2021版江苏专用高考英语二轮复习讲义： 第1部分 专题3 类型3 科普知识

类型3| 科普知识(对应学生用书第62页)考察要点方法技巧1.科学现象、概念、定义、类别等。

2．事物的性质、特点、原理、用途等。

3．事物或现象产生的原因、过程、演变。

4．相似事物间的异同。

1.理清说明顺序：时间、空间、逻辑顺序。

2．把握文章构造：并列式、承接式、递进式、总分式。

3．认清说明方法：下定义、举事例、作比拟、打比方等。

(2021·江苏高考卷)Before birth，babies can tell thedifference between loud sounds and voices.They can evendistinguish their mother's voice from that of a femalestranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birdscould rule_the_roost．As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Ad v ances，some mother birds may teach theiryoung to sing even before they hatch(孵化)．New-born chickscan then imitate their mom's call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2021 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular “feed me！〞call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the red­backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red­backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies' begging calls.In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom's voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的)strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？〞Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.〞58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________〞．A．be the worst B．be the bestC．be just as bad D．be just as good59．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on?A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.C．The data collected from Queensland's locals.D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which________．A．can receive quality signals B．are in need of trainingC．fit the environment better D．make the loudest call【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普类的说明文。

文章讲述了澳大利亚的一位生物学家通过研究发现胎教并非人类独有，一些鸟儿在这方面做得甚至更出色。

长难句解读：And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies' begging calls.分析：the more...，the more...“越……就越……〞，固定句式。

翻译：鸟妈妈对着鸡蛋叫得越是频繁，小鸟乞讨的声音就越像(鸟妈妈的叫声)。

58．B[考察词义猜想。

根据句中的转折词But与下文提到的鸟类在胎教方面做得很出色可知选择B。

]59．A[考察细节理解。

根据第二、三、四段的内容，尤其是第二段中的“the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers〞，第三段的最后一句及第四段的第二句可知，Kleindorfer的发现是基于鸟妈妈与幼鸟发出的叫声的相似性的，因此此题答案为A。

]60．C[考察推理判断。

根据倒数第二段的最后一句和最后一段中的“An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.〞可知，与鸟妈妈的叫声最相似的幼鸟可以得到最多的食物，这也能说明它符合进化论的理论：适者生存，故此题答案为C。

]A(2021·镇江高三一模)Spatial navigation(空间导航)relies on brain regions that are commonly affected by the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.Before severe and obvious memory problems set in and people are diagnosed with dementia(痴呆)，they might report problems with finding their way around and frequently get lost in familiar neighborhoods.In that early stage，however，it is difficult to know whether their damaged navigational skills are actually due to the disease or simply a part of normal aging—because we currently don't have a firm grasp on what “normal〞is.In their recent study，Spiers and his colleagues aimed to change that by establishing a common baseline for adults' navigational skills，which naturally decline with age.For that，the researchers needed large numbers of people—hence the idea for crowdsourcing the experiment via a gaming APP that measures spatial navigation ability.Navigating inside a game may not be exactly the same as finding one's way in a realworld situation.But people are likely to use the same cognitive mechanisms(认知机制)in both situations.“If you are good at navigating，you'll do well in thegame.And if you are bad at finding your way out there，you'll also struggle in the video game，〞Spiers says，adding that their team still plans to compare the game performance with reallife performance in the near future.Since its launch in May，some 2.5 million healthy people have played Sea Hero Quest，making it one of the most impressive scientific experiments to date just by the sheer number of participants.“To my knowledge，never before has spatial navigation been quantified on such a large scale，〞says Katherine Possin，an assistant professor of neuropsychology at the University of California，San Francisco，who was not involved with the research.So far one of the main findings coming out of Sea Hero Quest is a simple linear decline with age：From the age 19 onward，spatial navigation steadily worsens from year to year.The 19 year olds were able to remember their starting point and accurately hit it by shooting a flare(信号弹)back to that position 74 percent of the time.Those aged 75 succeeded only 46 percent of the time.this finding seems to fit with the longheld assumption that men are better navigators，rather it may reflect that males have more experience with games.The researchers tried to account for this possibility，yet still found a gender difference in performance.Spiers notes，however，that the games boys and girls play in early childhood—which could influence brain development and spatial skills—are much harder to account for.“The question is why.And we don't have an answer yet，〞Spiers says.“We are really skimming the surface.There's so much data from everyone who's played the game.We have two years of analysis ahead of us.〞【语篇解读】本文是科普说明文。