新编大学英语2课文全部翻译
新编大学英语2课后翻译1~6单元完整版
新编大学英语2课后翻译1~6单元完整版Unit 11. He walks slowly because of his bad leg.他走得慢因为腿有毛病2. He came to the meeting despite his serious illness.他尽管病的很重但还是来参加会议了3. He saw to it that the same mistake didn't happen again.他确保同样的错误今后不再发生4. Now that they've got to know each other a little better, the get along just fine. 现在他们之间的了解多了一些,他们相处得就好些了5. Then I found myself surrounded by half a dozen boys.此时我发现自己被5,6个男孩子围住了6. I send you my best wishes on this happy occasion.在这幸福的时刻,我向你致以最美好的祝福Unit 21. I went to the dentist yesterday to have a bad/decayed tooth pulled out.昨天我去牙医那将我的蛀牙拔了2. The development of things depends fundamentally on internal causes.事物的发展从根本上讲是由内因决定了3. All roads lead to Rome.条条道路通罗马4. I meant/intended to give you that book today, but I forgot to bring it with me. 我本来打算今天给你这本书的,可是我忘记把书带来了5. I was on the verge of accepting his advice.我差点接受他的建议6. Divorce is not a matter you can afford to take lightly.离婚可不是儿戏Unit 31. Lack of confidence contributed to his failure.缺乏信心导致了他的失败2. She has shown great courage in the face of her serious illness.面对严峻的疾病,她表现出了巨大的勇气3. We came to the conclusion that she was telling the truth.我们得出结论她讲的是真话4. His secretary failed to tell him about the meeting.他的秘书没有告诉他那次会议的情况5. Learning languages isn't just a matter of memorizing words.学习语言不仅仅是记单词的问题6. Once she has made her decision, no one can hold her back.她一旦决定了什么事没有人能阻止她7. It'll be difficult to live up to the standards set by our captain.要符合我们船长的标准将会很困难8. The scientist referred to this discovery as the most exciting new development in this field.这位科学家称这一发展现为这个领域中最令人高兴的新发展Unit 4Translation1) All I can say is that we are extremely sorry.我所能说的是我们十分抱歉2) In many cases regulations alone will not work.在很多情况下只有规定还不行3) He is highly likely to succeed because of his intelligenceand diligence.由于他的智慧和勤奋,他极有可能成功4) She stared at me as if I were a stranger.她瞪着我好像不认识我似的5) It is reported that three people were injured in the traffic accident yesterday.据报道,昨天的车祸中有三人受伤6) I feel angry at the way he (has) treated me.他这样对待我是我很生气7) The patient is much the same this morning as he was yesterday.病人今天早晨的情况同昨天差不多8) I'd like to stay (at) home this evening rather than go out.今晚我想呆在家里不出去Unit 51 You will see that what I am saying now will come true.你会看到我现在说的会成为现实2 The lecture was so boring that half (of) the students fell asleep.这个讲座那么无趣以至于有一半的学生都睡着了3 The problem of unemployment is tied up with the development of new technology.失业问题与新技术的发展密切相关4 His appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize him.他的外貌变化那么大,你很可能认不出他了5 The castle dates back to the 14th century.这个城堡的历史可以追溯到14世纪6 She has never done anything for them, whereas they have done everything they can for him.她从来没给他们做任何事,而他们为她做了所有能做的事情Unit 61. We regard him as one of the best players in the game.我们认为他是本场比赛表现最出色的球员之一2. The scientist picked up those little pieces of rock and carefully put them into a box.那位科学家捡起那些小石块,并小心翼翼地把它们放进一个盒子里。
新编大学英语2第三版U3课文翻译及课后练习答案.doc
After-Class Reading迟做总比不做好1他躺在草从中,躲在那儿,同时思索着。
2他研究了这个小女孩的习惯。
他知道下午三点左右她会从外祖父的房子里出来玩耍。
3他为此举痛恨自己。
4在他悲惨的一生中,他还从来没有考虑过任何像绑架这样冷酷无情的事情。
5然而此时此刻他却躺在草丛里,被树木遮掩着,房了里的人看不见他。
他正等待着一个天真无邪、红头发、两岁人的小女孩向他走近。
6这是一次漫长的等待;有时间进行思考。
7可能在哈伦德的一生中,一切都太过匆忙。
85岁的时候,他那当农民的山地人父亲就去世了。
9 14岁的时候,他就从格林伍徳屮学辍学,开始到处流浪。
10他做过农场的临时工,但他不喜欢那工作。
11他尝试做过公共汽车的售票员,但也不喜欢那工作。
12在16岁的时候,他谎报年龄参了军——可他也不喜欢当兵。
在一年的服役期满后,他前往阿拉巴马州,在那儿试着做铁匠,但没有成功。
13 (后来)他成了南方铁路公司的恢路机车司炉工。
他喜欢那工作,以为自己找到了真正的自我。
14在18岁的时候,他结了婚。
谁知道没几个月,就在他说自己又被解雇了的那一天,他妻子说她怀孕了。
15接着,有一天,当他外出找工作的时候,他年轻的妻子散尽他们所有的家产回娘家去了。
16接下来就是经济萧条时期。
17正如人们所说的那样,哈伦德失去得太多,赢不回来了。
18他确实努力了。
19 一度,当他在铁路上不断地打各种零工的时候,他尝试过通过函授学习法律。
20但他也半途而废了。
21他尝试过卖保险、卖轮胎。
22他尝试过开渡轮,经营加汕站,但都没有用。
23面对现实吧——哈伦徳是一个失败者。
24他现在正躲在列吉尼亚州罗阿诺克郊外的杂草从里,筹划一次绑架。
25就如我所说的,他已经观察过这个小女孩的习惯,知道她下午玩耍的时间。
26但是,这一天,小女孩却没有出来玩,所以他那失败之链依旧没有中断。
27在他后来的生活中,他成了科尔宾一家餐馆的主厨和刷瓶工。
一切都挺好,直到冇一天新的公路绕餐馆而过。
新编大学英语第二册1-7单元课文翻译及课后答案
第一单元善良之心,久久相依当时我没有意识到,是爸爸帮我保持平衡奥古斯塔斯• J •布洛克1 随着我渐渐长大,当别人看见我和爸爸在一起,我会觉得很尴尬。
他身材矮小,走起路来跛得很厉害。
我们一起走时,他要把手搭在我的肩上才能保持平衡,人们就会盯着我们看。
对这种不必要的注意我觉得非常难堪。
他也许曾注意到,或着觉得烦恼,但他从来没有流露出来。
2 要协调我们的步伐并不容易,他(的步子)一瘸一拐的,我(走起来)则缺乏耐心。
因此,我们走路的时候并不怎么说话。
但出发时,他总是说:“你定步伐,我会尽量跟上。
”3 我们通常在家和地铁之间来往,这是他上班的必由之路。
不论生病还是碰到恶劣的天气他都去上班,几乎没有旷过一天工。
即使别人无法上班,他也要去办公室。
对他来说这是一种自豪。
4 当地上有冰或雪的时候,即使有人帮忙他也无法走路。
这时,我或者我的姐妹就用孩子玩的雪撬拉着他,穿过纽约布鲁克林的街道,直到地铁的入口处。
一到那儿,他就能紧紧抓住扶手一直走下去, 地铁道里比较暖和,下面的楼梯不结冰。
曼哈顿的地铁站正好是他办公楼的地下室,因此除了从布鲁克林我们去接他的地方到回家为止,他都不用再出去。
5 一个成年男子要有多少勇气才能承受这种屈辱和压力,我现在想来惊讶不已。
他从没有痛苦或抱怨,他是怎么做到这一步的我感到不可思议。
6 他从不把自己当作同情的对象,也从不对更幸运的或更能干的人表示任何嫉妒。
他在别人身上所寻找的是一颗“善心”。
如果他找到了一颗善心,那么有这么颗心的人对他来说就是一位大好人了。
7 由于年龄的增长,我相信那是一种用来判断人的恰当的标准,尽管我还不能精确地知道什么是一颗“善心”。
但是,当我自己没有的时候,我是知道的。
8 尽管很多活动我爸爸不能参加,但他还是尽量用某种方式参与。
当本地的一支棒球队发现缺经理的时候,他使它维持下去。
他是一个很懂行的棒球迷,经常带我去埃贝茨球场看布鲁克林的道奇队打球。
他喜欢参加舞会和聚会,就是坐在一旁观看,也很开心。
新编大学英语第三版综合教程2课文翻译
新编大学英语第三版综合教程2课文翻译Unit1善良之心,久久相依当时我没有意识到,是爸爸帮我保持平衡奥古斯塔斯? J ? 布洛克1 随着我渐渐长大,当别人看见我和爸爸在一起,我会觉得很尴尬。
他身材矮小,走起路来跛得很厉害。
我们一起走时,他要把手搭在我的肩上才能保持平衡,人们就会盯着我们看。
对这种不必要的注意我觉得非常难堪。
他也许曾注意到,或着觉得烦恼,但他从来没有流露出来。
2 要协调我们的步伐并不容易,他(的步子)一瘸一拐的,我(走起来)则缺乏耐心。
因此,我们走路的时候并不怎么说话。
但出发时,他总是说:“你定步伐,我会尽量跟上。
”3 我们通常在家和地铁之间来往,这是他上班的必由之路。
不论生病还是碰到恶劣的天气他都去上班,几乎没有旷过一天工。
即使别人无法上班,他也要去办公室。
对他来说这是一种自豪。
4 当地上有冰或雪的时候,即使有人帮忙他也无法走路。
这时,我或者我的姐妹就用孩子玩的雪撬拉着他,穿过纽约布鲁克林的街道,直到地铁的入口处。
一到那儿,他就能紧紧抓住扶手一直走下去, 地铁道里比较暖和,下面的楼梯不结冰。
曼哈顿的地铁站正好是他办公楼的地下室,因此除了从布鲁克林我们去接他的地方到回家为止,他都不用再出去。
5 一个成年男子要有多少勇气才能承受这种屈辱和压力,我现在想来惊讶不已。
他从没有痛苦或抱怨,他是怎么做到这一步的我感到不可思议。
6 他从不把自己当作同情的对象,也从不对更幸运的或更能干的人表示任何嫉妒。
他在别人身上所寻找的是一颗“善心”。
如果他找到了一颗善心,那么有这么颗心的人对他来说就是一位大好人了。
7 由于年龄的增长,我相信那是一种用来判断人的恰当的标准,尽管我还不能精确地知道什么是一颗“善心”。
但是,当我自己没有的时候,我是知道的。
8尽管很多活动我爸爸不能参加,但他还是尽量用某种方式参与。
当本地的一支棒球队发现缺经理的时候,他使它维持下去。
他是一个很懂行的棒球迷,经常带我去埃贝茨球场看布鲁克林的道奇队打球。
新编大学英语1-2册课文翻译
新编大学英语(第二版)第一册阅读文参考译文以生命相赠1 炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。
在可怕的越南战争期间,谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标,而他们却落在了一所有传教士们办的小孤儿院内。
2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生,还有几个孩子受了伤,其中有一个小女孩,8岁左右,她的双腿被炸伤。
3 几小时后,医疗救援小组到了。
救援小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。
他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。
如果不立即采取行动,显然她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。
4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血,但是他们的医药用品很有限,没有血浆,因此需要相配血型的血。
快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适,而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有相配的血型。
5 这位医生会讲一点越南语,忽视会讲一点法语,但只有中学的法语水平。
孩子们不会说英语,只会说一点法语。
医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言,结合大量的手势,努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说,除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴,否则她将必死无疑。
接着问他们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。
6 对医生和护士的请求,孩子们(只是)瞪大眼睛,一声不吭。
此时小病人生命垂危。
然而,只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血,他们才能够得到血。
过了好一会儿,一只小手慢慢地举了起来,然后垂了下去,一会儿又举了起来。
7 “噢,谢谢,”护士用法语说。
“你叫什么名字?”8 “兴,”小男孩回答道。
9 兴很快被抱到一张床上,手臂用酒精消毒后,针就扎了进去。
在整个过程中,兴僵直地躺着,没有出声。
10 过了一会儿,他发出了一声长长的抽泣,但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。
11 “兴,疼吗?”医生问。
12 兴默默地摇了摇头,但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来,并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。
医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他,兴又摇了摇头。
13 但现在,偶尔的抽泣变成了持续无声的哭泣。
他紧紧地闭着眼睛,用拳头堵住嘴想竭力忍住哭泣。
14 现在医疗小组非常担忧,因为针不该使他们的小输血者一直感到疼痛。
新编大学英语第二版第二册课后阅读1课文翻译
1. 献给凯特的吻1 作为晚间护土,每天下午我值班的时候,都要走过养老院的过道,在每个门口停下来看一看,聊一聊。
经常,凯特和克里斯两个人腿上放着大大的剪贴本,他们看着相片,缅怀往事。
凯特很骄傲地向我展示逝去岁月的相片:克里斯——高个,金黄色头发,潇洒,而凯特是美丽的,黑头发,爱笑。
两个年轻的恋人穿越时间隧道灿烂地笑着。
他们现在坐在那儿,光线洒在他们白发苍苍的头上,他们那饱经沧桑而布满皱纹的的脸上荡漾着对往事的回忆的笑容,一切的往事都被照相机摄下并永久性地保留在了剪贴簿上,这时候他们看起来真可爱。
2 年轻人对爱情的了解少得可怜,我常常这样想。
然而对于这样珍贵的东西却以为他们才拥有专利权,那真是太可笑了。
爱情真正意味着什么,老年人知道;年轻人只能猜测。
3 凯特和克里斯总是在一起——在食堂、休息厅,沿着长廊和草坪漫步,总在一起,总是拉着手。
我们这些工作人员吃晚饭的时候,我们这些工作人员吃晚饭的时候,有时凯特和克里斯正慢慢地走过餐厅门口。
有时凯特和克里斯正慢慢地走过餐厅门口。
有时凯特和克里斯正慢慢地走过餐厅门口。
这时话题就会转向对这这时话题就会转向对这一对老夫妇的讨论,关于他们的爱和忠诚执著,以及他们之一去世了另一个会怎么样。
我们知道克里斯是强者,凯特总是依靠着他。
斯是强者,凯特总是依靠着他。
4 如果克里斯先去世,凯特会怎么过生活?我们常常在想这一问题。
5 像往常一样,到了上床睡觉的时候,我就把晚上的药拿给凯特,她就坐在她的椅子里,穿着睡衣和拖鞋,等着我的到来。
在我和克里斯的注视下,凯特吃下药,然后克里斯帮她从椅子上扶到床上,给她那瘦弱的身上盖好被子。
给她那瘦弱的身上盖好被子。
6 看到这一爱的举动,我又一次地想(尽管已经想过上千次了),天哪,养老院为什么不给那些老年夫妇提供双人床?整个一生中他们都睡在一起,但是到了养老院,却要他们睡单人床。
一夜之间他们就被剥夺了一生的安慰。
就被剥夺了一生的安慰。
7 这种政策真愚蠢,当我看着克里斯手伸上去,关上凯特床头的电灯时常常会这样想。
Unit 2 Communication Problems新编大学英语第二版第二册课文翻译
Unit 2 Communication ProblemsSpeaking Different LanguagesJohn Gray[1] When Martians and Venusians first got together, they encountered many of the problems with relationships we have today. Because they recognized that they were different, they were able to solve these problems. One of the secrets of their success was good communication.[2] Ironically, they communicated well because they spoke different languages. When they had problems, they would just go to a translator for assistance. Everyone knew that people from Mars and people from Venus spoke different languages, so when there was a conflict they didn't start judging or fighting but instead pulled out their phrase dictionaries to understand each other more fully. If that didn't work they went to a translator for help.[3] You see, the Martian and Venusian languages had the same words but different meanings depending on the way they were used. Their expressions were similar, but they had different connotations or emotional emphasis. Misinterpreting each other was very easy. So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other. They experienced a trust and acceptance that we rarely experience today.[4] Even today we still need translators. Men and women seldom mean the same things even when they use the same words. For example, when a woman says, “I feel like you never listen,” she does not expect the word “never” to be tak en literally. Using the word “never” is just a way of expressing the frustration she is feeling at the moment. It is not to be taken as if it were factual information.[5] To fully express their feelings, women would tend to exaggerate the factsa little bit for effect and use various superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations.Men mistakenly take these expressions literally. Because they misunderstand the intended meaning, they commonly react in an unsupportive manner. In the following chart ten complaints easily misinterpreted are listed, as well as how a man might respond unsupportively.Ten Common Complaints That Are Easily MisinterpretedWomen say things like this: Men respond like this:“We never go out.” “That's not true. We went out last week.”“Everyone ignores me.” “I'm sure some people notice you.”“I am so tired, I can't do anything.” “If you don't like your job, then quit.”“I want to forget everything.” “I don't think there's anything to forget.”“The house is always a mess.” “It's not always a mess.”“No one listens to me anymore.” “But I'm listening to you right now.”“Nothing is working.” “Are you saying it is my fault”“You don't love me anymore.” “Of course I do. That's why I'm here.”“We are always in a hurry.” “We are not. Friday we were relaxed.”“I want more romance.” “Are you saying I am not romantic”[6] You can see how a “literal” translation of a woman's words could easily mislead a man who is used to using speech as a means of conveying only facts and information. You can also see how a man's responses might lead to an argument. Unclear and unloving communication is the biggest problem in relationships. The number one complaint women have in relationships is: “I don't feel heard.”[7] Even this complaint is misunderstood and misinterpreted![8] A man's literal translation of “I don't feel heard” leads him to take the woman's complaint lightly. He thinks he has heard her if he can repeat what she has said. A correct translation of a woman saying “I don't feel heard” is:“I feel as though you don't fully understand what I really mean to say or care about how I feel. Would you show me that you are interested in what I have to say”[9] If a man really understood her complaint, then he would argue less and be able to respond more positively. When men and women are on the verge of arguing, they generally misunderstand each other. At such times, it is important to rethink or translate what they have heard.说着不同的语言1 当火星人和金星人最初相聚时,也遇到了我们目前存在的许多人际关系问题。
新编大学英语Unit2课文翻译与课后练习答案
Unit 2 Myths and LegendsIn-Class Reading Why the Tortoise’s Shell Is Not Smooth为什么乌龟的背壳凹凸不平1 从远处他妻子们的那些小木屋里传来的低声细语,时不时地被歌声打断,但是奥康瓦还是听到了,这是妻子们同各自的孩子在讲民间故事。
爱克蔚菲和她的女儿爱金玛坐在一块小地毯上。
现在,轮到爱克蔚菲讲故事了。
霎时,低声细语静了下来,所有的眼睛都转向她们最喜欢的故事能手。
2 “很久以前”,她开始讲道,“所有的鸟儿都被邀请到天上赴宴。
它们非常高兴,开始为这盛大的日子做准备。
它们用颜料把自己的身体涂成深红色并画上漂亮的图案。
3 “乌龟看到了所有这些准备活动,并很快了解了事情的来龙去脉。
动物界里发生的任何事都逃不过他的眼睛,(因为)他狡黠无比,诡计多端。
他一听说这一天上的盛宴,不禁垂涎三尺。
那些日子正在闹饥荒,乌龟已经有两个月没好好吃一顿饭了。
他的身体就像一段枯柴棍在空荡荡的躯壳里咔咔作响。
于是他稳扎稳打地开始计划如何能到天上去。
”4 “但是他没有翅膀呀,”爱金玛说。
5 “别性急,”她母亲回答道,“故事(的关键)就在这里。
乌龟没有翅膀,但他去找鸟儿们,请求能跟他们一起去。
”6 “‘我们太了解你了,’鸟儿们听了他的请求后说道。
‘你诡计多端并且忘恩负义。
如果我们答应你,你马上就会施展诡计。
我们老早就把你看透了。
’7 “‘你们不了解我,’乌龟说。
‘我已经脱胎换骨了,不再是你们以前所知道的那个捣蛋鬼了。
相反,我现在既体贴又善良。
我已经认识到,给别人制造麻烦的人就是在给自己制造麻烦。
放心吧,我保证不给你们增添任何麻烦。
’8 “乌龟巧舌如簧,没过多久,所有的鸟儿都一致认为,他确实已经脱胎换骨了,于是每只鸟儿都给了他一根羽毛,用这些羽毛,乌龟做了两只色彩绚丽的翅膀。
9 “最后,这盛大的日子终于来到了,乌龟第一个到达了集合地点。
等所有的鸟儿都来齐了,他们就一块儿动身。
Unit 1 Love新编大学英语第二版第二册课文翻译
Unit 1 LoveA Good Heart to Lean OnAugustus J. BullockMore than I realized, Dad has helped me keep my balance.[1] When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He was severely crippled and very short, and when we would walk together, his hand on my arm for balance, people would stare. I would be ashamed of the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or was bothered, he never let on.[2] It was difficult to coordinate our steps—his halting, mine impatient—and because of that, we didn't say much as we went along. But as we started out, he always said, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you. ”[3] Our usual walk was to or from the subway, which was how he got to work. He went to work sick, and despite nasty weather. He almost never missed a day, and would make it to the office even if others could not. It was a matter of pride for him.[4] When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help. At such times my sisters or I would pull him through the streets of Brooklyn , N.Y. , on a child's sleigh to the subway entrance. Once there, he would cling to the handrail until he reached the lower steps that the warmer tunnel air kept ice-free. In Manhattan the subway station was the basement of his office building, and he would not have to go outside again until we met him in Brooklyn on his way home.[5] When I think of it now, I marvel at how much courage it must have taken for a grown man to subject himself to such indignity and stress. And I marvel at how he did it—without bitterness or complaint.[6] He never talked about himself as an object of pity, nor did he show any envy of the more fortunate or able. What he looked for in others was a “good heart”, and if he found one, the owner was good enough for him.[7] Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people, even though I still don't know precisely what a “good heart” is. But I know the times I don't have one myself.[8] Unable to engage in many activities, my father still tried to participate in some way. When a local baseball team found itself without a manager, he kept it going. He was a knowledgeable baseball fan and often took me to Ebbets Field to see the Brooklyn Dodgers play. He liked to go to dances and parties, where he could have a good time just sitting and watching.[9] On one memorable occasion a fight broke out at a beach party, with everyone punching and shoving. He wasn't content to sit and watch, but he couldn't stand unaided on the soft sand. In frustration he began to shout, “I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! ”[10] Nobody did. But the next day people kidded him by saying it was the first time any fighter was urged to take a dive even before the bout began.[11] I now know he participated in some things vicariously through me, his only son. When I played ball (poorly), he “played” too. When I joined the Navy, he “joined” too. And when I came home on leave, he saw to it that I visited his office. Introducing me, he was really saying, “This is my son, but it is also me, and I could have done this, too, if things had been different. ” Those words were never said aloud.[12] He has been gone many years now, but I think of him often. I wonder if he sensed my reluctance to be seen with him during our walks. If he did, I am sorry I never told him how sorry I was, how unworthy I was, how I regretted it. I think of him when I complain about trifles, when I am envious of another's good fortune, when I don't have a “good heart”.[13] At such times I put my hand on his arm to regain my balance, and say, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you.”善良之心,久久相依当时我没有意识到,是爸爸帮我保持平衡奥古斯塔斯• J •布洛克1 随着我渐渐长大,当别人看见我和爸爸在一起,我会觉得很尴尬。
新编大学英语2课文翻译Unit2
说着不同的语言1 当火星人和金星人最初相聚时,也遇到了我们目前存在的许多人际关系问题。
他们之所以能够解决这些问题是因为他们认识到相互之间的差异。
他们成功的秘诀之一就是良好的交流沟通。
2 具有讽刺意味的是,他们交流沟通的成功却是因为他们说着不同的语言。
当他们遇到问题时,就去找翻译帮助。
众所周知,他们每个人都清楚火星人和金星人语言不同,因此,一旦遇到冲突,他们并不去评论是非或争斗,相反,他们会掏出自己的短语词典,以便更全面地理解对方。
如果这样无效的话,他们就去找翻译帮助。
3 你明白吗?你知道,火星语和金星语用的词相同,但是所表达的含义却不同,这要根据词的用法来决定。
两种语言的措词尽管相似,但是措辞的内涵却不同,所侧重的情感也不同。
相互之间很容易误解。
因此,当交谈出现问题时,他们推断这只不过是一个误解而已,是预料中的,只要得到些许帮助他们就必定能够彼此理解。
他们体验到的是一种相互间的信任和认同,这是我们今天很少能体验到的。
4 即使在今天,我们依然需要翻译。
男人和女人即便用词相同,他们所表达的含义也很少相同。
例如:当女人说:“我觉得你从不听我说话,”她希望对方不要从字面上理解“从不”这个词。
使用“从不”这个词只不过是用来表达她此时此刻感到非常失望。
不要把它当作真实的意思来理解。
5 为了充分表达她们的感受,女人们往往会把事实夸大一点以引起注意,并使用各种最高级,隐喻以及推论。
男人错误地从字面上来理解这些用语。
他们误解了女人想要表达的意思,便常常以不赞同的态度,来回答她们。
下面列有十句女人的抱怨话,这些都是很容易被男人误解的,同时也列出了男人以不赞同的态度可能做出的回答。
容易被男人误解十种抱怨女人这样说:男人这样回答:“我们从不一起出去。
”“不对,我们上周还出去过。
”“所有人都不理睬我。
”“我敢肯定有人关注你。
”“我太累了,我什么也干不了了。
”“要是你不喜欢自己的工作,那就辞职。
”“我讨厌所有的一切。
”“我没觉得有什么让你讨厌的。
Unit 8 Money新编大学英语第二版第二册课文翻译
Unit 8 MoneyTime Spent Agonizing over Money[1] Within hours of a recent major stock market drop, I telephoned my Ford dealer and ordered the station wagon that I test-drove the day before. As my friends not so subtly pointed out, the Dow Jones Industrial Average didn't have much to do with my financial situation and shouldn't affect my purchase. Besides, my old car had caused me headaches for months.[2] Still, I spent the evening asking myself: Could I afford a new car? Should I be saving instead of spending? Would we need to cut back on vacations?[3] On the list of items people worry about, money is almost always at the top.[4] A study in the Wall Street Journal found that 70 percent of the public lives from paycheck to paycheck. Mortgage debt has increased 300 percent since 1975, and consumer bankruptcies are at an all-time high. Most marriages that fail list financial problems as a contributing factor.[5] When the Dow fell 554 points last October, millions of people lost billions of dollars, on paper anyway. There was expert anxiety on Wall Street and old-fashioned worry on Main Street. Our reaction confirmed what we already knew: We are a people consumed by financial stress.*A “Raw Material”[6] As the Bible tells us, worrying about money—or anything else for that matter—won't do us any good. “Who of you by worrying can add a single hour to his life?” Jesus asked. “And why do you worry about clothes? See how the lilies of the field grow? They do not labor or spin.”[7] In my heart, I aspire to be like those lilies. But in my head, I feel a need to hoard.[8] It is an unusual person who can live free from financial stress, or who can spend money on others as easily as he spends it on himself.[9] Thomas Edison was one of that rare breed. Had the great inventor stored his money, he would have died a wealthy man. His first successful invention netted him $40,000, a huge sum in 1869. During his lifetime, he patented 1,093 inventions, yet he departed the world penniless.[10] Years later, his son C harles recalled his father's approach to money: “He considered it a raw material, like metal, to be used rather than amassed, and so he kept plowing his funds back into new objects. Several times he was all but bankrupt. But he refused to let dollar signs govern his actions.”[11] John Wesley was the same. The founder of Methodism had the highest earnedincome in 18th century England, but he gave it all away. His philosophy about money was simple: “Earn all you can, save all you can, give all you can.”*Root of Evil?[12] Money may not be the root of all evil, but if it keeps us up at night, it has become way too important in our lives.[13] That was the lesson of Leo Tolstoy's tale “Elias”, which told of a rich farm couple who lost all their money and were forced to take jobs as servants.[14] A guest one day asked the wife if she was miserable being poor, especially in light of the great wealth she had once enjoyed. The woman's answer—that she was happier than ever before—surprised the visitor.[15] “W hen we were rich, my husband and I had so many cares that we had no time to talk to one another, or to think of our souls, or to pray to God,” the wife explained. “We lay awake at night worrying, lest the ewes should lie on their lambs, and we got up again and again to see that all was well... Now, when my husband and I wake in the morning, we always greet each other in love and harmony. We live peacefully, having nothing to worry about.”[16] For most of us, financial security is an elusive goal. No matter how much we have, it's not enough. Kahlil Gibran put it this way: “The fear of need, when the pantry is full, is the thirst that can not be satisfied.”[17] When the stock market falls, we can panic, hoard, and worry if we have enough. Or we can take a deep breath and remember: Money is merely a raw material to be plowed back into something else.把时间花在为钱苦恼上1 最近一次股市大跌后的几个小时内,我就打电话给我的福特汽车商,订购了我前一天试开过的旅行车。
新编大学英语2第三册课文翻译
新编大学英语2第三册课文翻译Unit 1 羞怯的痛苦对许多人来说,羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。
各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。
羞怯的人会焦虑不安,感到不自然;也就是说,他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。
脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法:我给人留下的是什么印象?他们喜欢我吗?我讲话是不是傻里傻气?我长得难看。
我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。
很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。
一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中,而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。
通常,人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。
例如,具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。
而由于自信,他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励,也能使自己感觉良好。
自信者热情、自发地投入生活。
他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。
有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害;他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。
相反,他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。
相比之下,羞怯的人自尊心较弱,往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。
他们(是否)在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。
害羞的人对批评非常敏感;他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。
他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴,因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。
羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞:“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。
我知道这不是真的。
”显然,尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质,过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。
能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢?幸运的是,人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。
由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的,因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。
例如,大多数人希望每门功课都得A。
如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难,就把自己列为差生,这不恰如其分。
人们对自己的期望必须现实。
老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能,甚至产生嫉妒。
当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时,我们正在自我否定。
新编大学英语第三版综合教程2课文翻译
Unit1善良之心,久久相依当时我没有意识到,是爸爸帮我保持平衡奥古斯塔斯 ? J ? 布洛克1 随着我渐渐长大,当别人看见我和爸爸在一起,我会觉得很尴尬。
他身材矮小,走起路来跛得很厉害。
我们一起走时,他要把手搭在我的肩上才能保持平衡,人们就会盯着我们看。
对这种不必要的注意我觉得非常难堪。
他也许曾注意到,或着觉得烦恼,但他从来没有流露出来。
2 要协调我们的步伐并不容易,他(的步子)一瘸一拐的,我(走起来)则缺乏耐心。
因此,我们走路的时候并不怎么说话。
但出发时,他总是说:“你定步伐,我会尽量跟上。
”3 我们通常在家和地铁之间来往,这是他上班的必由之路。
不论生病还是碰到恶劣的天气他都去上班,几乎没有旷过一天工。
即使别人无法上班,他也要去办公室。
对他来说这是一种自豪。
4 当地上有冰或雪的时候,即使有人帮忙他也无法走路。
这时,我或者我的姐妹就用孩子玩的雪撬拉着他,穿过纽约布鲁克林的街道,直到地铁的入口处。
一到那儿,他就能紧紧抓住扶手一直走下去, 地铁道里比较暖和,下面的楼梯不结冰。
曼哈顿的地铁站正好是他办公楼的地下室,因此除了从布鲁克林我们去接他的地方到回家为止,他都不用再出去。
5 一个成年男子要有多少勇气才能承受这种屈辱和压力,我现在想来惊讶不已。
他从没有痛苦或抱怨,他是怎么做到这一步的我感到不可思议。
6 他从不把自己当作同情的对象,也从不对更幸运的或更能干的人表示任何嫉妒。
他在别人身上所寻找的是一颗“善心”。
如果他找到了一颗善心,那么有这么颗心的人对他来说就是一位大好人了。
7 由于年龄的增长,我相信那是一种用来判断人的恰当的标准,尽管我还不能精确地知道什么是一颗“善心”。
但是,当我自己没有的时候,我是知道的。
8 尽管很多活动我爸爸不能参加,但他还是尽量用某种方式参与。
当本地的一支棒球队发现缺经理的时候,他使它维持下去。
他是一个很懂行的棒球迷,经常带我去埃贝茨球场看布鲁克林的道奇队打球。
他喜欢参加舞会和聚会,就是坐在一旁观看,也很开心。
新编大学英语第二版Book2 Unit1-4课文原文加翻译
新编大学英语第二版Book2 Unit1-4课文原文加翻译Unit 1 A Good Heart to Lean OnMore than I realized, Dad has helped me keep my balance.[1] When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He was severely crippled and very short, and when we would walk together, his hand on my arm for balance , people would stare. I would be ashamed of the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or was bothered, he never let on.[2] It was difficult to coordinate our steps—his halting, mine impatient —and because of that, we didn't say much as we went along. But as we started out, he always said, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you. ”[3] Our usual walk was to or from the subway, which was how he got to work. He went to work sick, and despite nasty weather. He almost never missed a day, and would make it to the office even if others could not. It was a matter of pride for him.[4] When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help. At such times my sisters or I would pull him through the streets of Brooklyn , N.Y., on a child's sleigh to the subway entrance. Once there, he would cling to the handrail until he reached the lower steps that the warmer tunnel air kept ice-free.In Manhattan the subway station was the basement of his office building, and he would not have to go outside again until we met him in Brooklyn on his way home..[5] When I think of it now, I marvel at how much courage it must have taken for a grown man to subject himself to such indignity and stress. And I marvel at how he did it—without bitterness or complaint.[6] He never talked about himself as an object of pity, nor did he show any envy of the more fortunate or able . What he looked for in others was a “good heart”, and if he found one, the owner was good enough for him.[7] Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people , even though I still don't know precisely what a “good heart” is. But I know the times I don't have one myself.[8] Unable to engage in many activities, my father still tried to participate in some way. When a local baseball team found itself without a manager , he kept it going. He was a knowledgeable baseball fan and often took me to Ebbets Field to see the Brooklyn Dodgers play. He liked to go to dances and parties, where he could have a good time just sitting and watching.[9] On one memorable occasion a fight broke out at a beach party, with everyone punching and shoving .He wasn't content to sit and watch, but he couldn't stand unaided on the soft sand. In frustration he began to shout, “I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! ”[10] Nobody did. But the next day people kidded him by saying it was the first time any fighter was urged to take a dive even before the bout began.[11] I now know he participated in some things vicariously through me, his only son. When I played ball (poorly), he “played” too. When I joined the Navy, he “joined” too. And when I came home on leave, he saw to it that I visited his office. Introducing me, he was really saying, “This is my son, but it is also me, and I could have done this, too, if things had been different. ” Those wordswere never said aloud.[12] He has been gone many years now, but I think of him often. I wonder if he sensed my reluctance to be seen with him during our walks. If he did, I am sorry I never told him how sorry I was, how unworthy I was, how I regretted it. I think of him when I complain about trifles, when I am envious of anoth er's good fortune, when I don't have a “good heart”.[13] At such times I put my hand on his arm to regain my balance, and say, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you.” ( 703 words)【译文】善良之心,久久相依1 随着我渐渐长大,当别人看见我和爸爸在一起,我会觉得很尴尬。
新编大学英语Unit2课文翻译及课后练习答案
Unit 2 Myths and LegendsIn-Class Reading Why the Tortoise’s Shell Is Not Smooth为什么乌龟的背壳凹凸不平1 从远处他妻子们的那些小木屋里传来的低声细语,时不时地被歌声打断,但是奥康瓦还是听到了,这是妻子们同各自的孩子在讲民间故事。
爱克蔚菲和她的女儿爱金玛坐在一块小地毯上。
现在,轮到爱克蔚菲讲故事了。
霎时,低声细语静了下来,所有的眼睛都转向她们最喜欢的故事能手。
2 “很久以前”,她开始讲道,“所有的鸟儿都被邀请到天上赴宴。
它们非常高兴,开始为这盛大的日子做准备。
它们用颜料把自己的身体涂成深红色并画上漂亮的图案。
3 “乌龟看到了所有这些准备活动,并很快了解了事情的来龙去脉。
动物界里发生的任何事都逃不过他的眼睛,(因为)他狡黠无比,诡计多端。
他一听说这一天上的盛宴,不禁垂涎三尺。
那些日子正在闹饥荒,乌龟已经有两个月没好好吃一顿饭了。
他的身体就像一段枯柴棍在空荡荡的躯壳里咔咔作响。
于是他稳扎稳打地开始计划如何能到天上去。
”4 “但是他没有翅膀呀,”爱金玛说。
5 “别性急,”她母亲回答道,“故事(的关键)就在这里。
乌龟没有翅膀,但他去找鸟儿们,请求能跟他们一起去。
”6 “‘我们太了解你了,’鸟儿们听了他的请求后说道。
‘你诡计多端并且忘恩负义。
如果我们答应你,你马上就会施展诡计。
我们老早就把你看透了。
’7 “‘你们不了解我,’乌龟说。
‘我已经脱胎换骨了,不再是你们以前所知道的那个捣蛋鬼了。
相反,我现在既体贴又善良。
我已经认识到,给别人制造麻烦的人就是在给自己制造麻烦。
放心吧,我保证不给你们增添任何麻烦。
’8 “乌龟巧舌如簧,没过多久,所有的鸟儿都一致认为,他确实已经脱胎换骨了,于是每只鸟儿都给了他一根羽毛,用这些羽毛,乌龟做了两只色彩绚丽的翅膀。
9 “最后,这盛大的日子终于来到了,乌龟第一个到达了集合地点。
等所有的鸟儿都来齐了,他们就一块儿动身。
Unit 1 Love新编大学英语第二版第二册课文翻译
Unit 1 LoveA Good Heart to Lean OnAugustus J. BullockMore than I realized, Dad has helped me keep my balance.[1] When I was growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He was severely crippled and very short, and when we would walk together, his hand on my arm for balance, people would stare. I would be ashamed of the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or was bothered, he never let on.[2] It was difficult to coordinate our steps—his halting, mine impatient—and because of that, we did n't say much as we went along. But as we started out, he always said, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you. ”[3] Our usual walk was to or from the subway, which was how he got to work. He went to work sick, and despite nasty weather. He almost never missed a day, and would make it to the office even if others could not. It was a matter of pride for him.[4] When snow or ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, even with help. At such times my sisters or I would pull him through the streets of Brooklyn , N.Y. , on a child's sleigh to the subway entrance. Once there, he would cling to the handrail until he reached the lower steps that the warmer tunnel air kept ice-free. In Manhattan the subway station was the basement of his office building, and he would not have to go outside again until we met him in Brooklyn on his way home.[5] When I think of it now, I marvel at how much courage it must have taken for a grown man to subject himself to such indignity and stress. And I marvel at how he did it—without bitterness or complaint.[6] He never talked about himself as an object of pity, nor did he show any envy of the more fortunate or able. What he looked for in others was a “good heart”, and if he found one, the owner was good enough for him.[7] Now that I am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judge people, even though I still don't know precisely what a “good heart” is. But I know the times I don't have one myself.[8] Unable to engage in many activities, my father still tried to participate in some way. When a local baseball team found itself without a manager, he kept it going. He was a knowledgeable baseball fan and often took me to Ebbets Field to see the Brooklyn Dodgers play. He liked to go to dances and parties, where he could have a good time just sitting and watching.[9] On one memorable occasion a fight broke out at a beach party, with everyone punching and shoving. He wasn't content to sit and watch, but he couldn't stand unaided on the soft sand. In frustration he began to shout, “I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! ”[10] Nobody did. But the next day people kidded him by saying it was the first time any fighter was urged to take a dive even before the bout began.[11] I now know he participated in some things vicariously through me, his only son. When I played ball (poorly), he “played” too. When I joined the Navy, he “joined” too. And when I came home on leave, he saw to it that I visited his office. Introducing me, he was really saying, “This is my son, but it is also me, and I could have done this, too, if things had been different. ” Those words were never said aloud.[12] He has been gone many years now, but I think of him often. I wonder if he sensed my reluctance to be seen with him during our walks. If he did, I am sorry I never told him how sorry I was, how unworthy I was, how I regretted it. I think of him when I complain about trifles, when I am envious of another's good fortune, when I don't have a “good heart”.[13] At such times I put my hand on his arm to regain my balance, and say, “You set the pace. I will try to adjust to you.”善良之心,久久相依当时我没有意识到,是爸爸帮我保持平衡奥古斯塔斯∙ J ∙布洛克1 随着我渐渐长大,当别人看见我和爸爸在一起,我会觉得很尴尬。
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以生命相赠1 炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。
在可怕的越南战争期间,谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标,而他们却落在了一所有传教士们办的小孤儿院内。
2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生,还有几个孩子受了伤,其中有一个小女孩,8岁左右,她的双腿被炸伤。
3 几小时后,医疗救援小组到了。
救援小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。
他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。
如果不立即采取行动,显然她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。
4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血,但是他们的医药用品很有限,没有血浆,因此需要相配血型的血。
快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适,而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有相配的血型。
5 这位医生会讲一点越南语,忽视会讲一点法语,但只有中学的法语水平。
孩子们不会说英语,只会说一点法语。
医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言,结合大量的手势,努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说,除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴,否则她将必死无疑。
接着问他们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。
6 对医生和护士的请求,孩子们(只是)瞪大眼睛,一声不吭。
此时小病人生命垂危。
然而,只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血,他们才能够得到血。
过了好一会儿,一只小手慢慢地举了起来,然后垂了下去,一会儿又举了起来。
7 “噢,谢谢,”护士用法语说。
“你叫什么名字?”8 “兴,”小男孩回答道。
9 兴很快被抱到一张床上,手臂用酒精消毒后,针就扎了进去。
在整个过程中,兴僵直地躺着,没有出声。
10 过了一会儿,他发出了一声长长的抽泣,但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。
11 “兴,疼吗?”医生问。
12 兴默默地摇了摇头,但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来,并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。
医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他,兴又摇了摇头。
13 但现在,偶尔的抽泣变成了持续无声的哭泣。
他紧紧地闭着眼睛,用拳头堵住嘴想竭力忍住哭泣。
14 现在医疗小组非常担忧,因为针不该使他们的小输血者一直感到疼痛。
显然出了问题。
恰好这时,一名越南护士前来帮忙。
看到小男孩在哭,她用越南话很快地和他说话。
听了小男孩的回答后,又立即回答他。
护士一边说,一边俯身轻轻拍着小男孩的头,她的声音亲切柔和。
15 一会儿,小男孩不再哭了,他睁开眼睛,用询问的目光看着越南护士。
护士点了点头,小男孩的脸上马上露出了宽慰的神色。
16 越南护士抬起头平静地对两名美国人说:“他以为自己快死了。
他误解了你们,以为你们要他献出所有的血,小女孩才能活下来。
”17 “那他为什么会愿意这么做呢?”海军护士问。
18 越南护士把这个问题向小男孩重复了一遍。
小男孩简单地回答道:“她是我的朋友。
”19 他为了朋友甘愿献出自己的生命,没有比这更伟大的爱了。
没有言语的交流1 当你学一门外语的时候,你一定要学词汇和语法,但这些还远远不够。
要想成功地进行交流,你还必须学习该文化的非言语语言,或者说“身势语”。
身势语是一个术语,是我们用来描述那些可以传递信息的脸部表情,手势以及其他身体动作的术语。
这种交流方式非常重要,实际上我们用动作表达的信息可以比用言语表达的信息更多。
2 有时候我们发现说一门外语很困难,因为我们可能不了解另一种文化的非言语信号,或者说那些信号在我们自己文化中的含义可能迥然不同。
例如,在世界上不同的地方,上下点头的动作就传递不同的信息。
在北美,该动作表示“我同意”。
在中东地区,向下点头表示“我同意”,而向上抬头表示“我不同意”。
日本人说话的时候这个动作通常只是表示“我在听着呢”。
一位在美国的日本学生好不容易才了解了其中的差别。
在和一位推销员说话的时候,这位学生礼貌性地点头,表示我在听着。
结果第二天那位推销员就将一台崭新的洗衣机送到了他的公寓。
3 目光接触所表达的含义也很丰富,但是,在不同的国家里,它表达的意思不同。
在一些讲西班牙语的国家,孩子在与年长者谈话时,不直视对方的眼睛,以表示尊重。
而在其他国家,别人则期待你看着他的眼睛。
例如,如果你在美国不这么做的话,人们会以为你害怕,尴尬或者是生气了。
4 世界上很多地方都用两中基本的手势来招呼别人朝自己走过来。
在亚洲,人们把手指朝下微曲起来,做摆手的动作,而有些北美人则用这个动作向孩子们道别。
北美人用大致相同的手势招呼别人走过来,但是他们的手指是向下弯曲的。
因此,去国外访问的人必须了解这些差别,否则也许会表达错误的信息。
5 我们在谈话是与对方保持的距离同样也是交流过程中的一个重要方面,但是我们很少想到这一点。
通常,北美人比拉丁美洲人和中东人更喜欢彼此间距离大一点。
在一个国际会议上可能会出现这样的情景:谈话时两个外交官慢慢地从房间的这一头移到那一头,其中一个想竭力拉大彼此间的距离,而另一个则想竭力缩小这一距离。
通常,喜欢距离大的那个人一直退到背靠墙,无路可退为止,他的努力也以失败告终。
6 尽管我们花了很多年时间来学习一门外语,如果我们不了解那个文化的非言语语言和正确的举止的话,就会产生误解。
如果我们不知道应该握手还是鞠躬,什么时候坐着,什么时候站着,在不熟悉的场合应该有什么样的举止,那么我们就没有真正具备用外语交流的能力。
或许在读,写,说,听四项传统的交流技能之外还应该加上第五项技能:文化意识。
新的开端1 当我父母开车离去,留下我可怜巴巴站在停车场上时,我开始寻思我在校园里该做什么。
我决定我最想做的就是平安无事地回到寝室。
我感到似乎校园里每个人都在看我。
我打定主意:竖起耳朵,闭上嘴巴,但愿别人不知道我是个新生。
第二天早上我找到了上第一节课的教室,大步走了进去。
然而,进了教室,我又碰到了一个难题。
坐哪儿呢?犹豫再三,我挑了第一排边上的一个座位。
3 “欢迎你们来听生物101课,”教授开始了开场白。
天哪,我还以为这是文学课!我的后脖根上冒出了冷汗,摸出课程表核对了一下教室号-----教室号是对的,但我却走错了教学楼。
4 怎么办?上课期间就站起来走出去?教授会不会生气?大家肯定会盯着我看。
算了吧。
我还是稳坐在座位上,尽量使自己看起来和生物专业的学生一样认真。
下了课后我觉得有点饿,便赶忙去自助食堂。
我往拖盘里装了些三明治就朝座位走去,就在这时,我无意中踩到了一大滩番茄酱。
手中的托盘倾斜了,我失去了平衡。
就在我屁股着地的刹那间,我看见自己整个人生在眼前一闪而过,然后终止在大学上课的第一天。
摔到后的几秒里,我想要是没有人看见我刚才的窘想该有多好。
但是,食堂里所有的学生都站了起来,欢呼鼓掌,我知道他们不仅看见了我刚才的情景,而且下决心要我永远都不会忘掉那一幕。
7 接下来的三天里,我独自品尝羞辱,用以果腹的也只是从安放在房间外的机器上买来的没有营养的食品。
到了第四天,我感到自己急需补充一些真正的食物。
兴许三天的时间足以让校园里的人把我忘在脑后。
于是我去了食堂。
8 我好不容易排队取到了食物,踮脚走到一张桌子前坐下。
突然我听到一阵熟悉的哗啦跌倒声,抬头看见一个可怜的家伙遭遇了和我原先一样的命运。
当人们开始像对待我那样欢呼鼓掌的时候,我对他满怀同情。
他站起身,咧嘴大笑,双手紧握高举在头顶上,做出胜利的姿势。
我是否摔了托盘,坐在教室的哪个位置,甚至于是否走错了教室,有谁会在乎呢?没有人在乎。
这不像在中学。
在大学里,这些都无关紧要。
我完全可以按自己的意愿行事。
10一旦意识到我不必考虑别人的期望,只要自己满意就行,我感到释然。
我开始把上大学看作一个美妙的实验。
我稍稍改变了自己的穿着,开始欣赏爵士乐,还认定自己喜欢光着脚走路。
11在以后的大学生活里,我不再试图做出什么姿态,而是顺其自然。
大学,在我看来,也许是唯一一个有错误可以完全得到谅解的阶段(包括踩到番茄酱,摔了托盘)。
于是,我利用这个机会来体验我认为自己可能会犯的所有过失。
12大学毕业已经三年了,我仍然时有过失,其中一些过失我还得到了原谅。
动物拥有文化吗?1 只有人类拥有文化呢,还是某些动物也同样拥有文化,这是社会科学家们最近才提出来的问题。
说到文化,我们指的是某一类人群共有的生活方式。
文化包涵了我们形成的信念和看法。
人们的行为模式促使他们生活在一起,也正是人们的行为模式把不同的群体区分开来。
2 人类失去了蛮力、爪子、长牙及其他自卫功能,然而文化为我们弥补了这些缺失。
人类使用工具,相互合作,并借助语言进行交流沟通。
但人类行为的这些方方面面,或称之为“文化”的东西,在某些动物的生活中也同样存在。
3 我们过去一直认为会不会使用工具是人和其他动物的分界线。
然而,最近我们发现情况并非如此。
黑猩猩不但能够使用工具,还竟然能自己制造工具。
这是从仅仅捡起并使用手边的东西向前迈出的重要的一步。
例如,有人看到黑猩猩把树叶扯掉,将树枝伸进白蚁巢穴。
当白蚁啃咬树枝时,就把树枝抽回,接着就把枝条底端的白蚁吃掉——就像我们使用餐叉一样。
4 我们曾一度认为,尽管人类可以学习文化,但却不可能教动物学文化。
或者,即使动物能够学习,它们也不会象人类那样互相传授。
然而,这一观点也同样是不正确的。
日本京都大学猿猴研究中心对一组日本猴进行过研究。
科学家们给猴子白薯,想把它们引到海岛的岸边。
一天,为了去掉白薯上面的沙子,一只年轻的母猴开始用水来洗白薯。
这一做法马上传遍了整个猴群。
这是学来的行为,不是向人类学的,而是从其他猴子那里学到的。
而凡是没有跟这一猴群接触过的其他所有的猴子几乎都不会用水洗沙子。
这样,动物间就存在了“文化差异”。
5 我们已经把使用和发明工具,从区分动物和人类行为的方法中排除出去了,同样也把学习和互相传授行为排除在外了。
但我们仍抓住语言这最后一个特点不放。
然而,即便是语言的使用也无法把人类文化和动物文化区分开来。
教猿猴说话的尝试虽然失败,但这是因为猿猴没有合适的发声器官。
如果我们愿意采纳口语之外的其他语言形式的话,应该说教猿猴学习语言一直是非常成功的。
有两位心理学家曾训练一只名叫华秀的黑猩猩,教它使用美国标准手语。
这种语言同样供聋人使用。
用这种语言,“交谈”是通过手势来完成的,而不是把单词用一个个字母拼出来。
当华秀长到五岁时,她掌握了130个手语词汇。
而且,她还能用原先未教过的新方法,来组合这些词汇。
这表明她能创造性地使用语言,而不是单纯地模仿。
她自己能遣词造句,表达真实的意思。
这使双向交流得以实现;,超越了单向的指令一反应模式。
6当然,动物文化有其局限性。
据我们所知,没有任何猿猴曾建立起任何诸如宗教或法律等的社会制度。
而且,尽管有些黑猩猩有可能学会手语,但这种语言形式在表达抽象思想时有局限性。
而使用口头语文使我们能把整文化传递给任何一个会同种语言的人。
也许最重要的一点是,人和动物的分界线并不像我们过去认为的那样清清楚楚。
没有危险时请冒险1.我们许多人从小到大一直被提醒要小心谨慎。
比如,当人们分别时,常常互相叮嘱:“小心点!”倘若你认真听从这些话,很可能会妨碍你的发展。