转换生成语法介绍

A further extension of the TG Grammar
Base Component
Categories Lexicon Deep
Structure
Transformational Component
Surface Semantic Component
structure Phonological Component
• John Lyons(1970:9) remarked :
• ”right or wrong, Chomsky’s theory of grammar is undoubtedly the most dynamic and influential; and no linguist who wishes to keep abreast of current development in his subject can afford to ignore Chomsky’s theoretical pronouncement. Every other ’school’ of linguistics at the present time tends to define its position in relation to Chomsky’s views on particular issues.”
A modified model of TG Grammar
Base Component
Categories Lexicon Deep
Structure
Transformational Component
Surface
structure
Semantic Component
PhLeabharlann Baidunological Component
The Extended Standard Theory
• Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar (1972) • Development :semantic lies in Deep Structure • Example:
• I have been taught physics by Einstein. • *Einstein has taught me physics.
He created and established a new field of linguistics: transformationalgenerative grammar
About TG Grammar
Most significant development in linguistics in the second half of the 20th century Originated in the work Syntactic Structures(1957) The TG Grammar to Chomsky simply means: “a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentence.”
An extended model of TG grammar
Base Component
Categories Lexicon Deep
Structure
Transformational Component
Surface
structure
Semantic Component
Phonological Component
• Chomsky lists 16 rules for English. • Example: • NP1+V+NP2+to+NP3 NP1+V+NP3+NP2
• I gave a book to Mary . I gave Mary a book.
The Standard Theory
• Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965) • In this book, a detail account of the semantic component was included. • Five major areas in which the classical pattern is modified:
Bracketing: (NP(Det(the)N(boy))VP(V((opened)NP(Det(the)N(door)))) • Tree diagram: • S
• NP N V VP NP
• Det • • • The
Det
boy opened the
N
door.
Transformational rules
Completely in the surface structure
The later theories
• GB Theory (1980) • less concerned with the base generability in TG Grammar and more with StructurePreserving Constraints on language. • The minimalism(1995) • Strongest minimalist thesis: linguistic mechanism is the ideal solution to the problem of legibility conditions.
About Noam Chomsky
• • • • • Born in Philadelphia Dec 7 1928 Early years: Hebrew literature& Zionism Zellig S. Harris Linguistics;philosophy; logic;mathematics
pronounced or written
• Example: • He is anxious to teach. • He is difficult to teach.
Ds contains all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence
Five stages of TG Grammar’s development
I. II. III. IV. V. 1957-1965 The Classical Theory 1965-1970 The Standard Theory 1970s The Extended Standard Theory 1980s Government and Binding Theory 1990s Minimalism
•
•
Ds
S VP S
Ds
S VP
• NP
• He is anxious to teach. Sb. Teaches him is difficult.
Ss He is anxious/difficult to teach.
Three aspects of grammar
1. Finite state grammar 2. Phrase structure grammar 3. Transformational grammar
•Generative •Simple •Explicit •Exhaustive •Recursive
P-S Rules
• • • • • • S VP NP Det N V NP+VP V+NP Det+N the,a ,etc boy, door,etc open, close,etc
Example: The boy opened the door.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rule interaction Recursion Derived constituent structure The relationship of syntax to semantic interpretation The degree of abstractness permitted for underlying representations
Summary
Main features of TG Grammar
I. defines language as a set of rules or principles II. the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar III. Interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker’s tacit language IV. Methodology---hypothesis-deductive V. Follows rationalism in philosophy &mentalism in psychology
Example:
• • • • Not many arrows hit the target. Many arrows didn’t hit the target. Deep structure: not[ many arrows hit the target] Semantic interpretation does play certain roles in the surface structure.
References
• [1] 胡壮麟 姜望琪，2001，《语言学教程》. 北京：北京大学出版社 • [2]刘润清，1995，《西方语言学流派》.北 京：外语教学与研究出版社 • [3]蒋平 张志栋 秦欢华，2011，《语言学流 派与发展》.上海：华东师范大学出版社
Thank you !
The Classical Theory
• Idea: each sentence in a language has two levels of representation • Surface Structure Ss is that of the sentence as it is • Deep Structure
Transformational-generative grammar
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The Outline
I. II. III. IV. About Chomsky About Transformation Generative Grammar Five stages of TG Grammar’s development Summary