硕士研究生入学考试试题.doc
全国硕士研究生入学考试政治试题及答案
全国硕士研究生入学考试政治试题及答案考试科目：政治考试时间：120分钟试题总分：150分考试类型：选择题、判断题第一部分：选择题（共100分）请根据题意选择最佳答案，并将其填写在答题卡上。
1. 下列哪个是中国共产党的最高纲领？A. 马克思主义基本原理B. 发展生产力C. 建设中国特色社会主义D. 党的总路线2. 全面建设社会主义现代化国家的目标是在什么基础上实现的？A. 全体人民自力更生B. 中国特色社会主义制度C. 民主政治制度D. 公有制经济3. 社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度是什么？A. 公有制经济为主体B. 混合所有制经济C. 计划经济D. 市场经济4. 我国国家机关的性质是什么？A. 人民的工具B. 人民的服务者C. 资本主义D. 官僚主义5. 阶级斗争是马克思主义的核心观点之一，它的根本目的是什么？A. 保持社会稳定B. 实现社会平等C. 推动社会发展D. 实现无阶级社会......第二部分：判断题（共50分）请根据题意选择“正确”或“错误”，并将其填写在答题卡上。
1. 中国特色社会主义必须坚持党的领导，坚持以人为本，坚持经济持续发展，坚持改革开放，坚持科学发展观。
（）2. 中国共产党是中国工人阶级的先锋队，同时也是中国一切劳动者的先锋队。
（）3. 我国国家机关的任务是为人民服务，为人民维权。
（）4. 政治素质是指一个人具备政治觉悟、政治能力和运用政治方法处理社会问题的能力。
（）5. 中国特色社会主义制度是我国的根本制度，不可动摇。
（）......答案解析：第一部分：选择题1. A2. B3. A4. B5. C......第二部分：判断题1. 正确2. 正确3. 正确4. 正确5. 正确......注意：以上答案仅供参考，具体以考试或教师要求为准。
希望以上考试题目及答案能够帮助您更好地准备全国硕士研究生入学考试政治科目。
祝您考试顺利！。
2023年硕士研究生统一入学考试自命题试题4
35.水平肌链由口轮匝肌、颊肌和翼内肌构成（ ）
36.下颌边缘运动代表了下颌、颞下颌关节及其韧带和咀嚼肌旳功能潜能。（ ）
37.在ICP时, 下颌位置都居于正中, 不偏左不偏右（ ）
38.颈鞘位于颈交感干旳后方浅面（ ）
39.根管为位于牙根内旳大部分髓腔, 一般一种牙根内不一定只有一种根管（ ）
全国硕士硕士统一入学考试自命题试题
********************************************************************************************
学科与专业名称: 口腔基础医学 口腔临床医学 口腔医学（专业学位）
考试科目代码与名称: 352 口腔综合
二、判断题（你认为对旳, 用T表达, 错误旳用F表达。共50小题, 每题1分, 共50分）
1.根管长度电测量法旳原理是根据牙周膜与口腔黏膜简朴电阻恒定为, 设计出第一代旳根测仪牙周膜旳电阻值为40微安（ ）
2.弯曲根管旳器械制备原则是尽量将根管扩直（ ）
3.牙根尖形成术实际上是活髓疗法, 牙根尖成形术是对死髓旳年轻恒牙旳治疗（ ）
12.简述拔牙创骨组织修复重建过程？
13.试述颞下颌关节基本构成和形态特性？
14.请解释三个基本颌位及其三者旳关系？
15.描述上颌骨旳三大支柱以及支架构造？
16.何为面部旳危险三角区及其临床意义？
17.口腔黏膜旳非角质形成细胞有哪些？ 各有什么功能？
18.从病理学和生物学角度鉴别多形性腺瘤和腺淋巴瘤？
22.三角挺重要提供旳力是楔力（ ）
23.颞深间隙感染最轻易并发骨髓炎（ ）
24.临床创口分为无菌创口、污染创口、感染创口（ ）
2023年安徽大学硕士研究生入学354汉语基础考试试题
2023年安徽大学硕士研究生入学354汉语基础考试试题业务课名称：354汉语基础考生须知：1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其他纸上无效。
2.答题时必须使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔做答，用其他答题不给分，不得使用涂改液。
一、填空题1.语言符号有能指和所指之分，其中符号中的概念对应()2.上海话中，老年人对“烟”和“衣”的读音分的很清楚，但年轻人已经不分这属于语言变体中的()变体3.语流中，“早早儿”中第二个“早”的声调变调为()4.指称有定指和不定指之分，其中“领导来了”中的领导属于()5.“狗”有“狗仗人势”的用法，属于词义构成中的()意义6.从词义演变的角度分析，"其臭如兰”到"臭鸡蛋”,词义概念()了7.《葬花词》中“尔今死去依收葬，未卜依身何日丧”的方言词汇属于()方言8.“弓长张”中的“弓长”属于字形中的()9.发布《现代汉语通用字表》属于四定中的()10.“轻”“重”是一对反义词，其中属于有标记的是()11.“春分”和“蛋白”属于主谓式的是()12.“家家有本难念的经”属于熟语中的()13.“香喷喷”属于()形容词14.“不”和“没”中常用来表达主观意愿的是()15.在“木头桌子”“宽阔的马路”中，定语属于限定性的是()16.“病”是名词兼()17.“他圆圆的画了一个圈”和“她胆怯地看着领导”状语指向宾语的是()18."天黑了"属于()谓语句19.从复句类型看，“昨晚下了雨，地上全湿了”属于()复句20.“他参加不了”“他不参加了”其中含有情况有了变化的是()二、简答题1.写出下列儿化韵的国际音标1)“一块儿”中的“块儿”2)“瓜子儿”中的“子儿”2.加拼音我下午坐飞机回合肥3.改正下列词语中的错别字一张一弛声名雀起三、文言文阅读题1.请为() 中的古文加注标点(淳于晃者齐之赘婿也长不满七尺滑稽多辨数使诸候未尝屈辱齐威王之时喜隐好为淫乐长夜之饮沈湎不治) 委政卿大夫百官荒乱诸候并侵国且危亡在於旦暮左右莫敢谏淳于影说之以隐曰国中有大鸟止王之庭三年不蜚: 通“飞”)又不鸣王知此乌何也王日此鸟不蜚则已一蜚冲天不鸣则已一鸣惊人於是乃朝诸县令长七十二人赏一人诛一人奋兵而出诸侯振惊皆还齐侵地威行三十六年2. 根据这段古文填空1)“辨”的意思是2)“数”的意思是3)“旦”的意思是4)“以”的意思是5)“己”的意思是6)“还”的意思是四、辨析下列词语1.“据说”和“听说2.“对于”和“关于五、修改下列病句并说明理由1.既看不出他们有什么高明的知识，又看不出他们有丰富细致的感情2.生产衬衫有两道关键工序，一是上袖口，二是上领子。
中南财经政法大学硕士研究生入学考试法制史真题
2002年卷一：中国法制史学100分一、填空题（共20空，每空0 .5分，共10分。
）1、我国封建社会的五刑是--2、《法经》的编纂者是--3、唐朝的法律形式有--四种4、隋唐至明清中央三大司法机关是--5、《通制条格》是--朝的法律。
6、朱元璋为惩治贪官污吏，特意颁布了一部特别刑事法规，共四篇，史称《》。
7、明清时期，大理寺、刑部的职能发生了变化。
刑部负责--，大理寺负责--。
8、清末变法修律活动中，清廷颁布的第一部宪法性文件是《》。
9、近代中国第一部资产阶级宪法是--，它首次规定国家权力属于我国国民。
10、北齐律规定了十种严重罪行须受重惩，称为--。
二、标点下段古文，译成白话，并简述其法律思想要点。
（20分）其有情恣庸愚识沈愆戾大则乱其区宇小则睽其品式不立制度则未之前闻故曰以刑止刑以杀止杀刑罚不可驰于国笞捶不得废与家……德礼为政教之本刑罚政教之用犹昏晓阳秋相须而成者也[注：沈，通沉；愆：罪过；戾：暴戾；睽：违背]三、名词解释（每题5分，共50分）1、明德慎刑2、云梦秦简3、六礼4、亲亲得相首匿5、十恶6、张杜律7、鞫谳分司制8、宋慈9、沈家本10、马锡五审判方式四、简述题（20分，任选一题即可，两题都做不加分）1、简述唐宋两代法律中关于法官责任和审判回避的主要规定。
2、与中华法系的有关传统比较，试述我国诉讼制及司法制度在清末法制变革中发生的主要变革。
卷二：法理学一、辨析下列各组名词。
（每组5分，共25分）法律规则与法律原则法的效力与法的实效法的继承与法的移植法的规范作用与法的社会作用地方性法规与自治法规二、试述法制现代化及其基本特征（20分三、试述法对利益调整的方式方法（20分四、试述法律传统及其社会价值（20分）五、试述在我国法制建设中应坚持的法的评价标准。
（15分）卷三、综合课（中国法律思想史学40分）一、填空题（每空0.5分，共5分）1、战国时期的法家思想中，在"法"、"术"、"势"三种治国手段上，商鞅尤重于"法"，--侧重于"术"，--偏重于"势头"。
全国硕士学位研究生入学统一考试英语试题1-4答案
medals would be a pie in the sky. What’s more, the
international exchanges has brought about the growth of
Li Ming
(126 words)
52. 参考范文
As is vividly betrayed in the chart above, the number of gold
medals which are snatched by P.R. China has been climbing and
growth of Chinese sports. The Opening-up and Reform since 1978
has improved the development of economy in China, which has
laid a solid foundation for the development of sports in
university to make contribution to the development of my
hometown, which is still one of the ten counties in poverty.
Best wishes to you!
Sincerely Yours
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. C
硕士研究生入学考试生物化学试题及答案
硕士研究生入学考试生物化学试题（A）一、选择题（选择1个正确答案，每题1分，共15分。
）1. 下列叙述中哪一个是正确的？（）A.线粒体内膜对H+离子没有通透性。
B.线粒体内膜能由内向外通透H+离子。
C.线粒体内膜能由外向内通透H+离子。
D.线粒体内膜能自由通透H+离子。
2. 下列有关RNA聚合酶的陈述中，哪一种是正确的？（）A. 合成多核苷酸链时，RNA聚合酶作用于核苷二磷酸。
B. RNA聚合酶作用时，需要引物。
C. RNA聚合酶在多核苷酸链的3' 端加上核苷酸。
D. RNA聚合酶可以在DNA模板的两条链上同时分别合成RNA。
3. 纤维素分子的糖苷键是（）糖苷键。
A.α(1→ 4)B. α(1→ 6)C. β(1→ 4)D. β(1→ 6)4. 前列腺素是一种（）。
A. 环羟脂酸B. 寡聚糖C. 多肽激素D. 氨基酸5. 要把膜蛋白完整地从膜上溶解下来，可以用（）。
A. 蛋白酶B. 透明质酸酶C. 去污剂D. 糖苷酶6. 形成蛋白质三级结构的驱动力是（）。
A. 离子键B. 疏水作用力C. 二硫键D. 氢键7. 真核生物mRNA的帽子结构中，m7G与多核苷酸链通过三个磷酸基连接，连接方式是（）。
A. 2ˊ-5ˊB. 3ˊ-5ˊC. 3ˊ-3ˊD. 5ˊ-5ˊ8. 在氧化脱羧反应中，需要下列哪一种辅酶？（）A. 磷酸吡哆醛B. 生物素C. 抗坏血酸D. 焦磷酸硫胺素9. 用下列方法测定蛋白质含量时，哪一种方法需要完整的肽键？（）A. 凯氏定氮法B. 紫外吸收法C. 茚三酮反应D. 双缩脲法10. 糖酵解的速度主要取决于（）的活性。
A. 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶B. 磷酸果糖激酶C. 醛缩酶D. 磷酸甘油激酶11. NADPH能为合成代谢提供还原势，NADPH中的氢主要来自（）。
A. 糖酵解B. 柠檬酸循环C. 氧化磷酸化D. 磷酸戊糖途径12. 生物体内甲基的直接供体是（）。
A. S-腺苷蛋氨酸B. 半胱氨酸C. 蛋氨酸D. 牛磺酸13. 酶催化反应中，决定酶促反应专一性的是（）。
2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一真题考研英语一
2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2disabled access to buildings and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl. They5as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly7in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors8crowdmanagement by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to12 the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each13 specific signals to tell them when to open.14 these methods differ, the main15 remain the same.Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.18,a busy street might not19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure sensitive mat would be more20 to limit the surveyed area.1.[A]Through [B]Despite [C]Besides [D]Without2.[A]revealing [B]demanding [C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience [B]convenience[C]guidance [D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily [C]successively [D]eventually5.[A]held on [B]started out[C]settled down [D]went by6.[A]relations [B]volumes [C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple [C]flexible [D]stable8.[A]call for [B]yield to [C]insist on [D]act as9.[A]As well as[B]In terms of [C]Thanks to [D]Rather than10.[A]connected[B]shared [C]represented [D]occupied11.[A]allow[B]expect [C]require [D]direct12.[A]adopt [B]lead [C]clear[D]change13.[A]adapting te [B]deriving from [C]relying on[D]pointing at14.[A]Once [B]Since [C]Unless [D]Although15.[A]records [B]positions [C]principles[D]reasons16.[A]controls [B]analyses[C]produces [D]mixes17.[A]decorate [B]compare [C]protect [D]complement18.[A]In conclusion [B]By contrast [C]For example[D]Above all19.[A]identify [B]suit[C]secure [D]include20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious [C]impressive [D]delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans bunied a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes bum down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might bum down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90%between the late 1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing Ive leamt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's thecheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for future use[B]keeping them from rusting[C]letting them grow in value[D]hiding them from the locals22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists[B]illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period[C]contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nails[D]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies.[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be leamed from Paragraph 5 that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements[B]have remained basically the same since Roman times[C]are less studied than other everyday products[D]are one of the world's most significant inventions25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology defines people's understanding of the world.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text 2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, Known as all oparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to miror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an "intensive mothering narrative", which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. "Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences, "they wrote.By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a“knock-on"benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant bom to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers-this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children leamt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western"instructive teaching",where pupils are asked to sit still,may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own social development”26.According to the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing child care among community members[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers[C]teaching parenting details to older children[D]carrying infants around by their parent27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture[D]the differences between western African ways ofliving28.According to Paragraph 4,the"intensive mothering narrative"_[A]alleviate parenting pressure[B]considerate family relationships[C]results in the child-centered family[D]departs from the course of evolution29.According to paragraph 6,what can we lean about nursery in the UK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title?[A]Instructive teaching:a dilemma for anxious parents[B]For a happier family,learn from the hunter-gatherers[C]Mix-aged playgroup,a better choice for lonely children[D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to EuropeText 3Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West,Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons&Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in"Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon GregRutkowski,"and the system will produce something that looks not a milion miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.Some of the world's most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci,brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less.Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his.“It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because[the internet]will be flooded with AI art,"Rutkowski says."That's concerning."“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,"says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting.[B]He is popular with the users of an Al art generator.[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles[C]make unauthorized use of online images[D]collect user information without consent33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences[B]a new method to identify Al images[C]AI-generated work bearing his name[D]heated disputes regarding his copyright34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign for new policies or regulations[B]offer their services to public institutions[C]strengthen their relationships with AI users[D]adopt a different strategy for Al model training35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to Al art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of Al.[D]Opposing views on AI development.Text 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline water and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must have a“continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries"significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett V.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's reminder that they EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impacts downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can't offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model.It's been gone since the 1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where American bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as[A]a value natural environment[B]a controversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache for nearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforces water pollution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will end conflicts among local residents[D]may face opposition from mining operators38.How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved[D]Encouraged.39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake BayProgram?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.[C]It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refugesPart BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments.Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name(41—45).There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41)HannabSimply,there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42)BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 years old or 2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificentlSth-century Chinese sculpture.It inspired me to learm more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44)VictorAncient art that is displaced in foreign countries should be returned.…(缺失)(45)JuliaTo those of you in the comments section,by all means,who are having strong feeling about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain,I would ask you to consider…(缺失)[A]It is clear that countries of origin have never been compensated for stolen artifacts.[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.[C]Museum visitor can still learn as much from artifacts copies after the originals are returmed.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin. 参考答案：41.E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant also known as the African bush elephant,is distributed across 37 African countries.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,anc are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of ing tracking devices,researchers have shown that they have"remarkable spatial acuity",when finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently litle was known about how they selected their food.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.They then set up a“food station”experiment,in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality ofthe trees within each patch.Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.参考译文：(46)它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。
西安电子科技大学硕士研究生入学考试试题(含答案)
也可利用不进位乘法或列表法计算。 11、已知 H ( s ) 的零极点分布图如下图所示，单位冲激响应 h(t ) 的初始值 h(0 ) = 2 ，则该 系统的系统函数 H (s) = 。
+
jω
×
j2
2 σ
−j2
−2 ×
解：由零极点分布图可写出
s →∞
H ( s) =
H 0 ( s − 2) ( s + 2) 2 + 4
对应原函数为
−3 1 −1 1 × = + ， − 1 < Re[ s ] < 2 s − 2 s +1 s − 2 s +1
e2 t ε (−t ) + e − t ε (t )
3 1 1 1 × = ， Re[ s ] > 2 s − 2 s +1 s − 2 s +1
−t
3e 2t ε (t ) ∗ e − t ε (t ) ↔
5
π
H ( jω )
ϕ (ω )
5
−10
0 (a)
10ω
−5 0 −5
5
ω
(b)
A C
、 f (t ) = cos t + cos(8t )
B
、 f (t ) = sin(2t ) + sin(4t )
2
、 f (t ) = sin(2t ) sin(4t ) D、 f (t ) = cos (4t ) 解：选 B。由系统的幅频特性和相频特性可知：若输入信号的频率均处于 ω = −5 ∼ 5 之间， 既不产生幅度失真又不产生相位失真。只有 B 满足这一条件。 d 6、信号 f (t ) = [e ε (t )] 的傅里叶变换 F ( jω ) 等于 dt
河南工业大学硕士研究生入学考试试题
河南工业大学硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：计算机网络共 7 页（第 1 页）注意：1、本试题纸上不答题，所有答案均写在答题纸上2、本试题纸必须连同答题纸一起上交。
一、选择题（共20 题，每题 1 分，共20 分，请把答案写入答题框中）1. 人们将网络层次结构模型和各层协议定义为网络的。
A）拓扑结构B）协议集C）体系结构D）开放系统互联模型2. TCP/IP参考模型的网络层提供的是。
A）无连接不可靠的数据报服务B）无连接可靠的数据报服务C）有连接不可靠的虚电路服务D）有连接可靠的虚电路服务3. 网络协议的核心要素是指。
A）数据格式、编码、信号表示B）数据、控制、速率C）语义、语法、同步D）地址、端口、复用。
4. IEEE802.3标准的以太网的物理地址长度为。
A）8bit B）32bit C）48bit D）64bit5. 以下关于网桥不正确的是。
A）网桥在数据链路层实现互连B）网桥根据MAC地址转发数据帧C）网桥能够识别一个完整的帧D）网桥能够实现局域网和广域网的互连6. IP服务的3个主要特点是。
A）不可靠、面向无连接和尽最大努力投递B）可靠、面向连接和尽最大努力投递C）不可靠、面向连接和全双工D）可靠、面向无连接和全双工7. 下列关于IPv6的说法不正确的是。
A）IPv6解决了IPv4地址耗尽的问题B）IPv6解决IPv4无法支持无线传输的问题C）IPv6提供了安全增强功能D）IPv6地址使用冒号十六进制记法8. 主机甲向主机乙发送一个(FIN＝1，seq＝11220)的TCP报文段，期望与主机乙释放TCP连接，主机乙收到连接释放报文段后发出确认。
则主机乙回复的正确的TCP连接释放应答报文段可能是。
A）(FIN＝0，ACK＝1，seq＝11221，ack＝11221)B）(FIN＝1，ACK＝0，seq＝11220，ack＝11221)C）(FIN＝1，ACK＝1，seq＝11221，ack＝11220)D）(FIN＝0，ACK＝0，seq＝11220，ack＝11220)9. 主机甲与主机乙间建立了一个TCP连接，主机甲向主机乙发送了两个连续的TCP段，分别包含300字节和500字节的有效载荷，第一个段的序列号为200，主机乙正确接收两个段后，发送给主机甲TCP段中的确认序列号是。
XXX考研真题(2007-2016)
XXX考研真题(2007-2016) XXX考研真题（2007-2016）XXX2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（三小时）考试科目名称及代码：文学615】一、名词解释：（每小题5分，计50分）1、熟悉的陌生人2、游戏说3、创作个性4、《唐宋八大家文钞》5、“三言”“二拍”6、新月诗派7、革命样板戏8、浮士德精神9、多余人10、黑色幽默二、问答题：（25×4，6题选做4题，多做扣分）1、结合实例，谈谈艺术传达及其重要意义。
2、试述先秦诸子散文的文献情况及体裁变迁。
3、试述XXX沉郁顿挫的诗歌风格。
4、为什么说XXX的小说是“中国反封建思想革命的一面镜子”？试以《呐喊》《彷徨》为例加以论述。
5、从XXX、XXX、XXX等作家是创作为例，分析80年代“现代派小说”在人物塑造的思想感情以及主题、风格、体裁形式等（文体上的特点）。
6、为什么人们常称古希腊悲剧为“命运悲剧”？它与XXX 悲剧有什么不同？XXX2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（三小时）考试科目称号及代码：文学615】一名词解释：（5×10=50）1.文学风格2.误读3.骑士文学4.湖畔诗派5.山药蛋派6.野草7.现实主义冲击波8.梅村体9.孔门四科10.沈汤之争二问答题：（六题选四题，每题25分）1.文学言语与日常言语的差别及各自的特点，并说明为什么文学言语与日常言语难以区分。
2.XXX的戏剧的特点，及对XXX和XXX有何影响?请结合脚本扼要说明。
3.简要叙述关於朦胧诗的主要论争及你的看法。
4.简要论述XXX《子夜》在文学史中的意义、价值和缺陷。
5.清人XXX诗云：“夙岁愿学XXX词，寄意遥深未易窥，香草美人无尽意，直从骚诗接风诗。
”请解释此诗并谈谈你的看法。
6.简单叙说XXX词在词史中的地位与贡献，叙说中至少联系XXX的三首词。
XXX2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（三小时）考试科目称号及代码：文学615】一、名词解释（每题5分，共50分）1、四分法2、文学流派3、流浪汉小说4、《傲慢与偏见》5、创造社6、《财主的儿女们》7、新民歌运动8、“临川四梦”与“XXX”9、《古文辞类纂》10、常州词派二、论述（任选四题，共100分）1、什么是文学典型？它的特点是什么？结合具体的小说实践，谈谈西方典型理论在不同时代的内涵与流变。
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案一、听力部分题目一[听力材料]1.What does the woman want to do?A. Visit a museum.B. Go shopping.C. Have a coffee.2.What is the man doing?A. Taking pictures.B. Writing a report.C. Doing some research.3.What did the man say he had just done?A. Made a phone call.B. Checked his email.C. Talked to his boss.[答案解析]1. A2. A3. B题目二[听力材料]1.What does the man suggest that they do?A. Watch a movie.B. Go to a concert.C. Have a party.2.How long will the concert last?A. About an hour.B. About two hours.C. About three hours.3.What does the woman say about the singer?A. She is very popular.B. She is not very good.C. She has a great voice. [答案解析]1. A2. B3. C二、阅读理解部分题目一[文章]Researchers have developed a new technique that could help treat cancer by using an electric field to guide cancer-fighting medication directly to tumors. The team used microscopic particles called nanovesicles (small enough to enter the bloodstream) to deliver chemotherapy drugs specifically to cancer cells. These nanovesicles were then activated with an electric field, causing them to pass through the blood vessels and into the tumors themselves.题目What is the new technique that researchers have developed?A. A way to guide electric fields to tumors.B. A technique to deliver chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells.C. A method to activate microscopic particles.[答案解析]B题目二[文章]The rising cost of housing in big cities is driving workers to move to smaller towns. For many, the decision to leave urban areas is not only about money, but also about improving their quality of life.题目Why are workers moving to smaller towns?A. Because of the rising cost of housing in big cities.B. Because they want to live in a quieter environment.C. Because they want to be closer to nature.[答案解析]A三、翻译部分题目一[中文]一旦这种新技术被用于生产，它将彻底改变这个行业。
2020年中国科学院大学硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题(普通地质学)
中国科学院大学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题中国科学院大学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：普通地质学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
普通地质学（试题内容）一、填空题（每空1分，计65分。
在答题纸上按序号给出答案）∙地壳克拉克值最高的前十位元素分别为（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）、（5）、（6）、（7）、（8）、（9）和（10）；任取其中元素，仅能构成摩氏硬度计中的矿物（11）、（12）、（13）、（14）和（15）；在这5种矿物中，（16）硬度最小，（17）硬度最大，（18）在地壳中含量最为丰富，有（19）种硅酸盐矿物和（20）种氧化物矿物，有（21）种变质矿物，（22）种矿物光薄片中可能观察到全消光。
∙河流搬运物质的方式有（23）、（24）和（25）三种。
∙火山岩可以分为超基性、基性、中性、酸性等类别，请按此顺序分别写出一类岩石名称（26）、（27）、（28）、（29）。
∙岩石圈板块的边界有（30）、（31）和（32）三种类型。
∙主要由石英、长石和云母组成的岩石可能有（33）、（34）和（35）。
∙某变质岩含SiO2达90 wt.%以上，其岩石名称为（36），主要由（37）或（38）变质而成。
∙常见的地层沉积接触关系有（39）、（40）和（41）。
∙风化作用的方式主要有（42）、（43）、（44）等。
∙从底到顶，三角洲沉积物由（45）、（46）和（47）等三层组成。
∙高压低温变质带的特征矿物有（48）、（49）和（50）。
科目名称：普通地质学第1页共5页∙地震震级每增大二级，则震源发出的总能量增加（51）倍。
∙显生宙从老到新依次包含（52）、（53）、（54）、（55）、（56）、（57）、（58）、（59）、（60）、（61）、（62）、（63）12个纪。
江西师范大学硕士研究生入学考试试题(样卷) .doc
3、KMP算法是解决模式匹配的有效算法，设数组下标从0从始，则模式串“babbabbab”对应的next[]值是。
4、一棵具有46个叶结点的完全二叉树，最多有个结点。
5、若p已指向了二叉树t的树根，则让p指向这棵二叉树的中序首点（中序遍历下的第一个结点）可以用以下的语句实现：。
（B）924，220，911，244，898，258，362，363
（C）952，202，911，240，912，245，363
（D）2，399，387，219，266，382，381，278，363
6、已知某完全二叉树采用顺序存储结构，结点数据信息A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H，顺序存放在数组的前8个单元，则该完全二叉树的后序遍历序列为（）。
for（j=0; =i; j++)
S;
（A）O（n）（B）O（n2）（C）O（nlogn）（D）O（n*i）
2、在一个单链表中，若p所指结点不是最后结点，在p之后插入s所指结点，则执行的语句序列是（）。
（A）s->next=p; p->next=s;（B）p->next=s; s->next=p;
}
4、阅读下面的递归程序，说明这个函数的功能是什么？如果数组的大小为n，则该程序的时间复杂度是多少？设数组a的初始值是21,30,52,35,69,70,90,61,78,99，则执行change1（a,0,9）后，数组a的内容是什么？
void change1(int a[],int low,int high)
（A）84，79，56，38，40，46（B）79，46，56，38，40，80
全国硕士研究生入学测试英语考题
全国硕士研究生入学测试英语考题PartⅠStructure and Vocabulary Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. （5 points）Example: I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979. [A]from[B]after[C]for[D]since The sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.”Therefore, you should choose[D]. Sample Answer [A][B][C][D] 1.As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’dappreciate____from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. ［A］hearing ［B］to hear ［C］to be hearing ［D］having heard 2.Greatly agitated,I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,___to find it locked. ［A］just ［B］only ［C］hence ［D］thus 3.Doctors see a connection betweenincrease amounts of leisure time spent___and the increased number of cases of skin cancer. ［A］to sunbathe ［B］to have sunbathed ［C］having sunbathed ［D］sunbathing 4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods,you are not entitled____a repayment for the doods damaged in delivery. ［A］to ［B］with ［C］for ［D］on 5.On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont____I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.［A］which ［B］where ［C］when ［D］that 6.Christie stared angrily at her boos and turned away,asthough____out of the office. ［A］went ［B］gone ［C］to go ［D］would go 7.The roles expected___old people in such a setting give too few psychlolgical satisfactions for normal happiness. ［A］of ［B］on ［C］to ［D］ with 8.Talk to anyone in the drug industry,____you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. ［A］or ［B］and ［C］for ［D］so 9.It wasn’t so much that I disliked her___that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business. ［A］rather ［B］so ［C］than ［D］as10.Countless divouced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divouce, let alone___one. ［A］getting ［B］bo get ［C］gotten ［D］get Section B Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEETⅠby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（5 points）Example: A number of[A]foreign visitors were taken[B]to the industrial exhibition, which[C]they saw[D]many new products. Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose[C].Sample Answer [A][B][C][D] 11.Having isolated[A]on a remote island, with[B]little work to occupy[C]them, the soldiers suffered from boredom and low spirits[D].12.If the letter to be mailed[A]was placed[B]on the writing table an hour ago, it is[C]certainbeing[D]there now. 13.The ruling[A]party could even lose its[B]majority in the lower house ofparliament, started[C]a period of prolonged struggling[D]. 14. The mechanisms at[A]work are manifest[B]in the tendency for such physical activity to[C]utilize the potential[D]harmful constituents of the stress response. 15.In[A]the long run, however, this hurry to shed[B]full time staff may bemore[C]harmful to industry as it is to[D]the workforce.16.See to it[A]that you include in[B]the examination paper whatever[C]questions they didn t know the answer[D]last time. 17.Most newspapers, while devoting[A]the major part of its[B]space to recent events, usually manage to find room[C]on the inside pages for articles on[D]some interesting topics. 18.One sign by which[A]you are making progress in an art[B]such as painting or photography is that[C]you begin to realize how much there is[D]to learn.19.The ideal listener stays both inside andoutside[A]the music at the moment it is played and enjoying[B]it almost as much as[C]the composer at the moment he composes[D]. 20.Continued[A]exposure to stress has been linked to worsened[B]functioning of the immune system, leaving[C]a person more liablefor[D]infection. Section C Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEETⅠby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. （10 points）Example: The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.”Therefore, you should choose[C]. Sample Answer [A][B][C][D] 21.He spoke so___that even his opponents were won over by his arguments. ［A］bluntly ［B］convincingly［C］emphatically ［D］determinedly 22.France’s ____of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations. ［A］assumption ［B］consumption［C］presumption ［D］resumption 23.The 215-page manuscript,circulated to publishers last October,____an outburst of interest. ［A］flared ［B］glittered ［C］sparked ［D］flashed 24.His effortsto bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties___. ［A］came off ［B］came on ［C］came round ［D］came down 25.The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually____it in a profitable direction. ［A］adapt ［B］control ［C］install ［D］steer 26.The capital intended to broaden the export base and ____efficiency gains from intemational trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution. ［A］secure ［B］extend ［C］defend ［D］possess 27.It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be____ at the manager’s office. ［A］declared ［B］obtained ［C］reclaimed ［D］recognized 28.When I___my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me. ［A］woke up ［B］took to ［C］picked up ［D］came to 29.The American society is___an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources,which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment. ［A］established on ［B］affiliated to［C］originated from ［D］incorporated with 30.I am not_____with my roomate but I have to share the room with her, because I have nowhere else to live.［A］concerned ［B］compatible ［C］considerate ［D］complied 31.At first, the____of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible,but,with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality. ［A］transaction ［B］transmission［C］transformation ［D］transiton 32.When the committee_____to details,the proposed plan seemed impractical. ［A］got down ［B］set about ［C］went off ［D］came up 33.____to some parts of South America is still difficult,because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests. ［A］Orientation ［B］Access ［C］Procession ［D］Voyage 34.Mr Smith had an unusual_____:he was first an office clerk, the a sailor,and ended up as a school teacher. ［A］profession ［B］occupation ［C］position ［D］career 35.The maor is a woman with great____and therefore deserves our political and financial support. ［A］intention ［B］instinct ［C］integrity ［D］intensity 36.The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest____to everyone. ［A］speculation ［B］attribution ［C］utilization ［D］proposition 37.The fact that the golden eagle usually builds itsnest on some high cliffs___it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds. ［A］renders ［B］reckons ［C］regards ［D］relates 38.To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly be____,and display in the job. ［A］swift ［B］instant ［C］timely ［D］punctual 39.You don’t have to install this radio in your new car, it’s an_____extra. ［A］excessive ［B］optional ［C］additional ［D］arbitrary 40.We were pleased to note that the early moming delivery didn’t______to the traffic jam of the busy city. ［A］aid ［B］amount ［C］add ［D］attribute PartⅡCloze Test Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEETⅠby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. （10 points）If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity ofgrain41consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family42he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: asseed for sowing, as an insurance43the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to44old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to45the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation46and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be47. He must either sell some of his property or48extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low49of interest, but loans of this kind are not50obtainable. 41.[A]other than[B]as well as[C]instead of[D]more than42.[A]only if[B]much as[C]long before[D]ever since43.[A]for[B]against[C]of[D]towards44.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose45.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise46.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels47.[A]self confident[B]self sufficient[C]selfsatisfied[D]self restrained48.[A]search[B]save[C]offer[D]seek49.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio50.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[D]frequent ly Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEETⅠby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.（40 points）Passage1 A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid 1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, suchas consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. （Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.） Foreign made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as adevalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yield to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”According to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our business are improving their productivity.”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”51.The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause. [A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal [B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before [C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors [D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy 52.The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American. [A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market [B]semiconductor industry hadbeen taken over by foreign enterprises [C]machine tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53.What can be inferred from the passage? [A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride. [B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress. [C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation. [D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development. 54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the. [A]turning of the business cycle[B]restructuring of industry [C]improved business management[D]success in education。
(完整word版)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word （s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points）Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone。
But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass， and you 4 cant find north， a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization， one of which is to follow the land。
When you find yourself well 6 a trail， but not in a completely 7 area， you have to answer two questions： Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area？ And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water。
2023 全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题
绝密★启用前2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）（科目代码201）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生必须在试题册指定位置上填写考生姓名和考生编号；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的试卷条形码粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或者钢笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束后，将答题卡和试题册按规定一并交回，不可带出考场。
考生姓名：__________________考生编号：Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C], or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically __1__ outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments of __2__.This word “Caravanserais” is a __3__ of the Persian word “karvan”, which means a group of travellers or a caravan, and seray, a palace or enclosed building. The Perm caravan was used to __4__ groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons, __5__ merchants, travellers or pilgrims.From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes become more developed, the __6__ of the Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road __7__ possibility of being attacked by thieves or being __8__ to extreme conditions. For this reason, Caravanserais were strategically placed __9__ they could be reached in a day’s travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal __10__ point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road. __11__, those structures became important centers for culture __12__ and interaction, with travelers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs, __13__ talking knowledge with them, greatly __14__ the development of several civilizations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and __15__ in the trade of goods along the Silk Road. __16__, it was frequently the first stop merchants looking to sell their wares and __17__ supplies for their own journeys. It is __18__ that around 120,000 to 15,000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, __19__ only about 3,000 are known to remain today, many of which are in __20__.1. A. displayed B. occupied C. located D. equipped2. A. privately B. regularly C. respectively D. permanently3. A. definition B. transition C. substitution D. combination4. A. classify B. record C. describe D. connect5. A. apart from B. instead of C. such as D. along with6. A. construction B. restoration C. impression D. evaluation7. A. doubted B. faced C. accepted D. reduced8. A. assigned B. subjected C. accustomed D. opposed9. A. so that B. even if C. now that D. in case10. A. talking B. starting C. breaking D. meeting11. A. By the way B. On occasion C. In comparison D. As a result12. A. heritage B. revival C. exchange D. status13. A. with regard to B. in spite of C. as well as D. in line with14. A. completing B. influencing C. resuming D. pioneering15. A. aided B. invested C. failed D. competed16. A. Rather B. Indeed C. Otherwise D. However17. A. go in for B. stand up for C.close in on D. stock up on18. A. believed B. predicted C.recalled D. implied19. A. until B. because C.unless D. although20. A. ruins B. debt C.fashion D. series Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C, or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 Points)Text 1The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.Pat Hardy, a conservative member of the board who sympathises with the views of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes to science standards for pre-teen pupils. These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.Most scie ntists and independent experts sharply dispute her views. “What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship,” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education. “They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.”Such debates reflects fierce discussion across the US and around the world, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in school.A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.Another issue is that, while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages —such as earth and space sciences in high schools —it is not as well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.21. In paragraph1, the weather in Texas is mentioned to __________.A. forecast a policy shift in Texas schoolsB. stress the consequences of climate changeC. indicate the atmosphere at the board meetingD. draw the public’s attention to energy shortages.22. What does Quinn think of Hardy?A. she exaggerates the existing panic.B. she denies the value of scientific workC. she shows no concern for pre-teens.D. she expresses self-contradictory views.23. The study mentioned in Paragraph 5 _________.A. climate education is insufficient at state public schoolsB. policy makers have little drive for science educationC. Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooksD. environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision24. According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US _________.A. call for regular revisionB. require urgent applicationC. have limited influenceD. cater to local needs25. It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schools ______.A. agree to major public demandsB. reflects teachers’ personal biasC. may misrepresent the energy sectorD. can be swayed by external forcesText 2Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there’s an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The State Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,” said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns,“ employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,” Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of a local association of realter. “A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,” Castle said,“ and so it’s a cyclical effect.”Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an expert on affordable housing p olicy. “I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it’s their vacation home anyway, and it’s just empty, why can’t you make money off it?” Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities—de facto hotels—to bypass taxes and regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?” Horn said.At the end of 2018, governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rental host to register with the state mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further, requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.”26.Which of the following is true of New England?A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.B. Its communities are in need of funding.C. Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowlyD. Its home prices are under strict control.27.The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended to________.A. curb short-term rental speculation.B. ensure the supply of cheap housing.C. punish illegal dealings in housing.D. allow a free short-term rental market.pared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to support________.A. further investment in local tourism.B. an increase in affordable housing.C. strict management of real estate agents.D. a favorable policy for short-term workers.29.What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph 5?A. The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.B. The efficient operation of the local housing market.C. The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.D. The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.30.Horn holds that imposing registration requirements is________.A. an irrational decision.B. an unfeasible proposal.C. an unnecessary measure.D. an inadequate solution.Text 3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones, the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit, the same may be true of The President’s Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House(PRH), a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began late last year, when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Water stones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were“ quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.”In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power,” says literary agent Andrew Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31.The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to present_______.A. an ongoing conflict.B. an intellectual concept.C. a prevailing sentiment.D. a literary phenomenon.32.Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?A. To make them easily noticeable.B. To comply with PRH’s requirement.C. To respond to PRH’s business move.D. To arrange them in a systematic way.33.What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?A. Their customers remain loyal.B. The credit limit will be removed.C. Their stock is underestimated.D. The book market is rather slack.34.What can be one consequence of the current dispute?A. Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.B. Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.C. Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name authors’ books.D. Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.35.Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?A. Small publishers ought to stick together.B. Big publishers will lose their dominance.C. The publishing industry is having a hard time.D. The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.Text 4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title's impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.The advent of electronic publishing and authors' need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn't far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations.The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all — it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual — acting as author, editor, and consultant — was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.36. According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by__________.A. how many citations their works containB. how many times their papers are citedC. the prestige of the people they work withD. the status they have in scientific circles37. The support service consultancies tend to ____________.A. recommend journals to their clients.B. list citation patterns their clients.C. ask authors to include extra citationsD. advise contributors to cite each other38. The Function of the “milk cow” journals is to __________.A. boost citation counts for certain authorsB. help scholars publish articles at low costC. instruct First-time contributors in citationD. increase the readership of new journals.39. What can be learned about Scopus From the last two paragraphs ?A. It Fosters competition among citation providersB. It has the capability to identify suspicious citationsC. It hinders the growth of "international" journalsD. It established to prevent citation manipulation40. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?A. Take legal actionB. Demand an apology.C. Seek professional adviceD. Reveal their misconductPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-H and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A, E and H have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Last year marked the 150th anniversary of a series of Yellowstone photographs by the renowned landscape photographer William Henry Jackson. Jackson snapped the 1st-ever shots of iconic landmarks such as the Tetons, Old Faithful and the Colorado Rockies. On a late 19th-century expedition through the Yellowstone Basin that was conducted by the head of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Ferdinand V. Hayden. The team included a meteorologist, a zoologist, a mineralogist, and an agricultural statistician.[B] Two centuries ago, the idea of preserving nature, rather than exploiting it, was a novel one to many U.S. settlers. One of the turning points in public support for land conservation efforts — and recognizing the magnificence of the Yellowstone region in particular — came in the form of vivid photographs.[C] As an effective Washington operator, Hayden sensed that he could capitalize on the expedition’s stunning visuals. He asked Jackson to print out large copies and distributed them, along with reproductions of Moran’s paintings, to each member of Congress. “The visualization, particularly those photographs, really hit home th at this is something that has to be protected,”says Murphy.[D] Throughout the trip, Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes using the “collodion process” that required him to coat the plates with a chemical mixture, then expose them and develop the resulting images with a portable darkrooms. The crude technique required educated guesses on exposure times, and involved heavy, awkward equipment — several men had to assist in its transportation. Despite these challenges, Jackson captured dozens of striking photos, ranging from majestic images like his now-famous snapshot of Old Faithful, to casual portraits of expedition members at the camp. While veterans of previous expeditions wrote at length about stunning trail sights, these vivid photographs were another thing entirely.[E] The well-documented Yellowstone journey officially began in Ogden, Utah on June 8, 1871. Over nearly four months, dozens of men made their way on horseback into Montana andtraversed along the Yellowstone River and around Yellowstone Lake. That fall, they concluded the survey in Fort Bridger, Wyoming.[F] Though Native Americans (and later miners and fur trappers) had long recognized the area’s riches, most Americans did not. That’s why Hayden’s expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River region, from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna. In addition to the entourage of scientists, the team also included artists: Painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.[G] The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872. That March, President Ulysses S. Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world’s first national park. Some locals opposed the designation, the decision was largely accepted —and Jackson’s phot os played a key role in the fight to protect the area. “I don’t believe that the legal protection would have happened in the time frame that it did without those images,” says Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bisonord Bears: 100 years of the national Park Service.[H] Perhaps most importantly, the images provided documentary evidence that later made its way to government officials. Weeks after completing the expedition, Hayden collected his team’s observation into an extensive rep aimed at convincing Senators and Representatives, along with colleagues at government agency like the department of Interior that Yellowstone ought to be preserved.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)(46) Al can also be used to identify the lifestyles choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favorite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.(47) Some believe that Al is negatively impacting on the marketer's role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information.(48) Algorithms used to stimulate human interactions are creating many of these concerns, especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be(49) If customers are not willing to share data, Al will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication.(50) The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing message in a way that is sensitive to the needs of target customers is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.Section III WritingPart ADirections: Write a notice to recruit a student for Prof. Smith’s project on campus sports activities. Specify the duties and requirements of the job.Write your answer about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。
硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (22)
硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
一、选择题（共10题，每题3分，共30分，请在每题的3个选项中选择1个最适合的）。
1、不属于聚合物晶体基本形态的是（）
A、球晶
B、折叠链片晶
C、伸直链晶体
2、高分子不可能存在的相态是（）
A、液晶态B液态C气态
3、高分子链刚性越大，其等效自由结合链的链段长度（）
A、越长
B、越短
C、不变
4、结晶聚合物的熔融过程是（）
A、放热过程
B、力学状态转变过程
C、热力学相变过程
5、聚合物的theta溶剂是其（）
A、良溶剂
B、不良溶剂
C、良溶剂与不良溶剂的分界
6、聚合物的结晶度降低，性能也降低的是（）
A、透明性
B、拉伸强度
C、冲击强度
7、可使聚合物玻璃化转变温度提高的方法是（）
A、主链上添加孤立双键
B、主链上添加杂原子
C、使分子链交联
8、熔融指数（MI）如下的相同分子结构聚合物流动性最差的是（）
A、2
B、5
C、8
9、外力作用频率提高，玻璃化转变温度（）
A、增高
B、降低
C、基本不变
10、以下聚合物中，内聚能密度最低的是（）
A、橡胶
B、塑料
C、纤维
二、判断题（共10题，每题2分，共20分，请对正确的说法划“√”，对错误的说法划“×”）。
1、玻璃化转变温度的高低与测定方法密切相关，是一个变化较大的值。
（）
2、除去外力后，交联聚合物的蠕变一般不能完全回复。
（）
1。
二一六年硕士研究生入学考试试题
适 用 于 无 摩 擦 的 绝 热 流 动， 而 且 也 适 用 于 实 际 气 体 不 可 逆 的 绝 热 流 动。 12 、 什 么 是 雷 诺 准 则 和 弗 劳 德 准 则？ 三、计算下列各题(本大题共 6 小题，每 小 题 11 分 ， 总计 66 分)
13 、 一 平 板 在 油 面 上 作 水 平 运 动， 如 图 所 示。 已 知 平 板 运 动 速 度
绕 流 阻 力 系 数 CD 0.3 ， 空 气 温 度 0oC， 密 度 1.293 kg m3 。 求 克 服 空
气 阻 力 所 消 耗 的 汽 车 功 率。
第3页共3页
河北建筑工程学院
二○一六年硕士研究生入学考试试题 试卷 A
考试科目代码 907
考试科目名称 流体力学
所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试卷或草稿纸上无效。 一、把正确答案的代码（一个）填入题末的括号内(本大题共 4 小题，每小题 5 分，总计 20 分)
1、以 下 说 法 正 确 的 是 (
)
(a) 静 止 液 体 的 动 力 粘 度 为 0
试 求 通 过 管 道 的 流 量？
20m
16、矩 形 风 道 断 面 尺 寸 为 600mm 1200mm ，水 平 测 压 段 长12m ，两段 压 强 差 31.64 N m2 ，流 量 为11.63m3 s ，送 风 气 流 的 密 度 为1.11kg m3 ，试 求 风 道
的 沿 程 阻 力 系 数。 17、一 水 平 放 置 的 渐 缩 管，水 从 大 直 径d1 断 面 流 向 小 直 径d2 断 面。已
)
(a) 上 下 游 水 头 差 (b) 出 口 中 心 与 上 游 水 面 的 高 差
(c) 出 口 中 心 到 下 游 水 面 的 高 差
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
西北工业大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题试题名称：材料科学基础（A卷）试题编号：832说明：所有答题一律写在答题纸上第页共页一、简答题（每题10分，共50分）1.请简述滑移和孪生变形的特点？2.什么是上坡扩散？哪些情况下会发生上坡扩散？扩散的驱动力是什么？3.在室温下，多数金属材料的塑性比陶瓷材料好很多，为什么？纯铜与纯铁这两种金属材料哪个塑性好？说明原因。
4.请总结并简要回答二元合金平衡结晶过程中，单相区、双相区和三相区中，相成分的变化规律。
5.合金产品在进行冷塑性变形时会发生强度、硬度升高的现象，为什么？如果合金需要进行较大的塑性变形才能完成变形成型，需要采用什么中间热处理的方法？而产品使用时又需要保持高的强度、硬度，又应如何热处理？二、作图计算题（每题15分，共60分）1、在Fe-Fe3C相图中有几种类型的渗碳体？分别描述这些渗碳体的形成条件，并绘制出平衡凝固条件下这些不同类型渗碳体的显微组织形貌。
2、在两个相互垂直的滑移面上各有一条刃型位错AB、XY，如图所示。
假设以下两种情况中，位错线XY在切应力作用下发生运动，运动方向如图中v所示，试问交割后两位错线的形状有何变化（画图表示）？在以下两种情况下分别会在每个位错上形成割阶还是扭折？新形成的割阶或扭折属于什么类型的位错？3、已知H原子半径r为0.0406nm，纯铝是fcc晶体，其原子半径R为0.143nm，请问H原子溶入Al时处于何种间隙位置？4、柱状试样，当固溶体合金（k0＞1）从左向右定向凝固。
凝固过程中假设，凝固速度快，固相不扩散、液相基本不混合，α/L（固/液）界面前沿液体中的实际温度梯度为正温度梯度。
由于α/L界面前沿液体存在成分过冷区，晶体易以树枝状结晶生长。
当合金从左向右定向凝固，达到稳态凝固区时，请分析并画出：①k0＞1相图；②α/L界面处固体、液体的溶质浓度分布图；③液体中成分过冷区图三、综合分析题（共40分）1、试用位错理论解释低碳钢的应变时效现象。
2、如图所示，在立方单晶体中有一个位错环ABCDA，其柏氏矢量b平行于z轴1）指出各段位错线是什么类型的位错。
2）各段位错线在外应力τ作用下将如何运动？请绘图表示西北工业大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题答案试题名称：材料科学基础试题编号：832说明：所有答题一律写在答题纸上第页共页四、简答题（每题10分，共50分）6.请简述滑移和孪生变形的特点？答：滑移变形特点：1）平移滑动：相对滑动的两部分位向关系不变2）滑移线与应力轴呈一定角度3）滑移不均匀性：滑移集中在某些晶面上4）滑移线先于滑移带出现：由滑移线构成滑移带5）特定晶面，特定晶向孪生变形特点：1) 部分晶体发生均匀切变2) 变形与未变形部分呈镜面对称关系，晶体位向发生变化3) 临界切分应力大4) 孪生对塑变贡献小于滑移5) 产生表面浮凸7.什么是上坡扩散？哪些情况下会发生上坡扩散？答：由低浓度处向高浓度处扩散的现象称为上坡扩散。
应力场作用、电场磁场作用、晶界内吸附作用和调幅分解反应等情况下可能发生上坡扩散。
扩散驱动力来自自由能下降，即化学位降低。
8.在室温下，一般情况金属材料的塑性比陶瓷材料好很多，为什么？纯铜与纯铁这两种金属材料哪个塑性好？说明原因。
答：金属材料的塑性比陶瓷材料好很多的原因：从键合角度考虑，金属材料主要是金属键合，无方向性，塑性好；陶瓷材料主要是离子键、共价键，共价键有方向性，塑性差。
离子键产生的静电作用力，限制了滑移进行，不利于变形。
铜为面心立方结构，铁为体心立方结构，两者滑移系均为12个，但面心立方的滑移系分布取向较体心立方匀衡，容易满足临界分切应力。
且面心立方滑移面的原子堆积密度比较大，因此滑移阻力较小。
因而铜的塑性好于铁。
9.请总结并简要回答二元合金平衡结晶过程中，单相区、双相区和三相区中，相成分的变化规律。
答：单相区：相成分为合金平均成分，不随温度变化；双相区：两相成分分别位于该相区的边界，并随温度沿相区边界变化；三相区：三相具有确定成分，不随结晶过程变化。
10.合金产品在进行冷塑性变形时会发生强度、硬度升高的现象，为什么？如果合金需要进行较大的塑性变形才能完成变形成型，需要采用什么中间热处理的方法？而产品使用时又需要保持高的强度、硬度，又应如何热处理？答：合金进行冷塑性变形时，位错大量増殖，位错运动发生交割、缠结等，使得位错运动受阻，同时溶质原子、各类界面与位错的交互作用也阻碍位错的运动。
因此发生应变硬化，使强度、硬度升高。
较大的塑性变形产生加工硬化（应变硬化），如果需要继续变形就要进行中间热处理，即再结晶退火，使塑性恢复到变形前的状态，零件可继续进行塑性变形。
如果产品需要保持高的强度、硬度，可在最终热处理时采用去应力退火，去除残余应力，保持零件较高的强度、硬度。
五、作图计算题（每题15分，共60分）1、在Fe-Fe3C相图中有几种类型的渗碳体？分别描述这些渗碳体的形成条件，并绘制出平衡凝固条件下这些不同类型渗碳体的显微组织形貌。
答：渗碳体包括：初生（一次）渗碳体、二次渗碳体、三次渗碳体、共晶渗碳体、共析渗碳体，共五种。
（1）初生（一次）渗碳体：含碳量大于4.3%的Fe-C合金在平衡凝固时从液相结晶出来的渗碳体，形貌为板条状。
（2）二次渗碳体：含碳量0.77～2.11%的Fe-C合金，在1148℃冷却到727℃过程中，从γ相中脱溶的渗碳体。
（3）三次渗碳体：含碳量小于0.0218%时，低于727℃，从α相脱溶析出的渗碳体。
（4）共晶渗碳体：含碳量2.11～6.69%的Fe-C合金，在1148℃发生共晶反应时形成的渗碳体。
（5）共析渗碳体：含碳量0.0218～6.69%的Fe-C合金，在727℃发生共析反应时生成的渗碳体。
各渗碳体形貌见教材相关部分。
2、在两个相互垂直的滑移面上各有一条刃型位错AB、XY，如图所示。
假设以下两种情况中，位错线XY在切应力作用下发生运动，运动方向如图中v所示，试问交割后两位错线的形状有何变化（画图表示）？在以下两种情况下分别会在每个位错上形成割阶还是扭折？新形成的割阶或扭折属于什么类型的位错？答：a图：①XY向下运动与AB交割，产生PP′小台阶，宽度为|b1|②PP′的柏氏矢量仍为b2③PP′⊥b2为刃型位错④PP′不在原滑移面上，为割阶⑤XY平行于b2，不形成台阶b图：①AB位错线上出现PP′平行于b2，宽度为|b1|②PP′的柏氏矢量仍为b2③PP′∥b2为螺型位错④PP′在原滑移面上，为扭折⑤XY位错线上出现QQ′平行于b1，宽度为|b2|⑥QQ′的柏氏矢量仍为b1⑦QQ′∥b1为螺型位错⑧ QQ′在原滑移面上，为扭折3、已知H 原子半径r 为0.0406nm ，纯铝是fcc 晶体，其原子半径R 为0.143nm ，请问H 原子溶入Al 时处于何种间隙位置？答：fcc 晶体的八面体间隙414.0=R r ，四面体间隙225.0=Rr 。
根据题意知284.0143.00406.0==Al H R r ，因此H 原子应处于八面体间隙。
4、柱状试样，当固溶体合金（k 0＞1）从左向右定向凝固，凝固过程中假设，凝固速度快，固相不扩散、液相基本不混合，α/L （固/液）界面前沿液体中的实际温度梯度为正温度梯度。
由于α/L 界面前沿液体存在成分过冷区，晶体易以树枝状结晶生长。
当合金从左向右定向凝固，达到稳态凝固区时，请分析并画出：① k 0＞1相图；② α/L 界面处固体、液体的溶质浓度分布图；③ 液体中成分过冷区图。
答：柱状试样从左向右定向凝固，在固相不扩散、液相基本不混合、k 0＞1的条件下，在凝固达到稳态凝固区时，α/L 界面前沿液体溶质浓度分布C L 如图a 所示。
由于α/L 界面前沿液体中溶质浓度从左向右逐渐升高（与k 0＜1情况不同），成分与相图对应如图b 。
α/L 界面前沿液体中从左向右熔点逐渐升高（与k 0＜1情况相同）构成T L 曲线，加之界面前沿液体中的实际温度梯度为正温度梯度Tn ，即形成了由T L 、T N 两曲线组成的成分过冷区见图c ，在凝固过程中晶体易以树枝状结晶生长。
六、 综合分析题（共40分）1、试用位错理论解释低碳钢的应变时效现象。
答：将退火低碳钢进行少量塑性变形后卸载，然后立即加载，屈服现象不再出现。
如果卸载后在室温下放置较长时间或加热到一定温度保温，屈服现象再次出现，而且低碳钢的强度及硬度升高，这种现象称为应变时效或机械时效。
机理：柯垂尔理论认为，卸载后立即重新加载，位错已经脱钉，因此不再出现屈服现象。
放置或加热后再加载，位错被重新定扎，因此会再次出现屈服现象。
位错増殖理论认为，卸载后立即重新加载，位错已经増殖，因此不再出现屈服现象。
放置或加热后再加载，发生了回复，位错发生重排和抵消，因此会再次出现屈服现象。
两种理论均有实验依据，目前一般同时采用两理论解释应变时效的产生原因。
2、如图所示，在立方单晶体中有一个位错环ABCDA，其柏氏矢量b平行于z轴3）指出各段位错线是什么类型的位错。
4）各段位错线在外应力τ作用下将如何运动？请绘图表示答：1）AB、BC、CD、DA段都是刃位错2）AB和CD不动；BC向上滑移，AD向下滑移，如图所示。
<<<<返回察看答案>>>>返回课程网站>>>>进入讨论区>>>>本站点的版权和所有权属于王永欣有关此站点的问题请向主讲教师发邮件请用1024×768的分辨率浏览本站所有页面。