 固定收益证券的价值分析
收益债券的违约风险大于责任债券。
公司债券
公司债券是公司依照法定程序发行、约定在一 定期限内还本付息的资本证券 。
发行债券的公司和债券投资者之间的债权债务关系, 公司债券的持有人是公司的债权人,而不是公司的 所有者,是与股票持有者最大的不同点。
债券持有人有按约定条件向公司取得利息和到期收 回本金的权利,取得利息优先于股东分红,公司破 产清算时,也优于股东而收回本金。
例:某面值为1000元的债券当前的市场价格为 1010元,若该债券的票面利率为2.1%,还有1 年到期,每年付息1次,则其当前收益率和到 期收益率分别为
21 100% 2.08% 1010
1010 1000+21 y 1000+21 1 1.09%
1 y
1010
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ 利率的期限结构
债务利率与债务期限的对应关系,被称为利率的期限 结构。反映这种函数关系的曲线,被称为债券的收益 率曲线。
这导致收益率曲线呈下倾状态。
用远期利率说明纯预期理论
债券当前的市场利率称为即期利率spot rate. 对未来特定时期的特定期限贷款,合同双方当 前一致同意使用的利率,称为远期利率forward rate。
纯预期理论认为,当前多期贷款的利率应该是 未来各远期利率的几何平均数。即
int=[ (1+i1t) (1+r1t+1)(1+r1t+2)…(1+r1t+n-1) ]1/n-1
3. 非常情况下的债权人的权利保障情况(债券 契约) 。
AAA是信用最高级别,表示无信用风险,信誉 最高,偿债能力极强,不受经济形势任何影响;
AA是表示高级,最少风险,有很强的偿债能力;

固定收益证券期末总结

固定收益证券期末总结

Summary for Bond markets,Analysis and Strategies09303024 沈越09303019 李健Chapter 11 Agency Mortgage Pass-Through SecuritiesThe residential mortgage market can be divided into two subsectors based on the credit quality of the borrower: prime mortgage market and sub-prime mortgage market.The prime sector includesi.loans that satisfy the underwriting standard of Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, and Freddie Mac (i.e., conforming loans)ii.loans that fail to conform for a reason other than credit quality or because the loan is not a first lien on the property (i.e., nonconforming loans).The sub-prime mortgage sector is the market for loans provided to borrowers with an impaired credit rating or where the loan is a second lien; these loans are nonconforming loans.All of the prime and sub-prime loans can be securitized in different sectors of the RMBS market.Loans that satisfy the underwriting standard of the agencies are typically used to create RMBS that are referred to as agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS).All other loans are included in what is referred to generically as non-agency MBS. The agency MBS market includes three types of securities:i.agency mortgage pass-through securitiesii.agency collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs)iii.agency stripped MBSAgency CMOs and stripped CMOs are created from mortgage pass-through securities.Hence, agency CMOs and agency stripped MBS are routinely referred to as derivative MBS products.A mortgage pass-through security, or simply pass-through security, is a type of MBS created by pooling mortgage loans and issuing certificates entitling the investor to receive a pro rata share in the cash flows of the specific pool of mortgage loans that serves as the collateral for the security.Because there is only one class of bondholders, these securities are sometimes referredto as single-class MBS.When a pass-through security is first issued, the principal is known.Over time, because of regularly scheduled principal payments and prepayments, the amount of the pool’s outstanding loan balance declines.The pool factor is the percentage of the original principal that is still outstanding.At issuance, the pool factor is 1 and declines over time.Pool factor information is published monthly.Payments of a pass-through security are made each month.▪Neither the amount nor the timing of the cash flow from the loan pool is identical to that of the cash flow passed through to investors.▪Servicing and other fees.▪Because of prepayments, the cash flow of a pass-through is also not known with certainty.Not all of the mortgages that are included in the loan pool that are securitized need to have the same note rate and the same maturity.Consequently, when describing a pass-through security, the weighted-average coupon rate and a weighted-average maturity are determined.A weighted-average coupon rate (WAC) is found by weighting the note rate of each mortgage loan in the pool by the amount of the mortgage outstanding.A weighted-average maturity (WAM) is found by weighting the remaining number of months to maturity for each mortgage loan in the pool by the amount of the mortgage outstanding.After origination of the MBS, the WAM of a pool changes. The remaining number of months to maturity for a loan pool is refered as weighted average remaining maturity (WARM).The weighted average of the number of months since the origination of the security for the loans in the pool. weighted average loan age (WALA).Agency pass-through securities are issued byernmental National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae)ii.Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae)iii.Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac)The pass-through securities that they issue are referred to as:i.Ginnie Mae Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS)ii.Fannie Mae Guaranteed Mortgage Pass-Through Certifications (MBS)iii.Freddie Mac Mortgage Participation Certificates (PC)Do not be confused by the generic term “MBS” and the pass-through certificates that Ginnie Mae and Fannie Mae have elected to refer to as MBS.To value a pass-through security, it is necessary to project its cash flow.The difficulty is that the cash flow is unknown because of prepayments.The only way to project a cash flow is to make some assumption about the prepayment rate over the life of the underlying mortgage pool.▪The prepayment rate assumed is called the prepayment speed or, simply, speed.▪The yield calculated based on the projected cash flow is called a cash flow yield. Estimating the cash flow from a pass-through requires making an assumption about future prepayments.Several conventions have been used as a benchmark for prepayment rates:i.Federal Housing Administration (FHA) experienceii.the conditional prepayment rateiii.the Public Securities Association (PSA) prepayment benchmarkThe first convention is no longer used.Conditional Prepayment Rate▪A benchmark for projecting prepayments and the cash flow of a pass-through requires assuming that some fraction of the remaining principal in the pool is prepaid each month for the remaining term of the mortgage.▪The prepayment rate assumed for a pool, called the conditional prepayment rate (CPR), is based on the characteristics of the pool and the current and expected future economic environment.•It is referred to as a conditional rate because it is conditional on the remaining mortgage balance.▪The CPR is an annual prepayment rate.▪To estimate monthly prepayments, the CPR must be converted into a monthly prepayment rate, commonly referred to as the single-monthly mortality rate (SMM).▪A formula can be used to determine the SMM for a given CPR:SMM = 1 – (1 –CPR)^(1/12)An SMM of w% means that approximately w% of the remaining mortgage balance at the beginning of the month, less the scheduled principal payment, will prepay that month.▪That is, prepayment for month t =SMM ×(beginning mortgage balance for montht –scheduled principal payment for montht)The Public Securities Association (PSA) prepayment benchmark is expressed as a monthly series of annual prepayment rates.▪The PSA benchmark assumes that prepayment rates are low for newly originated mortgages and then will speed up with seasoning▪The PSA benchmark assumes the following CPRs for 30-year mortgages:i.a CPR of 0.2% for the first month, increased by 0.2% per year per month for the next30 months when it reaches 6% per yearii.a 6% CPR for the remaining years▪The benchmark, referred to as ―100% PSA‖or simply ―100 PSA,‖is depicted graphically in the exhibit.Mathematically, 100 PSA can be expressed as follows:If t ≤ 30: CPR = 6% (t/30)If t > 30: CPR = 6%where t is the number of months since the mortgage originated.▪Slower or faster speeds are then referred to as some percentage of PSA.▪For example, 150 PSA means 1.5 times the CPR of the PSA benchmark prepayment rate.▪A prepayment rate of 0 PSA means that no prepayments are assumed.▪The CPR is converted to an SMM usingSMM = 1 – (1 –CPR)^(1/12)Beware of Convention▪The PSA prepayment benchmark is simply a market convention.▪It is the product of a study by the PSA based on FHA prepayment experience.▪Data that the PSA committee examined seemed to suggest that mortgages became seasoned (i.e., prepayment rates tended to level off) after 30 months and the CPR tended to be 6%.▪Astute money managers recognize that the CPR is a shorthand enabling market participants to quote yield and/or price, but as a convention in deciding value it has many limitations.Housing turnover means existing home sales.▪Cash-out refinancing means refinancing by a borrower in order to monetize the price appreciation of the property.▪Rate/term refinancing means the borrower has obtained a new mortgage on the existing property to save either on interest cost or shortening the life of the mortgage with no increase in the monthly payment.For agency MBS, there are two other minor reasons for prepayments: curtailments and defaults.▪A curtailment is a prepayment of part of the outstanding loan balance.▪A default of the borrower results in the foreclosure of the property and payment of the principal outstanding to the security holders.Housing Turnover Component▪Studies have found factors that have produced a relatively stable, long-term level of housing turnover rates that vary within a reasonable range.▪The factors in the Bear Stearns model to forecast prepayments due to housing turnover are seasoning effect, housing price appreciation effect and seasonality effect.•According to the Bear Stearns model, aging occurs faster than the PSA benchmark, with prepayment rates reaching 6% CPR in about 15 months (rather than 30 months) and prepayments peaking after 40 months at around 8% CPR and then leveling off at just below 7.5% CPR.The LTV of a loan changes over time.•This is due to the amortization of the loan and the change in the value of the home. •In the Bear Stearns agency prepayment model, a composite home appreciation index (HPI) is constructed▪There is a well-documented seasonal pattern in prepayments.•This pattern, referred to as the seasonality effect, is related to activity in the primary housing market, with home buying increasing in the spring and gradually reaching a peak in late summer.•Mirroring this activity are the prepayments that result from the turnover of housing as home buyers sell their existing homes and purchase new ones.Cash-out refinancing is driven by price appreciation since origination of the loans in the pool.▪A proxy measure for price appreciation must be used.▪For the Bear Stearns agency prepayment model, the pool’s HPI is used.▪A ratio greater than 1 means that there is an incentive to refinance while a ratio below 1 means that the borrower will incur a higher interest rate to refinance.The refinancing decision is not based solely on the mortgage rate relative to the prevailing market rate but a host of other borrower circumstances.•This is reflected in the S-curve for prepayments.•The reason for the observed S-curve for prepayments is that as the rate ratio increases, the CPR (i.e., prepayment rate) increases.•The S-curve is not sufficient for modeling the refinancing rate/term refinancing. •This is because the S-curve fails to adequately account for two dynamics of borrower attributes that impact refinancing decisions:i.the burnout effectii.the threshold media effectBond-Equivalent Yieldsemiannual cash flow yi eld = (1 + yM)^6 – 1bond-equivalent yield = 2[(1 + yM)^6 – 1]Limitations of Cash Flow Yield Measure▪The yield corresponding to a price must be qualified by an assumption concerning prepayments.▪A yield number without qualification as to the prepayment assumption is meaningless. ▪Even with specification of the prepayment assumption, the yield number is meaningless in terms of the relative value of a pass-through.Average LifeWhen PSA speed becomes bigger,the average life becomes smaller as the following table shows.An investor who owns pass-through securities does not know what the cash flow will be because that depends on prepayments.( Prepayments risk)If mortgage rates decline there will be two adverse consequences.i. in the case of a pass-through security, the rise in price will not be as large as that of an option-free bond because a fall in interest rates increases the borrower’s incentive to prepay the loan and refinance the debt at a lower rate.ii.the cash flow must be reinvested at a lower rate.•These two adverse consequences are referred to as contraction risk.If mortgage rates rise, the price of the pass-through, like the price of any bond, will decline.But it will decline more because the higher rates will tend to slow down the rate of prepayment.This is just the time when investors want prepayments to speed up so that they can reinvest the prepayments at the higher market interest rate.This adverse consequence of rising mortgage rates is called extension risk.Pass-throughs are quoted in the same manner as U.S. Treasury coupon securities.A quote of 94-05 means 94 and 5/32nds of par value, or 94.15625% of par value. Many trades occur while a pool is still unspecified, and therefore no pool information is known at the time of the trade.This kind of trade is known as a ―TBA‖ (to be announced) trade.The seller has the right in this case to deliver pass-throughs backed by pools that satisfy the PSA requirements for good delivery.CHAPTER 12Agency Collateralized Mortgage Obligations And Stripped Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesCollateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) are bond classes created by redirecting the cash flows of mortgage-related products so as to mitigate prepayment risk. The mere creation of a CMO cannot eliminate prepayment risk; it can only transfer the various forms of this risk among different classes of bondholders. The bond classes created are commonly referred to as tranches. The principal payments from the underlying collateral are used to retire the tranches on a priority basis according to terms specified in the prospectus.The principal pay-down window for a tranche is the time period between the beginning and the ending of the principal payments to that tranche. Tranches can have average lives that are both shorter and longer than the collateral, thereby attracting investors who have a preference for an average life different from that of the collateral. Accrual BondsIn many sequential-pay CMO structures, at least one tranche does not receive currentinterest. Instead, the interest for that tranche would accrue and be added to the principal balance. Such a bond class is commonly referred to as an accrual tranche or a Z bond (because the bond is similar to a zero-coupon bond). The interest that would have been paid to the accrual bond class is then used to speed up the pay down of the principal balance of earlier bond classes. Thus, the average lives for the nonaccrual tranches has shortened as a result of the inclusion of accrual tranche.The accrual bond has appeal to investors who are concerned with reinvestment risk. Because there are no coupon payments to reinvest, reinvestment risk is eliminated until all the other tranches are paid off.Floating-Rate TranchesFloating-rate tranches can be created from fixed-rate tranches by creating a floater and an inverse floater. We can select any of the tranches from which to create a floating-rate and an inverse-floating-rate tranche. We can even create these two securities for more than one of the four tranches or for only a portion of one tranche.Any reference rate can be used to create a floater and the corresponding inverse floater. There is an infinite number of ways to cut up the monetary value between the floater and inverse floater, and final partitioning will be driven by the demands of investors. Unlike a floating-rate note in the corporate bond market, whose principal is unchanged over the life of the instrument, the floater’s principal balance declines over time as principal payments are made. The principal payments to the floater are determined by the principal payments from the tranche from which the floater is created.Assume that the reference rate is the one-month LIBOR of 3.75%, then the coupon rate on the inverse floater takes the following form:K –L × (one-month LIBOR)where K is the cap or maximum coupon rate for the inverse floater and L is the multiple that determine the coupon rate for the inverse floater (L is referred to as the coupon leverage). If K is set at 28.50% and L at 3, then the coupon rate for the month is: 28.50% – 3(3.75%) = 17.25%. The higher the coupon leverage, the more the inverse floater’s coupon rate changes for a given change in one-month LIBOR.Inverse floaters with a wide variety of coupon leverages are available in the market. Participants refer to low-leverage inverse floaters as those with a coupon leverage between 0.5 and 2.1; medium-leverage as those with a coupon leverage higher than 2.1 but not exceeding 4.5; and high-leverage as those with a coupon leverage higher than 4.5.As in the case of the floater, the principal pay-down of an inverse floater will be a proportionate amount of the principal pay-down of the bond class from which it is created.Because the reference rate (e.g., one-month LIBOR) is always positive, the coupon rate paid to the floating rate bond class cannot be negative. If there are no restrictions placed on the coupon rate for the inverse floater, however, it is possible for the coupon rate for that bond class to be negative. To prevent this, a floor, or minimum, can be placed onthe coupon rate. In many structures, the floor is set at zero. Once a floor is set for the inverse floater, a cap or ceiling is imposed on the floater.The cap for the floater and the inverse floater, the floor for the inverse floater, the coupon leverage, and the margin spread are not determined independently. Given four of these variables, the fifth will be determined.Planned Amortization Class TranchesThe CMO innovations attracted institutional investors who had previously either avoided investing in mortgage-backed securities or allocated only a nominal portion of their portfolio to this sector of the fixed-income market.Potential demand for a CMO product with less uncertainty about the cash flow increased in the mid-1980s. In March 1987, the M.D.C. Mortgage Funding Corporation CMO Series 0 included a class of bonds referred to as stabilized mortgage reduction term (SMRT) bonds; another class in its CMO Series P was referred to as planned amortization class (PAC) bonds. The Oxford Acceptance Corporation III Series C CMOs included a class of bonds referred to as a planned redemption obligation (PRO) bonds. The greater predictability of the cash flow for these classes of bonds, now referred to exclusively as PAC bonds, occurs because there is a principal repayment schedule that must be satisfied. The greater certainty of the cash flow for the PAC bonds comes at the expense of the non-PAC classes, called support or companion bonds. It is these bonds that absorb the prepayment risk. Because PAC bonds have protection against both extension risk and contraction risk, they are said to provide two-sided prepayment protection.Creating a Series of PAC BondsAlthough there is no assurance that the collateral will prepay between selected Public Securities Association (PSA) speeds, a PAC bond can be structured to assume that it will. The two speeds used to create a PAC bond are called the initial PAC collars (or initial PAC bands).Most CMO PAC structures have more than one class of PAC bonds. From a PAC bond, we can create other bonds with average lives that are stable and also where all average lives are either much shorter or longer. Even if prepayments are faster than the initial upper collar, there may be sufficient support bonds to assure the average life is unchanged. The degree of protection against extension risk increases for shorter PAC bonds. The effective collar can be wider than the initial collar for shorter PAC tranches. PAC WindowA PAC window can be wide or narrow. The narrower a PAC window, the more it resembles a corporate bond with a bullet payment. PAC buyers appear to prefer tight windows, although institutional investors facing a liability schedule are generally better off with a window that more closely matches the liabilities. Investor demand dictates the PAC windows that issuers will create. Investor demand in turn is governed by the nature of investor liabilities.Effective Collars and Actual PrepaymentsThe creation of a mortgage-backed security cannot make prepayment risk disappear. This is true for both a pass-through and a CMO. Thus the reduction in prepayment risk (both extension risk and contraction risk) that a PAC offers must come from somewhere.The prepayment protection come from the support bonds. It is the support bonds that forego principal payments if the collateral prepayments are slow; support bonds do not receive any principal until the PAC bonds receive the scheduled principal repayment. This reduces the risk that the PAC bonds will extend. Similarly, it is the support bonds that absorb any principal payments in excess of the scheduled principal payment that are made. This reduces the contraction risk of the PAC bonds. Thus the key to the prepayment protection offered by a P AC bond is the amount of support bonds outstanding. If the support bonds are paid off quickly because of faster-than-expected prepayments, there is no longer any protection for the P AC bonds.The support bonds can be thought of as bodyguards for the PAC bondholders. When the bullets fly (i.e., prepayments occur) it is the bodyguards that get killed off first. The bodyguards are there to absorb the bullets. When all the bodyguards are killed off (i.e., the support bonds paid off with faster-than-expected prepayments), the PAC bonds must fend for themselves: they are exposed to all the bullets.Busted means that the prepayment protection is reduced. It is the term used in the CMO market when a PAC schedule is broken. The initial collars are not particularly useful in assessing the prepayment protection for a seasoned PAC bond. This is most important to understand, as it is common for CMO buyers to compare prepayment protection of PACs in different CMO structures, and conclude that the greater protection is offered by the one with the wider collar. This approach is inadequate because it is actual prepayment experience that determines the degree of prepayment protection as well as the expected future prepayment behavior of the collateral.The way to determine this protection is to calculate the effective collar for a seasoned PAC bond. An effective collar for a seasoned PAC is the lower PSA and the upper PSA that can occur in the future and still allow maintenance of the schedule of principal repayments.The effective collar changes every month. An extended period over which actual prepayments are below the upper range of the initial PAC collar will result in an increase in the upper range of the effective collar. This is because there will be more bodyguards around than anticipated. An extended period of prepayments slower than the lower range of the initial PAC collar will raise the lower range of the effective collar. This is because it will take faster prepayments to make up the shortfall of the scheduled principal payments not made plus the scheduled future principal payments.The PAC schedule may not be satisfied even if the actual prepayments never fall outside the initial collar. This may seem surprising because our previous analysis indicated that the average life would not change if prepayments are at either extreme of the initial collar. However, our previous analysis has been based on a single PSA speed for the life of the structure.Providing Greater Prepayment Protection for PACsThere are two ways to provide greater protection for PAC bonds: lockouts and reverse PAC structures. One obvious way to provide greater protection for PAC bonds is to issue fewer PAC bonds relative to support bonds. Such a CMO structure with no principal payments to a PAC bond class in the earlier years is referred to as a lockout structure. A CMO structure requiring any excess principal payments to be made to the longer PAC bonds after all support bonds are paid off is called a reverse PAC structure.Other PAC TranchesThe collateral can be used to create interest-only and principal-only tranches. These same types of bond classes can be created from a PAC bond. The difference between the bond classes described and those created from a PAC bond is simply the prepayment protection offered by the PAC structure.Targeted Amortization Class BondsA targeted amortization class (TAC) bond resembles a PAC bond in that it also has a schedule of principal repayment. The difference between a PAC bond and a TAC bond is that the former has a wide PSA range over which the schedule of principal repayment is protected against contraction risk and extension risk. A TAC bond, in contrast, has a single PSA rate from which the schedule of principal repayment is protected. As a result, the prepayment protection afforded the TAC bond is less than that for a PAC bond. The creation of a bond with a schedule of principal repayments based on a single prepayment rate results in protection against contraction risk but not extension risk. Thus, whereas PAC bonds are said to have two-sided prepayment protection, TAC bonds have one-sided prepayment protection.Very Accurately Determined Maturity BondsAccrual or Z bonds have been used in CMO structures as support for bonds called very accurately determined maturity (V ADM) or guaranteed final maturity bonds. In this case the interest accruing (i.e., not being paid out) on a Z bond is used to pay the interest and principal on a V ADM bond.Interest-Only and Principal-Only TranchesStripped mortgage-backed securities are created by paying all the principal to one bond class and all the interest to another bond class. These two classes are referred to as the principal-only (PO) bond class and the interest only (IO) bond class.Notional IOsIn the earlier CMO deals, all of the excess interest between the coupon rate on the tranches and the coupon interest on the collateral were paid to an equity class referred to as the CMO residual. This is no longer the practice today. Instead, a tranche is created that receives the excess coupon interest. This tranche is called a notional interest only (IO) class and also referred to as a structured IO.The notional amount is the amount on which the interest payments will be determined,not the amount that will be paid to the holder of this bond. Mathematically, this notional amount is found as follows:notional amount for 7.5% IO = 0.075 interest) (excess par value)(trancheswhere excess interest = collateral coupon rate – tranche coupon rate.Support BondsThe support bonds—or bodyguards—are the bonds that provide prepayment protection for the PAC tranches. Consequently, they are exposed to the greatest level of prepayment risk. The support bond typically is divided into different bond classes. The support bond can even be partitioned so as to create support bond classes with a schedule of principal repayments. That is, support bond classes that are PAC bonds can be created.AGENCY STRIPPED MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIESAgency stripped mortgage-backed securities (SMBSs), introduced by Fannie Mae in 1986, are another example of derivative mortgage products. A SMBS is created by altering the distribution of principal and interest from a pro rata distribution to an unequal distribution. There are three types of SMBS: (1) synthetic-coupon pass-throughs, (2) interest-only/principal-only securities, and (3) CMO strips. Synthetic-Coupon Pass-ThroughsThe first generation of stripped mortgage-backed securities is called synthetic-coupon pass-throughs. This is because the unequal distribution of coupon and principal results in a synthetic coupon rate that is different from that of the underlying collateral. Interest-Only/Principal-Only StripsIn early 1987, stripped MBS began to be issued where all the interest is allocated to one class (the IO class) and all the principal to the other class (the PO class). The IO class receives no principal payments. IOs and POs are referred to as mortgage strips.The PO security is purchased at a substantial discount from par value. The yield an investor will realize depends on the speed at which prepayments are made. The faster the prepayments, the higher the yield the investor will realize.When an IO is purchased there is no par value. In contrast to the PO investor, the IO investor wants prepayments to be slow. The reason is that the IO investor receives only interest on the amount of the principal outstanding. As prepayments are made, the outstanding principal declines, and less dollar interest is received. In fact, if prepayments are too fast, the IO investor may not recover the amount paid for the IO. CMOs that are backed by POs are referred to as PO-collateralized CMOs.CMO StripsOne of the classes in a CMO structure can be a principal-only or an interest-only class. These are called CMO strips or structured IOs.Chapter 13。

固定收益证券知识点总结

固定收益证券知识点总结

固定收益证券知识点总结1. 固定收益证券的种类固定收益证券包括长期债券、短期债券和其他形式的债务证券。

长期债券是一种长期到期的债务证券,通常是国债、公司债券等。

短期债券是一种短期到期的债务证券,通常是国库券、商业票据等。

其他形式的债务证券包括可转换债券、优先股等,它们有些类似于债券,但具有特定的特征和风险。

2. 固定收益证券的特点固定收益证券的特点包括固定利率、到期收益和相对低风险。

固定利率是指证券发行时就确定了利率,持有人可以根据此利率确定每年的利息收入。

到期收益是指证券到期时支付的本金和利息,这也是持有人获得的总收益。

相对低风险是指固定收益证券相对于其他投资品种具有较低的风险,因为它们往往由信誉较好的发行机构发行,并有明确的还款计划。

3. 固定收益证券的投资方式固定收益证券的投资方式包括直接投资和间接投资。

直接投资是指持有人直接购买证券,并在到期时获得本金和利息收益。

间接投资是指通过基金、银行理财、保险产品等方式间接持有固定收益证券,通过这些产品获得相关证券的收益。

4. 固定收益证券的风险固定收益证券的风险主要包括信用风险、利率风险和流动性风险。

信用风险是指发行机构或债务人无法按时支付本金和利息的风险,这可能导致投资人损失。

利率风险是指市场利率变化对固定收益证券价格的影响,如果市场利率上升,证券价格可能下跌。

流动性风险是指固定收益证券在二级市场上的流动性不足,投资人在需要变现时可能无法快速出售证券。

5. 固定收益证券的收益和税务问题固定收益证券的收益主要包括利息收入和资本收益。

利息收入是指持有人按照利率获得的年度利息收入,通常按照利率乘以面值计算。

资本收益是指持有人在证券交易中获得的溢价收益或本金增值收益。

税务问题包括利息收入税、资本收益税和遗产税等,投资人需要根据国家法律规定缴纳相应的税费。

6. 固定收益证券的投资策略固定收益证券的投资策略包括选择合适的证券类型、分散投资和动态调整投资组合。

固定收益证券分析

固定收益证券分析

固定收益证券分析固定收益证券是一种投资工具,被广泛应用于金融市场。

这些证券包括国债、企业债券、可转换债券、优先股等。

本文将对固定收益证券进行分析,以便投资者更好地了解其特点和风险。

首先,固定收益证券的特点之一是其收益是固定的。

与股票等其他金融工具相比,固定收益证券通常具有更稳定的回报。

这是因为这些证券的收益主要由利息或股息产生,而这些利息或股息往往是固定不变的。

这使得投资者能够更好地进行风险管理,并根据自己的资金需求进行资产配置。

其次,固定收益证券通常具有较长期的投资期限。

这意味着投资者需要将资金较长时间地锁定在这些证券上。

虽然这样可以获得更高的利息回报,但也意味着投资者需要考虑到市场的变化和利率的波动。

如果市场利率上升,固定收益证券的价格可能下降,从而导致投资者面临资本损失的风险。

此外,固定收益证券还存在违约风险。

如果发行企业或政府遇到财务困境,无法按时偿还本金和利息,投资者可能会遭受损失。

因此,投资者在购买固定收益证券之前需要对发行机构的信用状况进行认真评估,避免违约风险。

在分析固定收益证券时,投资者需要考虑以下因素:首先,他们需要对证券的发行机构进行评估,了解其信用状况和偿债能力。

其次,投资者还需要关注当前市场利率和预期利率的变化,以判断证券价格的波动。

此外,投资者还应密切关注宏观经济和金融形势,以及政府政策的变化,这些都可能对固定收益证券的价格和回报产生影响。

最后,投资者还需要根据自己的投资目标和风险承受能力来选择适合自己的固定收益证券。

不同类型的固定收益证券具有不同的特点和风险,投资者需要根据自己的需求和风险偏好进行选择和配置。

总之,固定收益证券是一种重要的投资工具,具有稳定的收益和较低的风险。

然而,投资者在进行固定收益证券分析时需要注意信用风险、利率风险和违约风险等因素,并根据自己的投资目标和风险承受能力进行选择和配置。

除了上述提到的特点和风险,固定收益证券还有其他一些重要的方面需要考虑。

固定收益证券总结

固定收益证券总结

一、名词解释● 债券:债券是合法的、可流通的借据,属于按照约定的条件归还利息和本金的有价证券。

● 面值:面值称为债券的本金,代表债券契约中借贷的规模。

● 偿还期:偿还期就是债券的生命周期,大致分为三个阶段:发行日、上市流通日、期满日。

● 票面利率:在债券契约中明确规定的利率。

● 利息支付频率:指一年中利息支付的次数。

● 国债:中央政府(以财政部作为其代表)为筹措资金的需要,以国家信用为支持向本国公众发行的债券。

● 政策性金融债券:由政策性银行(如我国的国家开发银行、进出口银行、农业发展银行)发行的债券。

● 中央银行票据:中央发行的短期债券。

绝大多数中央银行票据期限在一年以内。

既是央行公开市场业务的操作工具,也是非常安全的、流动性好的短期投资工具。

● 中期债券:企业发行的中等期限(1年-5年)的无担保债券。

● 短期融资券:金融企业在银行间市场发行的约定在1年内还本付息的有价证券。

● 资产抵押债券:由特设机构以金融资产的收益权为支持发行的债券。

● 固息债券:按照票面金额的一个固定百分比定期计算应得利息的债券。

● 零息债券:不规定票面利率,以低于面值的价格发行,到期偿付面值的债券。

● 浮息债券:票面利率随着基准利率的变化而正向变动的债券。

● 逆浮息债券:是票面利息随着基准利率的变动而反向变动的债券。

● 溢价债券:债券当前的交易价格大于面值的债券,债券此时处于溢价交易状态。

● 含权债券:债券契约中带有期权性质条款的债券。

● 可赎回债券:可赎回债券(callable bond )是发行者有权按照事先约定的价格买回其发行的尚未到期债券的一类含权债券。

● 有效久期:就是考虑到了现金流会随着利率变化而变化的久期测度。

02B y B B D E ⨯∆⨯-=+-● 有效凸性:是考虑了当市场要求的利率变化时现金流可能会发生变化的凸性测量工具。

020)(2B y B B B C E ⨯∆-+=+-● CB B NC C -= BC 为可赎回债券的价格;BNC 为对应的不含权的普通债券的价格;C 代表赎回期权价值● 可售回债券:是持有者有权按照事先约定的价格(售回价格)将尚未到期债券卖给发行者的一类含权债券。

固定收益证券期末总结

固定收益证券期末总结

固定收益证券期末总结一、引言固定收益证券是一类具有确定到期日、票面利率和本金支付的金融工具。

它们通常被认为是相对较低风险的投资工具,因为它们提供了稳定的利息收入和本金回收。

本文将对固定收益证券进行总结和分析。

二、固定收益证券的种类1. 政府债券:政府债券是各国政府发行的债务工具,主要用于筹资和满足财政支出需求。

政府债券通常由中央或地方政府发行,并以国防、基础设施建设等公共目的为借款用途。

政府债券通常被认为是最安全的固定收益证券。

2. 机构债券:机构债券是由各类机构发行的债务工具,主要用于融资和扩大业务。

机构债券的发行主体包括银行、保险公司、公司等。

机构债券的风险水平相对政府债券较高,但相应地,其收益率也更高。

3. 公司债券:公司债券是由公司发行的债务工具,与机构债券类似。

公司债券的发行主体一般是具有良好信用水平的大型公司,它们发行债券的目的是筹集资金以支持业务发展。

公司债券的风险和收益率通常介于政府债券和机构债券之间。

4. 抵押债券:抵押债券是以抵押资产为担保的债务工具,其发行主体可以是政府或私人机构。

抵押债券通常与房地产相关,发行者通过将资产抵押给债券持有人来筹集资金。

抵押债券的风险和收益率受到抵押资产质量的影响。

5. 金融债券:金融债券是由金融机构发行的债务工具,例如银行债券、保险债券等。

金融债券的发行主体具有一定的金融实力和信用评级,能够为债券投资者提供相对较高的保障。

三、固定收益证券的特点1. 确定的利息支付:固定收益证券通常以确定的利率支付利息,投资者可以根据利率水平预期和现金流预测来计算预期收益。

2. 有限的价格变动:与其他金融工具相比,固定收益证券的价格变动相对较小。

这是因为固定收益证券的价格主要取决于市场上的利率变动,而利率的变动通常较为平缓。

3. 适合长期投资者:固定收益证券通常面向长期投资者,因为它们提供稳定的收益和本金回收。

对于短期投资者来说,固定收益证券的收益率可能不够具有吸引力。

第九章 固定收益证券

第九章    固定收益证券
当市场利率为12%时, 其售价分别下降到927.88元和 897.02元。分别下降了7.21%和10.29%。
(3)息票率(票面利率)的高低
债券的票面利率越低,则其价格的易变性就越大;反 之,则相反。
例4:两种票面值为1000元,票面利率分别为6%和10%
的每年付息一次的 5 年期债券,假如市场利率为10%时,其 售价分别为848.37元和1000元。 如果市场利率上升到12%,则其售价分别为783.71元和
Y EMV- BMV I)BMV (
2、债券的风险
(1)利率风险 (动性风险
(5)提前赎回风险
(6)汇率风险
二、债券的要素 (一)债券的基本要素
1、票面价值 债券发行时所设定的票面金额,也是发行人 将来偿付给投资人的金额。 2、债券的价格
有平价、溢价和折价三种。其影响因素包括: (1)必要收益率 债券价格与必要收益率的变化成反向关系,即必要 收益率上升,则债券价格下跌;反之,则上升。 因此,当通货膨胀率上升,或债券的风险加 大时,债券的价格会下跌;反之,则上升。
(2)债券到期日的长短
债券的到期日越长,则其价格的易变性就越大, 即其价格波动的幅度越大;反之,则相反。
例3:两个面值都为1000元、票面利率为10%的5年期和 10年期的债券,在市场利率为10%的情况下,其售价都是 1000元。 当市场利率降为8%时,其售价分别上升到1079.87元和
1134.21元。分别上涨了7.99%和13.42%;
③ 它的实际收益率为 r ,则:
968 .98 950 r 11% 1% 11.64% 968 .98 939 .25
例2:假设某公司于2000年1月1日发行的票面值为1000元,票

第三章固定收益证券总结

第三章固定收益证券总结
第三章 固定收益证券
1 2
固定收益证券概述 债券属性与价值分析
债券定价原理 债券组合管理
3 4
第一节 固定收益证券概述
概念
固定收益证券是指收益水平较为 确定的一类债券。持券人按照约定可 以在特定的时间内取得固定的收益并 预先知道取得收益的数量和时间。
我国金融市场上的固定收益类 产品主要有国债、中央银行票据、 企业债、结构化产品和可转换债券。
公司债券
金融债券 央行票据 国际债券
三、债券的种类
不同类国债的异同点
记帐式国债的发行
不同类国债的异同点
债券在投资组合中的位置
中国债券市场分布
第二节 债券属性与价值分析
债券属性
到期期限长短 债券的息票率 债券的可赎回条款 税收待遇 市场的流通性 违约风险
债券属性与债券收益率:
债券属性 期限 息票率 可赎回条款 与债券收益率的关系 当市场利率调整时,期限越长,债券的价格波动幅度越大;当期限延长 时,单位期限的债券价格的波动幅度递减。 当市场利率调整时,息票率越低,债券的价格波动幅度越大。 当债券被赎回时,投资收益率降低。作为补偿,易被赎回的债券的名义 收益率比较高,不易被赎回的债券的名义收益率比较低。
第三节 债券定价原理
麦考利久期与债券价格的关系
债券的利率风险通常用债券的利率弹性指标IE 衡量,即:
IE P / P y / y
此外,还可以利用利率弹性与麦考利久性的关 系式,计算价格弹性,即:
第三节 债券定价原理
债券凸性与麦考利久期之间的关系
债券价格
债券的凸性与久期
收益率
债券的凸性准确地描述了债券价格与收益率之间非 线性的反向关系;而债券的久期将债券价格与收益率的 反向关系视为线性的,只是一个近似的公式。

固定收益证券基本概念总结

固定收益证券基本概念总结

固定收益证券基本概念总结固定收益证券,也被称为债券,是一种由发行者发行的借款工具。

作为投资者,购买固定收益证券就相当于贷款给发行者,并根据借款金额和利率获得固定的利息收入。

固定收益证券的基本概念包括:发行者、借款金额、借款期限、利率和利息支付方式等。

首先,发行者是指债券的发行实体,可以是政府、银行、公司或其他机构。

发行者通常需要向购买者支付利息以及在到期时偿还借款本金。

其次,借款金额是指发行者发行的债券的总额。

借款金额可以是固定的,也可以是根据需要进行调整的。

借款金额的确定通常与发行者的融资需求和投资者的购买力有关。

借款期限是指债券的有效期限,即债券从发行日开始计算的到期日。

借款期限可以是短期的(一年以下),也可以是中长期的(1-10年),甚至是长期的(超过10年)。

借款期限的长短取决于发行者的融资需求以及投资者对于固定收益期限的偏好。

利率是固定收益证券的核心特征,它表示借款者需要支付给投资者的借款利息。

利率可以是固定的,也可以是浮动的,根据市场情况进行调整。

固定利率意味着投资者在整个借款期限内获得相同的固定利息收入,而浮动利率意味着利息根据市场利率的变动而变动。

利息支付方式是指发行者向投资者支付利息的频率和方式。

利息可以按年支付、半年支付或者按其他周期支付。

此外,利息支付方式还可以是固定金额支付或者按债券面值的百分比支付。

固定收益证券的收益和风险水平通常与债券的信用评级相关。

信用评级是评估债券支付本金和利息的能力的一个指标。

高信用评级的债券通常具有较低的风险和较低的利率,而低信用评级的债券则通常具有较高的风险和较高的利率。

投资者可以通过购买固定收益证券来实现多样化的投资组合。

由于固定收益证券的特性以及不同类型债券之间的差异,投资者可以根据自己的风险偏好和投资目标选择适合自己的固定收益证券。

总结来说,固定收益证券是一种由发行者发行的借款工具,投资者通过购买固定收益证券获得固定的利息收入。

固定收益证券的基本概念包括发行者、借款金额、借款期限、利率和利息支付方式等。

固定收益证券投资策略总结

固定收益证券投资策略总结

固定收益证券投资策略总结
固定收益证券投资策略是一种有效的长期投资策略,它可以帮助投资者实现投资目标并获得稳定收益。

综述了固定收益证券投资策略的特点和主要步骤,重点强调了投资者如何选择合适的固定收益证券产品,以及如何最大化风险敞口以及把握证券投资的时机。

固定收益证券投资策略的主要特点是投资者能够获得稳定的收益,而无须为错过机会而担心。

在当前的经济环境中,投资者可以通过投资固定收益证券来提高投资回报率,并最大化投资回报率。

此外,投资者也可以考虑通过混合交易投资固定收益证券,获得可观的收益。

固定收益证券投资策略还能给投资者带来风险管理的方便,因为投资者可以根据自己的风险承受能力调整投资行为,以最大限度地降低损失。

固定收益证券投资策略的主要步骤是:一是确定自己的投资目标;二是根据投资目标选择合适的投资策略;三是完成投资;四是根据投资表现和投资目标进行风险管理。

投资者在选择固定收益证券产品时,需要全面考虑投资目标、投资期限、投资意愿和投资风险承受能力等因素,以决定选择的证券产品的利率、期限、发行机构、发行金额等情况。

此外,投资者也需要重视证券发行机构的信誉,并定期关注市场信息,以便根据存量价格进行证券投资。

最后,投资者在投资证券市场时,要根据跌涨行情及时调整风险敞口,并提前做好准备,以获得更大的收益。

此外,要定期
关注市场信息,以及自身投资情况,根据市场行情合理调整投资比例、收益率和投资时机,充分发挥投资优势,以最大限度地实现投资目标。

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一、名词解释● 债券:债券是合法的、可流通的借据,属于按照约定的条件归还利息和本金的有价证券。

● 面值:面值称为债券的本金,代表债券契约中借贷的规模。

● 偿还期:偿还期就是债券的生命周期,大致分为三个阶段:发行日、上市流通日、期满日。

● 票面利率:在债券契约中明确规定的利率。

● 利息支付频率:指一年中利息支付的次数。

● 国债:中央政府(以财政部作为其代表)为筹措资金的需要,以国家信用为支持向本国公众发行的债券。

● 政策性金融债券:由政策性银行(如我国的国家开发银行、进出口银行、农业发展银行)发行的债券。

● 中央银行票据:中央发行的短期债券。

绝大多数中央银行票据期限在一年以内。

既是央行公开市场业务的操作工具,也是非常安全的、流动性好的短期投资工具。

● 中期债券:企业发行的中等期限(1年-5年)的无担保债券。

● 短期融资券:金融企业在银行间市场发行的约定在1年内还本付息的有价证券。

● 资产抵押债券:由特设机构以金融资产的收益权为支持发行的债券。

● 固息债券:按照票面金额的一个固定百分比定期计算应得利息的债券。

● 零息债券:不规定票面利率,以低于面值的价格发行,到期偿付面值的债券。

● 浮息债券:票面利率随着基准利率的变化而正向变动的债券。

● 逆浮息债券:是票面利息随着基准利率的变动而反向变动的债券。

● 溢价债券:债券当前的交易价格大于面值的债券,债券此时处于溢价交易状态。

● 含权债券:债券契约中带有期权性质条款的债券。

● 可赎回债券:可赎回债券(callable bond )是发行者有权按照事先约定的价格买回其发行的尚未到期债券的一类含权债券。

● 有效久期:就是考虑到了现金流会随着利率变化而变化的久期测度。

02B y B B D E ⨯∆⨯-=+-● 有效凸性:是考虑了当市场要求的利率变化时现金流可能会发生变化的凸性测量工具。

020)(2B y B B B C E ⨯∆-+=+-● CB B NC C -=BC 为可赎回债券的价格;BNC 为对应的不含权的普通债券的价格;C 代表赎回期权价值● 可售回债券:是持有者有权按照事先约定的价格(售回价格)将尚未到期债券卖给发行者的一类含权债券。

● 债券市场:是债券交易双方接触的渠道与形式,交易债券的场所,一般由发行市场与交易市场组成。

● 债券发行:是指债券发行人向市场发售债券的过程。

债券发行市场即债券一级市场,是新发行的债券的销售场所。

●承购包销:是发行人通过与一组承销商签订债券销售合同,再由后者转卖给机构或者个人投资者的发行方式。

●招标发行:是通过公开竞标发行债券的方式。

●簿记建档:一种系统化、市场化的发行定价方式,包括前期的预路演、路演等推介活动和后期的簿记定价、配售等环节。

其具体流程为:预路演,根据反馈信息并参照市场状况,簿记建档人和发行人共同确定申购价格区间→路演,与投资人进行一对一的沟通→开始簿记建档工作,由权威的公证机关全程监督。

簿记建档人一旦接受申购订单,公证机构即刻核验原始凭证,并同意编号,确保订单的有效性和完整性。

簿记建档人将每一个价位上的累计申购金额录入电子系统,形成价格需求曲线,并与发行人最终确定发行价格。

●预售交易:在某债券发行前就开始对其进行买卖的交易活动。

其交易时间位于拍卖宣布日与发行日之间,大约两个星期左右。

交易者可以对即将发行的债券买空卖空,并通过买卖价格与将来的结算价格的对比计算盈亏。

●现券买卖:交易双方以约定的价格转让债券所有权的一次性的买断卖断行为。

●封闭式回购:交易双方进行的以债券为权利质押的一种短期资金融通业务,资金融入方(正回购方)在将债券出质给资金融出方(逆回购方)融入资金的同时,双方约定在将来某一日期由正回购方按约定回购利率计算的资金额向逆回购方返还资金,逆回购方向正回购方返还原出质债券。

在回购期间,资金融入方出质的债券,回购双方不得动用。

●开放式回购:债券卖出方(回购方)卖出债券的同时与该笔债券买入方(返售方)约定在将来某一时间按约定价格买回的交易。

在回购期内,该债券归返售方所有,他可以使用该笔债券,只要到期有足够的同种债券返还给回购方即可。

●远期交易:债券买入方与卖出方事先确定结算价格,在未来某一时点进行交割的交易方式。

●债券借贷:一方将自己所有的债券有偿地借出给另一方,后者按期偿还所借的债券并支付相应费用的交易。

债券借贷是一种市场做空机制,有利于增强市场的流动性。

债券长期投资者可以通过借出债券获取费用,增加持有债券的额外收益;积极的债券投资者可以在看空市场时借入债券抛售,等市场价格下跌时买回并偿还债券,通过贵卖贱买实现收益。

●利率:是人们贷出货币所要求的回报率。

●即期利率:人们根据零息债券的价格计算出来的利率水平。

●远期利率:代表了未来两个时点之间的利率水平。

用f(0,t,T)代表一个议定日为当前(0时刻)、资金借出日为t,偿还日为T的远期利率水平。

● 即期利率:可以表示为:i(0,t)=f(0,0,t)。

● 利率和金额回报:把“1+利率”看作是某个投资期实现的金额回报。

T 期即期金额回报就是组成T 期的两个远期金额回报的几何加权平均数,权重是每段时间占总时段的比重。

nj j t t t n j j j n t t f t i /)(111)],,0(1[),0(1--=-∏+=+● 债券的价格:债券的价格,从理论上讲,就是债券带来的现金流的贴现之和。

● 债券价格的封闭形式:1.债券相对价格始终在[(c/ BT )/i]和1之间波动2.票息率和市场利率之间的关系决定债券相对价格3.随着到期日的临近(令T 趋向于零),等式右边趋向于1,即债券价格趋近于面值 ● 债券收益率:就是投资债券的回报率。

● 当期收益率:当期收益率(current yield,简称CY )是票息与债券购买价格之比0B cCY =● 到期收益率:( yield to maturity ,简称YTM )是这样一种贴现率,经它贴现后的债券现金流加总后,正好等于债券的购买价格。

∑=-+=Tt tt YTM c B 10)1(● 持有期收益率:(horizon rate of return,简称HRR )是假设投资者计划持有债券一段期间获得的投资回报率。

● 假如在购买债券后,利率由初始水平(设为i0)变成了新的水平(设为i )并在持有期间一直保持这个水平,则债券总回报可以由B(i)(1+i)H=FH 得出,这里B(i)表示新的利率下对应的债券的价格。

1)1()(0-+⋅=i B i B HRR H● 总收益率:(total rate of return,简称TR )是根据一定的再投资收益和债券出售价格的计算出来的债券投资回报率。

● 基点价值:表示当收益率变动一个基点(万分之一)时,百万面值(或百元面值)的债券价格的绝对变动额。

● 久期(麦考利久期):是债券现金流发生的加权平均时间,权重是各次现金流的现值与债券市值的比重。

∑=-+⋅=T t t t B i c t D 1)1(● 修正久期:对债券价格表达式求导得到:di dB B D m ∙-=1● 债券价格的变动率:是修正久期与利率变动量的乘积。

di D BdB m ⋅-=● 久期与票息率的关系:如果其他变量保持不变,当票息率(c/BT )增大时,则债券久期变小;反之,当票息率变小时,久期增大。

● 久期与收益率的关系:久期对利率的一阶导数小于零,意味着久期与利率的反向关系:当其他条件不变时,利率上升,久期缩短;利率下降,久期变长。

● 债券组合的久期:债券组合的久期是构成组合的各个债券久期的加权平均。

● 权重是各个券种的市值占债券组合总市值的比重。

1,)()(,11∑∑=====nj j j j n j j j p X i P i B X D X D● 采用这种简单的方式计算组合的久期必须有严格的假定前提,那就是利率期限结构是扁平的并且其形状与位置都保持不变● 凸性(convexity ):即债券价格曲线的曲率,反映了该曲线的弯曲程度。

价格曲线弯曲的程度越大,凸性就越大。

(二阶导数)● 凸性与利率呈反向关系,与久期与债券现金流发生时间的方差呈正向关系● 收益率曲线:收益率曲线——在由时间(横轴)和到期收益率(纵轴)构成的坐标系中,把观察到的品质相同、剩余时间不同的债券的到期收益率的点连成一条曲线。

● 随着时间的推移,收益率曲线会发生移动:● 利率期限结构:零息国债收益率曲线被称为利率期限结构,构成资本市场利率水平和结构的基石。

● 贴现因子:面值为1的零息债券的市场价格。

债券价格表达式推出i i i R d -+=)1(是贴现因子。

B ≡债券价格矩阵,C ≡债券现金流矩阵,d ≡贴现因子矩阵B= C d d= C-1 B● 利率期限结构形状及变化的几种理论解释:(1)预期理论:认为利率期限结构完全取决于市场对未来利率的预期“上升”的利率期限结构表明市场预期短期利率在未来会上升;“平坦”的期限结构表明市场预期短期利率将不变;“下降”的期限结构则表明市场预期未来的短期利率将下降。

预期理论认为长期债券是短期债券的理想替代物,长短期债券应取得相同的收益率。

)](1][1[]1[1,11,022,0i E i i ++=+(2)流动性偏好理论:流动性偏好理论认为短期债券的流动性比长期债券要高,因为到期期限越长,利率变动的可能性越大,利率风险就越大,投资者为了减少风险,偏好于流动性较好的短期国债。

而对于流动性相对较差的长期国债,投资者要求给予流动性报酬。

(3)市场分割理论:市场分割理论认为债券市场由具有不同投资要求的投资者所组成的 。

每类投资者都习惯于使其资产寿命和债务寿命相匹配的投资活动,因而每类投资者固定偏好于收益率曲线的特定部分,所以收益率曲线所代表的各个期限的利率之间没有内在的联系,各种利率都具有相对的独立性。

长期利率只取决于长期资金的供求,短期利率只取决于短期资金的供求。

利率期限结构则取决于短期资金市场供求状况与长期市场供求状况的比较,或者说取决于各类资金供求曲线交叉点利率之间的对比。

● 债券价格的连续形式:零息债券:从远期利率的观点:⎰=-T t du u t f e T t B ),(),(从即期利率的观点:))(,(),(t T T t R e T t B --=● 附息债券:附息债券的价格是未来债券各次现金流按照各自的贴现因子贴现后加计的总和 。

dt e t c i B t t i T),0(0)()(-⎰=● 票面利率=基准利率+利差,假设三者的符号分别是yt 、it 、s ,则yt=it+s 。

● 关键利率:在一个时点上,利率期限结构某些重要期限的利率品种对其他的利率品种有重要影响,这些利率品种被称为“关键利率” 。

● 矢量久期:是债券现金流发生时间的加权和,权数是各期现金流的趋势权重。

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