Lecturediction
Lecture范畴词的翻译课件
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三、汉语范畴词英译方法
1. 省译使表达抽象化 1) 如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话，那 就要使他们沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。
Not to educate the children is to condemn them to repetitious ignorance.
Local authorities should work hard to create jobs.
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2. 转译法使表达抽象化
1）交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看 有没有修改的地方。
Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.
2 We have winked at these irregularities too long. 我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。
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3 He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility. 据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深。
4 What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties.
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四、英语抽象名词的汉译
1. 范畴化
英译汉时可以使英语抽象的概念具体化，根 据具体的语境加上 “方法”、“现象”、“局势 ”、“状态”、“情况”、“政策”、“做法”、“习 俗”、“精神”、态度”：“问题”等范畴词，使 译文含义清晰，行文流畅。
Unit 3 diction
文化 VS 翻译
翻译中最难传译的不是文本的语言，而是其中蕴含的文化因素。 松、竹、梅“岁寒三友”在中国人心目中象征坚忍不拔的优良 品质；而对西方人来说，这只不过是三种普通的植物，没有什 么特殊的文化涵义。 What a door of an Aladdin’s cave it seemed to be. 一个民族的历史是其社会发展的如实记载，其中收藏着丰富的 文化遗产，反映在语言上尤为明显。如：“说曹操曹操到”、 “过五关斩六将”、“有眼不识泰山”、“暗渡陈仓”、“逼 上梁山”，诸如此类，具有明显民族特点的词语是与汉文化紧 密联系的。 英语国家的词语也包含其历史文化背景。如：meet one’s Waterloo 一败涂地；round-table meeting 圆桌会议；armed to teeth 武装到牙齿；white / blue-collared workers 白领 / 蓝领工人 等。
Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader. There are basically three types of affective meanings: positive, neutral, and derogatory.
Diction is the choice of words and phrases to express meaning. Diction must be based on the accurate comprehension of the original. The meaning of a word is its use in the language, not only its definitions in the dictionary.
英语翻译与写作-Diction
英语翻译与写作-Diction第一篇：英语翻译与写作-DictionDictionλ the proper choice of words and phrases in the process of translation to fit their context λ Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word1.According to word-formation: compounding, derivation, blending, acronym formation, clipping⎫ compounding(合成法): generation gap, summer time(夏令时), test-tube baby(试管婴儿),brain-drain(人才外流), picturephone(可视电话), soft-landing economy(软着陆经济)credit card(信用卡), pocket money(零用钱), greenhouse effect(温室效应) ⎫ derivation（派生法）: non-friend(假朋友), antifreeze(抗冻剂), preschooler(学龄前儿童),⎫blending(拼缀法): comsat(communication + satellite,通讯卫星), lunarnaut(lunar + astronaut,登月宇宙航行员), Chinglish(Chinese + English,汉式英语) ⎫ acronym formation(首字母缩略法)：PC(personal computer, 个人电脑), CALL(computer-aided language learning, 计算机辅助语言学习), CIA(the Central Intelligence Agency,中央情报局)⎫clipping（截缩法）: ad(advertisement), homo(homosexuality),memo(memorandum), bus(omnibus), flu(influenza)2.According to the references(1)third-person pronounsHe sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.(2)demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbsHealth is above wealth, for this cannot give so muchhappiness as that.(3)references of comparisonI hate blue shirts;white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable.3.According to the context and collocation ⎫No context, no translation.e.g.I’ll finish the book next week.Tension is building up.⎫Each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.The war is becoming the most important story of this generation.It is quite another story now.Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.What a story!I don’t believe a word of it.The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from American TV.在这种情况下 under such circumstances / such being the case这种情况必须改变。
lecture 5 汉英词语翻译
7). 昨天看电影我没有买到好票：
* I did not buy a good ticket for yesterday’s film. I did not buy a good seat for yesterday’s film.
8). 这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批人才
(batches of )。 * The national heavy university has sent/transported batches of qualified talents to the society. The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. 9). 他们省吃俭用，为的是攒钱买房子。 * They save food and expenses to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment. They live frugally/economically/thriftily to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment.
Appropriateness in word selection-ii
To choose word according to the collocation 2). 好： 好教徒 好父母 好儿女 好妻子 好丈夫 3). 水平： 英语水平 生活水平 游泳水平
2) good a faithful/devout/pious/sincere/ devoted Christian/believer a loving/caring parent an obedient/filial child a virtuous/devoted wife a dutiful/responsible husband 3) level English proficiency/ level living standard swimming skill
Lecture 2 Diction 1 (appropriateness)
Practice 2: Comparing the following three paragraphs, can you find out any differences in the language. Sample 1: There is nothing new in the recognition, within a given language, of a distinction between common usage and uses of the language for more restricted purposes and often enough, perhaps characteristically, more elevated purposes… Sample 2: What’s wrong with the student-union bookshop? Everything. It’s interested in selling sweatshirts and college mugs rather than good books. Its staff often is incompetent and uncivil. The manager may not be intelligent enough even to order a sufficient number of copies of required textbooks for the beginning of a term. Sample 3: My mother’s kitchen was full of junk food which I have ever seen. My house was full of apples and peaches and milk and coffee—which were nice, and good for you, but not right before dinner or you’ll spoil your appetite. My sister’s house had nothing in it that was good for you.
英语写作 lecture 3.diction-exact
2.1 Right (meaning of words)准确
• • • • • • • • • • In stylistic level In the degree of emphasis In emotional coloring In tone In collocation Eg: ① May I question/interrogate /ask you a question? ② The team got a big/large/huge man over two meters tall. ③ I can never forget the small/ little town I spent my happy childhood. ④ Clearly Gompers was overawed by Wilson. His face took on a servile look; his voice was modest/ humble. ⑤ A big/large amount of money/number of people/quantity of beer Large/great courage/confidence/ability/wisdom 自然环境，社会环境，舒适环境 (natural environment, social circumstances, comfortable surroundings） 番茄汤，牛肉汤，人参汤 (tomato soup, beef broth, ginseng decoction) 浓汤、茶、咖啡、头发、眉毛 (thick soup, strong tea and coffee, thick hair/eyebrow)
• 动词： • accept, afford/give/offer/present/provide, appreciate, await, be denied, embrace, enjoy, find, grasp/take/seize, have, let slip, lose, miss, neglect, give up/pass up, utilize/take advantage of, welcome, arise/occur, slip away.
英汉互译2-diction
Unit 2 Diction (遣词用字)Some background information about this unit:a)No context, no text.b)What is context?Context, as the term suggests, refers to all the different situations involved in language communication.语境，就是产生语言活动的环境，包括时间、空间、语言交际参与者及语言活动的目的等，反映在文字材料中也称上下文。
语境是一切语言活动存在的前提。
Firth: each word when used in a new context is a new word.Some examples:▪I’ll finish the book next week.▪“我”是谁？finish的具体措辞究竟是：看完、写完、审完？▪Tension is building up.形式紧张起来。
/ 张力在增大。
/ 电压在增加。
/ 压力在增强。
/ 血压在增高。
/ 气压在加强。
/ 情绪越来越紧张。
/ 紧张局势在加剧。
Without context, both “tension” and “build up” may have various explanations.▪I’m through.通话完毕，结束了。
(AmE)电话接通了。
(BrE)1. Equivalence between English and Chinese at Word Level1.1 Word-for-word equivalenceThis is most shown in proper nouns and technical terms.▪Marxism 马克思主义▪Aspirin 阿司匹林▪Laser 激光▪Leukemia 白血病1.2 One word with multiple equivalents of the sameThis is a common case in translation.▪Wife: 妻子、老婆、夫人、老伴、媳妇、爱人、内人……▪Potato: 马铃薯、土豆、洋芋、山药蛋……▪人：human being, man, people, person…▪犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier…1.3 One word with several equivalents of different meaningsThis is also very common in translation.▪cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹……▪president: 总统、主席、总裁、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长……▪carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、抱、搂、举、端、夹、捧……▪走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, shamble, prance, scamper, clump, tiptoe.▪羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb1.4 Equivalents interwoven with one another1.5 Words without corresponding equivalentsIn this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.▪teenager: 13到19岁的青少年▪cyber slacker: 利用工作时间在公司上网、做与工作无关的事情的雇员▪阴：yin (in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world▪阳：yang (in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world2. Methods of discriminating the original meaning of a given word2.1 According to word formation▪parabiospheric: 外生物层的para- (outside), bio- (biologic), spheric (having the form of a phere)▪pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis 肺尘病，硅酸盐沉着病pneumono (of lung) ultra (beyond) micro (very small)scopic (of viewing or observing) silico (of silicon) volcano (of volcano)coni (koni, of dust) osis (forming the name of a disease)2.2 According to the referenceIn many cases the meaning of a pronominal word may be judged from the references.▪He [father] sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送约翰上大学，巴望儿子能出类拔萃。
Unit Two Diction
Part 2 Levels of Words
The words that we come across can be divided into 3 types, according to a stylistic point of view:
formal, common, and colloquial.
I feel that paying attention to words used around you is the best way to increase your working vocabulary. If you are really into improving the number of words you know, you can use such vocabulary-improvement lessons as are in the Reader's Digest.
3.1 Don't need long words Television commentator William S. Buckley has a tremendous vocabulary and would often overpower his debate opponents through the use of long words, whose definitions only highly literate people would know. He wouldn't win on logic of argument but on frustrating his opponents.
3.4 Summary
A good vocabulary does not mean you know many long or difficult words. Instead, it means that you know how to express yourself so that the reader will understand your material. Sometimes is it necessary to use industry-specific jargon, but you still must make sure everyone understands what you are writing. It is worthwhile to constantly work at improving your knowledge of words.
Dictionintranslation遣词用字
Dictionintranslation遣词用字Diction in translation遣词用字1、Definition of dictionBy “diction” we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in the target language on the basis of accurate comprehension of the source language text.2、Correspondence between English and ChineseFull correspondenceNo equivalentsOne word with multiple equivalents–Of the same meaning–Of different meanings1）Full correspondenceminibus = 微型汽车（面包车）the United Nations = 联合国the Pacific Ocean = 太平洋helicopter = 直升飞机2）No equivalentsNew sci-tech words–plumber 特工mascon 物质聚积–chain-smoker 烟鬼hit 引起轰动的事物3）One word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning （love）–爱人、老婆、夫人、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人、贱内、拙荆One word with multiple equivalents of different meaningsMarry／SisterMan–I am a man now.–Any man can do it.–The rights of man should be respected.–You can stay in the same room if you are man and wife.3、How to judge the meaningfrom the part of speechfrom the collocationfrom the contextfrom the syntax1）Part of speechHe saw a man sawing trees with a saw．他看见一个人正用锯子锯树。
第6讲 Diction(2)
Dictionary is always an inevitable tool in translation, but very often the definition that it provides does not fit into the context. In this case you have to be flexible and extend the meaning of the given word according to the context for the sake of logic and collocation.
@ Zeng Wenhua
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提出问题 raise a question 提出申请 file an application 提出辞呈 tender / hand in one’s resignation 提出警告 give a warning
@ Zeng Wenhua
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V. / N. / Adj. + Prep. Introduction solution impact advantage 他们请我吃鱼。 to They treated me with fish. 这台机器靠电运转。 on This machine runs by electricity. 他上衣里穿了件毛衣。 He wore a sweater inside his coat. underneath
review
Donald was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. Miss Davis felt greatly flattered when she received the invitation to deliver a lecture. 唐纳德说这位先生是他所见到过的最有胆识 的人，这种阿谀奉承 阿 奉承未免过于露骨。 戴维斯小姐接到去作演讲的邀请时, 感到非常 荣幸。 荣幸
Unit3-翻译的用词DictionPPT课件
5. 他这个人有意思。
6. 她的话真没意思。
7. 这是我们的一点小意思。
8. 这个女生对她的英语老师有了意思。
9. 他的讲话虽然简短但是非常有意思。
10. 我没2021/4有/8 要改变主意的意思。
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1. What do you mean ? 2. In my opinion , it’s better not to go. 3. It looks like rain. 4. Dancing is a lot of fun 5. He is rather humorous. 6. This is our little gift as a token of our appreciation. 7. I have not idea of changing my mind. 8. The girl student behaved amorously towards her
cut
说； 讲； 谈； 诉
无对等：
部分对等：
Teenager; clock-watcher; Marry; gun; sister;
overkill; plumber
morning
阴； 2021/4/8 阳； 目不识丁
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Have try
1. Sweet potato.
甜土豆 （白薯、山芋）
2. He is a small potato. 他是个小人物/萝卜头
第一部分——词汇翻译： Translation techniques
Diction-选词用字 Amplification-增益 Omission-省略 Conversion-转换 Restructuring-词序调整 Negation-正说反译,反说正译
英语写作课PPT 第二课 lecture two diction
I saw a ghost, and I was frightened to death. (colloquial) I saw an apparition, and it reduced me to a condition of moral terror. (formal)
Slang words are highly informal： ：
Eg. Doing part times jobs is terribly beneficial to college students. Eg. The cop are ready at any time to protect the security of our property and life. terribly very; cop police
Suspect, doubt Convince, persuade, dissuade Damage, injure, harm, hurt Affect, influence Wait, expect, anticipate, look forward to Create, invent, make, manufacture, discover Rise, arise, raise, arouse
General & specific
In my hometown in spring, the weather is very bad. In my hometown in spring, the wind may blow all day long and the air is filled with dust which sometimes shuts out the sun. It goes into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair, and penetrates through the closed windows.（with the help of details）
专四听力之DICTATION
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2004
• Flight 5125 scheduled to take off at 11:30 will be delayed for 20 minutes. Please check in half an hour prior to departure.
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• 正确:Everywhere we turn, we find paper.. 错误:Everywhere we turn, we fine paper.
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常见音变现象:连读
连读，即语速加快时，两个或多个分属不同单词的相邻音连在一起读出的语音现 象。常见的连读分为以下三种：
辅音+元音 即第一个单词以辅音结尾，下一个单词以原因开头时，两个词连读。 如：out and out sit up look out of
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介绍语言或技巧
2/19 2000 Language 2010 Freshmen's Week
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（二）常见错误分析
A. 由音变现象而导致的错误
• 正确：More energy arrives at the earth's surface in an hour than is consumed in the world in a whole year. 错误：More energy arrives at the earth's surface in a how than is consumed in the world in a whole year.
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近音词
汉译英unit1Diction
随着人工智能技术的发展，机器翻译将在汉译英 Unit1diction中发挥越来越重要的作用，为译者提供 更加高效和准确的翻译工具。
THANKS
感谢观看
增词法与减词法
增词法
在翻译过程中，根据需要增加一些词汇来使译文更加完整、流畅。例如，增加连词、介 词、冠词等。
减词法
在翻译过程中，适当省略一些词汇来使译文更加简洁、明了。例如，省略重复的词汇、 不必要的修饰语等。
词类转换
• 词类转换是指将原文中的某个词转换成不同的词类，以使 译文更加符合英语的表达习惯。例如，将动词转换成名词、 将形容词转换成副词等。
语法结构
掌握英语和汉语的语法结构差异， 合理调整句子的语序和结构，使 译文流畅自然。
语言风格
根据原文的语言风格和文体特点， 选择适当的英语表达方式，保持 译文的风格和语气。
翻译技巧的运用
直译与意译
根据具体情况选择直译或意译，直译保留原文的形式 和意义，意译则更注重表达原文的深层含义。
省略与补充
适当省略原文中不必要的信息，同时补充必要的信息， 使译文更加完整和连贯。
产品说明翻译
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产品说明翻译的目的是帮助外国消费者理解产品的功能、使用 方法和注意事项，以便他们能够正确使用产品。
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在翻译产品说明时，需要注重语言的简明扼要和清晰易懂，避
免使用过于复杂或晦涩的词汇。
产品说明翻译中需要注意不同国家和地区的法律法规和标准，
03
确保产品说明符合当地的要求和规范。
广告语翻译
语序调整
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汉译英Unit1diction的实践与案例分析
旅游文本翻译
1
旅游文本翻译的目的是向外国游客传达旅游目的 地的文化和历史信息，同时激发他们的兴趣和好 奇心。
大学英语自主听力下Diction
Dictation 1In accordance with Aristotle，the famous ancient Greek philosopher，there are three kinds of friendship respectively based on utility，pleasure and goodness.The first kind refers to the friendship that will break up when the grand for friendship disappears. The second kind is very changeable，because its construction depends on the feeling of the young，who constantly change their tastes and interests in life. The third kind is a perfect one，because it is the friendship of those who are good，and similar in their goodness.Just as fish cannot live without water，we cannot live without friendship. True friendship is like sound health；the value of it is seldom known until it is lost.Dictation 2The classical views tell us that true friendship is made up of three components：mutual enjoyment，bilateral benefits and common commitment. True friendship is only possible between good men with the same tastes and attributes and it is virtue that creates and preserves true friendship. Here，“the good”means “those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honor，purity，equality，and liberality；who are free from greed，lust and violence；and who have the courage of convictions”. Therefore，virtuous friends are always bond together，each providing a mirror in which the other may see himself. It is the networks of such virtuous friends that help us construct permanent friendship.Unit TwoDictation 1There are two categories of factors that may contribute to a stable love relationship：the external factors and the internal factors. The former refers to the elements such as wealth，social status，appearances，family background，while the latter includes the following aspects such as wisdom，knowledge，character，personalities. No matter where we are and what we are，love should be our first priority，because where there is love，there is wealth and success. However，the fierce competition at present has been making us almost forget the essence of love，which requires us to take some measures to change the situation.Dictation 2Choosing an occupation takes time,and there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide what you would like to do.You may find what you will have to take special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work,or you may find out that you will need to get actual work experience to gain enough knowledge to qualify for a particular job. Fortunately, there are a lot of people you can turn for advice and help in making your decision. At most schools, there are teachers who are professionally qualified to give you detailed information about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions.Unit3 diction 1Many people believe that money can decide a person’s happiness. But money alone cannot make us happy in the long run. The truth is that when most people exist near the breadline ,material progress does indeed make them happier. However ,such kind of satisfaction may soon disappear with the improvement of their living standards, which means extra income does not necessarily make people happier. Since the desire to be happier is central to our nature,it is necessary for us to find other element affecting our happiness besides money. This requires us to focus on the relationships in the family,at work and in the community.Diction 2True love, which is distinguished from the intense but short-lived love or the pleasure of the flesh needs nurturing and it takes time to blossom. Composed of a lots of understanding, much sharing and caring, and plenty of affection, true love is what the majority of people are pursing. In order to love, we should gift our object of affection, our time, our company, our support and our friendship to our lovers; we should set priorities in our lives and focus on each with sincerity; we should try to be self-sufficient emotionally before letting ourselves loose; we should give ourselves and others time and space to forge relationships and work towards lasting friendship; we should honor our commitments.Unit FourDictation 1The key to living a healthy life at an advanced age mainly lies in mental health. There are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. The first danger is the over dependence on the company of their offspring. Because of the totally different lift styles of the two generations, the company will be both a heavy burden to the young and an embarrassing situation to the old. Both generations will feel quite uncomfortable! The second danger comes form the frequent fear of death, which will make the old live in despair, and consequently lead a plain life.Dictation 2There are three aspects for you to keep young . First, you must bear in mind the importance of the hereditary factor, which is about the careful choice of your ancestors, because form your ancestors you can acquire the right genes as well as guidance on how best to remain young. Secondly, you must make sure that you are physically healthy. In order to achieve this goal, you must remember that besides a balanced diet containing proper nutrition, an adequate sleep and regular exercise also play an important role in your physical condition. Thirdly, you should care about psychological health, thus making you keep active.Unit Five Dictation 1Campus learning, as the conventional style of education, is confronting the challenge form online learning, an uprising new way of earning one’s degree well as mastering new skills. Compared with campus learning, online learning can benefit students more. First , it is convenient, because it releases students form the pressure of staying in the classroom. Second , without the interference of a professor, it enable students to discuss in the freer atmosphere, thus motivating students to become more courageous to argue their own points. Third, thanks to the online discussion rach student must be involved into, it forces students to think and then really learn something rather than sit passively in the back row.Dictation 2Many people hold firm to the conviction that the more you are paid ,the happier you will feel. However, statistics show that people with higher salaries do not always feel more pleased than those whose salaries are not so high. In effect, the highly paid ones are usually in tension because of the terrible pressure they are under .It is undeniable that those who are more successful have to show the talents as much as they can in their work so that they can attract their employers’ attention and then they can get higher pay and promotion.They have to compete with other excellent colleagues so that they can become outstanding in theircompanies.Unit six Dictation 1Known as an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad,culture shock makes you experience the feeling of discomfort in a new culture. Generally speaking, a person suffering from culture shock must get through two phases before he finally finds a way to deal with the first phase is the rejection of the environment which causes the uneasiness. The rejection here features a new comer’s continuous complaint about the host country and its people. The second phase is regression, which means a person’s irrational glorification of everything in his own country. It usually takes some time for one to deal with the culture shock before he can adapt himself to the new environment.Dictation 2An awareness of the effective ways to cope with culture shock should help us do better in a new culture. First, knowing the language of the host country is a principle means by which we can settle down comfortably and confidently in a new culture, because language is the most important symbol of communicate. Second, getting to know people of the host country should be another good solution, because through it you can remain confident and a feeling of power, thus seeing a whole new world of culture meanings opening up for you. Last, your participation in the activitiesof the local people will be of vital importance ,since it provides you with a good chance to know more about a foreign life style.Unit 7 Dictation 1The Olympic Games, also called the Olympics, is an international sports events held every four years. Throughout the history, it has been serving society by providing the ideal of fraternity, friendship, peace and universal understanding. In recent years, it has been becoming increasingly popular . The reason for its stronger popularity lie in the following aspects. First ,it not only provides excellent sportsmen worldwide with a big arena to demonstrate their talent in athletic performance but also provide provides people with an opportunity to enjoy the performance and witness the thrilling moments of record-breaking in history. Second, it stresses the regulation of fair play as well as the ideals of equality ,cooperation and peace.Dictation 2The establishment of human relationship must depend on forgiveness because without it, no relationship can survive. rather than being a kind of quality that only good-tempered people choose to have ,it is the first step toward in living harmony a universal necessity for relationship and for your own physical and mental health. The act of unforgiveness not going to be easy, although as time rolls by ,the ideal of forgiveness has taken root . For one thing, itseems totally unfair that we should forgive when we are the ones who have been hurt ; for another ,true forgiveness is not a one-off act but a constant confrontation .Unit 8Dictation 1The purpose of constructing a healthy and harmonious society requires us to know and understand ourselves in the context of our surroundings. Under such circumstances, we must attach important to the standards of conduct, especially to manners, with which we can establish good relationship. Being polite to others should be our first priority, since even one instance of tactlessness can irreparably hurt a relationship. Being on guard against feeling of superiority and pride should also be listed as one of the standards, because they are the feelings that are damaging to our personal relationship. Besides, possessing an unselfish love and a positive attitude are another two important rules.Dictation 2As is known to all, it is becoming increasingly difficult for college graduates to find a good job. An analysis indicates the reasons for the difficulties. The first leading cause should be the increasing number of the college students and the shrinking market demand. Besides, the lack of required skills and experience on the students part should be included as one of the principalreasons for their failure in finding a good job. Furthermore, the severe competition for relatively few “good” jobs with handsome pay also worsen the condition; finally, college graduates flocking to big cities and to government departments makes many students involved in the fierce competition in job market.。
diction
4）…yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;…(W. M. Thackeray : Vanity Fair) ……不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他 们朽骨上的好话。真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父 母，孝顺的女儿，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他 们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵的追悼他们；……
The communist agents are still after our military information/ messages. Increasing contact with the West will make their job much easier. 甲: 这是一点小意思,请务必收下. 乙: 你这人真有意思,怎么也来这一套? 甲: 只是意思意思罢了. 乙: 那就不好意思了. A: It is a little gift as a token of my gratitude. Please do take it. B: Aren’t you a little bit too polite? A: Ah, It carries/ conveys my gratitude and affection only. B: Oh, thanks a lot, although I really don’t deserve it.
lectures翻译
lectures翻译基本解释●lectures：讲座，演讲，授课●/ˈlektʃərz/●n. 讲座，演讲，授课变化形式●n. 复数形式：lectures具体用法●名词:o意思：讲座，演讲，授课o同义词：talks, presentations, speeches, addresses, seminarso反义词：silence, quiet, hush, muteness, stillnesso例句：●The professor's lectures on quantum physics were soengaging that students from other departments alsoattended. (教授关于量子物理的讲座非常吸引人，以至于其他系的学生也来听。
)●During the lectures, students are encouraged to askquestions to deepen their understanding of the subject. (在讲座期间，鼓励学生提问以加深他们对该主题的理解。
)●The university offers a series of lectures on modern art everysemester, attracting art enthusiasts from all over the city. (大学每学期都会提供一系列关于现代艺术的讲座，吸引了来自全市的艺术爱好者。
)●She delivered a series of lectures on the history of the Englishlanguage, which were well-received by the audience. (她进行了一系列关于英语语言历史的讲座，受到了观众的好评。
)●The guest speaker's lectures on climate change providedvaluable insights into the current environmental challenges.(客座演讲者关于气候变化的讲座提供了对当前环境挑战的宝贵见解。
英语写作 lecture 2. diction - EST English
• However, some technology vocabulary is gradually evolved from an ordinary English vocabulary. Such technology is part of English vocabulary and often maintains close relations with the ordinary English vocabulary. • Such a close relation is manifested mainly in three aspects: being similar to the external shape of objects, similar to functions, and similar to the relationship between objects and objects. • 1. Similarity to the external shape of objects (物体外部形状相似)
(But the specific meaning of technical terms can used to express the exf EST words
• • • • compounding、转化法 conversion、派生法 derivation、缩写法 Abridged: blending (brunch, medicare) clipping (phone, dorm, flu, pop – popular music) acronymy (VOA, TV) backformation (editor, edit, )
• Numerals in ordinary English can constitute compound words. Eg: One-track (单轨的), Three-year (三年的). • But in the scientific writing, the compound words synthesized by the numerals are mainly expressed through Greek and Latin number prefixes. Eg: semi (半): semi-metal (半金属); mono (单一) mono-pulse (单脉冲); di (二,双) diode (二极管); tri (三) triode (三极管); tetra (四) tetraatomic(四原子的); meth (甲基) methane (甲烷); ethyl (乙基) ethane (乙烷)
翻译技巧1-diction培训讲学
Delicate difference
讲不大清楚的差别
Delicate surgical operation 难做的外科手术
……
3) Distinguish the original meaning of an
English word by means of syntax（从词的语 法形式判断）
7. 王教授精通小学和《大学》
8. 毛泽东同志的思想和学说是永存的;
关于社会注意建设总路线的基本思想;
破除迷信,解放思想;
毛泽东军事思想的一个重要组成部分,是关于人民 战争的思想;
政治问题和思想问题。
1. 广播学校（通过电台对各地的学生授课的学校） 误：空军学校 2. 昨晚我去参加了我们中国研究组的集会。 （do: n. social function 集会，娱乐宴聚活动）误：
machine, engine, plane, aircraft...机 sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb...羊
4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another
Say
说
Speak
讲
Talk
谈
Tell
诉
这可说不得。 我代他向你说
Warming-up exercises:
1. The School of the Air (the school of the air)
2. Last evening I went to a do held by our China Study Group.
3. The see of Sydney
1) Distinguish the original meaning of an English word by means of context
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如：用一个汉字的词有：亡，故，卒，逝， 毙，崩，陨 等等。
用两个汉字的词有：亡故，身故，故世， 谢世，弃世，过世，下世，仙逝，仙游， 千古，归西，归天，牺牲，舍身，献身， 就义，捐躯，捐生，殉职，殉国，殉难， 殉节，长逝，永别，永诀，长眠，疾终 溘 逝，合眼，闭眼，老了，完蛋，毕命，殒 命，毙命，殒灭，死亡，丧亡，送命，暴 卒，夭折，夭亡，早逝，客死，升天，驾 崩等等。
7.His sands have run out. 8.He has gone to see Mark. 9.His star has set. 10.He has joined the majority. 11.He is sleeping the final sleep. 12.He is resting in peace. 13.He has met his end. 14.He has breathed his last
19. be gone to a better land
20. be home and free
21. be with God
21. go to the other world
22. go with the tide 23. lay down one’s life 献出自己的生命 24. answer the final summons 响应最后的
“死”是中西方语言中最忌諉的一个词，因而有很 多委婉说法。
“他死了”大致有以下一些表达方法。
1. He passed away. 2. His time has come. 3. He expired（期满，终止，断气）. 4. He has climbed the golden staircase. 5. His number is up. 6. His sands have run out.
召唤
25. go to meet one’s Maker 26. hand in one’s accounts(帐本） 27. be at peace 心安神泰
29. draw the last breath
30. be heard of no more
英语“ 死”的委婉说法
Euphemism
7) to go to glory
（尊翁）仙游，仙逝
8) to return to dust
入土
9) to pass away (over, on) 去世，与世长辞
10) to empire
逝世
11. fade 凋谢 12. depart 离去 13. close one’s eyes 瞑目了 14. be gone 去了 15. be no longer with us 与我们永别了 16. join the majority 加入大多数 17. pay the debt of nature 18. go to one’s long home
头
1.她正在梳头。 2. 一辆小车停在桥西头。 3.他头天上午就来了。 4. 我们有30头牛。 5.这还是我头一次来武汉。 6.孩子们在山头上上玩。
II. choice of words in expression 表达中的选词
在翻译过程中，有了正确的理解并不等于翻译已经 完成。翻译没有正确的表达，正确的理解也是枉然， 翻译也就不成其为翻译。有的时候，只有一种表达 方法是正确的，但有的时候会有多种正确的表达方 法，我们应选用最恰当的表达方法来完成翻译的过 程。如果说理解是在是在原文中选义的过程，那么 表达就是在译文中选义的过程。
1) 3) 5) 6) 7) 9)
to go to sleep 2) to die martyr to go west 4) to give up the ghost to pay the debt of nature to depart to the world of shadows to go to glory 8) to return to dust to pass away 10) to empire
1) to go to sleep (fall asleep) 长眠
2) to die martyr
牺牲
3) to go west
归西天，归西
4) to give up the ghost 见阎王
5) to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘
6) to depart to the world of shadows 命归黄泉
Lecture 2
Diction (II)
I. choice of meaning of the words in understanding 理解中的选义
E.g. ---- the school of the air 正： 广播学校 误： 空中学校/空军学校/ 学校的风气
More examples
用三个汉字的词有：回老家等
用四个汉字的词有：粉身碎骨，溘然长逝， 寿终正寝，呜呼哀哉，一命呜呼，跨鹤西游， 千秋之后，百年之后，三长两短，山高水低， 杀身成仁，舍生取义slate the following expressions into Chinese
---- a family tree 正： 家谱 误： 家庭树 ---- 协议书
正： agreement ---- 家政学 正： Home Economics
* head *
1. You should use your head a little. 2. He has a good head for mathematics. 3. The dinner cost 5 dollars a head. 4. Lets discuss the question under 5 heads. 5. He was standing at the head of the staircase. 6. Where is the head?