机器人技术英文翻译

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- /Cloud 工业合规性- 确保排放达标，我们的网站查看详细信息-/airThe Robotic Industries Association, the leading trade group for the robotics industry, defines a robot as follows: it is a "reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks." This definition has become generally accepted in the United States and other Western countries. The most common form of industrial robot is made up of a single automated arm that resembles a construction crane.机器人工业协会，即机器人产业的领先贸易集团对机器人定义如下：它是一个“可重复编程的多功能操作装置，可以通过改变动作程序，来完成各种工作，主要用于搬运材料，传递工件。

”这在美国和其他西方国家已成为普遍接受的定义。

对工业机器人的最常见的形式是由一个单一的自动手臂，类似于一个建筑起重机。

ORIGINS OF THE NAMEThe word "robot" was coined by Czech playwright Karel Capek (1890-1938) in his 1921 play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots). Robot is spelled robota in Czech and means forced labor. The word found its way into English-language dictionaries by the mid-1920s. The word "robotics" was first used by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov (1920-92) in his 1942 story "Runaround," in which he wrote what became known as Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics: "1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law." Though fictional, these laws and Asimov's robot stories were influential to Joseph Engelberger, who is arguably the most important figure in the development of industrial robots. Though the word "robot" is relatively new, the concept is centuries old, and prior to the 1920s robot-like mechanisms were called automatons. In one of Noah Webster's earliest dictionaries, an automaton is defined as "A self-moving machine or one which moves by invisible springs."名字的起源他是由捷克剧作家卡雷尔·恰佩克（1890至1938年）在1921年发挥卢布，创造了“robot”一词（Rossum的通用奴隶）。

robot在捷克拼写为robota，它的意思是奴隶。

由20世纪20年代中期进入英语词典的。

“机器人”一词最早是科幻作家艾萨克·阿西莫夫（1920至1992年）在他1942年的故事<<搪塞>>，他写了Asimov的机器人三法则：“1：机器人不得通过任何方式伤害人类。

2：在第一法则的前提下，机器人必须服从它主人给它的任务3：机器人必须保护自身的存在只要这种保护不与第一或第二法则相冲突。

“虽然是虚构的，这些法则和阿西莫夫的机器人故事影响了约瑟夫恩格柏格，使他在工业机器人的发展无疑是最重要的人物。

虽然“机器人”一词是相对较新的概念只有数百年的历史，20世纪前20年机器人一样的机制被称为自动机。

在韦伯斯特的早期的词典中，一个机器人被定义为“自我运动的机器或一个无形的弹簧移动。

”DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICSIn a number of respects, robots are like numerically controlled automated machine tools, such as an automated lathe, since they are both reprogrammable to produce a number of different objects. What distinguishes robots is their flexibility regarding both range of tasks and motion. In one typical manufacturing application, robots move parts in their various stages of completion from one automated machine tool to the next,the system of robots and machine tools making up a flexible manufacturing workcell. Robots are classified as soft automata, whereas automated machine tools are classified as hard automata. The Japanese Industrial Robot Association also classifies manually operated manipulators and nonreprogrammable, single-function manipulators as robots, and one must bear this in mind when comparing data on robot use between Japan and the United States.Since robots are defined by their capacity to move objects or tools through space, key issues in robotic control are location and movement, referred to in the industry as kinematics and dynamics. The position of an object in a three-dimensional space can be defined relative to a fixed point with three parameters via the Cartesian coordinate system, indicating placement along x, y, and z axes. The orientation of an object requires three additional parameters, indicating rotation on these axes. These parameters are referred to as degrees of freedom. Together these six parameters and the movement among them make up the data of kinematic control equations. Robots carrying out simpler tasks may operate with fewer than six degrees of freedom, but robots may also operate with more than six, which is referred to as redundancy. Redundancy gives a robot greater mobility, enabling it to more readily work around obstructions and to choose among a set of joint positions to reach a given target in less time.Two types of joints are commonly used in robots, the prismatic or sliding joint, resembling a slide rule, and the re volute joint, a hinge. The simplest type of robot to control is one made up of three sliding joints, each determining placement along a Cartesian axis. Robots made solely of revolute joints are more complex to control, in that the relation of joint position to control parameters is less direct. Other robots use both types of joints. Among these, a common type uses a large sliding joint for vertical placement of an arm made of revolute joints. The vertical rigidity and horizontal flexibility of such robots make them ideal for heavy assembly work (this configuration is referred to as SCARA for Selectively Compliant Arm for Robot Assembly). Robots may also be made of a system of arms each with restricted movement (i.e., with relatively few degrees of freedom)but which together can perform complex tasks. These are referred to as distributed robots. Such robots have the advantage of high speed and precision, but the disadvantage of restricted range of movement.Robots are activated by hydraulic, pneumatic, and electrical power. Electric motors have become increasingly small with high power-to-weight ratios, enabling them to become the dominant means by which robots are powered. The hand of a robot is referred to in the industry as an end effector. End effectors may be specialized tools, such as spot welders or spray guns, or more general-purpose grippers. Common grippers include fingered and vacuum types.One of the central elements of robotics control technology involves sensors. It is through sensors that a robotic system receives knowledge of its environment, to which subsequent actions of the robot can be adjusted. Sensors are used to enable a robot to adjust to variations in the position of objects to be picked up, to inspect objects, and to monitor proper operation. Among the most important types are visual, force and torque, speed and acceleration, tactile, and distance sensors. The majority of industrial robots use simple binary sensing, analogous to an on/off switch. This does not permit sophisticated feedback to the robot about how successfully an operation was performed. Lack of adequate feedback also often requires the use of guides and fixtures to constrain the motions of a robot through an operation, which implies substantial inflexibility in changing operations.Robots may also be able to adjust to variations in object placement without the use of sensors. This is enabled by arm or end effector flexibility and is referred to as compliance. Robots with sensors may also make use of compliance.Robots are programmed either by guiding or by off-line programming. Most industrial robots are programmed by the former method. This involves manually guiding a robot from point to point through the phases of an operation, with each point stored in the robotic control system. With off-lineprogramming, the points of an operation are defined through computer commands. This is referred to as manipulator level off-line programming.An important area of research is the development of off-line programming that makes use of higher-level languages, in which robotic actions are defined by tasks or objectives.Robots may be programmed to move through a specified continuous path instead of from point to point. Continuous path control is necessary for operations such as spray painting or arc welding a curved joint. Programming also requires that a robot be synchronized with the automated machine tools or other robots with which it is working. Thus robot control systems are generally interfaced with a more centralized control system显着特点机器人在许多方面，如数控自动化，如自动车床，机床，因为它们都是可重复编程产生一些不同的对象。