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大学综合写作考试题及答案

大学综合写作考试题及答案

大学综合写作考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 下列哪项不是有效的写作策略?A. 保持一致的时态B. 使用复杂词汇以显示智力C. 逻辑清晰地组织论点D. 检查语法和拼写错误答案:B2. 在写作中,引用他人的观点或研究成果时,以下哪项是正确的做法?A. 可以不注明出处B. 只注明作者名即可C. 必须提供完整的引用信息D. 只需在文章末尾列出参考文献答案:C3. 下列关于论文结构的说法,哪项是错误的?A. 引言部分应提出研究问题B. 结论部分应总结研究的主要发现C. 正文部分可以没有小标题D. 所有论文都需要有详细的方法论部分答案:D4. 在撰写论文时,以下哪项不是必要的?A. 明确的主题句B. 充分的论据支持C. 过度使用专业术语D. 恰当的结论答案:C5. 以下哪种情况不适合使用被动语态?A. 强调行为的执行者B. 强调行为本身C. 不清楚行为的执行者D. 需要隐藏行为的执行者答案:A6. 在写作中,如何处理复杂的数据信息?A. 仅使用文字描述B. 创造一个新的术语来描述C. 使用图表和表格来辅助说明D. 忽略这些数据答案:C7. 以下哪项不是论文审稿过程中常见的反馈?A. 文献综述不够全面B. 方法论部分存在逻辑错误C. 结果与结论不符D. 要求作者提供原始数据答案:D8. 在学术写作中,以下哪种引用方式是不恰当的?A. 直接引用B. 改写引用C. 没有引用D. 所有上述方式答案:C9. 一篇优秀的学术论文应该具备哪些特点?A. 独创性B. 逻辑性C. 可读性D. 所有上述特点答案:D10. 在写作过程中,以下哪项不是避免抄袭的方法?A. 正确引用他人的观点B. 对他人的观点进行总结和改写C. 使用自己的语言重新表述信息D. 直接复制他人的文章答案:D二、简答题(每题5分,共30分)11. 请简述论文写作中引言部分的作用。

答案:引言部分的主要作用是为读者提供论文的研究背景、研究问题、研究目的和重要性。

大学写作考试题及答案

大学写作考试题及答案

大学写作考试题及答案一、写作题目题目一:请以“网络时代的信息安全”为话题,写一篇不少于800字的议论文。

在文章中,你需要:1. 描述网络时代信息安全的重要性。

2. 分析当前网络信息安全面临的主要威胁。

3. 提出个人对于如何提高网络信息安全的看法和建议。

题目二:请以“全球化背景下的文化融合”为话题,写一篇不少于1000字的论文。

在文章中,你需要:1. 解释全球化如何影响不同文化之间的融合。

2. 讨论文化融合对个人和社会的潜在影响。

3. 阐述你对文化融合应持的态度及其理由。

二、参考答案题目一参考答案:网络时代的信息安全随着互联网技术的飞速发展,网络已经成为现代社会不可或缺的一部分。

然而,网络的普及也带来了信息安全的问题,这不仅关系到个人的隐私保护,也关系到国家的安全和社会的稳定。

当前,网络信息安全面临的主要威胁包括黑客攻击、病毒传播、数据泄露等。

黑客攻击可以通过技术手段非法获取用户信息,病毒传播则可能导致大量计算机系统瘫痪,而数据泄露则可能侵犯个人隐私,甚至危及国家安全。

为了提高网络信息安全,我们可以从以下几个方面着手:首先,加强法律法规建设,对网络犯罪行为进行严厉打击;其次,提高公众的信息安全意识,普及网络安全知识;再次,企业和政府机构应加强网络安全防护措施,如使用更安全的加密技术;最后,推动技术创新,开发更先进的网络安全防护系统。

题目二参考答案:全球化背景下的文化融合全球化作为一种不可避免的历史趋势,正在深刻地改变着世界。

在这一过程中,不同文化之间的交流与融合日益频繁,产生了丰富多彩的文化现象。

文化融合对个人而言,意味着更多的选择和更广阔的视野。

人们可以通过接触不同的文化,学习到新的知识,形成更为开放和包容的世界观。

对于社会而言,文化融合有助于促进不同民族和国家的相互理解和尊重,减少文化冲突,促进世界和平。

然而,文化融合也带来了挑战,如文化同质化的问题,可能导致某些弱势文化逐渐消失。

因此,我们在享受文化融合带来的益处的同时,也应该采取措施保护文化多样性,如支持本土文化的传承和发展,鼓励创新和本土化的文化表达。

大学汉语写作考试题及答案

大学汉语写作考试题及答案

大学汉语写作考试题及答案一、写作题目1. 请以“我眼中的中国”为题,写一篇不少于800字的议论文。

要求观点明确,论据充分,结构清晰,语言流畅。

2. 以“网络时代的人际交往”为话题,写一篇不少于1000字的说明文。

可以结合自己的经历,探讨网络对人际交往的影响。

3. 选择一个你感兴趣的历史人物,以“假如我与XX对话”为题,写一篇不少于1200字的记叙文。

要求内容合理,想象丰富,语言生动。

二、写作指导1. 在写作议论文时,首先要明确自己的中心论点,然后围绕中心论点展开论证。

可以采用举例、对比、因果等多种论证方法,使文章有说服力。

2. 说明文的写作重点是对某一现象或事物进行解释和阐述。

在写作过程中,要注意条理性,可以采用时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑顺序等结构方式。

3. 记叙文的写作要注重情节的构建和人物的刻画。

通过具体的事件和细节描写,展现人物性格和情感变化,使文章具有感染力。

三、参考答案1. 我眼中的中国中国,一个拥有五千年文明史的国家,正以前所未有的速度发展着。

在我眼中,中国是一个充满活力、不断创新的国家。

首先,中国的发展速度令人瞩目。

改革开放以来,中国经济持续快速增长,人民生活水平显著提高。

其次,中国的文化丰富多彩。

从古老的书法、绘画到现代的电影、音乐,中国文化在传承中不断创新,在创新中不断发展。

最后,中国的人民勤劳智慧。

无论是在科技领域还是在日常生活中,中国人都展现出了非凡的创造力和坚韧不拔的精神。

综上所述,我眼中的中国是一个历史悠久、文化灿烂、发展迅速的国家,我为能生活在这样一个国家而感到自豪。

2. 网络时代的人际交往网络时代的到来,极大地改变了人们的交往方式。

一方面,网络让人们的交流变得更加便捷。

通过社交软件,人们可以轻松地与远在他乡的亲朋好友保持联系。

另一方面,网络交往也存在一些问题。

由于缺乏面对面的交流,人们在网络中可能更容易产生误解和冲突。

此外,网络交往可能导致人们在现实生活中的交往能力下降。

大学基础写作考试复习内容

大学基础写作考试复习内容

大学基础写作考试复习内容一、写作的本质1.1写作的定义:广义写作是一般文章的基本写作。

侠义写作通常指作家的写作,即文学创作。

一、特性:1.人文性(1.写作本质上是人的精神文化行为。

2.无论何种写作类型都是人文性创作。

3.写作的目的既是“为己”,也是“为人”。

)2.综合性3.个体性4.创造性5.实践性规律:从社会生活的角度来看,它可以分为三个阶段,即“前期写作”、“显性写作”和“后期写作”。

功能:1.从个体生命文化的角度来看,写作可以超越个体生命的局限,实现生命的延续和精神的传播。

2.从个体学习和发展的角度来看,锻炼可以有效增强记忆,深化思维,促进成年人的精神成长。

1.2写作的源泉:1.缘情而作。

从某种意义上说,情和欲是人类一切活动的动因,也是写作活动发生的首要原因,人们使用各种各样的方式抒发聚积于内心的激情和愿望。

2.因事而作。

3.受命而作。

与本质1.3写作主体:从行为过程的角度来看,写作主体只存在于写作活动中,具有现实意义。

“作者”与“写作主体”之间有着密不可分的关系,但不是一个等价的概念。

与受体写作成品的阅读者,即具有对文章进行破译、解读或再创造能力的人。

二、写作的主体素养2.1写作学科的素质与培养(1)加强思想修养;(2)积累生活经验;(3)扩大知识面;(4)学习语言;(5)磨练你的写作技巧。

有了这些基本的成就,提高你的写作能力是非常有益的。

写作包括:写作活动由主体(写作者)、客体(写作对象)、受体(诉诸对象)、载体(写作活动的物化形式)四个部分组成。

2.2写作主体能力:在写作活动的整个过程中,无论在哪个环节,写作主体始终占据主导地位,发挥主导作用。

虽然在一些写作行为中,写作主体的主动性似乎并不明显,但实际上,它仍然取决于写作主体将外在意志转化为内在意志,也就是说,人们经常说“消化”为“自己”的东西,最终更好地完成写作任务。

写作客体的含义:广义:写作主体所面对的世界(或对象)可以统称为写作客体。

大学生综合写作考试大纲

大学生综合写作考试大纲

第二课堂“综合写作”测试共分为应用文写作、申论和新闻写作三个部分,测试时间120分钟,各部分所占比例分别为:应用文写作占40%、申论写作占30%、新闻写作部分占30%。

以下是考试范围和测试需要了解的基本内容。

测试时只有给材料的案例写作,没有知识点的测试,文体和写作知识寓于具体的文体写作中。

第一部分应用文写作(占40%)一、党政公文总体考核要求:了解《中国共产党机关公文处理条例》及《国家行政机关公文处理办法》的相关要求,了解党政公文的概念、种类及其作用,熟悉党政公文的行文规则、发文程序及收文办理程序,主要掌握常用的几种公文的适用范围及写作方法。

1、党政公文的概念2、党政公文的种类3、党政公文的行文规则、发文程序、收文办理程序4、党政公文的程式:眉首的构成要素(份号、秘密等级、保密期限、紧急程度、发文机关标识、发文字号、签发人等);主体的构成要素(标题、主送机关、正文、附件说明、成文日期、印章、附注、附件)版记的构成要素(主题词、抄送机关、印发机关、印发日期、印发份数)5、通知的写作6、通报的写作7、报告的写作8、请示的写作9、批复与函的写作10、会议纪要的写作二、事务文书总体考核要求:了解事务文书的含义、类别、特点及其作用,掌握计划、总结、调查报告、简报等文体的结构内容及写作方法。

1、计划的写作2、总结的写作3、调查报告的写作4、简报的写作三、财经专业文书总体考核要求:了解财经专业文书的含义、类别、特点及其作用,掌握几种常用文体的结构内容及写作方法。

1、市场预测报告的写作2、可行性研究报告的写作3、合同的写作4、协议书的写作5、意向书的写作四、财经法律文书总体考核要求:了解财经法律文书的含义、类别、特点及其作用,熟悉几种常见文体的结构内容及写作方法。

1、经济纠纷起诉状的写作2、经济纠纷上诉状的写作3、经济纠纷答辩状的写作4、经济纠纷申诉状的写作第二部分申论写作(占30%)考核要求:《申论》主要通过应试人员对给定材料的分析、概括、提炼、加工等,考查应试人员阅读理解能力、贯彻执行能力、解决问题能力及文字表达能力等。

大学写作基础考试题型及答案

大学写作基础考试题型及答案

大学写作基础考试题型及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共10分)1. 下列哪项不是写作过程中应该考虑的因素?A. 内容的逻辑性B. 语言的准确性C. 读者的接受程度D. 作者的个人偏好答案:D2. 在写作中,引用他人的研究成果时,以下哪项做法是不恰当的?A. 正确引用文献B. 用自己的话重述他人的观点C. 直接复制粘贴他人的文字D. 对引用的内容进行适当的注释答案:C3. 下列关于写作风格的说法,哪一项是错误的?A. 写作风格应保持一致性B. 写作风格应随内容和目的而变化C. 写作风格越复杂越好D. 写作风格应清晰、准确答案:C4. 在撰写学术论文时,以下哪项不是必要的步骤?A. 确定研究问题B. 收集和分析数据C. 编写详细的大纲D. 仅凭个人经验撰写结论答案:D5. 下列关于论文格式的说法,哪一项是正确的?A. 所有学术论文的格式都是统一的B. 论文格式应根据出版物的具体要求来调整C. 论文格式无关紧要,重要的是内容D. 论文格式应完全按照作者的习惯来设置答案:B二、填空题(每题2分,共10分)6. 在写作中,为了保持文章的连贯性,作者应该使用适当的________来引导读者。

答案:过渡词7. 一篇好的论文应该包含以下几个部分:引言、________、方法、结果和讨论。

答案:文献综述8. 在写作中,为了避免抄袭,作者应该对引用的内容进行________。

答案:改写或引用9. 写作中的“五段法”通常指的是一个主题句,三个支撑句,以及一个________。

答案:结论句10. 在学术论文中,图表和图像的使用应该遵循________原则,以确保清晰和准确。

答案:清晰性三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)11. 简述写作中的“读者意识”及其重要性。

答案:读者意识是指在写作过程中始终考虑目标读者的需求和期望。

它的重要性在于能够帮助作者更好地组织内容,选择适当的语言和风格,以及决定信息的呈现方式,从而提高文章的可读性和说服力。

大学英语期末考试写作必背 ()

大学英语期末考试写作必背 ()

I s I t B e t t e r t o B u y o r R e n t? The price of housing has kept increasing in recent years, which causes a big headache for people living in cities. A lot of people cannot afford to own a real estate property, so they choose to rent instead of buying an apartment. This group of people does not want to bear burden of mortgage so that they opt for a practical solution. Renting an apartment makes them have a place to stay and thus they can focus on work as well as personal life.Some other people, however, believe that an apartment owned by themselves makes them feel safe and relieved, so they are willing to sacrifice some other aspects of life to borrow money from the bank to buy an apartment. As far as I am concerned, to buy or to rent is all aboutit will be better to rent first and wait for the good timing when the price is going down to buy.Topic 2: On Job HoppingIt seems that nowadays, very few young people are willing to stay in a job position for long, let alone for the whole life. They change jobs constantly. This results from several factors. Firstly, young people like fresh things, and it is easy for them to be fed up with old routine work. So when they stay in a position for a while,the excitement will fade out.They are quite realistic and not willing to waste time in a job they are not interested in. Thirdly, some young people are not satisfied with current salary, believing they deserve better pay. In my opinion, constant job hopping will not benefit young people in their career development. Every job has its own merits and young people can certainly learn something from it as long as they are patient and wise enough. Every job experience is valuable down the career path and young people shall be able to make the most of it.Topic 3: Online Social NetworkModern people will be no stranger to online social network. Facebook, Renren and Kaixin001 are probably the most populous networks among Chinese netizen. In these networks, people interact with each other, be it a stranger or a friend, and have a lot of fun in the virtual world. This phenomenon could be a result of the fast development of the Internet and people's great interest of the virtual world. I think it is a very good new platform for people to keep in touch. But it should not be overused. Firstly, some people are addicted to it, which makes them want to get online 24 hours a day. When people spend too much time on one thing,they will naturally have not enough time for study and for work. Secondly, online social network change people's behavior of interacting with others. In virtual world, you just click the mouse and type in words instead of having a face-to-face talk. This will not benefit people's long term friendship, and even harm their interpersonal relationships in real world.Topic 4: The Most Important Skills for Modern PeopleWith the development of science and technology, the skills that modern people master are also changing with it. Some old skills including cooking, sewing and gardening are no longer be deemed as necessary skills. Then what are the most important skills for modern people? Some hold that foreign language skills and computer skills are on top of the list, whereas some others believe thatcommunication skills are the must.As far as I am concerned, communication skills are of the greatest importance for modern people. Firstly, in a globalized world, everyone is interconnected with each other. Communication is the key in personal interaction, and good communication skills can bring people sound interpersonal relationship. Secondly, most of the work done today requires teamwork. One person alone can not finish everything. Cooperation asks for communication, and effective communication will promote cooperation. That's the reason why lots of big companies emphasize communication skills first when they are recruiting new employees.Topic 5: What Is More Important: Character or Academic Achievement?What is the criterion to judge the performance of a student? Some believe that the exam marks should be the first standard concerned. A student's first priority is to study well, and academic achievement can show the result of a student's efforts and capability. But some disagree by holding that good character should be considered first when talking about the performance of a student, as character shows that whether a student has correct basic moral value and proper behavior. As far as I am concerned, sound character is more important in judging a student's performance. Firstly, good exam marks can not be everything as that won't follow a student's whole life. But sound character will be the only thing that lasts for long. Secondly, if a student has very poor character, good marks will be meaningless. When the student has grown up, his academic achievement will probably be used for wrong purpose. I, therefore, believe that we should reform the education system and care more for students' character cultivation.Topic 6: On the Importance of Being GratefulHave you ever said "thank you" when your classmates helped you?Have you ever thought about repaying a business partner who once lent you a hand? If the answer is yes, you must be a person who feels grateful. Your gratefulness makes your family more harmonious and helps you build a reliable cooperative relationship with other people, which can help you a lot in your lifetime.However, there are less and less people who feel grateful in the modern society. For one thing, people focus so much on what they can get that they never think of what to give. That is to say, they are too greedy to feel grateful. For another, some people take others' love and care for granted and know nothing about gratefulness.In my view, gratitude is important to our society and cultivating gratitude should begin from children with something small. We should teach our children how important gratitude is and ask them to do small things for others to show their gratefulness. Our society can become more harmonious and beautiful because of gratitude.Topic 7: Living with Parents after GraduationWhich will you choose to deal with your accommodation problem after graduation, living with parents or renting a room on your own? Quite a number of people prefer to rent a room on their own; however, more and more people choose to live with parents.There are several reasons for that. First, because of high housing prices, most people can't afford to buy a house after graduation. What's more, with their limited incomes, the graduates feel stressed with the high housing rent and living costs. Living with parents can save them lots of money which they may spend on housing and daily expenses. Finally, many people have been accustomed to depending on their parents and they can't take care of themselves. Personally speaking, I'd rather rent a room to live my own life, though living with my parents may help save much money. I also suggest that those who are so dependent onparents should learn to be independent as early as possible.Topic 8: More Disasters than Before?Much attention has been paid to reports about natural disasters recently. Earthquakes, droughts and floods in the West and Southwest this year resulted in many casualties and great losses, which greatly shocked us and forced us to be on alert. We can't help raising the question: are there more disasters than before?Many people probably will say "yes" to this question. There are more and more reports about disasters on TV and on the front pages of newspapers and websites. Media often cover details of disasters for days, which easily gives viewers a false image that disasters happen every day. As far as I am concerned, the great coverage of natural disasters by the media reflects the environmental awareness of human beings. We are more concerned about environmental protection now, and this is the first step to a better future of our planet.Topic 9: How to Deal with Peer Pressures?People often feel peer pressures. For example, your roommates smoke but you don't. Your classmates wear expensive clothes but you don't. In these cases, you may feel excluded if you don't do the same things as they do. Sometimes peer pressures drive people crazy, but you can only rely on yourself to deal with it.There are two ways to deal with peer pressures. First, pay attention to your own feelings and decide what you should do. Try saying "no" to peer pressures. Don't give in to pressures and do things against your will.Second, find friends who stand on your side. It's tough to deal with peer pressures alone,but it's much easier if at least one peer supports you. Make friends with those who have similar opinions or habits to yours, so that you won't feel excluded.To conclude, peer pressures can be eased if you have the courage to say "no" to it, and combat with it togetherwith your true friends.Topic 10: Lectures and DiscussionsLectures and discussions are two main styles of teaching in universities, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some students are in favor of lectures, but others enjoy discussions very much.Lecturing is the most traditional teaching method in China, because it is considered highly efficient. Students can get used to lectures easily, for most of them have been taught in this way since primary school. Teachers play a very important role in lectures, while students seldom have chances to speak. On the contrary, discussions allow students to have chances to interact with each other. What's more, students have more freedom and initiative in class where they can express their ideas freely and ask any questions about the topic. However, the class can easily go out of control if there is no restriction.As for me, I prefer discussions to lectures because of the open atmosphere. However, teachers should take charge of the discussions to help students learn more. Topic 11: On the Importance of Mutual UnderstandingNowadays many people are so focused on their own interests that they barely consider the feelings of others. As a result, misunderstandings, or even conflicts, arise.It is important for people to understand each other during a conversation, or in the interpersonal communication. For one thing, mutual understanding makes it easy for both parties to reach an agreement on the topic they are discussing. This may help solve the most difficult issues among different cultures, countries or communities. Furthermore, for people who are friendly to each other, this mutual understanding can definitely strengthen the love and friendship between them.Both the speaker and the listener can domuch to help gain mutual understanding. On the one hand, the speaker should try his best to express himself clearly, correctly, vividly and forcefully. On the other hand, the listener should also make every effort to be very attentive. Most importantly, both parties should take a friendly attitude towards the other side.Topic 12: Book Smart or Street Smart?There is a heated debate nowadays about which is better or more useful, to be book smart or street smart. People's opinions differ greatly over this topic. Some people believe to be book smart is way better. Many important fields like science and education need a great number of book-smart people. They can apply what they learn from books to their career. Others argue that true cleverness is not about how much you have learnt, but about how you deal with what you have learnt. Street-smart people can learn much from different experiences and can solve practical problems easily. They are much useful than book-smart people to some extent. As for me, there's no clear victor in the battle between street-smart people and book-smart ones. They both have their advantages, and our society require both. As a result, it's much better if we are both book smart and street smart.Topic 13: Due Attention Should Be Given to Spoken EnglishAs we all know, spoken English plays an important part in learning English. However, more and more students pay less attention to spoken English nowadays. There are two main reasons for this phenomenon. First, students would rather pay more attention to written English than spoken English because of pressure of exams. In order to enter a better school, students take efforts to improve their grades in examinations. As for English, exams mainly focus on the written part. Therefore, written English becomes students' priority. Furthermore, many students lack courage to speak English. Being afraid of making mistakes and thus losing face, many students dare not speak English in public. In order to change this situation, the educational system should be reformed to keep a balance between written English and spoken English, and schools should pay more attention to the latter. And most importantly, students should be encouraged to make mistakes when speaking English. If they are self-confident, their spoken English is sure to improve.Topic 14: Volunteering ActivitiesWith the progress of society, the volunteer spirit has spread all over the country. More and more people are willing to be volunteers and take part in volunteering activities. Getting involved in volunteer work means a lot to our society. Firstly, you show loving care to others when you are doing volunteer work. You pass love and civilization on to others with your volunteer work, and make others feel that there are always people caring about them. This makes our society more harmonious. Secondly, people whom you help may be influenced by your good deed and follow your lead. As a result, all people may help and care about each other, which makes the world a better place to live in.Since volunteer work is so meaningful, we should call on more people to take part in volunteer activities. All young people are supposed to have the volunteer spirit and be active to do volunteer work.Topic 15: Keep Connected with ParentsMany parents feel confused that, once upon a time, their kids shared everything with them, but now they don't even look at them. With the development of modern society, it seems that more and more children aren't willing to communicate with their parents. There are several reasons for thisphenomenon. For one thing, many kids think that they have nothing in common with their parents. What parents chatter about is study, which makes them bored. Thus, they prefer to communicate with friends. For another, they feel that their parents don't understand them at all. What they love to do is often against their parents' will and they can't get any support. As a result, the generation gap between parents and children become wider and wider. In order to change this situation, both parents and children should work together. Parents should learn to be a good listener and respect their children's ideas, whereas children should keep connected with their parents actively.Topic 16: My View on Knowledge EconomyKnowledge economy, which emphasizes knowledge and people of talent, is gradually replacing the industrial economy and becoming the dominant economic form. It is playing a more and more important role in our economic life in recent years. Knowledge economy has fundamentally transformed our ways of work, business and education. To start with, with the development of knowledge economy, more and more people are transformed from traditional manufacturing industries to new fields such as the Internet and the computer science area. Secondly, knowledge economy has given rise to the boom of electronic commerce and online trade, so you can do business anytime and anywhere. Besides, people have to keep learning something new to adapt to this explosive knowledge society. In my opinion, we should insist on developing knowledge economy and make efforts to educate the young generation, to contribute to the progress of knowledge economy.Topic 17: The Impact of the Internet on EducationAs Internet application is becoming wider and wider, the Internet has already permeated traditional education and has tremendous impact on education. As a result, more and more people tend to choose online education. There are some reasons for this phenomenon. First, online learning breaks the limits of time and space traditional education encounters and provides flexible learning opportunities for all people. Second, with the online learning, one can learn lessons from the best teachers of top schools which one can't have access to traditionally. Third, online learning gives freedom to students, so they can schedule their study according to their own pace of learning. Finally online learning enables them to discuss with others and ask questions freely without seeing each other, which is perfect for shy people. In order to develop online learning, there should be more schools providing all kinds of online lessons for people who have different needs, and more people should seize these learning opportunities to enrich their knowledge.Topic 18: On DialectsThere is a controversial issue about whether dialects should be prohibited in public. Opinions vary greatly on this issue.Some deem that dialects should be forbidden in public. There are so many people with various dialects in public that if everybody just speaks their own dialects, it can easily lead to chaos. In order to avoid this situation, we have to choose mandarin as the official language, for it can be understood by most Chinese. However, others argue that everybody has the right to speak dialects. Local dialects have been used for thousands of years, and they are valued as part of the traditional culture. Therefore they shouldn't be abandoned randomly. In addition, dialects still enjoy popularity in the daily communication among people from the same place. From my perspective, local dialects should be maintained and they can be used in public as long as they do notcause misunderstanding among the audience. Moreover, we should take responsibility to preserve endangered dialects.Topic 19: The Benefits of Job InterviewsNowadays, if you apply for a job, you usually have togo through the job interview process. A job interview is an undoubtedly vital process in the course of applying for a job. Job interviews benefit both the interviewer and the candidate. On the one hand, the interviewer is able to get more information about the candidate beyond his resume, and to know what qualifications he has by judging from the performance in the interview. After examining the ability and personality, they can decide whether he is the right person for the position. On the other hand, the candidate can decide whether he takes this job after he gets general information about it, such as the income, working conditions, etc. Moreover, he can gain precious experience by taking part in interviews, which is good for the following interviews.Therefore, the interviewer should make efforts to improve the job interview process to select the best candidate, whereas the candidate should also get well prepared for a better job.Topic 20. My View on White LiesThe question about whether we should tell white lies in daily life has aroused an intense debate over these years. Different people have different opinions.Many believe that we need white lies. There are moments in our life when we have to tell lies. In order to avoid hurting others' feelings or to make others feel better, we often tell white lies instead of conveying the truth. White lies have magic power to give people much hope and warmth. For instance, when you tell lies to a patient who gets incurable disease, he can probably enjoy the rest of his days more peacefully. Others argued that no one should tell lies, no matter what kind of lies. A white lie is essentially a lie. Some people feel betrayed and even get more hurt once they find out the truth, which can wreck a relationship easily. As for me, whether we should tell white lies really depends. You'd better take into consideration what the occasion isand what the result may be.Topic 21: Should a Formal Distance Be Kept Between Students and Teachers?A good interpersonal relationship between teachers and students is vital for successful education.And what is a perfect teacher-student relationship like? Should there be a formal distance between them?The question has aroused much interest.For some, teachers and students should be friends, and there should be little distance between them. The teacher enjoys being treated as a friend by the student, and the student likes confiding in the teacher. Such a relationship is treasured especially by teenagers who are eager to grow up.However, others hold that there should always be a formal distance between the teacher and the student. They argue that only when the teacher keeps a distance from the student can he make fair judgments about all the students and avoid prejudice. In my opinion, the distance between the teacher and the student can best be adjusted according to the specific situation.There is no need to regulate a set distance between the two.Topic 22: Need We "Never Give Up"?When Wallace watched the spider fail six times in spinning a web and succeed at the seventh time, he realized that he should lead his Scottish people to fight against the English invaders for another time, and he, too, succeeded. Whenever we face some difficulties or suffer setbacks in our projects,we can always gain strength from the popular saying: "Never give up!"But need we never giveup?Apparently there are always goals we can never achieve. However hard we tried, we could not win the top prize in every contest; whatever treatment used, we may fail to lengthen the life of someone beloved. There are always frustrations, and some are just beyond us. It is thus wise to accept the reality, i.e. to give up sometimes.As college students, we need the saying "Never give up" to keep us going. But we also need to learn to come to terms with reality. When occasionally I heard news about some college students committing suicide, I said to myself, "If only they had learned to give up!"Topic 23: Work in the CountrysideMany university graduates now volunteer to work in the countryside. It is reported that once hundreds of university graduates competed with one another to work as a village leader in Beijing. Many factors have contributed to this phenomenon. First, with more and more university students graduating each year, the job market competition becomes increasingly fierce, and many graduates cannot find jobs in the cities. Working in the countryside is better than being jobless. Second, the villages that are trying to employ university graduates are generally in the rich areas of the country, which makes working there an attractive choice. Third, some university graduates, being from the countryside, are eager to go back home to contribute to the construction of their hometown. With their knowledge and enthusiasm, they will play an important role in building the new countryside.Personally, I think university graduates should go to work where they are needed most and where they can make full use of their talents. Working in the countryside can be truly an advisable choice.Topic 24: Should Old People Stay at Home or Be Placed in Nursing Homes?Should old people stay with their children or go to the nursing homes?Some hold that old people should stay at home. For one thing, the young are obliged to repay the care and love they once received from the old. For another, the old may help with some housework and gain a sense of achievement, which is important for their mental and physical health. By contrast, some argue that old people should be placed in nursing homes, where they can not only have opportunities to communicate and have fun with their peers,but also be treated by professional doctors and nurses. Furthermore, with the old staying in nursing homes, the young may have more time and energy to devote to their own careers.In my view,the decision should be made with all factors fully considered. Above all, the opinion of the old should be respected. They themselves should be the ones who make the decision, not the young.。

大学写作考试重点

大学写作考试重点

第一章写作的主题第一节主题的含义及其生成一、写作与主题二、主题的定义主题是写作者在说明问题、阐述道理、表现生活以及对生活的认识、感受时,通过全部文章内容所表现出来的基本观点或核心思想。

三、主题的生成从写作主体与写作客体的关系中追溯第二节主题的要求一、主题在文章中的地位及作用主题的地位:有了主题,才能确定文章的体裁和表达方式,才能选择和剪裁文章的材料,才有可能形成趋向完整的写作思路,才有可能将意化的思维转化为物化的作品。

主题的作用:决定着作品的确立与深化,决定着作品的精神品格的层次。

二、主题的基本要求:正确、深刻、集中1、立意要正确2、提炼主题要深刻3、反映主题要集中第三节主题的确立一、限制主题:大处着眼、小处着手、以小见大二、深化主题:挖掘其思想和理论深度第二章写作的材料第一节材料的含义和作用一、材料的概念广义:指大量的直接来源于生活中的事实和现象,以及来源于书本的一些理论和知识狭义:指经作者选择而写进文章中的那部分现象和事理。

二、材料与素材和题材的关系广义的写作材料分为素材与题材。

题材来源于素材,与素材有着紧密的内在联系;题材又不同于素材,与素材有着质的区别。

素材:未加工整理题材:对素材进行加工改造三、文学作品的材料和实用性文章的材料的不同特点1、要求的真实性不同2、所处的地位不同3、选材的范围不同4、情感性与实录性的不同四、材料的作用1、材料是形成主题的基础2、材料是表现主题的手段3、材料可充实文章的内容第二节材料的搜集与整理一、搜集材料的方法1、观察和感受2、调查和采访3、阅读和查找4、上网检索二、怎样整理材料1、鉴别真伪、分辨优劣2、分门别类、科学管理第三节材料的选择和使用一、材料的选择(原则)1、真实2、典型3、新颖二、材料的使用(方法和步骤)1、材料的剪裁2、材料的聚合第三章文章的结构第一节文章结构的概念和特点一、结构的双重含义宏观结构:指文章的总体构思和框架,包括各个部分、段落之间的关系以及文章总的顺序。

大学生实用写作复习重点题汇总

大学生实用写作复习重点题汇总
(3)在岗人员求职书
根据用人单位的需求和求职者的需求,求职书可分为:
(1)应聘书
(2)自荐书
*求职书的写作技巧——硬本领名优特软实力(求职书写作注意事项+求职书正文的写作要点)
写作技巧:(1)以“情”感人:指书信表达出的感情; 以“诚”动人:指求职诚意,自我介绍记实; 以“美”迷人:指信写得漂亮,使人“一见钟情”{针对性、自荐性、竞争性}
1、标题:由事由和文种构成;2、正文:招聘启事的正文较为具体,需要交代 、招聘方的情况 、招聘对象的具体要求 、招聘人员受聘后的待遇 、应聘人员是否交验证件和相关手续办理以及应聘的具体时间、地点、联系人、电话号码等其他情况。
条据的种类p56
种类:条据包括便条,单据两大类。具体种类非常繁多,例如请假条,留言条等。常用于工作中的条据有收条,借条,领条,欠条四种
法规通告是向一定范围内有关单位或人员公布应当遵守的事项,具有一定的法规效应,有关单位或人员必须严格遵守。多有领导机关发布。
通告的特点:广泛性、针对性、一定的法规性、一定的专业性
*公告与通告的区别:同属公布性文种,对公众有一定的法定效力。
、内容属性不同:公告宣布的是重要事项或者法定事项;通告宣布的是应当遵守或者周知的事项。2、告知范围不同:公告面向国内外;通告局限于职权内。3、发布权限不同。4、发布形式不同,公告是大众传媒;通告可公开张贴宣布也可内部行文。
通报的特点:1、典型性:代表性、重要性、新颖性;2、引导性:弘扬正气、树立新风、明辨是非、总结经验、吸取教训;3、严肃性:事例真实、逻辑严谨、语言慎重;4、及时性:把握最佳时机,延误影效力。
表扬(信)、通报、通知的区别(?)
*表彰性、批评性通报的格式和正文写作内容(文字模板)p158

大学基础写作考试笔记

大学基础写作考试笔记

1.写作客体:凡作者面对一切写作对象都可以看做写作客体。

2.写作载体:就是包含、运载写作内容的文章形体和传播媒介。

3.主题:是指作者在文章中所表达的主要内容和中心思想。

4.论题:是指作者在文章中所要论证的对象,有时也指作者要证明的基本观点。

(论题一般概括反映文章内容的性质或基本范围,具有客观性;主题是论证的结果,明确表达作者的见解,具有一定的主观性)5.风格:风格是作家的个性。

风格没有优劣之分。

风格源于作者的精6.格调:指品位。

格调却有高低之分。

格调源于作者的思想观念。

7.抽象思维:这是舍弃了具体的感性形象,运用概念、判断、推理,以及分析与综合、归纳与演绎等为基本方法的一种思维方式。

8.形象思维:这是自始至终不舍弃感性形象的一种思维形式。

它以表象为工具,通过联系、再现、想象来组成形象、画面的思维活动。

9.素材:指作者为创作需要而通过各种途径所收集的原始材料,它一般是零乱的,不完整的。

10.材料:作者为特定的写作目的而收集的、或写人文章中的一系列事实现象和理论依据,诸如人物、事件、景物、情理、数据、例证、名言等。

11.主题:是作者在文章中所表达的中心内容和思想倾向。

12.叙述:是将人物、事件本身及其原委陈述给读者或听众的一种表述方法。

它包括人物、事件、时间、地点、原因、结果六个基本要素。

13.顺叙:按时间的推移,空间的自然序列,作者或人物的思想感情发展的进程,人物活动的次序或事件的始末进行叙述。

14.倒叙:先把叙述事件的结局或事件发展过程中某个突出片段提到前边来写,然后再按事件的发生发展顺序展开叙述,传统上称为“倒插笔”。

15.插叙:在叙述过程中,根据表达内容的需要,暂时中断主线,插入相关的事情或必要的解说。

16.聚焦:是确立文章焦点的一种写作技法。

17.悬念:是指作者精心设置疑窦和矛盾,以激活读者阅读兴趣的艺术手法。

18.那辗:就是在引出描述的主要对象和问题之后,不立即道明,而是左盘右旋,延缓事情的发展。

(完整word版)大学英语写作教程重点

(完整word版)大学英语写作教程重点

1.段落解释:is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has :eachidea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicit explores the main idea explicitly andconcretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unityis by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence6.第二个写作常识In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step8.第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentenceshelp readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected —that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识:Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念):In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念):In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法):As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance. 5第五个写作常识:Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序):In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序):A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识:The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式:Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比):①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法):Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.13第七个写作常识:Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.14第八个写作常识:Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class.15第九个写作常识:As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识:The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。

大学生基础写作考试题及答案

大学生基础写作考试题及答案

大学生基础写作考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共10分)1. 下列哪项不是写作中常见的修辞手法?A. 比喻B. 夸张C. 列举D. 对仗答案:C2. 在英文写作中,以下哪个词组是正确的表达“随着时间的推移”?A. With time goes byB. As time goes byC. Time goes byD. Time as goes by答案:B3. 下面哪个句子是正确的主动语态?A. The book was written by the author.B. The author wrote the book.C. The book writes by the author.D. The book was writing by the author.答案:B4. 在中文写作中,以下哪个成语使用正确?A. 杯弓蛇影B. 画蛇添足C. 狗尾续貂D. 以上都是答案:D5. 以下哪个选项是正确的论文引用格式(APA)?A. (作者,年份)B. (作者,年份)C. (Author, Year)D. [Author, Year]答案:A二、填空题(每题3分,共15分)6. 在写作中,为了使文章更加生动,我们可以使用________来描述事物。

答案:比喻7. 在英文写作中,段落的主题句通常位于段落的________。

答案:开头8. 中文写作中,为了增强文章的逻辑性,我们可以通过________来展示不同观点之间的关系。

答案:转折词9. 在英文写作中,为了保持文章的客观性,应该避免使用________。

答案:第一人称10. 中文写作中,文章的结尾部分通常用来________。

答案:总结全文三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)11. 请简述写作中如何避免使用空泛的语言。

答案:避免使用空泛的语言,首先要注意使用具体、明确的词汇来表达思想。

其次,可以通过举例、描述细节来支撑论点,使文章内容更加充实。

此外,避免使用陈词滥调,尽量用新颖的表达方式来吸引读者。

大学写作考试题及答案

大学写作考试题及答案

大学写作考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共10分)1. 在写作中,使用恰当的修辞手法可以增强文章的表现力,以下哪项不属于修辞手法?A. 比喻B. 拟人C. 排比D. 标点符号答案:D2. 以下哪项不是写作中常见的论证方法?A. 举例论证B. 引用论证C. 对比论证D. 故事叙述答案:D3. 在撰写学术论文时,以下哪项不是必须遵守的学术规范?A. 引用他人观点必须注明出处B. 避免使用第一人称C. 确保数据的准确性D. 可以随意篡改研究数据答案:D4. 以下哪种结构不适合用于议论文?A. 引言-正文-结论B. 问题-分析-解决方案C. 描述-解释-评价D. 诗歌-散文-小说答案:D5. 以下哪种写作风格更适合商务报告?A. 抒情B. 记叙C. 议论D. 描述答案:C二、填空题(每题2分,共10分)1. 在写作中,______是文章的开篇部分,它的作用是吸引读者的注意力并为文章主题做铺垫。

答案:引言2. 一篇文章的______部分是文章的核心,它需要详细阐述作者的观点和论据。

答案:正文3. 学术论文的______部分通常包含研究方法、数据收集和分析等关键信息。

答案:方法4. 在撰写报告时,______部分应该总结全文,重申主要观点,并可能提出建议或展望。

答案:结论5. 写作中,______是指文章的组织结构,它影响着文章的逻辑性和可读性。

答案:结构三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)1. 简述写作中如何有效地使用过渡词。

答案:在写作中,过渡词用于连接句子或段落,使文章流畅自然。

使用过渡词时,应确保它们与上下文紧密相关,避免过度使用或使用不恰当的过渡词。

例如,可以使用“首先”、“其次”、“此外”等词来组织文章的顺序,或者使用“然而”、“尽管”等词来表示对比或转折。

2. 描述在写作中如何避免使用模糊不清的语言。

答案:在写作中,避免使用模糊不清的语言是提高文章清晰度和说服力的关键。

首先,应使用具体而明确的词汇来表达观点。

大学英语写作教程重点

大学英语写作教程重点

1.段落解释:is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has :eachidea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicit explores the main idea explicitly andconcretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unityis by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence6.第二个写作常识In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step8.第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentenceshelp readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected —that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识:Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念):In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念):In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法):As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance. 5第五个写作常识:Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序):In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序):A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识:The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式:Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比):①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法):Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.13第七个写作常识:Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.14第八个写作常识:Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class.15第九个写作常识:As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识:The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。

大学写作教程考试题及答案大全

大学写作教程考试题及答案大全

大学写作教程考试题及答案大全一、选择题1. 下列哪项不是写作过程中应该考虑的因素?A. 主题明确B. 结构合理C. 语言华丽D. 逻辑清晰答案:C2. 在学术论文写作中,以下哪个引用格式最为常用?A. MLAB. APAC. ChicagoD. Harvard答案:B3. 以下哪个不是写作中常见的修辞手法?A. 比喻B. 夸张C. 排比D. 列表答案:D二、填空题4. 写作的三个基本要素包括________、________和________。

答案:主题、结构、语言5. 在写作中,为了使文章更加生动,我们常常使用________和________来丰富表达。

答案:比喻、夸张三、简答题6. 简述写作中“五段论”的基本结构。

答案:五段论的基本结构包括引言段、三个主体段落和结论段。

引言段提出主题和论点;主体段落分别阐述三个分论点,每个分论点后跟相应的论据和分析;结论段总结全文,重申主题和主要观点。

7. 描述如何避免在写作中出现抄袭。

答案:避免抄袭的步骤包括:正确引用他人的观点和数据;使用引号标注直接引用的内容;对所有引用的资料进行准确的脚注或参考文献列表;使用自己的话重新表述他人的观点;确保理解并能够用自己的语言表达所引用的内容。

四、论述题8. 论述为什么在学术写作中,清晰和准确的表达比华丽的语言更为重要。

答案:在学术写作中,清晰和准确的表达是至关重要的,因为它们直接影响到读者对文章内容的理解和接受程度。

学术写作的目的是传达知识、分享研究成果,因此需要确保论点明确、论据充分、逻辑严密。

华丽的语言可能会分散读者的注意力,甚至造成误解。

此外,学术写作强调客观性和事实性,简洁准确的语言更能体现这一点。

五、写作题9. 根据以下提示写一篇不少于800字的议论文。

提示:网络时代的信息爆炸对传统阅读习惯的影响。

答案:略(考生需自行撰写)六、案例分析题10. 阅读以下案例,并分析作者在写作中可能存在的问题及改进方法。

大学、研究生阶段论文写作考试复习资料

大学、研究生阶段论文写作考试复习资料

Chapter 1 Defining the Dissertation You are asked to write a term paper,a library paper,a review,or a book review in order to demonstrate that you have learned the necessary skills of a general academic ability in the subject taught during the semester.How to define the terms like thesis,dissertation,paper(all be translated into Lun wen论文) vs their relationship.Dissertation is used to refer to "a long essay that you do as part of a degree or other qualification"that you are studying for -that is,a BA or an MA. Thesis is used to refer to "a long piece of writing,based on your own ideas and research that you do as part of your university degree,especially a PhD. So if the assay is part of a BA or MA degree,we call it a dissertation,if a part of a PhD degree we call it a thesis.You write an essay for a certain course during your university studies,we it a paper.BA dissertation学士论文,an MA dissertation硕士论文,a PhD thesis博士论文, term paper论文.Here is in line with the British educational tradition.In America,thesis means a BA lun wen or MA lun wen. Dissertation means a PhD lun wen. thesis,dissertation, and paper,their writing process is more or less the same,the major difference between them lies at the level of originality.Difference and relationship between a summary of information (easier to prepare)and an evaluation of information(include a summary).Academic writing,term paper or research article can aim at summarizing other's studies in the field and presenting the ideas or arguments put forward by other scholars.By contrast,a dissertation or thesis requires more than an acknowledgement of existing studies,it must involve a critical evaluation of research information and this is where the originality of the study lies. When summarize existing studies in the field,you are expected to present to the reader what you have read,how much you have understood,the way you organize all the information.When expected to evaluate previous studies,you must show ability in understanding ,commenting in a scholarly way,consider what factor,how and why factors.A dissertation involves both summarizing and evaluating other's studies in this field,this part of the work is called Literature review.The process of writing a dissertation,steps:we need a kind of yo-yo approach (go backward and forward)proposed by Sorenson ,do not think research process is direct or straightforward.Writing a dissertation is going through a process of doing research.3 steps in process:1.prewriting 2.writing 3.editing and completion.Chapter 2 Basic Writing and Academic WritingTwo types of writing(different genre types and reflect different level of difficulties):1.Basic Writing or practical writing (every day writing and all of us do it)2.Academic Writing(only required in an academic environment)Purpose of Basic Writing:help students learn to write well for everyday purpose,focus is on general writing skills and strategies.Different types of essays:narration,description,exposition,argumentation.Precis writing:(abstract the main points of an essay ,report,book). It is similar to the writing of summaries(the condensation of information)Academic Writing is concerned with academic research.1.Fictional writing (poems,essays,novels)2.non-Fictional writing1.Popular(writing in popular magazines)the major difference between popular and professional writing is that they have different groups of target readers.2.Professional(writing in Professional magazines)A.Technical writing(concerned with practice-based,problem-oriented or application-based research,it is usually written by and for engineers or practitioners for a pragmatic reason)B.Academic writing (based on original research ,concerned with theory-based or theorizing research and is usually written by and for academics)Difference:A comes from research with the application of a theory ,B develops from theorizing.B :Academic writing1.literary writing (concerned with the analysis and appreciation of literary works)2.non-literary writing(a type of scientific writing, scientific research methods are often used in this type)Difference :1 is more subjective, 2 is objective2.Non-literary writinga. Speculative(writings in a university's department of philosophy) speculative-orientedb. Experimental(writings in a university's department of psychology) experimental-oriented Seyfer ,H.&Wu,G.H.Style and mechanicsStyle: the way you present your ideas in your writing.In academic writing,the style is expected to be formal and scholarly ,not to entertain,but to inform to describe or to argue(avoid the use of slang,colloquial words and biased language,your tone and attitude to topic should be serious).The use of pronouns:it is the third-person pronoun he,she,they rather than the first-person pronoun i,me,my,or mine.because use of third-person pronoun suggests subjective opinions and weaken the assertion by implying uncertainty.But the use of impersonal labels such as t he researcher or the writer may distance oneself from what one is saying.As with basic writing,correctness is important mechanistic aspect as we pay attention to grammar,punctuation and other technical matters.If you find a misspelled word in a text you want to quote directly,insert sic.eg.Systematic (sic)functional linguisticUse abbreviations wisely,eg.Systemic Functional Linguistics(hereafter SFL)Chapter 3 Data,Analysis,and Research ParadigmsIn linguistic studies,as Widdowson points out,there are 3 sources of linguistic data.1.introspection(based on the linguist's own intuitive competence of the language.This method is popular because linguistic description can be based on the linguist's introspection.)2.elicitation(members of the speech community are asked to serve as informants to decide whether or not certain description are correct ,accurate or acceptable,eg, questionnaires and interviews)Both introspection and elicitation can be used to obtain data from 2 different sources:1.linguistic competence(abstract knowledge of language) municative competence(communicative use of language)3.Observation(the idea that behaviour ,eg,language use ,can be observed naturalistically, get examples from the corpus)Use which source depends on what you claim the data are evidence of ,and what you are trying to explain.2 Methods/ways of data collection:1.the data collected experimentally (the type of data yielded by the investigation is likely to be quantitative,i,e,information in the form of numbers)2.the data is collected non-experimentally (the type of data yielded by the investigation is likely to be qualitative ,i,e,information in verbal form)The way of looking at and analysing the data depends on the type of data that has been collected.1.Data for research is in quantitative form,use mathematical and statistical manipulations to process and analyse the data.2.Data in qualitative form,analyse the data in verbal formType of analysis :With experimental method and quantitative data,the result can be processed statistically.By contrast,non-experimental method and qualitative data,the result is usually interpretative.Grotjahn ,2 pure research paradigms:1.the exploratory-interpretive paradigm(employs a non-experimental method,yield qualitative data,and provides an interpretive analysis of that data)2.The analytical-nomological paradigm(the data is collected through an experiment and yields quantitative data,which are subjected to statistical analysis )There are 6 mixed paradigms.Types of research:Brown---1.primary research2.secondary research(consist of summarizing previous studies ,reviewing the literature in a given area,and synthesizing the research undertaken by others .Library research and literature review belong to secondary research)Primary research differs from secondary research in that it is derived from the primary sources of information.Primary research:1.qualitative studies (main focus is on making sense of the meanings of psychological ,social,linguisticand other phenomena, collecting accounts is one method.It is popular in discourse analysis and other text-based studies)2.survey studies(Data obtained from surveys can be either descriptive or explanatory ,It is designed to investigate a group's attitudes,opinions or characteristics through questionnaire --ask closed questions or open-ended questions and interview-ask a participant or informant for information about a particular research question,the questions can be tightly or loosely focused)3.statistical studies(comprise quasi-experimental studies and experimental studies.It based on experimental studies,which control the conditions under which the behaviour or phenomenon under investigation is observed)Chapter4 Prewriting (1):Developing the Subject1.Managing your timeKnowing how to manage your time effectively and make a realistic plan is a very important factor in determining your chances of success.When allocate the time,remember to set aside at least 2 days for emergency occasions.2.Locating your interestYour interest in the subject will make you eager to know more of the subject area and that will help a lot in the investigation of the research topic.Choose one subject interests you most,and then you must narrow down the subject area.3.Selecting a topic(How?--consult your tutor,read dissertations completed in previous years and available in your university library.Neither topic too broad or too limited or specialized)2 important factors to take into consideration when choosing a suitable topicA.manageabilityB.the availability of resourcesChapter5 Prewriting(2): Reading the LiteraturePurpose: Help you learn how to obtain information(Where you can get useful and relevant information for your research. How to read the existing literature. How to develop a working bibliography.)Familiarize yourself with the research background:Ways of widening your knowledge of the research topic and the other background information.A traditional way :1.Library research.(to the university library and check the catalogues by 1.subject search 2.keyword search 3.author search 4.title search / find CD-ROM reference materials ,the e-library can provide information and Corpora is used.)e the Internet selectively and wisely. 3.follow existing approaches to the problem by reading papers dealing with similar problems.Discovering existing studies <ways of getting background information>1.Search # in <http://www.baidu/>2. Consult a grammar book.(start with the index/table of content)3. Search <> 中国期刊全文数据库 3. A web page maintained by the British Council </grammar /archive/>Reading the relevant literature:Locate - readThey should read selectively(some read in detail,some read in genera)While reading and digesting other's ideas,you have 3 stages to go through.1.Understand as much as you can and follow the train of thought provided by the author. 2.Critically read and identify the strong points and weak points or areas to be further explored. 3. Decide on how to use the existing writing.Taking notes(a important step in preparing for your dissertation writing, because you quote and paraphrasing or summarizing previous studies )2 ways of taking notes: 1. Write useful ideas ,quotations on note cards(traditional, Direct quotation,Summary,Outline form) 2.record notes by using a computer(new) You must record correctly and check carefully whether it is correctly copied.Advantage of taking notes by computer: I n due course you can transfer the quotations directly into your dissertation without having to recopy them. Disadvantages :you may have difficulties in sorting out the quotations according to meaning or inserting the related quotation in the appropriate place. Discovering questions and problems:By looking at the existing studies,can easily find that there are many questions and problems that need to be further investigated.Focusing on your research:you can have a thorough study if your topic is not too broad.Preparing a working bibliography(the name implies the bibliography that you will be working with until your final draft has been submitted and accepted.)The entries条目of references in the working bibliography must be listed in an alphabetical order.If the reference is a book,you should have the author, title,publisher, place of publication, year of publication,s ource of the item. Use one format and follow it all the time.Chapter 6 prewriting (3)Thesis Formulation and Research QuestionsThesis :1.A thesis is an idea or theory that is expressed as a statement and is discussed in a logical way.论点2.A thesis is a long piece of writing ,based on your own ideas and research that you do as a part of a university degree.论文Thesis formation论点形成Thesis statement 论点陈述:also called the statement of the problem /the thesis sentence(states or suggests the research subject or the main topic,making thesis statement can help you focus on the research topic and avoid reading unrelated materials--clarify your thinking .In many cases,a thesis statement is also stated in the form of a problem that you attempt to solve in your research,in which case the thesis statement is a statement of solution to the problem.)The research question:the answer to the question or the hypothesis itself is in fact the thesis statement The research topic can be stated as a question (stimulate exploratory research)or as a hypothesis(the research focus is on a tentative explanation or argument that your research attempts to test)The research method(obtain data by observation ,searching the existing corpora available )In describing the research method,one can say that is data-driven or data-based and t he method can be qualitative rather than quantitative or qualitative and quantitative.Chapter 8 writing (1) : Elements of a DissertationThe Macrostructure……The abstract:is the first source of information, which gives the reader a general idea of your research and writing. The abstract serves as a summary of the research from which the reader gets a bird's-eye view of the whole dissertation.Elements in the abstract :1.subject matter/area 2.background information 3.purpose of the present study 4. Method5.findings 6. Implications.The introduction:1.rationale原理阐述for the research(or background to the research,reason/motivation) 2.aims and objectives 3.research questions 4.data 5.research method 6.theoretical framework 7.structure of the dissertation.The function of this rationale for the research is to orientate the reader by guiding him to the proposed study.Structure of the dissertation gives the reader a macrostructural view of the whole dissertation.\The literature review(a part of the secondary research)Purposes :1.show what has been previously studied in the field and what can be improved or modified 2.summarize other people's writings 3.to define or review definitions and key concept 4.clear the ground for your own research.The theoretical framework:The theoretical basis of your research. To outline the theoretical framework is to situate your research.Research method and data:discussion on 1.materials or data 2.design of the research 3.analysis 4.procedureAnalysis and discussion:the relationship between them (the analysis provides the evidence and the discussion gives the explanation and interpretation). If you have evidence (the linguistic phenomenon)but cannot discuss it in a justifiable way,people will challenge the usefulness of the analysis. If your explanation and interpretation are not based on analysis and evidence,people will challenge the objectivity of your research.The conclusion:get a general idea of the research. Purposes :1.bring the discussion to a close 2.summarize your research findings 3.discuss implications of the study 4.make suggestions for further studies.Chapter 9 Writing (2):Organizing ideasThe language of the elements of structure:the language in the introductory chapter serves the function of introducing the reader to the topic of discussion or focusing on the topic.(the first sentence's function is to state the purpose and the scope of the research)--aim,purpose,concernedReferring to previous studies(this is a way to show that the researcher is aware of the research background and the present research situation)Purposes:1.survey the research situation 2.follow other's research traditions 3.get theoretical support……3 ways of referring to previous studies:1.by quoting directly or indirectly 2.by paraphrasing other's words 3.by summarizing other's ideas.One way to avoid quoting a long passage is to break it into smaller parts so that it does not give the reader the impression of letting someone else do some of your writing for you.Ignoring the existing literature implies you are not familiar with the research situation ,not quote other's work suggest that the researcher is not aware of what has been done in the field.Summarizing:unlike quoting and paraphrasing,which retain more or less the same number fo words ,summarizing involves shortening the original passage by keeping the main points.Re-organizing ideas:One way to avoid put other's words directly into writing: re-organize the ideas by integrating them into a coherent whole. 2 ways:1.quoting only when necessary 2.illustrating the ideas with examplesAdvice on quoting:when you do not have access to the original source,you can quote as the other author did,to pretend that you have come across the quotation by yourself.Advice on the choice of reporting verbs:argue, assume, believe, characterize, claim,describe, explain,indicate,observe, point out ,report,reveal,show,state,suggest,write.Chapter11 Avoiding Plagiarism避免剽窃Definition :Plagiarism is "the use of another person's ideas or wording without giving appropriate credit"Two types of Plagiarism:1.intentional (the writer knows that he is copying other people's ideas,opinions,or language deliberately without thinking of giving acknowledgments,it's stealing,serious.)2.unintentional(the writer does not cite the source correctly.unconscious or accidental. So it is important for you to learn how to cite the source correctly.)The temptation to plagiarize Reasons :1.taking existing ideas and wording from the literature is much easier than organizing and proposing your ideas and writing in your own words.2.when you cannot meet the deadline.3.they synthesize a number of papers on the same topic and the result becomes their own writing."clever".The cost of plagiarism:immeasurable.it may ruin a person's career or reputation or even his life.people can become discredited when be accused of committing plagiarism.Paraphrasing vs plagiarism:If you need to quote or summarize or paraphrase other people's ideas or words,do this selectively and wisely. EXEMPLE:change grammatical structure and propositional meaning of passages.How to avoid plagiarism? Method:use an introductory clause or phrase to introduce other people's ideas or wording, to indicate the source of information.(As is observed by Liu /as is pointed out by Liu...According to Widdowson/' interpretation/ As widdowson interprets it...,,"....")this is better because the source of the information is clearly indicated by the use of introductory words.we can give due credit to the authors,provides all necessary information aboutthe source of ideas. Use our own language can successfully integrated the ideas into an appropriate context by paraphrasing.Advice :1.Quote other people's ideas if you need to or have to,but always do so properly,selectively and wisely. 2.Never try to pretend that you are not aware of the existing literature and ideas.Chapter 13 References and AppendixesFunction of documenting sources:to acknowledge your indebtedness ,to credit your sources,to lend greater credence to your argument,to establish the validity of your research,to provide the reader with additional bibliographical information.Preliminary bibliography,which is a working bibliography ,defined as something you will be working with until the final version of your writing has been submitted and accepted.Reference and bibliography,both refer to a list of books ,article reference works,etc.that have been used or referred to in the dissertation.A bibliography can also include books,articles.periodicals that are not used or referred to in a book,dissertation,etc..in which case reference cannot be used instead.Different styles of referencingSorenson 5 styles: 1.the APA(American Psychological Association)style2.the MLA(Modern Language Association)parenthetical style3.the MLA endnote style4.the MLA footnote style5.the MLA numbered styleThe APA style requires citation of documentation source within the text (the body of the dissertation) not endnotes尾注or footnotes脚注. The author's surname姓(the last name),the date of publication ,etc.,may be put into the text itself or within parentheses圆括号Use a consistent documentation style throughout the dissertation.Chapter14 submission and EvaluationWorking with your tutor cooperatively who not only helps you in the writing of the dissertation but is also the first person to evaluate your writing. Your tutor's responsibility is to guide you. You go to your tutor to report on the progress of your research and should be well-prepared.You learn to make good use of your tutor,knowing your tutor and his approach to helping students is also very important.Do nor give your work to the tutor for comment or revision at the last minute,before the deadline. Work out a plan with your tutor.Submission:when your tutor is pleased with your copy,you can submit. Before submit the dissertation to the department office,you must check the details which are concerned with the requirements set out by the university regulations.(any pages missing,whether is the last line of the page,page numbers). Once submitted,it is too late to make any modifications because it is going through another stage_the evaluation of your work.Evaluation criteria:The tutor has the responsibility of quality control,the comments on your dissertation given by your tutor have a important role to play, the tutor's opinions will influence the examiners in the committee.3 basic ways of (criteria for ) evaluating a dissertation: 1. The first criterion is mechanical in nature.(concerned with questions such as whether it meets requirements set out in the university regulations,the length,number of words,plagiarism).The second and third ways are mainly concerned with the members of the examination committee of your dissertation. One way is to look at the content,the meaning,the idea,etc. to see whether the dissertation has reached the level of a BA dissertation in terms of the content. The other way is to look at the form,the expression and presentation of ideas to see whether the student has written in an academic manner.The dissertation defence论文答辩The duration of a BA dissertation is about 30 minutes,here are steps:1.presentation of 10 minutes 2.the committee members ask questions 3.discuss and evaluates both dissertation itself and the oral examination,the candidate's performance during the presentation and the question-answer interaction.How to perform well:1.be familiar with what he has written in the dissertation. 2.be able to answer appropriately the questions raised by the examiners.If the examiner is challenging your ideas,you try to justify your points ,do not agree with everything he says nor argue with him. Keep calm and have a positive attitude.。

大学写作考试重点内容分析

大学写作考试重点内容分析

大学写作考试重点内容分析大学写作考试,作为学术能力的一项重要考核,要求考生具备扎实的写作技巧和深入的思考能力。

对于许多学生而言,这项考试不仅是测试语言能力的工具,更是展示综合素质的平台。

让我们深入探讨一下大学写作考试中的重点内容,以帮助学生更好地准备这一挑战。

首先,写作考试的核心内容往往围绕论证性写作展开。

论证性写作要求考生能够清晰地表达自己的观点,并通过逻辑严密的论证来支持这些观点。

在考试中,考生需要具备以下几个关键能力:构建有力的论点、组织合理的结构以及运用适当的论据。

构建有力的论点是论证性写作的基础。

一个强有力的论点不仅需要具备明确的立场,还需要能够吸引读者的注意力。

考生在写作过程中应避免模糊的陈述,而是要提出明确、具体的观点。

同时,论点应该是有争议的,即能够引发讨论的,这样才能体现出写作的深度和广度。

组织合理的结构同样至关重要。

论证性写作通常需要有清晰的引言、正文和结论。

引言部分应简洁明了地介绍主题,并提出主论点。

正文则需要通过分段来展示支持论点的各种论据,每段应围绕一个中心思想展开,避免冗长的叙述。

结论部分则要总结全文,重申论点,并提出进一步的思考或建议。

结构的合理性不仅有助于提升文章的逻辑性,也能使读者更容易理解和跟随作者的思路。

运用适当的论据是论证性写作的另一个关键点。

有效的论据可以来源于数据、研究结果、专家意见或实际案例等。

考生需要具备搜集和筛选信息的能力,确保所引用的论据具有可靠性和相关性。

论据的引入不仅要增强论点的可信度,还要与论点紧密结合,避免出现无关的或过于简单的例证。

除了论证性写作外,大学写作考试中还可能包含其他类型的写作任务。

例如,叙述性写作要求考生通过生动的描写和详细的情节展开来讲述一个故事。

描述性的写作则侧重于通过细致的描绘来展现事物的特征和感受。

虽然这些类型的写作不如论证性写作那样注重逻辑和论据,但它们同样要求考生具备良好的语言表达能力和创造力。

在备考过程中,学生应重视对写作技巧的全面提高,包括语法和修辞的运用。

大学生写作课考试题及答案

大学生写作课考试题及答案

大学生写作课考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共10分)1. 下列哪项不是写作的基本要素?A. 主题B. 论点C. 论据D. 插图2. 在写作过程中,以下哪项不是常见的结构安排?A. 引言B. 正文C. 结论D. 附录3. 以下哪种修辞手法是用来强调语言的韵律和节奏的?A. 对比B. 排比C. 夸张D. 反问4. 在学术论文写作中,引用他人的观点或研究成果时,应该使用哪种方式?A. 直接引用B. 间接引用C. 改写引用D. 以上都是5. 下列哪项不是写作中常见的错误?A. 错别字B. 语法错误C. 逻辑混乱D. 丰富的词汇二、填空题(每题2分,共10分)6. 写作的三个基本步骤是:________、________、________。

答案:构思、撰写、修改7. 在写作中,________是指文章的中心思想或主要论点。

答案:主题8. 写作风格通常包括正式和________两种形式。

答案:非正式9. 一篇好的论文应该具备________、________、________三个特点。

答案:清晰性、连贯性、逻辑性10. 在写作中,为了避免抄袭,我们应该使用________来引用他人的工作。

答案:引用标记三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)11. 请简述写作中“论点”和“论据”的区别。

答案:论点是作者在文章中提出的观点或主张,它是文章的核心,指导整个写作过程。

论据是用来支持论点的事实、数据、例证、理论等,它为论点提供可信度和说服力。

12. 描述一下写作中的“头脑风暴”过程及其在写作中的作用。

答案:头脑风暴是一种创造性思维过程,它鼓励作者自由地产生和记录下所有可能的想法,无论这些想法是否成熟或相关。

在写作中,头脑风暴有助于作者发散思维,激发创意,从而找到有价值的论点和论据。

四、论述题(每题20分,共40分)13. 论述写作中“引言”部分的重要性及其应包含的主要内容。

答案:引言是文章的开端,它为读者提供了文章的背景信息、研究问题和目的。

大学生实用写作考试要点

大学生实用写作考试要点

一、填空题公告适用于向国内外宣布﹍重要﹍事项或者﹍法定﹍事项。

二、判断题1.应用文最显著的特点在于它的实际应用性。

对2.“一国两制”的构想在当时是一个新生事务。

错3.秘书要掌握事务性工作的处理方法和技巧。

4.领导人物要注意不能滥用手中的权利。

错5.武汉大学弱者权力保护中心向全社会征募志愿者。

对6.我国最早的应用写作专集是《春秋》。

错7.元明清时期是我国应用文发展的高峰时期。

错8.应用文的表达方式只能使用叙述、议论和说明。

错9通报是下行文。

对10叙述、议论是通报的主要表达方式。

对11表彰性通报既要表彰成绩,还要指出不足。

错12事故通报中,若事故原因未查清,可以不提。

错13情况通报,不仅要说明一系列情况,还要有一定的指示性意见。

对14通报中叙述事实,要注意描写细节。

错15报告一般不需要上级答复。

对16请示只能事前行文。

对17报告的标题可以只写“报告”两个字。

错18报告可以有多个主送机关。

错19报送报告很简单,只写“现将××呈上,请审阅”即可。

错20报告属阅件,不属办件。

对21报告中可以写请示事项。

错22报告一般不做批复。

对23报告中涉及请示内容,需注明“另行专题请示”字样。

错24受双重或多重领导的单位,视请示内容,可以有两个以上主送机关。

错25报告和请示都是陈述性公文。

对26《关于申请资金修建学生公寓楼的报告》错27请示最多可以一文两事。

错28《××学院关于教师职业病治疗情况的请示》对29.公告的写作要充分体现发文的权威性,因此,要有约束力。

(对)30.学校处分违纪学生可以用公告。

(错)31.商店告知顾客可发公告。

(错)32.中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会公告。

(对)33批转和转发公文皆可使用通知。

对34《×市教委关于召开教学工作会议的通知》对35《关于转发省分行川工行办发〔1989〕92号文件的通知》对36《关于转发计生委两个〈通知〉的通知》错37通知可以“特此通知”结尾,也可以发出号召,抒发感情。

大学写作期末考试题及答案

大学写作期末考试题及答案

大学写作期末考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 下列哪个选项是写作中使用恰当的修辞手法的例子?A. 重复使用相同的词汇B. 避免使用比喻和拟人C. 恰当使用排比和对偶D. 过度使用形容词2. 在写作中,以下哪项不是论证的有效方法?A. 举例论证B. 逻辑推理C. 情感诉求D. 重复论证3. 写作时,以下哪个选项是正确的结构安排?A. 引入-分析-结论B. 结论-分析-引入C. 分析-引入-结论D. 引入-结论-分析4. 以下哪个选项是写作中常见的逻辑错误?A. 因果倒置B. 事实陈述C. 恰当引用D. 逻辑推理5. 在写作中,以下哪个选项是正确的论点展开方式?A. 仅陈述观点,不提供支持B. 提供支持,但逻辑混乱C. 观点明确,支持充分,逻辑清晰D. 观点模糊,支持不足...二、填空题(每空1分,共10分)1. 在写作中,一个清晰的_________是文章成功的基础。

2. 论证时,我们应避免_________,确保论点的准确性。

3. 文章的_________部分应该简洁明了,吸引读者的注意力。

4. 使用_________可以增强文章的说服力。

5. 写作时,我们应该避免_________,确保文章的流畅性。

...三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)1. 简述写作中如何有效地使用事实和数据来支持论点。

2. 解释为什么在写作中,清晰的结构对于读者理解文章至关重要。

...四、论述题(每题15分,共30分)1. 论述写作中如何避免常见的逻辑谬误,并给出一个具体的例子。

2. 论述在学术写作中,引用和注释的重要性及其正确使用方法。

...五、写作题(30分)请以“科技对现代生活的影响”为题,写一篇不少于800字的文章。

在文章中,你需要:- 提出你的主要论点。

- 给出至少三个支持你论点的理由。

- 使用恰当的例证和数据来支持你的论点。

- 确保文章结构清晰,逻辑严密,语言流畅。

大学写作期末考试答案一、选择题1. C2. D3. A4. A5. C...二、填空题1. 论点2. 逻辑谬误3. 引言4. 比喻和拟人5. 语病和错别字...三、简答题1. 为了有效地使用事实和数据来支持论点,首先需要确保所引用的数据是准确和可靠的。

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第一章写作的主题第一节主题的含义及其生成一、写作与主题二、主题的定义主题是写作者在说明问题、阐述道理、表现生活以及对生活的认识、感受时,通过全部文章内容所表现出来的基本观点或核心思想。

三、主题的生成从写作主体与写作客体的关系中追溯第二节主题的要求一、主题在文章中的地位及作用主题的地位:有了主题,才能确定文章的体裁和表达方式,才能选择和剪裁文章的材料,才有可能形成趋向完整的写作思路,才有可能将意化的思维转化为物化的作品。

主题的作用:决定着作品的确立与深化,决定着作品的精神品格的层次。

二、主题的基本要求:正确、深刻、集中1、立意要正确2、提炼主题要深刻3、反映主题要集中第三节主题的确立一、限制主题:大处着眼、小处着手、以小见大二、深化主题:挖掘其思想和理论深度第二章写作的材料第一节材料的含义和作用一、材料的概念广义:指大量的直接来源于生活中的事实和现象,以及来源于书本的一些理论和知识狭义:指经作者选择而写进文章中的那部分现象和事理。

二、材料与素材和题材的关系广义的写作材料分为素材与题材。

题材来源于素材,与素材有着紧密的内在联系;题材又不同于素材,与素材有着质的区别。

素材:未加工整理题材:对素材进行加工改造三、文学作品的材料和实用性文章的材料的不同特点1、要求的真实性不同2、所处的地位不同3、选材的范围不同4、情感性与实录性的不同四、材料的作用1、材料是形成主题的基础2、材料是表现主题的手段3、材料可充实文章的内容第二节材料的搜集与整理一、搜集材料的方法1、观察和感受2、调查和采访3、阅读和查找4、上网检索二、怎样整理材料1、鉴别真伪、分辨优劣2、分门别类、科学管理第三节材料的选择和使用一、材料的选择(原则)1、真实2、典型3、新颖二、材料的使用(方法和步骤)1、材料的剪裁2、材料的聚合第三章文章的结构第一节文章结构的概念和特点一、结构的双重含义宏观结构:指文章的总体构思和框架,包括各个部分、段落之间的关系以及文章总的顺序。

微观结构:指文章的层次、段落、开头、结尾、过渡、照应等具体安排和布置。

二、文学作品与应用性的文章结构的不同特点文学作品的结构灵活多样,最忌千篇一律、千人一腔。

(以人物的思想感情或中心事件结构全篇)应用性的文章的结构特点是程式化、定型化。

三、文章结构的内容1、层次2、段落3、开头4、结尾5、过渡a、内容开合处b、意义转折处c、表达方式的转折处6、照应a、首尾照应b、文题照应c、文中照应第二节结构安排的原则一、要正确反映事物的客观规律二、要服从表现主题的需要三、要适应不同体裁的特点四、要灵活多变第三节锻炼思路一、思路的含义思路:指文章中若隐若现、前后贯通的脉络。

二、锻炼思路的基本要求1、注意思路的条理性和逻辑性2、注意思路的灵活性和独创性三、锻炼思路的主要方法1、拓展法2、挖掘法3、控制法4、梳理法第四章写作的语言第一节语言的特点与作用第二节汉语写作的资源及整合我们以现代汉语为基础,适当吸收文言、民间语言中富于生命力与艺术表现力的东西,整合构造出一种更符合中国人审美表达习惯的,既具必要的准确性与逻辑性,又具一定的审美艺术性的汉语表达方式。

这种表达方式应具有这些特质:1、声韵和谐2、形式优美3、简洁凝练。

第三节语言的积累与锤炼倒装的方式:1、主谓倒装2、宾语前置3、定语后置4、状语后置5、偏正倒装第四节语言的艺术与风格一、语言使用的一般性要求1、准确得体2、清晰流畅3、生动形象二、多种多样的语言风格1、简练与繁富2、朴实与绚丽3、正统与新奇第五章表达的方式第一节叙述一、叙述的人称1、第一人称叙述2、第三人称叙述二、叙述的方法1、略叙与详叙2、顺叙与倒叙3、连叙与插叙4、仰续与俯叙5、高调叙述与低调叙述第二节描写方法一、细描和白描二、静态描写与动态描写三、正面描写与侧面描写第三节说明一、定义说明(不宜采用比喻方式和否定方式)二、图表说明三、举例说明四、分类说明五、数字说明六、比喻说明七、比较说明八、诠释说明九、引用说明第四节抒情一、直接抒情二、间接抒情1、借叙事抒情2、借描写抒情3、借议论抒情第五节议论一、论证的主要方式1、归纳论证2、演绎论证3、比较论证a、类比论证b、对比论证4、归谬法二、议论的表达1、直言议论2、婉言议论3、讽刺议论4、抒情议论第六章论文的写作第一节论文写作的种类与特点一、学术论文的文体归属论文属于实用类文章学术论文实际上是对科学研究成果的一种描述与反映,它是对社会科学和自然科学领域中的某些现象和问题进行比较系统的研究,以探究其本质特征及其发展规律的理论性文章。

二、学术论文的种类1、投稿论文2、命题论文3、学业论文(学年论文、毕业论文)4、学位论文(学士论文、硕士论文、博士论文)三、学术论文的特点1、有创造性的见解2、有理论性的阐述3、有专题性的表述第二节学术论文的选题和选材一、学术论文的选题选题,是指选择研究的课题,即选择文章所要论述的对象和范围。

二、学术论文的选材1、选择材料(粗选、精选)2、研究材料(去伪存真、去粗取精)第三节学术论文的基本构成一、标题二、目录三、摘要四、关键词或主题词五、序言六、正文七、结尾八、参考文献*参考文献的类型:M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。

第七章短评的写作第一节短评的写作特征一、短评的含义与类型短评:是叙议结合、评事论理、直接阐述作者观点、主张的议论性文体。

类型:按议论方式,分为论说型、评论型、随感型按评论内容,分为政治短评、思想短评、经济短评、哲学短评、科技短评、文学短评、文化短评、教育短评、新闻短评二、短评的写作特点1、标题灵活a、陈述式b、反语式c、断语式d、疑问式e、有感式2、内容单一3、题旨明显第二节短评的写作方法一、敏捷地捕捉评论题材,切题时尚二、巧妙地选择评论角度,以小见大三、灵活地运用评论方法,形式活泼第八章实用性文书的写作(一)第一节计划概述一、计划的作用二、计划的种类与特点1、种类:按时间,长期计划、年度计划、季度计划、月度计划、一周计划按订计划范围,国家计划、地区计划、部门计划、单位计划、班组计划、个人计划按计划性质,综合计划、专题计划按计划内容,工作计划、生产(科研)计划、学习计划2、特点:a、全局性b、决策性c、可行性d、指导性第二节计划的写作一、标题的基本结构和写法1、标题(计划的执行者、计划的时间界限、计划的内容、表示计划这一文体的特定词)2、正文:a、正文内容:计划依据,计划目标,具体措施B、常见的结构形式:段落式、条文式、表格式、综合式3、署名和署时二、计划的写作要求1、要符合党的方针、政策2、要与市场吻合3、要群策群力4、要从实际出发第三节总结概述一、总结的作用三、总结的种类:按内容,工作总结、生产总结、学习总结、思想总结按作者,部门总结、单位总结、个人总结按时间,年度总结、月度总结、阶段总结按性质,综合总结(全面总结)、专题总结四、总结的特点:a、实践性b、经验性c、理论性d、叙事性第四节总结的写作一、总结的构成1、标题2、正文:a、基本状况b、主要做法c、经验(成绩)与教训d、存在问题及今后努力方向3、署名和署时二、总结构成的方法1、纵式2、横式3、纵横式三、总结的写作要求及审定1、总结的写作要求:a、注意积累,占有材料b、探索规律,提炼观点C、突出特点,抓好重点d、注意表达,力求生动2、总结的审定a、看是否符合党和国家的大政方针b、看材料的运用是否恰当c、看文章的结构是否合理d、看书写格式、标点符号第五节调查报告概述一、调查报告的写作目的1、制定政策需要调查报告2、交流工作需要调查报告3、揭露矛盾、解决问题需要调查报告二、调查报告的特点和分类1、特点:真实性、针对性、典型性2、分类:按内容性质,反映新生事物调查报告、介绍典型经验调查报告揭露问题调查报告、反映事物调查报告按内容范围,综合调查报告、专题调查报告三、调查态度与方法1、调查的态度:有正确的立场、观点;态度要端正;目的要明确2、调查的方法:全面调查、纵深调查、补充调查四、调查问卷拟制1、何谓调查问卷2、调查问卷的拟制:a、标题b、前言c、问题的设置和供选择答案的拟制d、排序和编号第六节调查报告的写作一、调查报告的构成方式1、标题与署名2、前言3、主体二、调查报告的写作要求1、实事求是占有材料2、分析本质提示规律3、突出主旨生动形象第九章实用性文书的写作(二)第一节商品说明书一、商品说明书概述1、商品说明书的概念和作用概念:以说明为目的,概括介绍商品特征、结构、性能、用途和保管方法等知识的文章作用:帮助顾客了解商品,使顾客懂的使用方法,宣传商品、扩大销售2、商品说明书总类:a、梗概型b、描述型c、标示型d、析疑型二、商品说明书写作的基本要求1、要具有商品说明的特点:a、中介性b、知识性c、真实性2、要把握被介绍商品的全貌3、要写出被介绍商品的个性三、商品说明书写作的基本方法1、表达方式和方法:a、概说b、陈述c、解说2、结构条理的组织A、根据人们知识的先后顺序安排条理B、根据事物特征的内在联系安排条理C、根据事物本身的科学性安排条理D、散述式结构条理的组织方法四、商品说明书写作应注意的问题第二节商品广告(以极其简洁的书面语言,向人们提供产品的有关信息,促进商品推销的一种宣传手段)一、商品广告的分类按内容,介绍产品、提供服务按发布媒介,报纸广告、杂志广告、电影广告等按体式,说明体、陈述体、诗歌体、新闻体、小品体、证书体二、商品广告的特点和作用1、特点:灵活性、信息性、诱导性2、作用三、商品广告的写作:1、标题(直接式和间接式)2、正文3、落款四、商品广告写作应注意的事项1、避免内容离题2、讲究表现方法3、适应媒介形式4、讲究实事求是第三节经济合同(是法人之间为实现一定经济目的,明确相互权利义务关系的协议)一、经济合同的特征1、合同的主体双方(或一方)应具备法人资格2、合同的主体双方地位平等,权利和义务对等3、经济合同具有保护当事人合法权益的作用二、经济合同的种类1、购销合同2、建设工程承包合同3、加工承揽合同4、货物运输合同5、供用电合同6、仓储保管合同7、财产租赁合同8、借款合同9、财产保险合同10、科技协作合同三、经济合同的写作形式:条款式、表格式、条款与表格结合式1、标题2、约首3、正文a、前言(签合同的目的与依据)b、主体(标的)c、数量和质量d、价款和酬金e、履行的期限、地点和方式f、违约责任i、约尾(署名,盖章,日期)四、经济合同的写作要求1、必须符合国家的法律法规和现行政策2、内容条款必须具体、清晰、明确,便于一目了然3、表达规范、标点正确第十章实用性文书的写作(三)第一节聘书与邀请书一、聘书的写作1、标题2、称谓3、正文4、结尾5、署名和署时二、邀请书的写作1、标题2、称谓3、正文邀请书的写作要求:1、要有礼貌2、要有热情3、要事项周详4、要提前发送第二节倡议书与申请书一、倡议书的写作1、标题2、称呼3、正文4、结语5、署名和署时二、申请书的写作1、标题2、正文3、署名与署时第三节介绍信与证明信一、介绍信的写作1、开头2、正文3、结尾4、署名与署时二、证明信的写作1、标题2、称谓3、正文4、署名与署时第四节求职信和感谢信一、求职信的写作1、称呼2、开头3、正文4、结尾5、附件6、落款二、感谢信的写作1、标题2、称谓3、正文4、结束语5、署名与署时。

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