结肠癌英文文献抄读
结直肠癌译稿
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University of Pittsburgh, 5150 Centre Ave, 5th Fl Cancer Pavilion, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; 2Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, USA Corresponding to: Daniel G. Haller, M.D, FACP, FRCP, Professor of Medicine emeritus. Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, USA. Email: daniel.haller@. 摘要：在医生和患者制定结肠癌辅助治疗的决策时应当考虑到多种因素， 这包括对复发风险的认识 ( 预后 )、临床获益的可能性 ( 预测 )、治疗毒性、 合并症以及患者对治疗相对和绝对获益的理解和接受。临床病理学特征是 预测复发风险的重要依据，包括阳性和阴性淋巴结数目、原发灶分期、肿 瘤分化程度、以及是否有消化道梗阻或淋巴管及血管浸润。最近又涌现出 了一些定量预后因素，微卫星不稳定性是其中之一，MSI-H 提示较好的预 后。此外，结合 MSI 结果，基因表达谱分析对决定Ⅱ期结肠癌患者及某些 低危Ⅲ期患者是否接受联合化疗、卡培他滨单药治疗或不进行辅助治疗非 常有用。 大多数Ⅲ期患者的标准治疗方案是 FOLFOX 方案，即奥沙利铂联合静 脉滴注和推注 5-FU，或 XELOX 方案，即奥沙利铂联合口服化疗药，如卡 培他滨，此两种方案疗效相同。虽然伊立替康对晚期结直肠癌有效，然而 两项相关临床试验均未能证实伊立替康联合 5-FU 治疗优于氟尿嘧啶单药。 与 FOLFOX 方案相比，抗血管生成药物贝伐单抗联合 FOLFOX 方案未能 显示出疗效上的优势，EGFR 拮抗剂西妥昔单抗也得出了同样的结论。目前 正在进行中的试验试图探讨 3 个月 FOLFOX 方案是否可以取代标准的 6 个 月方案，以期在保持疗效的同时减轻奥沙利铂的神经毒性。 关键词 : 结肠癌；辅助；化疗
关于结肠癌的英语作文
关于结肠癌的英语作文Colon cancer is a type of cancer that affects the large intestine, also known as the colon. It is a serious condition that can have a significant impact on a person's health and quality of life. In this essay, we will explore some of the key aspects of colon cancer, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.One of the primary causes of colon cancer is age. As people get older, their risk of developing the disease increases. Other factors that can contribute to the development of colon cancer include a family history of the disease, a diet high in red meat and processed foods, and a sedentary lifestyle. It is important to be aware of these risk factors and take steps to reduce your risk of developing colon cancer.Symptoms of colon cancer can vary depending on the stage of the disease. In the early stages, there may be no symptoms at all. As the cancer progresses, symptoms mayinclude abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, and blood in the stool. If you experience any of these symptoms, itis important to see your doctor right away.There are several treatment options available for colon cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The type of treatment that is recommended will depend on the stage of the cancer and other factors such as the patient's overall health. It is important to work closely with your healthcare team to determine the best treatment plan for you.In addition to medical treatment, there are also lifestyle changes that can help reduce the risk of colon cancer. These include eating a healthy diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, getting regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.In conclusion, colon cancer is a serious condition that can have a significant impact on a person's health and quality of life. It is important to be aware of the riskfactors for colon cancer and take steps to reduce your risk. If you experience any symptoms of colon cancer, it is important to see your doctor right away. With earlydetection and treatment, many people with colon cancer are able to make a full recovery.。
结肠癌论文结肠癌病因学研究进展论文：结肠癌病因学研究进展
结肠癌论文结肠癌病因学研究进展论文：结肠癌病因学研究进展[摘要] 结肠癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤，具有较高的发病率和死亡率；近年来，随着人们生活方式和饮食习惯的改变，其发病率呈逐年上升的趋势。
结肠癌的发生与多种因素密切相关，本文就结肠癌的病因学研究进展作一综述。
[关键词] 结肠癌；病因学；肿瘤[abstract] colon cancer is a common m alignancy, with high morbidity and mortality. in recent years; the incidence of colon cancer showed an increasing trend, with lifestyle and dietary habits changes. a variety of risk factors are closely associated with the colon cancer. in this paper, we review the advances in etiology research of colon cancer.[keywords] colon cancer; etiology; tumor结肠癌是临床最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，近年来，随着人们生活方式、饮食习惯的改变以及其他危险因素的增加，结肠癌的发病率呈上升态势[1]。
因此，我们必须对其病因进行深入的研究，以制定切实可行的病因预防措施，以降低结肠癌的发病率。
本文就结肠癌的病因学研究进展作一综述。
1 遗传因素遗传因素在结肠癌发病中起着重要的作用。
研究发现结肠癌有家族聚集现象，家族性结肠癌史是结肠癌的重要危险因素，其中与遗传有关的结肠癌主要有两种形式：家族性腺瘤性息肉病和遗传性非息肉病性结肠癌[2、3]。
瑞典的一项研究表明,当父母患有结肠癌时，其子女罹患结肠癌的危险性也增高；当兄弟姐妹中有人患有结肠癌时，其患结肠癌的危险性也增加[4]。
结肠肝区肿瘤 英语
结肠肝区肿瘤英语Colorectal Cancer: A Comprehensive OverviewColorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer or bowel cancer, is a type of cancer that originates in the large intestine, specifically the colon or the rectum. It is a significant public health concern, with a global incidence rate of approximately 1.8 million new cases per year. The disease is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells within the lining of the colon or rectum, which can lead to the formation of malignant tumors.The development of colorectal cancer is a complex process that involves genetic and environmental factors. Certain risk factors have been identified, such as age, family history, diet high in red and processed meats, obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking. Additionally, inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, have been associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer.Symptoms of colorectal cancer can vary greatly and may include changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. However, it is important tonote that these symptoms can also be associated with other gastrointestinal conditions, and the presence of these symptoms does not necessarily indicate the presence of colorectal cancer.Early detection and diagnosis of colorectal cancer are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Regular screening, such as colonoscopy or fecal occult blood testing, can help identify precancerous polyps or early-stage cancers, allowing for timely intervention and treatment. When caught early, colorectal cancer is often highly treatable, with a 5-year survival rate of over 90% for localized disease.The treatment of colorectal cancer typically involves a combinationof surgical, medical, and radiation therapies, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Surgery is the primary treatment for localized colorectal cancer, and may involve the removal of the affected portion of the colon or rectum, as well as any nearby lymph nodes. In some cases, chemotherapy or targeted therapies may be used before or after surgery to improve the chances of successful treatment.For advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer, a multidisciplinary approach is often required, involving a team of healthcare professionals, including oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, and gastroenterologists. The specific treatment plan will depend on the extent of the disease, the patient's overall health, and thepresence of any comorbidities.Despite the significant progress that has been made in the treatment of colorectal cancer, the disease remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Ongoing research and clinical trials are focused on developing new and more effective therapies, as well as improving early detection and prevention strategies.In conclusion, colorectal cancer is a complex and potentially devastating disease that affects millions of people around the world. However, with increased awareness, early detection, and advancements in treatment, the prognosis for many patients has improved significantly in recent years. By understanding the risk factors, recognizing the symptoms, and undergoing regular screening, individuals can play a crucial role in the fight against this disease.。
结直肠癌译稿-62·
62Ⅱ期结肠癌David N. Church 1, Rachel Midgley 1,2, David J. Kerr 21Oxford Cancer Centre and 2Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKCorresponding to : David J. Kerr, OCTO. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, OCRB, Churchill Campus, Headington, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Email: david.kerr@.引言结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是欧美国家第三常见肿瘤。
2010年，在美国确诊为CRC 的患者约有142,570例(SEER 数据库：)。
2008年的数据显示，全世界每年大约有123万新发病例，且有608,000例患者死于CRC(1)。
总体来讲，1/4的结直肠癌病例为Ⅱ期，即肿瘤已经突破肌层(T3)并可能侵犯临近脏器(T4)，但尚无引流区域的淋巴结或远处转移(表1)。
然而这一比例与肿瘤部位密切相关，约1/3的结肠癌病例为Ⅱ期，而直肠癌只有1/5病例为Ⅱ期(SEER 数据库：h p://)。
Ⅱ期CRC 是一类在临床及生物学行为均存在异质性的疾病。
例如，微卫星不稳定的T3患者手术切除后复发风险低于10%，而错配修复功能正常的T4患者术后复发风险则在50%以上。
在所有CRC 中，Ⅱ期肠癌微卫星不稳定的比例较高，也提示不同分期的CRC 生物学行为有所不同。
从这一遗传异质性的角度来讲，对于Ⅱ期CRC 患者，根据传统的组织病理学及分子肿瘤特征来判断对辅助化疗的获益程度会存在如此大的差异就并不奇怪了。
本文旨在综述Ⅱ期CRC 在诊断和分期、病理分析及治疗方面的研究进展，并结合结肠癌病例(约占全部病例的2/3)进行讨论。
2021年ASCO摘要结直肠癌合集1（中文翻译版）大放送-最权威的传递最新肿瘤治疗进展的宝典
2021年ASCO摘要结直肠癌合集1（中文翻译版）大放送-最权威的传递最新肿瘤治疗进展的宝典ASCO2021会议摘要的翻译与整理都是广大同行牺牲周末或晚上的时间辛苦完成的，为了这项工作能每年持续下去和做得越来越好，期望大家帮对接一些愿意冠名赞助支持，全部费用将发放给这些辛苦奉献者，谢谢支持!美国临床肿瘤学会（ASCO）年会是世界上规模最大、学术水平最高、最具权威的临床肿瘤学会议，汇集了世界一流的肿瘤学专家，分享探讨国际最前沿的临床肿瘤学科研成果和治疗技术，很多重要的研究发现和临床试验成果也会选择在ASCO 年会上首次发布。
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肿瘤医生同行互帮互助群欢迎加入肿瘤医生同行互帮互助群，群里有您更精彩肿瘤医生同行互帮互助群注：以上二维码扫描一个即可，无需重复01【3500】III期KN177研究的最终总体生存期：微卫星不稳定性高/错配修复缺陷（MSI-H / dMMR）转移性结直肠癌（mCRC）的帕博利珠单抗对比化疗First Author: Thierry Andre, Sorbonne Universite and Hopital-Saint Antoine, Paris, France背景:在III期研究中，随机开放标签的keyto -177(NCT02563002)研究帕博利珠单抗(pembrolizumab, pembro)与化疗(chemo)对MSI-H/dMMR mCRC住院患者(IA2)提供了更好的无进展生存期(PFS)。
dis-base-普通外科-结肠癌
【疾病名】结肠癌【英文名】cancer of colon【缩写】【别名】colonic carcinoma【ICD号】C18.9【概述】结肠癌(cancer of colon)是西欧、北美等发达国家最常见的恶性肿瘤，也是我国九大常见恶性肿瘤之一。
在过去30多年的时间里，包括我国在内的多数国家或地区结肠癌发病率呈上升趋势。
在我国，因结肠癌死亡者，男性居恶性肿瘤死亡的第5位，女性居第6位。
从流行病学的观点看，结肠癌的发病与社会环境、生活方式(尤其是饮食习惯、缺乏体力活动)、遗传因素有关。
年龄、结直肠息肉史、溃疡性结肠炎及胆囊切除史也是结肠癌的高危因素。
但总体而言，结肠癌的病因似不十分清楚。
【流行病学】从全世界范围看，我国为结肠癌低发地区，我国常见恶性肿瘤死亡率的位次，男女性均居第5位。
但从近年上海市肿瘤登记处的统计资料来看，结肠癌发病率呈明显上升趋势。
对比1972～1974年与1993～1994年20年来结肠上升104.1%(男)，98.7%(女)。
由于人们的生活方式变化，尤其是膳食结构的改变，到本世纪末结肠癌发病率将可能继续上升。
因此，有必要充分认识结肠癌的流行特征和探讨影响结肠癌发病的可能病因因素，以便为结肠癌的防治提供依据。
通过近年国内外开展了大量的流行病学研究，结肠癌发生与环境、饮食及遗传因素的相关性已日益明确。
1.时间趋势 在过去的20年中，世界大多数国家或地区结肠癌的发病率呈上升趋势，并以发病率较低的地区更为显著，只有极个别地区结肠癌的发病率有所下降。
在我国结肠癌发病率的时间趋势变化亦是如此。
上海肿瘤登记处的资料表明：结肠癌发病率有较大幅度上升，1972～1974年结肠癌的世界人口标化发病率为6.1/10万，1987～1989年为11.2/10万，上升了84.6%，年平均上升4.2%；结肠癌发病率位次由第6位上升至第4位，目前仅次于胃、肺、肝癌。
同期上海市男女性结肠癌的5年观察生存率与相对生存率有较大的提高，与上海市结肠恶性肿瘤的5年生存率比较，男性结肠癌的5年生存率处于第3位(仅次于膀胱癌与鼻咽癌)，女性处于第4位(位于乳房、宫颈、卵巢癌之后)。
COX-2与结肠癌的研究进展 优秀专业论文
C0X-2与结肠癌的研究进展结肠癌是临床最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，在世界范围，随着饮食习惯及老龄化的发展，每年新增的癌症患者中大约8%是结肠癌。
由于结肠癌极易发生肝脏及其他脏器转移，流行病学调查提示该病的发生率及死亡率均呈逐年上升趋势。
虽然随着医疗技术的不断发展，结肠癌治疗的方法得到了极大的改进，但是患者术后及治疗后的总体有效率及生存率并未明显改善。
C0X-2作为花生四烯酸的限速酶，在多数肿瘤的发生，发展中存在着密切关系。
结肠癌的发生、发展是多途径共同作用的结果，其具体发生机制较为复杂。
研究显示，环氧化酶-2通过参与调控细胞增殖、分化，抑制细胞凋亡、存进肿瘤血管生成及淋巴转移等途径促进肿瘤的发生和发展。
1C0X-2的表达与调控1.1COX简介环氧化酉每(Cyclooxygenase, COX )是前列腺素子、炎症介质、促癌剂等刺激下，C0X-2诱导表达增加，参与多种病理生理过程，包括炎症和肿瘤的发生、发展。
目前已知胃上皮壁细胞、肠粘膜细胞、单核/巨噬细胞、平滑肌细胞、血管内皮细胞、滑膜细胞和成纤维细胞均可表达COX-2,而血小板不含COX-2 o 1.2 C0X-2的表达与调控人类C0X-2基因定位于第1号染色体的q252q253 约8.3Kb, 由10个外显子和9个内含子构成。
COX-2编码604个氨基酸，含17 个氨基酸残基的信号肽。
人类COX-1基因定位第9号染色体的q32-q33.3,约22.5Kb,由11个外显子和10个内含子构成。
COX-1 编码602个氨基酸。
两种异构体分子量相同，均为71 kDa,氨基酸序列有61%的同源性。
与COX-1基因相比，COX-2基因有如下特点: COX-2编码的多肽N端缺少COX-1中大的疏水性信号肽，取而代之的是较短的粘性信号肽。
②COX-2氨基酸序列C端有一特异的18个氨基酸片段，而COX-1不含此片段，人工合成这个特异性的18肽片段制备抗体，可以检测COX-2蛋白。
结直肠癌相关英文词汇
83.The goal of treatment depends on the stage of disease 治疗目标由疾病的分期决定
84.Stages I, II, and III are potentially curable I、II、III 期病人是潜在可治愈的人群
85.the intent is to eradicate micrometastatic disease. 治疗的目标是根除微转移
86.Twenty to thirty percent of patients with metastatic disease may be cured if their metastases are resectable 如果转移灶可切除的话，20%-30%肿瘤转 移的病人可获得治愈。
63.identifying metastatic or recurrent disease in patients with rising CEA levels CEA 持续升高的患者，确定是否存在转移 或复发
64.Stage of colorectal cancer should be determined at diagnosis 结直肠癌确诊时应做分期检查
28.average-risk individuals 中风险人群
43.personal and family history 个人史和家族史
29.annual occult fecal blood testing 粪便隐血检查
44.physical examination 体格检查
30.Signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer 结直肠癌的体征和症状
结直肠癌(英文版)
*Signs and symptoms *Radiological techniques *Endoscopy *Tumor markers(CEA, CA199…) *Pathologic assessment
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The extent of the disease is usually determined by a CT scan of the chest,abdomen and pelvis. There are other potential imaging test such as PET and MRI which may be used in certain cases. Colon cancer staging is done next and based on the TNM system which is determined by how much the initial tumor has spread, if and where lymph nodes are involved, and the extent of metastatic disease.
1
Colorectal cancer occurs in the colon and the rectum
2
Risk factors for colorectal cancer include lifestyle, older age, and inherited genetic disorders. Other risk factors include diet, smoking, alcohol, lack of physical activity, family history of colon cancer and colon polyps, presence of colon polyps, race, exposure to radiation, and even other diabetes, obesity.
结肠癌流行病学 英语
结肠癌流行病学英语Epidemiology of Colon Cancer.Colon cancer, a subtype of large intestine cancer, accounts for approximately 40% of all cases of colorectal cancer. It predominantly affects individuals between the ages of 45 and 50, with one-third of patients being diagnosed below the age of 40. The epidemiology of colon cancer is complex, encompassing various factors such as lifestyle, diet, and environmental influences.Geographically, the incidence of colon cancer varies significantly across different regions and countries. North America and Western Europe exhibit higher rates of colon cancer, which are attributed to factors such as a high-fat, high-protein diet. In contrast, lower incidence rates are observed in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. This geographical variation suggests that environmental and dietary factors play a crucial role in the development of colon cancer.Dietary habits have been extensively studied inrelation to colon cancer risk. A diet high in saturatedfats has been associated with increased colon cancer risk. This is because saturated fats can increase the concentration of bile acids and neutral steroids in the colon, altering the composition of the colonic microbiota. Bile acids, under the influence of bacteria, can convertinto carcinogens such as 3-methylcholanthrene, whilesteroids can be aromatized into carcinogenic substances. Conversely, dietary fiber, which includes cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin, can reduce colon cancer risk by increasing fecal bulk, diluting the concentration of potential carcinogens in the colon, and shortening thetransit time of fecal matter through the colon, thus decreasing the exposure of carcinogenic substances to the colonic mucosa.Colon cancer incidence also varies among different subpopulations within the same region or country. Immigrants, for instance, tend to experience a change in their colon cancer incidence rates, which often rapidlyapproximate the rates of their adopted country. This suggests that lifestyle factors, including diet and other environmental exposures, play a significant role in colon cancer risk. In addition, colon cancer incidence and mortality rates in China are lower than those of gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, and lung cancer. This may be due to differences in exposure to risk factors and the prevalence of screening and early detection methods.Colon cancer is a preventable disease, and understanding its epidemiology is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. Interventions that promote healthy dietary habits, increase physical activity, and encourage regular screening for colon cancer have the potential to significantly reduce the burden of this disease. Future research should continue to explore therole of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors in colon cancer risk, and identify new targets for prevention and treatment.In conclusion, the epidemiology of colon cancer is complex and multifaceted, encompassing genetic,environmental, and lifestyle factors. Understanding these factors and their interactions is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies to reduce the burden of colon cancer worldwide.。
医学补充口语阅读：红肉与直结肠癌有关
医学补充口语阅读：红肉与直结肠癌有关long-term high consumption of red and processed meat may increase the risk of cancer in the colon and rectum, according to research.us researchers followed a cohort of 148,610 adults, with an average age of 63 years from 1982.participants completed questionnaires at 10-yearly intervals regarding their diet, exercise, medical history and other lifestyle habits.by 2001, there were 1667 new cases of colorectal cancer in the group, according to the report published in thejournal of the american medical association.the participants who consistently ate the most red meat and processed meats had a 50 per cent higher rate of colorectal cancer than those who ate the least red or processed meat.prolonged high consumption of poultry and fish was marginally associated with about a 25 percent lower risk of colon cancer, but not rectal cancer.the researchers conclude that： 'our results demonstrate the potential value of examining long-term meat consumption in assessing cancer risk and strengthen the evidence that prolonged high consumption of red and processed meat may increase the risk of cancer in the distal portion of the large intestine.'研究表明，长期大量食用红肉及肉制品会增加患直肠、结肠癌危险。
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Translational Research
Aug. 12, 2014
FDA Approves Cologuard First and Only Stool DNA Noninvasive Colorectal Cancer Screening Test Received a proposed coverage memorandum from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
DNA test VS
Methods
Study Population:
2011.6-2012.11 90 sites
• Asymptomatic persons
• Ages of 50 to 84 at average risk for CRC
• Scheduled to undergo screeningcolonoscopy
Methods
Excluded
personal history : colorectal neoplasia,
digestive cancer, or inflammatory bowel disease
previous colonoscopy , barium enema, CT ,sigmoidoscopy positive results on fecal blood testing, rectal bleeding
measure ≥1cm in the greatest dimension
Sessile serrated polyps measuring 1 cm or more in diameter
FIT
Multitarget stool DNA test
aberrantly methylated BMP3 and NDRG4promoter regions
Results
Multitarget DNA testing detected clinically ignificant lesions more efficiently than FIT.
Conclusions
A stool test combining altered human DNA and fecal hemoglobin showed higher sensitivity than a commercial FIT for both CRC and advanced precancerous lesions, although with lower specificity.
Background
Processes of colorectal carcinogenesis lend themselves to screening
Background
A substantial never tested!
proportion
28%
Screening for CRC is costeffective
A simple, noninvasive test might improve clinical outcomes
Background
Colorectal cancer arises from accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations
Aim
People at average risk for colorectal cancer
An easy-to-use screening test 599$
Evaluate the multitarget stool DNA test as a tool for screening
Aim
Primary aim: DNA test in the detection of CRC
Secondary aims: DNA test in the detection of advanced precancerous lesions and to compare it with a commercially available fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
undergone colorectal resection
family history
Methods
Primary and Secondary Outcomes
CRC, stage determined with the use of the AJCC staging system Advanced precancerous lesions: Advanced adenomas high-grade dysplasia with ≥25% villous histologic features
Multitarget Stool DNA Testing for Colorectal-Cancer Screening
IF:54.42
N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 3;370(14):1287-97
Background
CRC: major cause of death and disease
mutant KRAS
immunoche mical assay for human hemoglobin
12776
Results
0.7% 7.6%
Results
Results
Results
Figure 3.Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves Comparing DNA Testing and FIT for the Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Advanced Colorectal Neoplasia.