1933老场坊基础资料-2012联合课题 with english2.0
1933老场坊建筑介绍
1933老场坊建筑介绍
1933老场坊是上海市黄浦区的一处历史建筑，建于1933年，原为英国人建造的畜牧场。
该建筑群占地面积约为3000平方米，由四栋建筑组成，包括两栋六层高的建筑和两栋四层高的建筑。
这些建筑物的设计灵感来自于英国的工业建筑，采用了当时最先进的建筑技术和材料，如钢筋混凝土和玻璃幕墙。
在建筑物的设计中，建筑师注重了建筑的功能性和美学价值。
建筑物的外观采用了简洁的几何形状和对称的布局，使其看起来非常现代化。
建筑物内部的空间布局也非常合理，可以满足不同的使用需求。
例如，建筑物的中央大厅可以用作展览、演出和会议等多种用途。
在历史上，1933老场坊曾经是上海市的一个畜牧场，后来又被用作食品加工厂和仓库。
在20世纪90年代，这些建筑物被改造成了一个文化创意产业园区，吸引了许多艺术家、设计师和创业者入驻。
如今，1933老场坊已经成为上海市的一个知名景点，吸引了大量的游客前来参观。
除了其独特的建筑风格和历史背景外，1933老场坊还有许多其他的特色。
例如，建筑物内部有许多精美的艺术品和装饰品，如雕塑、壁画和灯具等。
此外，建筑物内还有许多有趣的商店、餐厅和咖啡馆，可以让游客在欣赏建筑之余，享受美食和购物的乐趣。
1933老场坊是一处非常有特色的历史建筑，它不仅展示了上海市的建筑文化和历史，还成为了一个文化创意产业的中心，为城市的发展做出了重要的贡献。
上海1933老场坊建筑解析
上海1933老场坊建筑解析一、上海1933老场坊的基本情况上海1933老场坊那可是超酷的建筑。
它的位置在上海，这地方到处都充满着那种老上海的韵味。
这个建筑啊，从外面看就很有特点，整体的轮廓特别硬朗，就像一个沉默的巨人站在那里。
它的外墙有着一种独特的质感，摸上去虽然粗糙，但是却能感受到岁月的痕迹。
它以前是干啥的呢？原来是个宰牲场呢。
可别小瞧这个用途，就是因为这个用途，它的建筑结构设计得超级精妙。
那里面的通道啊，就像迷宫一样，弯弯绕绕的。
我第一次进去的时候，感觉自己像是走进了一个神秘的异世界，都有点找不着北了。
二、建筑风格的独特之处1. 建筑结构它的结构那是相当的复杂又有序。
有着好多的廊桥，这些廊桥在空中交错纵横，就像一个巨大的蜘蛛网悬在空中。
还有那些混凝土的柱子，又粗又壮，稳稳地支撑着整个建筑，就像一个个忠诚的卫士。
这些柱子的形状也不是普通的圆形或者方形，而是有着独特的几何形状，看起来特别有艺术感。
2. 空间布局空间布局方面也是很绝的。
各个区域之间既相互独立又有着某种联系。
比如说那些屠宰的区域，虽然现在已经没有那种血腥的场面了，但是从空间的大小和布局，还能想象出当年的场景。
而且有一些小的房间和大的空间相互搭配，小房间就像一个个小盒子一样，而大空间则像是一个大舞台，这种对比特别有趣。
3. 采光设计采光更是一绝。
通过一些巧妙的窗户和孔洞的设计，光线会在不同的时间以不同的角度照进来。
有时候是一束柔和的光，像一把利剑一样穿过黑暗的空间；有时候是一片朦胧的光，让整个空间都变得很有氛围感。
这采光设计既满足了当时的使用需求，又在现在成为了一种独特的视觉享受。
三、建筑的艺术价值和文化意义1. 艺术价值在艺术价值上，这个建筑简直就是一个艺术品。
它融合了好多建筑元素，那些线条、形状、空间的组合，就像是一个画家精心绘制的画卷。
对于学建筑的我们来说，这里就像是一个大课堂，能看到很多书本上学不到的建筑创意。
而且它吸引了很多摄影爱好者来拍照，不管从哪个角度拍，都能拍出很有艺术感的照片。
Klotho suppresses RIG-I-mediated senescence-associated inflammation
When maintained in culture conditions that enable their continuous replication, normal human fibroblasts eventually lose their proliferative capacity after a finite number of cell divisions1. Such cellular senescence occurs in response to excessive extracellular and intracellular stress and is characterized by the inability of cells to proliferate despite the presence of abundant nutrients and mitogens, and by the preservation of cell viability and metabolic activity. Senescence can be triggered by many different stimuli, including DNA damage, expression of oncogenes, oxidative stress and mitogenic signals2,3, and during this process a large number of soluble factors involved in intracellular signalling are secreted4,5. One key observation made in ageing human fibroblasts is the upregulation of cytokines and chemokines and their receptors6. Further evidence for increased production of inflammatory mediators during ageing comes from two recent reports that demonstrate that IL-6 and IL-8 and their receptors play a key role in the establishment and maintenance of the senescence phenotype4,7. Furthermore, in human colon adenomas, increased IL-8 expression was detected in areas showing features of senescence (p16INK4a positive and Ki-67 negative), indicating that induction of inflammation contributes to senescence in vivo4,7,8.
2012年高考历史二轮精品复习资料 专题21 选修3二十世纪的战争与和平(教学案)(教师版)
1．高考考查本模块主要集中在两次世界大战以及二战后的国际关系格局的调整上，尤其是国际联盟和联合国、凡尔赛——华盛顿体系和雅尔塔体系等。
2．第二次世界大战给人类带来的巨大灾难是高考考查的主要内容，反思战争、追求和平是高考试题命题的主题价值所在。
3．高考命题与时政热点联系密切，如中东问题、朝鲜半岛问题、联合国的作用、伊拉克局势等。
【专题讲解】1.第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战2.凡尔赛——华盛顿体系和雅尔塔体制3.际联盟与联合国4.二战后的局部战争5.七八十年代美苏等国由紧张对抗到谋求缓和对话的背景和过程。
6.现代中国的对外关系7.20世纪以来世界形势的发展演变(2)1939年9月德军突袭波兰，第二次世界大战全面爆发。
德随着战争规模的不断扩大，反法西斯国家逐渐联合起来，结成世界反法西斯同盟。
斯大林格勒战役的胜利改变了苏德战场的形势，是第二次世界大战的重要转折点。
美军在中途岛海战中取得的成功，使太平洋战场形势发生了重大转折。
英军在阿拉曼战役中获胜，使北非战场形势发生了转折。
开罗和德黑兰会议后，盟军在诺曼底登陆，开辟了欧洲第二战场。
在世界反法西斯同盟力量的进攻下，德国和日本先后无条件投降。
第二次世界大战是人类历史上规模空前的战争，它推动了人类历史的进程，在很多方面产生了深远影响。
二战中，苏美英等不同社会制度的国家结成了世界反法西斯同盟，同盟国之间在政治上互相协商，军事上互相配合，物质上互相支援，对加速反法西斯战争的胜利起了重要作用。
这场战争告诉我们：社会制度与意识形态不相同的国家在平等的基础上能够联合起来，共同对付人类生存与发展面临的挑战。
人类的命运休戚相关，只有加强国际合作，才能求得共同发展。
(3)二战后期随着反法西斯战争的胜利，战时同盟的基础动摇，美苏两大国之间的全球战略分歧逐渐扩大，战时同盟发生分裂。
世界主要矛盾由二战中的法西斯国家同反法西斯联盟的生死较量变为美苏为首的两大阵营的全面对抗。
二战后，世界政治格局的演变经历了雅塔尔体系建立、美苏冷战、两大军事政治集团的形成、两大阵营的分化和三个世界的形成，美苏争霸、苏东剧变。
2012北京高中历史会考复习大纲-原创
2012年会考内容提纲：政治模块第一单元古代中国的政治制度一．中国早期(夏商周)政治制度 B1．宗法制（1）含义：以父系血缘为纽带，规定宗族内的嫡庶系统的一种制度。
（2）核心：嫡长子继承制（3）作用：通过血缘亲疏，确立起一整套土地、财产和政治地位的分配与继承制度，保障各级贵族能够享受“世卿世禄”的特权；防止内部纷争，强化王权，把“国”与家密切地结合在一起。
2．分封制：（1）含义：分封制又称封邦建国，是周王室将土地连同土地上的人封赐给臣下，广建封国，用以拱卫周王室。
（2）分封对象：同姓亲族是主体，还有功臣、姻亲、殷商旧族。
（3）作用：使西周贵族集团形成了“周王－诸侯－卿大夫－士”的等级序列，巩固了统治。
二．中国古代中央集权制度的形成和发展B（部分C）（一）秦朝——创立B1．内容：（1）始皇帝（2）三公九卿（三公：丞相—“百官之首”；太尉—掌军事；御史大夫—掌监察）（3）郡县制。
（郡县官吏由中央任免）2．特点：以皇帝为中心形成从中央到地方的统治机构；官位不世袭，实行俸禄制度，由皇帝任免；官职有明确分工，既互相配合，又相互牵制。
3.秦朝中央集权的影响C：打破了传统贵族的分封制；奠定了中国古代大一统王朝的政治基础；对此后2000多年的中国政治与社会产生影响。
（二）汉至元——发展：1．汉武帝加强中央集权（1）措施：建立中朝（加强皇权）、设置刺史（监察地方）、推恩令（削弱王国势力）。
（2）影响：巩固和发展了大一统局面，促进社会经济发展。
2．唐朝的三省六部制（1）三省六部：中书省（起草政令）、门下省（审核，封驳审议）、尚书省（执行，下辖六部）（2）作用：相互牵制、互为补充、分工明确、提高效率；分割了相权，加强了皇权。
3．汉至元中央集权发展特点：皇权不断加强，相权不断受到制约而削弱；中央权力不断加强，地方权力不断削弱。
4．明清——君主专制空前加强明：明太祖废丞相；明成祖设内阁（朱批、票拟）；清：雍正设军机处，专制皇权达到顶峰。
1933老场坊
1933老场坊这是一幢建筑的瑰宝，一度曾被历史烟云掩盖，是对城市重新的解读与探索，使它重现华彩。
位于上海市虹口区沙泾路的1933老场坊曾有“远东第一大屠宰场”的称号，对它价值的重新挖掘是令人振奋的。
随着城市的发展，作为昔日以体力劳动为特征的传统工艺典范的它，今天被以创意为特征的后工业产业所承接。
1933老场坊在两者之间寻求完美契合，这是一种历史的对照，也是1933老场坊这栋瑰丽老建筑令人惊艳的一次华丽大变身。
上海虹口区有一条短小且不知名的小路——沙泾路，小路沿沙泾港支流迤逦而去，一端接着海伦路，一端与海宁路相交。
但走到沙泾路10号，就会被耸立眼前的这栋建筑所震慑。
从高处俯视，大楼空间布局奇特，外方内圆，东南西北四栋建筑围成的四方形厂区与中间一座二十四边形的主楼都经由楼梯相连。
整个建筑高低错落，廊道盘旋，设计精密宛如迷宫，却又次序分明。
加工车间所采用的“无梁楼盖”，在当时是非常先进的技术。
这样形式的二十四角楼，遑论在上海，乃至全国都是绝无仅有的。
在20世纪上半叶，这里曾是号称“远东第一宰牲场”的原上海工部局宰牲场。
它建成于1933年11月，由英国建筑师巴尔弗斯设计，“余洪记”营造商承建，建筑面积达29491平方米，整组建筑物高低错落，盘旋的廊道迷宫一般，气势雄伟，规模庞大。
主体建筑为三层钢筋水泥结构，有一条超过两公里长的屠宰流水线，熏蒸、消毒、熬油、凝血、包装、收容、储藏、化验、解剖室等机构一应俱全。
其无障碍“牲畜通道”、污秽自动冲洗装置、圆弧形的“体验大厅”、无梁挑柱支撑着的加工车间、装有自然通风口的排污管道等流程显得异常流畅。
宰牲场于1934年1月投入使用，它把现代食品卫生理念、动物福利主义、科学工作流程和高超的建筑艺术完美地结合在一起，令人惊叹地证明了当今世界正在兴起的“兽道动物福利主义”早在20世纪初的上海就已开始实践。
当时，与它同等规模的宰牲场全世界只有三座，另外两座分别在美国和英国，沙泾路上的这座完全按照英国的宰牲场设计建造，材料全都来自英国。
Pelvic floor muscle training
World J Urol (2012) 30:437–443DOI 10.1007/s00345-011-0779-8TOPIC PAPERPelvic X oor muscle training in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and sexual dysfunctionKari BøReceived: 11 September 2011 / Accepted: 26 September 2011 / Published online: 9 October 2011© Springer-Verlag 2011AbstractObjectives The objectives of the present review was to present and discuss evidence for pelvic X oor muscle (PFM) training on female stress urinary incontinence (SUI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and sexual dysfunction.Methods This manuscript is based on conclusions and data presented in systematic reviews on PFM training for SUI, POP and sexual dysfunction. Cochrane reviews, the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence, the NICE guidelines and the Health Technology Assessment were used as data sources. In addition, a new search on Pubmed was done from 2008 to 2011. Only data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English language is presented and discussed.Results There is Level 1, Grade A evidence that PFM training is e V ective in treatment of SUI. Short-term cure rates assessed as <2g of leakage on pad testing vary between 35 and 80%. To date there are 5 RCTs showing signi W cant e V ect of PFM training on either POP stage, symptoms or PFM morphology. Supervised and more intensive training is more e V ective than unsupervised training. There are no adverse e V ects. There is a lack of RCTs addressing the e V ect of PFM training on sexual dysfunction.Conclusions PFM training should be W rst line treatment for SUI and POP, but the training needs proper instruction and close follow-up to be e V ective. More high quality RCTs are warranted on PFM training to treat sexual dysfunction.Keywords Pelvic X oor muscle training · Pelvic organ prolapse · Strength · Sexual dysfunction · Stress urinary incontinenceIntroductionIt has been estimated that during a woman’s lifespan there is an 11% risk of surgery for pelvic X oor dysfunctions such as urinary incontinence (UI) and pelvic organ pro-lapse (POP) [1]. Pelvic X oor disorders or dysfunction has been described by Bump and Norton [2] as urinary and fecal incontinence, POP, sensory and emptying abnormal-ities of the lower urinary tract, defecatory dysfunction, sexual dysfunction and chronic pain syndromes. The di V erent symptoms can exist alone, but in many cases a person has more than one symptom, and it has been pro-posed that the symptoms are linked together and caused by dysfunction of the ligaments, fascias and the pelvic X oor muscles (PFM) [3]. DeLancey et al. [4] described an integrated life span model and classi W ed pelvic X oor func-tion in 3 major life phases: (1) Development of functional reserve, (2) Variations in amount of injury and recovery during and after vaginal birth and (3) Deterioration that occurs with advancing age.According to Ashton-Miller and DeLancey [5], the ana-tomical structures that prevent incontinence and genital organ prolapse in females include sphincteric and support-ive systems. The PFM are regular skeletal muscles and con-sist of several muscles and muscle layers of the pelvic and urogenital diaphragms. During voluntary contraction of the PFM, there is a forward and upward lift and a squeeze constricting the levator hiatus with the pelvic openings [5]. Since Kegel W rst described PFM training to be e V ective for UI [6, 7], it has been the core of physical therapyK. Bø (&)Department of Sports Medicine,Norwegian School of Sport Sciences,PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway e-mail: kari.bo@nih.nointerventions for pelvic X oor dysfunction in both male and female populations.The physical therapy process includes assessment, diag-nosis, planning, intervention and evaluation [8]. It has been found that more than 30% of women with pelvic X oor dis-orders may be unable to contract the PFM at their W rst con-sultation. Hence, individual instruction and feedback of the attempt to contract is important [9]. Physical therapy treat-ments for the pelvic X oor may include bladder training, PFM training with or without biofeedback, cones, electr-ostimulation or other adjuncts to training. The actual train-ing can be done individually or in groups [10, 11].The aim of this review is to address evidence for PFM training for female stress urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and sexual dysfunction based on randomized con-trolled trials and systematic reviews.MethodsThis review is based on RCT and systematic reviews pub-lished from 2001 to 2011. The systematic reviews are Cochrane reviews on pelvic X oor muscle training [12–14], the NICE guidelines [15], the systematic reviews of Hay-Smith et al. from the 4th International Consensus on Incon-tinence 2009 [11] and the Health Technology Assessment [16]. A new search was retrieved on Pubmed on August 18th 2011, using the combination of pelvic X oor exercise (or pelvic X oor muscle training) and stress urinary inconti-nence (or pelvic organ prolapse or sexual dysfunction). Limits were English language, female and RCT. Due to limitations in number of references, references to many of the RCTs of PFM training for SUI/MUI are to be published systematic reviews rather than the original publication. ResultsStress urinary incontinenceIn 1948, Kegel [6, 7] was the W rst to report PFMT to be e V ective in treatment of female urinary incontinence (UI). In spite of his reports of cure rates of >84%, surgery soon became the W rst choice of treatment and not until the 1980s was there renewed interest for conservative treatment [4]. Since then, several RCTs have demonstrated that PFMT is more e V ective than no treatment to treat SUI [11, 16–18]. In addition, a number of RCTs have compared PFMT alone with either the use of vaginal resistance devices, biofeed-back or vaginal cones [11, 13]. Out of the RCTs on SUI, only one did not show any signi W cant e V ect of PFMT on UI [13]. In this study, there was no check of the women’s abil-ity to contract, adherence to the training protocol was poor and the placebo group contracted gluteal muscles and external rotators of the hips; activities that may give co-contractions of the PFM [10].It is often reported that PFMT is more commonly associ-ated with improvement of symptoms, rather than a total cure. However, short-term cure rates of 35–80%, de W ned as ·2 grams of leakage on di V erent pad tests, have been found after PFMT for SUI [18, 19]. The highest cure rates were shown in RCTs of high methodological quality [10, 15]. The participants had thorough individual instruction by a trained PT, combined training with biofeedback or electri-cal stimulation, and had close follow-up once or every sec-ond week. Adherence was high and dropout was low.BiofeedbackBiofeedback has been de W ned as “a group of experimental procedures where an external sensor is used to give an indi-cation on bodily processes, usually in the purpose of chang-ing the measured quality” [10]. Today, a variety of biofeedback apparatus are commonly used in clinical prac-tice to assist with PFM training. The apparatuses are based on either pressure measurements or surface EMG.Since Kegel W rst presented his results, several RCTs have shown that PFM training without biofeedback is more e V ective than no treatment for SUI [11, 15]. In women with stress or mixed incontinence, all but two RCTs have failed to show any additional e V ect of adding biofeedback to the training protocol for SUI. Berghmans et al. [10] demon-strated a quicker progress in the biofeedback group. In the study of Glavind et al. [20], a positive e V ect was demon-strated. However, this study was confounded by a di V er-ence in training frequency, and the e V ect might be due to a double training dosage, the use of biofeedback, or both. Vaginal conesVaginal cones are weights that are put into the vagina above the levator plate. The cones were developed by Plevnik [10] in 1985. The theory behind the use of cones in strength training is that the PFM are contracted re X exively or voluntary when the cone is perceived to slip out.A Cochrane review, combining studies including patients with both SUI and mixed incontinence, concluded that training with vaginal cones is more e V ective than no treat-ment [14]. Bø et al. [10] found that PFMT was signi W cantly more e V ective than training with cones both to improve muscle strength and reduce urinary leakage. In other stud-ies, there were no di V erences between PFMT with and without cones [10, 14]. Cammu and Van Nylen [10, 14] reported very low compliance and therefore did not recom-mend use of cones. Also in the study of Bø et al. [10, 14], women in the cone group had motivational problems.Laycock et al. [10, 14] had a total dropout rate in their study of 33%.Adverse e V ects of PFM trainingFew, if any, adverse e V ects have been found after PFMT [10, 11, 15–18]. Lagro-Jansson et al. [10, 11] found that one woman reported pain with exercise and three had an uncomfortable feeling during the exercises. Aukee et al. [10, 11] reported no side e V ects in the training group but found that two women interrupted the use of home biofeed-back apparatus because they found the vaginal probe uncomfortable. These women were both postmenopausal. In other studies, no side e V ects have been found [11].Long-term e V ect of PFM training for SUISeveral studies have reported long-term e V ect of PFMT [10, 11, 16]. However, the results are di Y cult to interpret because usually women in the nontreatment or less e V ec-tive intervention groups have gone on to retrieve treat-ment after cessation of the study period. As for surgery, there are only few long-term studies including clinical examination [10]. Klarskov et al. [10] assessed only some of the women originally participating in the study. Lagro-Janssen et al. [10] evaluated 88 out of 110 women with SUI, urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) or mixed uri-nary incontinence (MUI) 5years after cessation of train-ing and found that 67% remained satis W ed with the condition. Only seven of 110 had been treated with sur-gery. Satisfaction was closely related to adherence to training and type of incontinence, with mixed incontinent women being more likely to lose the e V ect. SUI women had the best long-term e V ect.In a 5year follow-up, Bø and Talseth [10] examined only the intensive exercise group and found that urinary leakage was signi W cantly increased after cessation of orga-nized training. Three of 23 had been treated with surgery. Fifty-six % of the women had a positive closure pressure during cough and 70% had no visible leakage during cough at W ve-year follow-up. Seventy % of the patients were still satis W ed with the results and did not want other treatment options.Cammu et al. [10] used a postal questionnaire and medi-cal W les to evaluate long-term e V ect of 52 women who had participated in an individual course of PFMT for urody-namic SUI. Eighty-seven % were suitable for analysis. Thirty-three % had had surgery after 10years. However, only 8% had undergone surgery in the group originally being successful after training, whereas 62% had under-gone surgery in the group initially dissatis W ed with training. Successful results were maintained after 10years in 2/3 of the patients originally classi W ed as successful.Bø et al. [21] reported current status of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) from questionnaire data 15years after cessation of organized training. They found that the short-term signi W cant e V ect of intensive training was no longer present at follow-up. Fifty % from both groups had interval surgery for SUI, however more women in the less-intensive training group had surgery within the W rst 5years after ending the training program. There were no di V er-ences in reported frequency or amount of leakage between non-operated or operated women, and women who had sur-gery reported signi W cantly more severe leakage and to be more bother by urinary incontinence during daily activities than those not operated.Pelvic organ prolapseWhile systematic reviews and RCTs have shown convinc-ing e V ect of PFMT for SUI and MUI [11, 12], the research on PFM training to treat POP is rather new. A survey of UK Women’s Health physical therapists showed that 92% of the physical therapists assessed and treated women with POP [22]. The most commonly used treatment was PFM training with and without biofeedback. A Cochrane review on PFM training for POP concluded that there was an urgent need for guidance regarding the e V ectiveness of PFMT [23].Till date W ve RCTs have assessed PFM training to treat POP or POP symptoms. The RCTs are all in favor of PFM training, demonstrating statistically signi W cant improve-ment in symptoms [24–26] and/or prolapse stage [24, 25, 27, 28]. The only full-scale RCT showed a 19% improve-ment in prolapse stage measured by POP-Q, compared to 4% in the control group receiving lifestyle advice only [24].Sexual dysfunctionAccording to Graziottin [29], female sexuality is complex and rooted in biological, psychosexual and context-related factors and correlated to couple dynamics and family and sociocultural issues. Female sexual disorder is classi W ed as women’s sexual interest/desire disorder, sexual aversion disorder, subjective sexual arousal disorder, combined gen-ital and subjective arousal disorder, persistent sexual arousal disorder, women’s orgasmatic disorder, dyspareu-nia and vaginismus.To date, there are only a limited number of RCTs evalu-ating the e V ect of PFM training on sexual function in women. Three RCTs have been found reporting the e V ect of PFM training on sexual function in the postpartum period. Wilson and Herbison [30] did not W nd any signi W-cant di V erences between the exercise group and the control group in sexual satisfaction. However, 52 and 22% dropped out of the exercise and control group, respectively, theparticipants had only 4 follow-up visits with a physical therapist and there was no e V ect of the training on PFM strength. Mørkved et al. [31] asked women about sexual satisfaction 6years after cessation of an 8weeks postpar-tum PFM training program. They found that 36% in the former training group compared to 18% in the control group reported improved satisfaction with sex after deliv-ery (P<0.01). Citak et al. [32] conducted a single blind RCT on 118 primiparous women at 4months postpartum. The training period lasted for 12weeks and started with individual vaginal assessment to ensure correct contrac-tions. The results showed a signi W cant increase in PFM strength in the exercise group only, and the exercise group scored signi W cantly higher on sexual arousal, lubrication and orgasm, but not on satisfaction.In a RCT, Bø et al. [33] investigated the e V ect of PFM training on sexual function in a group of SUI women, mean age 50years, and found that the exercise group was signi W-cantly better o V in questions on sex life in X uenced by uri-nary symptoms and UI during intercourse.DiscussionThere is consensus that PFM training has Level 1, grade A evidence to be e V ective in treatment of SUI and MUI [11, 14–18]. There is growing evidence for e V ect on POP and one study has also shown changes in pelvic X oor morphol-ogy pointing toward a possible e V ect at the pathophysiolog-ical level. To date, the evidence for PFM training on sexual dysfunction is sparse.Stress urinary incontinenceThere are two main theories of mechanisms on how PFMT may be e V ective in prevention and treatment of SUI [34]: (1) Women learn to consciously contract before and during increase in abdominal pressure and continue to perform such contractions as a behavior modi W cation to prevent descent of the pelvic X oor and stop leakage from occurring and (2) Women are taught to perform regular strength training over time in order to build up “sti V ness” and structural support of the pelvic X oor. There is basic research, case–control studies and RCTs to support both these hypotheses [34, 35].In addition to these main theories, two other theories have been proposed: Sapsford [36] claimed that the PFM was e V ectively trained indirectly by contraction of the internal abdominal muscles, especially the transversus abdominal (TrA) muscle. There are no RCTs supporting this theory [37]. However, one RCT showed no additional e V ect of adding TrA training to a PFMT program [38]. Another concept is “Functional training of the PFM”. This means that women are asked to conduct a PFM contraction during di V erent tasks of daily living [39]. There are no RCTs to support this theory [37].Because of use of di V erent outcome measures and instru-ments to measure PFM function and strength, it is impossi-ble to combine results between studies and it is di Y cult to conclude which training regimen is the more e V ective. Also the exercise dosage (type of exercise, frequency, duration and intensity) varies signi W cantly between studies [10, 11]. Length of the intervention varied between 6weeks and 6months, holding time varied between 3 and 40s and num-ber of repetitions per day between 36 and >200 [13].Bø et al. [10] showed that instructor followed up training is signi W cantly more e V ective than home exercise. This study was the W rst demonstrating that a huge di V erence in outcome can be expected according to the intensity and fol-low-up of the training program, and that very little e V ect can be expected after training without close follow-up. It is worth notifying that the signi W cantly less e V ective group in this study had 7 visits with a skilled PT, and that adherence to the home training program was high. Nevertheless, the e V ect was only 17%. To date, more intensive training has also shown to be more e V ective in other RCTs and system-atic reviews [10, 11, 15–17]. There is a dose–response issue in all sorts of training regimens [10, 40]. Hence, one reason for disappointing e V ects shown in some clinical practises or clinical trials may be due to insu Y cient training stimulus and low dosage.In some textbooks, the term “biofeedback” is often used to classify a method di V erent from PFMT. However, bio-feedback is not a treatment by its own, but an adjunct to training, measuring the response from a single PFM con-traction. In the area of PFMT, both vaginal and anal surface EMG, and urethral and vaginal squeeze pressure measure-ments have been utilized in purpose of making the patients more aware of muscle function, and to enhance and moti-vate patients’ e V ort during training [10]. However, errone-ous attempts of PFM contractions e.g., straining may be registered by both manometers and dynamometers, and contractions of other muscles than the PFM may a V ect sur-face EMG activity. Hence, EMG, manometers and dyna-mometers cannot be used to register a correct contraction.Very few of the studies comparing PFMT with and with-out biofeedback have used the exact same training dosage in the two randomized intervention groups. When the two groups under comparison receive di V erent dosage of train-ing in addition to biofeedback, it is impossible to conclude what is causing a possible e V ect. Moreover, since PFMT is e V ective without biofeedback, a large sample size may be needed to show any bene W cial e V ect of adding biofeedback to an e V ective training protocol. In most of the published studies comparing PFMT with and without biofeedback, the sample sizes are small, and type II error may have been the reason for negative W ndings [11].Any factor that may stimulate to high adherence and intensive training should be recommended in purpose of enhancing the e V ect of a training program. Hence, when available, biofeedback should be given as an option for home training, and the physical therapist should use any sensitive, reliable and valid tool to measure the contraction force at o Y ce follow-up.The use of cones can be questioned from an exercise sci-ence perspective. To hold the cone for as long as 15–20min may cause decreased blood supply, decreased oxygen con-sumption, muscle fatigue and pain. In addition, it may recruit contraction of other muscles instead of the PFM. Moreover, many women report that they dislike using cones [10]. Arvonen et al. [10, 14] used “vaginal balls” and followed general strength training principles. They found that training with the balls was signi W cantly more e V ective in reducing urinary leakage than regular PFMT.The general recommendations for maintaining muscle strength are 1 set of 8–12 contractions twice a week [40]. The intensity of the contraction seems to be more important than frequency of training. So far, no studies have evalu-ated how many contractions subjects have to perform to maintain PFM strength after cessation of organized train-ing. In a study of Bø and Talseth [10], PFM strength was maintained 5years after cessation of organized training with 70% exercising more than once a week. However, number and intensity of exercises varied considerably between successful women. In the study of Cammu et al.[10], the long-term e V ect of PFMT appeared to be attrib-uted to the pre-contraction before sudden increases in intra-abdominal pressure, and not so much to regular strength training. Using pre-contractions have been found not to increase muscle strength in a recent published RCT [35].Pelvic organ prolapseThe same two hypotheses proposed for treatment of SUI also apply for prevention and treatment of POP [34]. Research on basic and functional anatomy supports con-scious contraction of the PFM as an e V ective maneuver to stabilize the pelvic X oor [34]. However, to date, there are no studies on how much strength or what neuromotor con-trol strategies are necessary to prevent descent during cough and other physical exertions, nor how to prevent gradual descent due to activities of daily living or over time.The theoretical rationale for intensive strength training of the PFM to treat POP is the same as for SUI. As described by DeLancey [41] in the “boat in dry dock” the-ory, the connective tissue support of the pelvic organs fails if the PFM relax or are damaged, and organ descent occurs. This underpins the concept of elevation of the PFM and closure of the levator hiatus as important elements in con-servative management of POP. Till date, Brækken et al.[24] found a signi W cant and huge increase in strength in the PFMT group only. They also found statistically signi W cant increases in muscle volume, shortening of the muscle length, constriction of the levator hiatus, and lifting of the bladder neck and rectal ampulla [35], factors that may be essential in prevention and reversion of POP.Use of POP-Q as a measure of improvement after PFM training can be questioned. During the POP-Q, the investi-gator tries to make the women strain as much as possible, a manouver that should be discouraged and by itself is a risk factor for developing prolapse. Measurement of the resting position of the organs before and after PFM training may be a much better way of measuring improvement. A lift of the organs to a higher resting position of approximately 0.5cm was found in the study by Brækken et al. [35]. Given the strong e V ect on POP symptoms in the same study [24], we suggest this to be the recommended e V ect measure for future studies.All RCTs on PFM training on POP are in favor of PFM training. To date, there is only one full-scale RCT evaluat-ing both stage of prolapse and symptoms [24]. This exam-iner-blinded trial found signi W cant improvement in a group of women with stage I, II, and III POP receiving supervised PFMT compared to a group receiving advice not to strain while defecating, in addition to encouragement to pre-contract the PFM before an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.The published studies on POP reported short-term e V ects. To maintain the e V ect, it is expected that PFM train-ing must be continued, although to a lesser degree, to avoid relapse [42].Sexual dysfunctionFrom the understanding of the complexity of these disor-ders and the numerous di V erent conditions with complex causality, one could argue that it is unlikely that PFM func-tion or PFM training alone could in X uence all sexual disor-ders, and one could also question the theoretical framework for how it could in X uence the di V erent aspects of female sexuality. In general, physical therapy has been recom-mended for sexual disorders when clinical assessment of the pelvic X oor has demonstrated either “overactive”(hypertone) muscles or weak PFM [29]. However, to date there are limited evidence for the association between PFM dysfunction and sexual disorders.In a comparison study of 32 women who delivered vagi-nally, 21 women who underwent cesarean section and 15 nulliparous women, Baytur et al. [43] found that PFM strength was signi W cantly lower in women delivering vagi-nally. Nevertheless, there was no di V erence between the groups regarding sexual function and no correlationbetween sexual function and PFM strength. Schimpf et al.[44] assessed 505 women with POP-Q and the female sex-ual function index (FSFI). The results showed that there was no association between vaginal size and sexual activ-ity. Contradictory to this, Lowenstein et al. [45] found that among 166 women, women with strong or moderate PFM scored signi W cantly higher on the FSFI orgasmatic and arousal domains than women with weak PFM. Ability to hold the PFM contraction was also correlated with orgas-matic and arousal domains.To date there are only few studies on the in X uence of PFM function on female sexuality and the e V ect of PFM training on sexual function. A few RCTs with supervised training show some promising results. However, it is not yet possible to make clinical recommendations. There is an immediate need for further high quality research in this important area of women’s health.ConclusionPFM training has support from several high quality RCTs and systematic reviews for SUI and MUI, and W ve RCTs show favorable results for PFM training to treat POP. PFM training has no known serious adverse e V ects and should therefore be o V ered as W rst line treatment for these conditions. There is some data from RCTs supporting an e V ect also on sexual function. However, more research is needed on PFMT and sexual disorders in addition to pre-vention studies. It is unlikely that weak interventions without supervision will be e V ective. Hence, low cost interventions with non-supervised training can be costly in the long term, as they most likely do not provide a worthwhile e V ect size.Con X ict of interest The author declares that she has no con X ict of interest.References1.Olsen AL, Smith VJ, Bergstrom JO, Colling JC, Clark AL (1997)Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 89:501–5062.Bump RC, Norton PA (1998) Epidemiology and natural history ofpelvic X oor dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol Clinics North Am 25:723–7463.Wall L, DeLancey JO (1991) The politics of prolapse: a revisionistapproach to disorders of the pelvic X oor in women. Perspect Biol Med 34:486–4964.DeLancey JO, Low LK, Miller JM, Patel DA, Tumbarello JA(2008) Graphic integration of causal factors of pelvic X oor disor-ders: an integrated life span model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 199:610.e1–610.e55.Ashton-Miller J, DeLancey JO (2007) Functional anatomy of thefemale pelvic X oor. Ann NY Acad Sci 1101:266–2966.Kegel AH (1948) Progressive resistance exercise in the functionalrestoration of the perineal muscles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 56:238–2497.Kegel AH (1952) Stress incontinence and genital relaxation. CibaClinical Symp 2:35–518.Bø K (2007) Overview of physical therapy for pelvic X oor dys-function. In: Bø K, Berghmans B, Mørkved S, van Kampen M (eds) Evidence based physical therapy for the pelvic X oor: bridg-ing science and clinical practice. Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone, pp1–89.Bø K, Mørkved S (2007) Motor learning. In: Bø K, Berghmans B,Mørkved S, van Kampen M (eds) Evidence based physical therapy for the pelvic X oor: bridging science and clinical practice. Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone, pp113–11910.Bø K Pelvic X oor muscle training for stress urinary incontinence.In: Bø K, Berghmans B, Mørkved S, van Kampen M (eds) Evi-dence based physical therapy for the pelvic X oor: bridging science and clinical practice. Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone, pp171–187 11.Hay Smith J, Berghmans B, Burgio K, et al (2009) Adult conser-vative management: Committee 12. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A (eds) Incontinence: 4th international consulta-tion on incontinence, 4th edn. Health Publication Ltd, pp1025–110812.Dumoulin C, Hay-Smith J (2010) Pelvic X oor muscle training ver-sus no treatment for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20:CD00565413.Hay-Smith EJ, Bø K, Berghmans LC et al (2001) Pelvic X oor mus-cle training fur urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Data-base Syst Rev Issue 1:CD00140714.Herbison GP, Dean N (2002) Weigthed vaginal cones for urinaryincontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 1:CD002114 15.Welsh A (2006) Urinary incontinence—the management of uri-nary incontinence in women. National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). RCOG Press. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London16.Imamura M, Abrams P, Bain C et al (2010) Systematic review andeconomic modelling of the e V ectiveness of non-surgical treat-ments for women with stress urinary incontinence. Health Technol Assess 14:1–118, iii–iv17.Hay-Smith EJC, Dumoulin C (2006) Pelvic X oor muscle trainingversus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 25: CD00565418.Bø K (2002) Is there still a place for physiotherapy in the treatmentof female incontinence? EAU Update Ser 1:145–15219.Felicissimo MF, Carneiro MM, Saleme CS, Pinto RZ, da FonsecaAMRM, da Siva-Filho AL (2010) Intensive supervised versus unsupervised pelvic X oor muscle training for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a randomized comparative study. Int Urogynecol J 21:835–84020.Glavind K, Nøhr SB, Walter S (1996) Biofeedback and physio-therapy versus physiotherapy alone in the treatment of genuine stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dys-funct 7:339–34321.Bø K, Kvarstein B, Nygaard I (2005) Lower urinary tract symp-toms and pelvic X oor muscle exercise adherence after 15years.Obstet Gynecol 105:999–100522.Hagen S, Stark D, Cattermole D (2004) A United Kingdom-widesurvey of physiotherapy practice in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. Physiotherapy 90:19–2623.Hagen S, Stark D, Maher C, Adams E (2006) Conservative man-agement of pelvic organ prolapse in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD00388224.Brækken IH, Majida M, Ellstrom-Engh M, Bø K (2010) Can pel-vic X oor muscle training reverse pelvic organ prolapse and reduce。
1933老场坊改造_赵崇新
建筑学报70旧建筑改建 REBUILD ING OF OLD B UILDING概述１９３３老场坊改造项目，是将一个废弃的工业遗产盘活，并改造成为时尚中心。
此类改造项目多被称为“创意产业”，就是改造城市中遗留下来的、目前已经不再生产的工业建筑，它们大都位于城市中心，但是由于功能不能与其位置相匹配，产权关系较为复杂，所以长时间被空置，逐渐变成城市的死角。
为了改变这样的状况，政府采用了长期租用的办法，配合三个不变的政策（土地性质不变、产权不变、建筑规模不变），允许投资公司进行改造，１９３３项目就是在这样的背景下得以改造建设的。
１９３３老场坊位于上海市中心的砂径路，包含５栋楼，其中１号楼为原工部局宰牲场、２号楼为宰牲场的化制间、３号楼为宰牲场的狗棚间，以上楼宇均建成于１９３３－１９３４年间；４号楼为１９６６年建筑的食堂和仓库，５号楼为解放初建筑的锅炉房。
本文着重介绍１号楼和４号楼的改造设计。
１号楼—原上海工部局宰牲场建于１９３３年的１号楼是当时远东最大的、最为现代化的屠宰场，是上海第４批历史文化保护建筑。
建筑主体由东、南、西、北高低不一的钢筋混凝土结构围合成方楼，正中是一座２４边形的圆楼，方、圆楼之间通过２６座廊桥连接，各层上下交错，貌若迷宫。
结构采用了当时非常先进的“伞形柱无梁楼盖”，由伞型柱帽构成的内部空间具有强烈的视觉冲击力。
该建筑是功能主义的工业建筑，可被视为是根据宰牲工艺设计的钢筋混凝土的机器（图１）。
我认为当时的设计师并非想创造一个非凡的建筑，但恰恰是这些工艺元素产生了一个伟大的空间。
连接室内外的那些斜坡和桥梁是工艺流程的一部分，当时是供大型动物行走用的，非常有机的将不同楼层连接起来，是构成空间最重要的组成部分。
这里被废弃后曾成为都市探险者的乐园和摄影师创作的基地，而今它将通过注入创意产业的新功能使其更新为具有地标性的顶级消费品交易中心。
采用创意产业的经营方式，对原有历史建筑进行经营性保护，以盘活历史建筑，在新的历史时期焕发出时尚的活力。
1933老场坊
设计原则及构思目标
改建总览
楼层平面图展示
重点改建部位
伞状柱帽
两种形状（八角形和四边形）的伞状柱 帽是该建筑的特色之一，其形状来源于无梁楼 盖的结构设计，其均分布在该建筑方形的外围 体量中。在修缮设计中将完全保留这些柱子。 目前这些柱子外装饰材料各异，原设计的水泥 抹面的柱子表面有的已经被严重损坏。设计中 针对这类柱子的形状和气质，将现有的装饰面 全部清理后，按原工艺、原材料做成新的水泥 抹面，通体打磨，上下一体，并作为室内公共 空间装饰设计的重要元素之一，保留并充分体 现该建筑的特有风格。
量观光游客和摄影爱好者；
动和公益活动；
主题特色
空间特色
2. 空间特色
整体风貌：完好地保留了建筑原有风貌，旋梯、楼道、连廊、 柱体等各种建筑元素，构筑了如同迷宫一般的游览体验。 商业空间：各商家结合建筑特色和自身业态需要，通过现代元 素的导入，打造一个个奇特的商业空间。
← 餐厅：保留了已有墙面和立柱， 而通过吊灯、铁艺、马赛克等细节 装饰以及灯光效果，渲染餐厅的独 特氛围。 ↘ 零售：利用原有墙面和立柱进行 空间分割，现代简约的展台与建筑 的古朴形成了对比，打造一个与众 不同的购物体验空间。
设计原则及构思目标
改建总览
楼层平面图展示
重点改建部位
楼梯
该建筑原有楼梯中绝大部分被保留了下来，而且关系也十分清晰明确，只有主入口处的原外楼梯已 被拆除，楼板被封堵，因此在新的设计方案里将其重新修复、还原。按现在新的功能要求，在中心圆环 增设两部楼梯。
设计原则及构思目标
改建总览
楼层平面图展示
重点改建部位
← 休闲空间：现代化的休闲小品点缀， 具有强烈的时尚感和艺术性。 ↓ 舞台：建筑的顶层利用大面积的玻 璃和钢筋取代原有石材，开辟成为空 中舞台，并导入了一流的影音设备， 适合各种时尚活动的需要。
时尚新地标：1933老场坊
２１年 第４ ０１ 期 洛 后 勤
移过 ，对 着 柱子 与墙 面 间敞 开着 的那 个个 幽 暗 门洞 ，我在 想 ：当年 ，这里 会 派 什 么 用 场 ？又 藏 着 什 么 东 西 ？ 再 次 站 定 身 子 ， 举 头 四 顾 ， 便 更 加 看 清 楚 了 所 有 物 象 ： 我 的 头 上 原 来 有 着 那 么 多 水 泥 廊 桥 ， 它 们 层 层 叠 加 ， 纵 横 交 错 ， 共 有 三 层 ， 当 天 光 从
间 “ ９３ 场坊 ”？ １３老
现实 ：思 考的果子总是沉重的
我 不 再 向 可 敬 的 读 者 叙 述 我 尝 试 进 入 历 史 的 深 部 、 进 入 我 们 城 市 曾 经 动 人 心 弦 的 记 忆 深 处 时 的 种 种 感 觉 了 ，现 在 这 里 叫 作 “１ ３ 老 场 坊 ” ， ９３ 它 被 保 留 下来 的 原 因 有 些 蹊 跷 ： 某 院 士 一 日在 九 龙 宾 馆 吃 饭 ， 突 然 抬 眼 瞥 见 一 旁 的 建 筑 觉 得 很 不 错 ，就 提 议 将 它 保 留 了下 来 。 现 在 ， 我 必 须 向可 敬 的 读 者 报 告 那 天 我 在 “１ ３ 老 场 坊 ” 听 到 的 喧 哗 ９３ 之声 ，它 们 由远 而近 、绵 绵 不绝 ，稍 后 我 便 明 白 ， 所 有 这 些 市 嚣 都 来 自 占 据着 这个 空 问 中的许 多 时 尚小空 间 ， 换 句 话 说 ， 曾 经 的 亡 灵 之 地 ， 当 年 大 批 牛羊纷 纷 倒下 并血 溅 五步 的屠 宰场 而今 正被 努 力地 做成 上海 滩 最具 特色 的 时 尚新 地 标 。 时 尚 新 地 标 是 我 们 城 市 大 变 迁 中 的努力之一 。 倘 若 我 没 有 记 错 ， 变 迁 开 始 于 上 ２ １年 ３ １ ０ １ 月 ７日下 午 ， 阳 光 透 过 世 纪 末 ， 其 中 之 一 便 是 那 条 短 小 的 泰 镂 空 水 泥 花 格 窗 在 三 层 楼 的 水 泥 地 上 康 路 。 在 今 日 已 经 遐 迩 闻 名 的 “田予 留 下 完 整 的 光 影 ， 背 靠 有 着 ７ 年 历 史 坊 ” 中 ， 天 才 的 陈 逸 飞 占 据 了 城 市 新 ７ 的 伞 形 柱 子 ，我 想 象 着 在 遥 远 的 １ ３ 地 标 的 一 角 。 紧 邻 边 上 ， 便 是 我 们 城 ９３ 年 ， 牛 群 正 脚 步 迟 缓 地 走 向 这 里 ， 在 市 最 具 特 色 的 摄 影 家 、 旅 行 家 、 生 活 那 惨 白 的 天 光 下 ， 它 们 的 脸 色 因 了 即 美 学 的 创 导 者 和 实 践 者 尔 冬 强 先 生 ， 将 到 来 的 死 亡 而 显 得 如 此 肃 穆 和 阴 他 的 工 作 室 也 在 １ 多 年 前 便 向我 们 阐 ０ 沉 … … 这 让 我 在 ７ 年 之 后 ，对 这 个 巴 述 着 新 地 标 中 有 关 艺 术 、 有 关 时 尚等 ７ 西 利 卡 风 格 建 筑 产 生 了 一 份 无 法 言 说 等 最 初 的 概 念 。 正 是 在 这 样 的 意 义
1933老场坊案例
沙泾路 溧阳路
梧州路
1933
周家嘴路
一、项目背景——地理位置
四川北路 商业街
七浦路 服饰
绿地九 龙宾馆
海伦路
北外滩海宁路南外滩来自紧邻四川北路和海宁 路等繁华商业主干道；七 浦路服饰市场和四川北路 商业带近在咫尺。南临南 外滩时尚圈，东临北外滩 商业圈，西临四川北路商 业圈，北临鲁迅公园等， 轨道交通4号线围绕而过， 距海伦路站不到600米。 项目旁的九龙绿地宾馆所 给项目带来一定程度上的 客流。
迄今，这个舞台已经成功举办过法拉利F1派对、雷达表50 周年庆、巴黎艺术设计展、《蓝莓之夜》亚洲首映派对、奔驰 新车发布、保时捷60周年纪念、雪铁龙新车发布、世界工业设 计日、“NIKE摩天争霸篮球赛”，等众多顶级品牌的精品活动。
四、商业改造分析— —楼层改造分析
老场坊5层工场被加上一个圆顶瓦 楞铝板，形成一个由透明玻璃打造的， 可容纳600个座席的“空中秀场”。但 出于保护原貌和消防要求的考虑，并 没有将方形的外廊道置于玻璃顶下。
三楼入驻了苏浙汇，无疑增加了1933 的知名度。著名本帮菜+历史建筑的冲击 组合大大的提升人气。
四、商业改造分析— —楼层改造分析
面积超过1500平方米的“空中舞台” 位于1933老场坊四楼，8米挑高的空中舞 台的中央600平米面积悬空而设，全部用 钢化玻璃制成，透明炫目，每平方玻璃可 承重400千克。圆形穹顶的结构增加了视 觉冲击，更具空间感。
1933 老 场 坊
——上海屠宰场改造
汇报人：
目录
第一部分— 旧厂房改造概述 第二部分— 上海屠宰场改造案例 第三部分 — 经验借鉴和启示
1
旧厂房改造概述
旧厂房改造概述
旧厂房产生背景
A highly flexible testbed for studies of ad-hoc network behaviour
A Highly Flexible Testbed for Studies ofad-hoc Network BehaviourHartmut Ritter, Min Tian, Thiemo Voigt, Jochen Schiller Freie Universität Berlin, GermanyInstitut für Informatik{hritter, tian, voigt, schiller}@inf.fu-berlin.deAbstractStudies of mobile ad-hoc networks are often based on simulation and their underlying, necessarily simplified assumptions of physical reality. In order to analyse the practical problems we built our own hardware and software. The hardware consists of a core Motorola controller and different wired and wireless interfaces like a Bluetooth and a 433/868 MHz RF module. It allows therefore analysing different scenarios: First, the deployment of a pure ad-hoc network using Bluetooth or 433/868 MHz RF modules. Scenarios going beyond this cover the connection of Bluetooth piconets using the complementary RF technology. This overcomes the proximity requirements of Bluetooth scatternets. Finally, hybrid scenarios with some nodes connected to the Internet and providing Web access over a multihop ad-hoc network can be studied.In this paper we present the testbed and solutions realized up to now. These include home automation scenarios as well as support for mobile ad-hoc games.1.IntroductionThe behaviour of wireless ad-hoc networks is strongly determined by physical limitations of radio communication. Integrating the underlying physical laws into a simulator increases complexity, so that either simplifications are used or the scope of the simulator has to be reduced to a radio-layer simulator. While simulation studies are useful, they should be complemented with real world experiments in order to reveal phenomena the simulation cannot cover. For example, doing real world experiments with IEEE 802.11b based wireless ad hoc networks, Lundgren et al. discovered the existence of so-called communication gray zones that previous simulations were not able to detect [6]. Furthermore, while network simulations usually model queuing and propagation delays very accurately, less emphasis is put on processor cost. If methods exist, they are usually limited. For example, in NS-2 the standard way to model node delays is by using a timer and performing some actions on the expiration of the timer. In our testbed, the capabilities of the hardware are limited and therefore tasks such as packet processing requires much more time than in traditional routers. Real world experiments inherently include these increased processing costs.For these reasons, we decided to build a testbed using fully-understood hard- and software that allows to perform measurements and to evaluate scenarios covering all layers beginning at the radio-layer and embracing all layers up to HTTP/TCP/IP and the application space. The hardware is an embedded device we call Embedded Wireless Module (EWM) consisting of a core controller (Motorola 68HC912) and I/O peripherals as well as different wireless and wired network connectors. The device is, for example, equipped with Bluetooth and a 433 MHz RF module.In this paper, we demonstrate some experiments we have performed with this hardware. We present some general observations as well as some real world experiments covering different application domains such as ad-hoc gaming and home automation. While vertical handover times between Bluetooth and the 433 MHz RF modules are in the order of milliseconds, our measurements show that the handover time for a Bluetooth slave between two different piconets is too slow to enable highly interactive multi-user games in an ad-hoc gaming infrastructure we present in this paper. The presented home automation scenario evaluates the efficiency of service usage in ad-hoc networks. While demonstrating the feasibility of this approach further optimizations of some of the steps are necessary.The remainder of this paper is outlined as follows: In the next section, we describe the hard- and software of this testbed. In Section 3, we discuss general observations found in our experiments and in Section 4 we present selected experiments. Finally we compare with related work and discuss the overall conclusions.2.Description of the TestbedIn this part we give a description of the hardware used in the testbed. It was designed to be as flexible as possible. Thus, the testbed does not use any special hardware, all components are fully documented and even the hardware-related low-level program code is available.2.1.Hardware of the TestbedOne of the hardware modules that builds our testbed is shown in Figure 1. The embedded module basically consists of a core controller (Motorola 68HC912) and I/O peripherals as well as different wireless and wired network connectors.On the upper left hand side resides a 433 MHz RF module from Radiometrix [7] used for long-range interconnections between embedded wireless modules. On the opposite side of the display the class 2 Bluetooth module from CSR [1] can be seen. Hidden behind the display resides the core controller. It communicates over serial connections with the 433 MHz and the Bluetooth module. In addition there are analogue and digital I/O-port on the bottom, an Ethernet connector on the left side, CAN bus connectors on the right and a serial interface for debugging purposes.Figure 1. Embedded Wireless ModuleIn most scenarios the core Motorola controller will maintain the state of all these peripherals and coordinates the communication and probably routing over the different network interfaces. The fixed Ethernet jacket serves in some wired scenarios as Internet connection of a Web Server realised on the embedded module. 2.2.SoftwareFrom the software point of view full access to nearly all communication layers is possible.The 433 MHz RF module basically offers a bitstream interface and converts all bits sent to it over the serial interface into an AM-modulated signal at 433 MHz frequency. Similarly, data received over the air is passed to the serial interface as an unmodified bitstream. As the module can not send and receive simultaneously, it defaults to the receive mode and switches to the send mode only if data is passed to it over the serial interface. Functions to achieve long-term parity between zero and one-bits as well as all kinds of framing and error checks have to be implemented in software running on the Motorola controller.The situation differs a bit with the Bluetooth module. As it would be too much overhead to realize all layers of the Bluetooth protocol stack on the Motorola controller, we take advantage of the fact that the Bluetooth chip itself can take over the lower layers of protocol handling. Beyond that, the Bluetooth module even allows to download and deploy small programs that can access all provided Bluetooth functionality like inquiry, service discovery, and data access on the RFCOMM level and above. These programs run on the Bluetooth module, thus relieving the Motorola controller from a lot of time-critical protocol handling. The air interface of the Bluetooth module follows the Bluetooth standards, providing for example serial port emulation or Internet access using BNEP, whereas the interface to the Motorola controller is a serial interface. Depending on the scenario, communication between the Motorola core controller and the Bluetooth module takes place either on the level of a simple ASCII protocol or by exchanging Ethernet frames over the serial line between both.We do not use an operating system as this might consume too much resources but instead deploy a simple loop that handles all tasks and that can be interrupted by events like expired timers and incoming data packets. However, as all direct hardware access is encapsulated in C functions, application programming does not require deep knowledge of the hardware while on the other hand keeping the full flexibility.3.General ObservationsIn this section, we present some results that are not specific for a certain scenario but results that we consider general for the kind of technologies used.3.1.Media AccessThe 433 MHz RF module used for our EWM modules incorporates hardware providing carrier sense. To evaluate if it is necessary to implement a complete MAC layer with carrier sense and collision detection protocols we performed several experiments. In an example experiment, one EWM module sends a broadcast which is received by two other EWM modules. Upon the reception of this broadcast, these two EWM modules immediately perform a rebroadcast. Performing this experiment we noticed very few collisions. The reason for this is that even though the EWM modules receive the first broadcast almost contemporaneously, they do not rebroadcast it exactly at the same time. With the cycle time of the EWM being 200 ns, the EWM modules do not perform the rebroadcast at exactly the same time and the carrier sense of the radio module is fast enough to note that the “faster” EWM has already started retransmitting the broadcast. The transmission of the packet is delayed until the “faster” EWM has transmitted its packet. Therefore, very few collisions occur. Since we only have a limited number of EWMs this allowed us to abstain from implementing a complete MAC layer. Of course, the situation is different in dense networks.3.2.Bluetooth Connection TerminationWhen making some preliminary experiments with Bluetooth, it turned out that the Bluetooth chip on the EWM modules needs several seconds until it detects that a slave is out of range. We experienced the same behaviour for connections between different Bluetooth-equipped entities, namely both for the Bluetooth chip on other EWM modules as well as for Bluetooth-equipped IPAQ 3970 PDAs.Since this behaviour is undesirable in many scenarios, we implemented another approach in which the Bluetooth chip on the EWM modules continuously measures the link quality of the connections to the slaves. If the link quality falls beyond a certain threshold, the master breaks the connection to the slave and the core controller is informed. One additional advantage of this approach is that it allows to shape the range of the Bluetooth piconet and to adapt it to the physical topology.4.ScenariosThe following four scenarios show the clear advantage of real-world implementations compared to simulations because they exhibit special hardware characteristics. 4.1.Vertical Handover Bluetooth to 433 MHzIn this scenario, we demonstrate a vertical handover from Bluetooth to the 433 MHz technology. Bluetooth is a mature technology that provides several features such as device and service discovery, media access control and connection management. While these features facilitate ad hoc communication, the indoor transmission range of Bluetooth is only about 10 meters. On the other hand, the range of our 433 MHz modules is about 50 meters indoors, but 433 MHz does not provide any higher layers.Therefore, it makes sense to use Bluetooth as the primary communication technology between EWM modules while these are in transmission range but to change to 433 MHz when Bluetooth communication is not possible, for example, when the EWM modules move out of range. Therefore, our system must be able to perform a handover between Bluetooth and the 433 MHz technology. This scenario shows that such a vertical handover is feasible with our EWM modules.In this scenario, we use two EWM modules: one immobile and one mobile. In the beginning, both EWM modules are within Bluetooth transmission range and therefore they establish a Bluetooth connection with the immobile EWM being the master and the mobile EWM being the slave1. The immobile EWM continuously measures the signal strength. As the mobile EWM is moving away, the signal strength falls beyond a predefined threshold. The BT chip therefore breaks the connection to the mobile EWM and informs the core controller about the teardown of the connection. Knowing that the Bluetooth connection has been broken, the core controller issues a broadcast over the 433 MHz module searching for the mobile EWM. As an identifier the Bluetooth address is used since these are guaranteed to be unique and the EWM already knows the Bluetooth address of the mobile peer. After the reception of the search request, the mobile EWM replies with a unicast message and the two EWM modules are ready to communicate using their 433 MHz modules. The whole procedure from the teardown of the Bluetooth connection until the establishment of the “connection” using 433 MHz takes only a few milliseconds.While in this scenario we use 433 MHz to extend the communication range between EWM beyond the meagre transmission range offered by Bluetooth, 433 MHz can also be seen a second wireless technology providing 1We say that the EWM performs actions but note that here the BT chip performs these actions.fault-tolerance in case Bluetooth for some reason does not work.4.2.GamingIn this scenario, we describe our experiences with an infrastructure for ad-hoc multiplayer games that uses EWM modules as the main components. Our goal is to develop an architecture that supports ad-hoc multi-user games on mobile devices such as PDAs and mobile telephones. The architecture should require a small and cheap infrastructure only and it should be possible to set up the infrastructure very quickly and in an ad-hoc fashion. We envision for example a place like a university, a subway station and other places where people meet and possibly wait for transportation, the beginning of a lecture etc. In these scenarios, spontaneous group formation will take place if it is supported by some technical means. For example, the system could provide high-scores, a gamer’s archive allowing persistent nicknames, activity control or cheating prevention.Based on the capabilities of our hardware we developed a system for gaming support that will be described in this section.4.2.1. System Overview For the envisioned kind of ad-hoc games, Bluetooth is very attractive since building small ad-hoc Bluetooth networks is straightforward. Furthermore, most modern PDAs and mobile telephones provide Bluetooth support. However, the transmission range of Bluetooth is about 10 meters and thus quite short. As argued in section 2.2, Bluetooth scatternet support has some major drawbacks. Therefore, we choose a different approach and set up what can be roughly defined as a roaming infrastructure: In order to overcome the problems of short-range Bluetooth piconets, we distribute several EWM modules across the field.We use the 433 MHz RF technology on the EWM module (with transmission ranges of up to 300 meters) as a second wireless technology. Bluetooth is used to transport gaming data, whereas the 433 MHz technology is used to maintain a global view of the game, to track the players and to exchange gaming data between the piconets. This way, the full bandwidth that Bluetooth offers can be used to transport gaming data. Only data that has to be routed to another piconet passes the 433 MHz RF link. Another usage of the 433 MHz technology is to find out whether players have left the game.The Bluetooth chips on the Embedded Web Server modules act as the masters of the Bluetooth piconets around them. As described in Section 3.2, the BT chip continuously measures the link quality to the slave. When the link quality of a connection passes a threshold value, the Bluetooth chip breaks the connection to the salve and sends a message to the core controller. Note that though the EWM module could also inform its neighbours when the Bluetooth chip breaks the connection to a slave, it turned out to be simpler to inform neighbours when a new slave (player) is found only.When the connection has been broken the slave (player) has left the piconet. When the player is within coverage of the next EWM module, the Bluetooth device of the player is inquired by the Bluetooth chip of this EWM module. The latter informs the adjacent EWM modules about the newly found player using the 433 MHz technology. If an EWM module looses a player and neither finds her again nor does it receive a notification that an adjacent EWM module has found that player, it can assume that the player no longer participates in the game. Obviously she has either left the game or turned off her Bluetooth device.For communication between the 433 MHz RF modules we use a very simple ASCII-based protocol. The messages contain a header consisting of the sender and receiver ID, a message type, the packet length and the payload. The protocol implementation supports both reliable and unreliable messages. For our purposes we have defined several message types (e.g. FOUND when a new player is found). Thus, it is sufficient that the payload contains the Bluetooth address of the affected player.In our current implementation the EWM modules are numbered and have a priori knowledge about their neighbours which is used for direct neighbour-to-neighbour communication. We leave the definition of a true zero configuration protocol as future work. Note that this is not a real problem. When players place the EWM modules in the field, they just have to make sure that they place the modules according to their consecutive numbering (Figure 2 shows an example).4.2.2. Evaluation The infrastructure supporting ad-hoc multiplayer games described so far was fully implemented and evaluated in the context of our lab building. This allows to get practical experiences and to uncover difficulties. We see it as a platform for future research of different kinds of games.Our testbed depicted in Figure 2 consists of four EWM modules that are placed inside the offices of our lab members. During the experiments the affected four office doors are closed. The distances between adjacent offices are 12 m (EWM 1 in office 1 to EWM 2), 15.3 m (EWM 2 to EWM 3) and 16 meters (EWM 3 to EWM 4). Fortunately, this is more than the transmission range of Bluetooth but less than the double of the transmission range. As expected, 20 meters is in the transmission range of the 433 MHz. The baud rate of the 433 MHz transmission is set to 19200 in our experiments. As clientdevice we use an iPAQ 3970 PDA equipped withBluetooth, running Windows CE 3.0.Figure 2. TestbedIn order to collect distributed timing information, we use a fifth EWM module, called time-EWM, this time without a Bluetooth chip. It serves for fine-granular logging of the distributed system’s behaviour. The other EWM modules inform the time-EWM by sending messages over 433 MHz RF technology. The message type depicts the nature of the event. Time differences between events can be computed by calculating how often the timer interrupt between two successive events is triggered. This timer interrupt is triggered by the hardware every 65 ms. Note, that the time-EWM is not needed at all for the proper functioning of the distributed gaming infrastructure, but serves only as a monitoring station.In order to get data about the usability of the testbed for gaming, we measure the Bluetooth handover time, which we define for the purpose of this paper as the time difference between the teardown of the connection by the first EWM module and the moment the mobile client is found by the second EWM module. This handover time is of extreme importance to determine the types of games that can be played on our architecture. Before conducting this experiment, we validated that when a player moves from one EWM module to the next, it is in the transmission range of the second EWM module before the connection is disrupted by the first EWM module because the quality of the connection falls beyond the threshold as described in Section 3.2.In this experiment, an EWM module notifies the time-EWM when it disrupts the connection to a client. When an EWM module finds a client, it also sends a message to the time-EWM but this time another type of message. The time-EWM can now compute the handover time, i.e. the time difference between the arrivals of the two messages. Note that a Bluetooth slave can belong to one piconet only; thus, it cannot be found by another Bluetooth master before it has left its current piconet.Our test runs resulted in an average handover time of 1.43 seconds. The results were very similar for the three sections of our setup. We also redid the same experiments using a laptop instead of the iPAQ and achieved similar resultsDue to the large handover time, we do not assume that highly interactive multiplayer games are feasible using our architecture. Unless, of course, handovers take place during non time-critical moments that are part of many games, for example before the start of a racing game or when switching between game levels. Note that, since our EWM modules monitor the signal strength, we have the possibility of warning players when they move into a zone with weak connectivity and may thus trigger a handover. Further results can be found in [8].In summary, this scenario realized a fully mobile infrastructure allowing cross-piconet coordination and communication using two wireless technologies available on the EWM modules.4.3.Home AutomationThe home automation scenario focuses on the aspects of heterogeneous ad-hoc networks and demonstrates once more, that not only functionality of an approach matters, but also measurements that give an impression of the real world behaviour.The main functionality that should be provided in the home automation scenario is provisioning of an interface for a mobile PDA user that allows the user to control and interact with devices in a room, like a coffee machine or even a light bulb. The basic interaction principle is shown in Figure 3: At first, a new hardware device (HW Dev) registers itself with a service repository. This is done using the service location protocol SLP [11]. A mobile user with a PDA entering a room would then perform SLP service discovery to find out what services are provided within the room. After receiving a complete service description, probably filtered according to its wishes, the user connects from the PDA via Bluetooth directly with the device. This third step comprises the exchange of an XML file that describes the capabilities and controls of the actual hardware device and the command issuing by the PDA user.In order to realize this scenario within our testbed, we use the Bluetooth part of an embedded wireless module as prototype HW device that allows to switch on and off a LED directly connected with the Bluetooth device. The core Motorola controller of this module is not used, therefore the hardware could be stripped down in a real product to dimensions of 1.5 x 2 cm. A second embedded wireless device could be used for hosting the SLPdaemon. Nevertheless, a full SLP implementation would consume too much resources of both the Motorola controller and the Bluetooth module of the prototype HWFigure 3. Home Automation Scenario Therefore, we modified the basic principle shown in Figure 3 by using a downstripped protocol that is translated into the SLP protocol format by a proxy running on a separate PC. We are currently porting this proxy from the PC to the Motorola controller on the embedded wireless module, so that also in full ad-hoc mode service usage will be possible. The proxy is announced via Bluetooth SDP as an additional service, so that the PDA and all HW devices have a fixed entry point for registration and service discovery respectively.Table 1. Interaction timesAction TimeneededComments1 ServiceRegistration ofthe HW device 5 s(excl.inquiry)Needed onlyat first deviceusage2 SLP proxydiscovery byPDA6 s3 Download of allparameters of aspecific service toPDA 2-6 s Could becached on thePDA4 Service usage(download ofXML file,commandtransfer)2.3 sFor analysis of the behaviour besides the bare functionality it is crucial to perform measurements of the timing behaviour of this setting. Our results using a Compaq iPAQ PDA, a Linux PC running SLP proxy and daemon and an embedded wireless module as HW device are presented in Table 1.The results show the problems with long inquiry and service discovery times of Bluetooth. Nevertheless, actual service usage is in an acceptable timeframe of 2 to 3 seconds. This indicates that caching mechanisms and service discovery in the background based on user profiles are promising. The embedded wireless modules of the presented testbed allow real user experience that is needed for determination of acceptable interaction scenarios.4.4.Hybrid ScenariosThe embedded wireless modules also allow Internet access using TCP/IP. Therefore, we ported the implementation of Dannenberg et al. for the Texas Instruments MSP 430 (described in [3]) to the Motorola controller. Based on this implementation an embedded wireless module can get an IP address using DHCP and offer Internet access over the different wireless links. We both implemented the transport of IP packets over the 433 MHz radio link and Internet access over Bluetooth. Multihop routing across embedded wireless modules is currently being implemented.For Internet access over Bluetooth we implemented the PAN profile using BNEP on board of the Bluetooth chip. Thus, any Bluetooth device that also implements this profile can connect with the Internet over the Bluetooth chip and the Motorola controller. The Bluetooth module handles all Bluetooth-related stuff and just exchanges Ethernet packets with the Motorola controller. The latter handles the Bluetooth device as just another Ethernet device.The throughput in this scenario is bounded to the rate of the serial line between Bluetooth device and Motorola controller, currently set to 115.2 kbit/s. We get delay times of up to 600 ms between an external Bluetooth device and the Motorola controller. These times include protocol handling on board of the Bluetooth chip and the Motorola controller, and the typical delay of the Bluetooth link layer.5.Related WorkPrototype devices built in the smart-Its project [9] are based on two different microcontroller platforms, Atmel and PIC. The Atmel platform is extended with an Ericsson’s Bluetooth module, while the PIC-based platform is augmented with an 868MHz module for mobile communication. The goal of the Smart-Its projects is to attach small and unobtrusive computer modules withwireless transmission capability to real world objects. These modules communicate with each other in an ad hoc fashion. In contrast to our EWM the Smart-Its devices are obviously targeted at networks of small, nearly invisible nodes such as sensor networks.Hartwig et al. describe the possibilities for applying general-purpose, pluggable microservers running on WAP over the Bluetooth technology for remote control purposes [4]. Their goal is to connect electronic devicesto the Web with inexpensive standard technologies. This comes close to our home automation scenario but requiresa WAP server on each hardware device.While these efforts have, precisely as the hardware described in this paper, produced artefacts that enable real world experimentation, the APE testbed [5] is designed to perform large-scale, reproducible experiments with IEEE 802.11b based ad hoc networks. APE aims at assessing several different routing protocols in a real-world environment instead of by simulation. The motivation for building such a testbed is that the accuracy of simulation results depends very much on the modelling of the physical layer [10]. Furthermore, simulations of one particular protocol implementation often lack the interactions with other layers [2].6.ConclusionsIn this paper we presented a testbed that enables real world evaluation of ad-hoc networks. The various scenarios highlight the flexibility of the embedded wireless modules. Our results show that testbeds are needed to uncover and deal with real-world performance problems in ad-hoc networking. Our scenarios demonstrate several performance flaws with Bluetooth. For example we identify the problem that the detection ofa connection breakdown is strongly delayed. The testbed assisted us with finding and evaluating a proper solution, showing the clear advantage of real-world implementations compared to simulations.7.References[1] Cambridge Silicon Radio. [2] D. Cavin, Y. Sasson, and A. Schiper. On the accuracy of manet simulators. Workshop on Principles of Mobile Computing (POMC'02), October 2002[3] Design&Elektronik Extra: Embedded Internet. September 2001. Available at: http://www.design-elektronik.de/extraheft. [4] S. Hartwig, J- Strömann, and P. Resch. Wireless Microservers. IEEE Pervasive computing, April-June, 2002. [5] H. Lundgren, D. Lundberg, J. Nielsen, E. Nordström, C. Tschudin. A Large-scale Testbed for Reproducible Ad hoc Protocol Evaluations.IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference , 2002.[6] H. Lundgren, E. Nordström and C. Tschudin. Coping with communication gray zones in IEEE 802.11b based ad hoc networks. 5th ACM international workshop on Wireless mobile multimedia, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2002.[7] Radiometrix. [8] H. Ritter, T. Voigt, M. Tian and J.Schiller. Experiences Using a Dual WirelessTechnology Infrastructure to Support Ad-hoc Multiplayer Games. NetGames 2003, Redwood City, California, USA, May 2003.[9] [10] M. Takai, J. Martin and R. Bagrodia. Effects of Wireless Physical Layer Modeling in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing (MobiHoc 2001), October 2001.[11] J. Veizades, E. Guttman, C. Perkins. Service Location Protocol. RFC 2165, June 1997.。
对上海旧工业遗产保护区_上海创意产业园区现状的反思
对上海旧工业遗产保护区———上海创意产业园区现状的反思3马云霞(上海建桥学院艺术设计系,上海 201319) 摘 要:从租金、业态结构、开发模式等方面对旧厂房改造成的创意产业集聚区进行分析,指出上海工业建筑遗产保护更新面临的一些问题,并与西方国家工业建筑遗产保护更新作比较,以期得到借鉴。
关键词:工业建筑遗产;保护更新;创意产业集聚区;借鉴CONSI DERATION ON THE PRESERVATION AN D REHABI LITATIONOF SHANGHAI IN DUSTRIA L HERITAGEMa Y unxia(Department of Art Design ,Shanghai Jianqiao C ollege ,Shanghai 201319,China )Abstract :I t has been analyzed the creative clusters of Shanghai which are reformed by industrial heritage from rent ,trade com position and opening m ode.I t is pointed out the faced questions about the preservation and rehabilitation of Shanghai industrial heritage ,and it is com pared with thepreservation and rehabilitation of western countries to use for reference.K eyw ords :industrial heritage ;preservation and rehabilitation ;creative cluster ;reference3上海高校选拔培养优秀青年教师科研专项基金项目:文化创意产业与艺术设计研究(sjq06006)。
2012英语复习资料杂汇
2007高考英语复习资料杂汇注：这里的资料全部出自网上，比较杂乱，但很有用，望认真阅读、识记。
注意：内部资料注意保密第一份资料完型填空技巧做完形填空题应从哪些方面入手？1.首先要以很快的速度浏览全文，掌握文章的主旨，不要急于看选项。
浏览全文时要重点了解文中所叙述的人物、时间、地点、事件，即who，when，where，what。
完形填空命题的原则一般是第一句话不挖空，目的是使读者进入语境，因此一定要认真阅读这句话。
例如：Why is a space left between the rails of a railway line where one piece joins the next?这句话从铁轨之间的缝隙引出了问题。
根据常识，文中内容应与热涨冷缩的物理现象有关。
2.根据故事情节的发展选词，确定所填的词与文中哪个词有关系以及动作是在什么场合发生的。
3.试填之后将所选定的词放到文章中复读检查。
(“字面译、通逻辑、搞代入、全文译”)具体操作中应注意的问题1.看清上下文，找准定位词充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选择有提示作用的词或句。
这些词有时可能是同义词或反义词。
例如：1)Some parts of the water are very shallow. But in some places it is very very＿＿＿＿＿. A. deep B. high C. cold D. dangerous根据转折连词but的提示，所填入的词应与shallow 相反，因此答案为A。
2)Mrs O’Neill asked＿＿＿＿＿questions and she didn’t scold us either.A. noB. certainC. manyD. moreand是一个并列连词；either为副词，用在否定句或否定词后加强语势，由此可以确定所填的词也应是一个否定意义的词，因此答案是A。
2012年中考历史考点专题复习课件2
含2011中考真题及2012预测题
人教版历史
八年级上册
│ 侵略与反抗
·新课标
│ 侵略与反抗 主干知识梳理
1．鸦片战争 原料 (1)根本原因：英国为了开辟________、掠夺________。 国外市场 (2)时间：1840—1842年；主要国家：英国。 南京条约 (3)结果：中国战败，与英国签订《________》，规定：割 香港岛 让 __________ 给 英 国 ， 赔 款 2100 万 银 元 ， 开 放 广 州 、 厦 门
·新课标
│ 近代化的探索
·新课标
│ 近代化的探索 主干知识梳理
1．洋务运动 维护清朝统治 (1)根本目的：________________。
(2)时间：19世纪60年代到90年代。 自强 求富 (3)口号：前期“________”；后期“________”。 李鸿章 (4)代表人物：奕 、曾国藩、________、左宗棠、张之洞。 军事工业 海军 (5)内容：兴办_______、民用工业，筹建_______，兴办新
·新课标
│ 侵略与反抗
3．甲午中日战争 (1)原因：日本为了征服朝鲜、侵略中国。 (2)时间：1894—1895年；主要国家：日本。 (3)结果：中国战败，与日本签订《________》， 马关条约 台湾 规定：清政府割辽东半岛、________和澎湖列岛给日 2亿 本，赔款白银________两，允许日本在中国通商口岸 工厂 开设________。 (4)影响：中国半殖民地半封建化程度大大加深。
通过本讲复习我们可获知：中国近代化历程艰难曲折； 中国向西方学习经历了由器物到政治制度再到思想文化的 过程，即由表及里，层层递进，逐渐深入；各阶层的救国 探索都推动了中国近代化进程，推动了中国的进步和发展； 要学习先贤们以天下兴亡为己任、不屈不挠、奋发图强的 精神；民族独立是实现近代化的前提。要解放思想，更新 观念等。
1933老场坊(沙泾路溧阳路)
建筑名称：原上海工部局宰牲场建筑地点：虹口区沙泾路10 号，29号建设时间：1933建筑师：巴尔弗斯保护等级：暂定为四类保护建筑建筑面积：约3.17 万平方米建筑层数：5 层结构方式：钢筋混凝土结构风格样式：大楼空间布局奇特，外方内园，东南西北 4 栋建筑围成的四方形厂区与中间一座24 边形的主楼通过楼梯相连。
整个建筑高低错落，廊道盘旋，设计精密宛如迷宫，却又次序分明，加工车间采用“无梁楼盖”，在当时是非常先进的技术。
追溯历史脚印，传承百年文化由于1933 老场坊创意产业集聚区，自身的历史背景和建筑特质，赋予了其独有的魅力。
在经历近百年的岁月洗礼后，仍向我们展示着曾经时代的烙印。
我们将秉承历史赋予我们的责任，在保留历史建筑特点的前提下，延续虹口区近百年的人文、建筑史，同时经过创造继续向人们和未来传递这种历史文化。
园区主体位于上海市虹口区沙泾路10 号、29 号，坐落在沙泾港、浦虹港两条水系的交汇处，与虹口区人民政府、七浦路服装市场和四川北路商业带近在咫尺。
南临南外滩时尚圈，东临北外滩商业圈，西临四川北路商业带，北临鲁迅公园等，轨道交通 4 号线围绕而过，距海伦站不到600 米。
无论在商业、人文、交通、还是在休闲娱乐都占据着绝对的地理优势。
坐拥地利天时，再造脱胎换骨特有的地理位置，使1933 老场坊不仅位处都市中枢地带，而且四周路环水绕。
恰逢新兴创意产业发展初期，政府和社会都给予了极大的支持和关注，可谓是地利天时。
所以我们将全力打造上海新一代创意产业集聚区，结合经济发展状况，经过再造后，以全新的面貌“登台亮相”，最终使其成为上海乃至中国的城市新地标。
历史遗留建筑，融入现代时尚，成为上海的新地标，总体规划定位，吸纳外滩18 号的高档时尚、新天地的人气活力、田子方的艺术氛围，结合创意体验与创意生产，融互动与灵感为一体。
拉动创意经济发展，开拓创意消费市场，挖掘市场创意需求。
综合产业布局，缔造经济高地“产业是经济之根，经济是产业之魂”，充分说明了两者的辩证关系，为了使两者能在本园区内有机的结合，并能科学的发挥长久作用。
上海2012年历史考纲整理(全!重点中学!)
2012届历史高考新考纲提示：本内容根据会议记录、以《2011年考试手册》为基础做调整，供参考！二、考试目标3.2 删除3.3修改为“识别材料中的客观性事实和主观性认识”三、考试细则4.题型比例选择题约占50%，非选择题约占50%。
四、考试内容1.基础型课程部分（一）世界古代史主题要点（目）学习水平古代东方古代两河流域两河流域的地理位置 A楔形文字与《吉尔枷美什》 A《汉谟拉比法典》 A →B 古代埃及高度集权的法老专制统治 A金字塔与来世信仰 A象形文字 A 古代印度种姓制度 A →B佛教的创始、经典 A《摩诃婆罗多》和《罗摩衍那》 A古代希腊罗马古代希腊城邦制度古希腊的地理位置 A城邦的特征 A古典时代 A雅典民主政治B→C 希腊古典文化《荷马史诗》 A帕特家神庙 A哲学与史学 A古代罗马政治制度罗马共和国的开始 A罗马帝国 A基督教的创始、经典 A罗马法体系“十二铜表法” B“公民法”与“万民法” B古罗马人的法治精神 C古代伊斯兰世界伊斯兰教和阿拉伯帝国伊斯兰教的创始、经典 A奥斯曼帝国奥斯曼人攻占君士坦丁堡 A帝国的统治A→B中世纪西欧封建制度封建制度的产生A→B等级君主制 B庄园和城市中世纪庄园B→A城市的自治 B中世纪文化大学的兴起 A西欧封建制度特征 C（二）中国古代史主题要点（目）学习水平从史前时期到夏商王朝中华文明的起源原始农耕 A炎黄传说 A中华文明起源的特征和核心地区 A 文献与考古中的夏文化从“公天下”到“家天下” A二里头遗址 A 商朝与青铜文化青铜时代 A用文献与考古相互印证的方法探究历史 C从周王朝到秦帝国的崛起封邦建国与礼乐文化西周的建立 A封邦建国体制的内容A→B礼乐制度 B社会变革与百家争鸣社会大变革 C百家争鸣 B大一统中央集权国家的形成战国七雄 A商鞅变法 A大一统帝国的建立 A皇帝与中央集权体制C→B 秦末农民起义秦的暴政 A陈胜、吴广领导的第一次农民起义 A西汉的建立 A从两汉到南北朝的大一统帝国的重建汉承秦制 B黄老思想与文景之治 A分合汉武帝时代从“无为”到“有为” B罢黜百家，独尊儒术 A对西域疆土的拓展 A 东汉的兴衰东汉的建立 A豪强地主 A 割据与分立赤壁之战 A三国鼎立格局的最终形成 A 南北对峙与民族融合魏晋南北朝的政权更迭 A孝文帝改革与民族融合 B隋的创制和唐的鼎盛隋唐政治新格局三省六部制与政事堂 B科举制B→A 贞观之治与开元盛世“贞观之治” A唐蕃关系 A开元盛世 A中外文化交流丝绸之路 A遣唐使 A两宋的繁荣与元的统一宋朝的建立及其制度创设北宋的建立 A文官体制 A北宋中期的改革王安石变法 A多民族政权的建立辽、西夏与北宋鼎立的局势 A靖康之变和南宋的建立 A蒙古崛起与南宋灭亡 A经济重心的南移海上丝绸之路 A辉煌的科学技术活字印刷术的发明与传播 A火药武器的发明、使用及其影响 A《梦溪笔谈》 A元朝的统一行省制度A→B元朝对边疆地区的管理 A明朝的兴亡与清前期的强盛明朝前期的经济与政治明朝的建立 A内阁制度 B 明末社会危机与农民起义清的建立 A清军入关与明朝灭亡 A 康乾盛世（上）军机处的设立 B清朝巩固多民族国家的措施 A康乾盛世（下）社会经济繁荣的诸种表现 A《四库全书》 A明清对外贸易朝贡贸易的特点 B从海禁到闭关 B早期的西学东渐西学的传入 A中国古代的中央集权的体制 C中国古代文化对世界的影响 C（三）世界近现代史主题要点（目）学习水平15-16世纪西欧社会的演变民族国家的形成君主专制 B开辟新航路和早期殖民活动15世纪东西方的交流 A新航路的开辟A→B早期殖民扩张与掠夺 A文艺复兴与宗教改革意大利文艺复兴 A宗教改革B→A17-18世纪资产阶级革命英国革命议会与国王的斗争 B君主立宪制的斗争 B启蒙运动启蒙思想家 A批判君主专制 B宣扬自由和平等 B美国独立战争独立战争的开始 A《独立宣言》A→B联邦制度的确立 B法国大革命三级会议的召开 A革命的爆发 A《人权宣言》 B拿破仑称帝 A《法国民法典》 B工业社会的来临英国工业革命工业革命的孕育 B蒸汽机 A“世界工厂” A社会结构与生活方式的变化 B 资本主义经济制度的建现代工厂制度 B立工业时代初期的社会矛盾“血汗工厂” A 社会立法 B工业革命的后果及影响 C 社会主义运动和马克思主义社会主义从空想到科学《共产党宣言》 A资本主义世界体系的形成美国的扩张和强盛南北战争 B德国的统一和崛起德意志的统一A→B 俄国的改革和资本主义发展彼得一世改革的时间及影响 A废除农奴制 B日本明治维新明治维新 B第二次工业革命电力时代的来临 A大企业与垄断资本 B资本的全球扩张与帝国主义瓜分世界资本输出和全球扩张 B列强瓜分世界 A第一次世界大战大战的爆发与过程第一次世界大战的爆发和结束 A 凡尔赛-华盛顿体系巴黎和会与凡尔赛体系 B华盛顿会议与华盛顿体系 B战后英国世界霸权地位的变化 A1917年俄国十月革命俄国十月革命的胜利十月革命与苏维埃政权的建立 A“大萧条”中的资本主义世界1929-1933年世界经济危机危机的影响B→A 罗斯福新政国家调控经济 B社会保障措施 B德意日走上法西斯道路墨索里尼率先建立法西斯政权 A二二六事变与日本法西斯统治的建立 A纳粹体制的特征 B第二次世界大战战争的爆发与扩大大战在欧洲爆发的标志 A 反法西斯战争的胜利世界反法西斯联盟的形成 A《开罗宣言》 A德国和日本的投降 A战后国际雅尔塔体制与布雷顿森雅尔塔体制的形成 A政治格局的演变林体系联合国 A布雷顿森林体系 A 美苏冷战的开始冷战的序幕和开始 A马歇尔计划和莫洛托夫计划 A北约和华约 A柏林危机 A 大国关系的重组美苏争霸的重要史实 A 冷战的结束东欧剧变与德国统一 A苏联解体与冷战的结束 A战后科学技术革命与经济全球化西欧的一体化进程煤钢联营 A欧洲共同体的成立 A欧盟与欧元 B新兴工业化国家（地区）的发展东盟 A中东产油国的现代化道路石油输出国组织 A经济全球化与全球性问题世界贸易组织的成立及其性质 A战后国际格局与经济全球化 C（四）中国近现代史主题要点（目）学习水平天朝的危机鸦片战争与《南京条约》虎门销烟A→B《南京条约》A→B五口通商与战后中国社会的变化 B第二次鸦片战争“修约”交涉A→B《天津条约》与《北京条约》A→B 太平天国运动洪秀全成立拜上帝会 A洋枪队 A湘军与淮军 A洋务运动总理衙门的设立 A洋务运动的主要内容及其影响 B民族资本主义与早期维新思想通商口岸与近代民族资本主义企业的产生A中华民族甲午战争与《马关条约》甲午战争爆发的时间 A的觉醒与抗争《马关条约》的内容与影响 B 戊戌变法公车上书 A《时务报》与《天演论》 A百日维新的内容 A戊戌变法的意义 B八国联军侵华与《辛丑条约》瓜分狂潮 A 义和团运动的兴起 A 八国联军侵华 A 《辛丑条约》 B清末新政新政的举措 A“预备仿行宪政” A辛亥革命与中华民国的建立孙中山创立兴中会 A同盟会的成立 A武昌起义 A中华民国临时政府成立A→B近代中国社会的转型 C中国民主革命的转折民国初年的社会与政局社会习俗的变革 A二次革命与护国运动 A 新文化运动与马克思主义的传播《新青年》 A文学革命 A 五四运动与中国共产党的建立五四运动 A中国共产党的诞生 A 国共合作与北伐战争北伐战争的开始及成果 A中国土地革命与抗日救亡运动南京国民政府的内政与外交南京国民政府的建立 A改订新约运动 A 九一八事变与全国抗日浪潮的兴起九一八事变的时间及后果 A中国人民抗日战争抗日民族统一战线的建立卢沟桥事变爆发的时间 A抗日民族统一战线正式形成 A淞沪会战与上海沦陷 A南京沦陷与南京大屠杀 A 抗日战争的胜利中共七大 B中国人民解放战争解放战争的胜利三大战役 A渡江战役与南京、上海等地的解放 A中国从新民主主义向社会主义过渡新中国的诞生《共同纲领》 B中华人民共和国的成立 B 国民经济的恢复土地改革 B 社会主义制度的建立“一化三改造” A社会主义建设道路的探索与曲折社会主义建设道路的初步探索“三面红旗” A 文化大革命文化大革命开始的时间 A文化大革命结束的时间及标志 A中国特色社会主义事业的开拓伟大的历史转折《实践是检验真理的唯一标准》 A中共十一届三中全会 A邓小平提出“建设有中国特色的社会主义”A改革开放家庭联产承包责任制 B对外开放与经济特区的设立B→A 一国两制一国两制构想的提出 A香港、澳门特别行政区的设立 A中国走向世界初登国际舞台和平共处五项原则 A万隆会议与万隆精神 A 外交舞台的拓展恢复联合国合法席位 A尼克松访华与中美建立 A《联合声明》与中日建交 A 新时期对外关系中国加入亚太经济合作组织 A中国加入世界贸易组织 A2、拓展型课程部分（一）中国历史专题主题要点（目）学习水平儒家文化与古代中国先秦儒家与两汉经学孔孟之道 C儒家的经学化 B 宋明理学程朱理学 B 儒家文化的传播辐射东方 A远播西方 A西学东渐与近代中国思想潮流的演进“中学为体，西学为用” B进化论的输入A→B三民主义A→B 新文化运动的勃兴“德先生”与“赛先生” B中西文化论战 B科技与文化的发展李善兰、徐寿、华蘅芳数理知识的传入 A商务印书馆与西书的翻译与出版 A申报与报刊业的繁荣 A社会生活的变迁唐胥铁路与交通工具的改进 A强学会与民间社团的兴起 A社会习俗的变化 A西学东渐对近代中国的影响B→C上海历史的变迁开埠之前的上海设县 A 近代上海市政的变迁上海开埠与租界的市政 B 近代上海的经济发展与城市建设民族工业的创建 A中国史学的发展古代的史家与史籍司马迁与《史记》 B司马光与《资治通鉴》 B刘知几与章学诚 A史学的转型梁启超与“新史学” C（二）世界历史专题主题要点（目）学习水平17-18世纪的启蒙思想17世纪英国的启蒙思想霍布斯的国家学说 B洛克的分权学说A→B 18世纪法国的启蒙思想孟德斯鸠：近代法学理论的奠基人 B伏尔泰：启蒙运动的泰斗 B卢梭：最激进的启蒙思想家 B启蒙运动 C现代化的世界进程现代化在英国的启动现代化启动的历史条件 B工业革命与第一个工业社会的到来 B 现代化在欧洲的扩展法国进入工业社会 A德国统一与现代化 A 现代化在北美、东亚的美国的崛起 B扩展日本“脱亚入欧” B现代世界的形成 C世界三代史主题要点（目）学习水平古代两河流域两河流域的地理位置 A楔形文字与《吉尔枷美什》 A《汉谟拉比法典》 A →B古代埃及高度集权的法老专制统治 A金字塔与来世信仰 A象形文字 A古代印度种姓制度 A →B佛教的创始、经典 A《摩诃婆罗多》和《罗摩衍那》 A古代希腊城邦制度古希腊的地理位置 A城邦的特征 A古典时代 A雅典民主政治B→C希腊古典文化《荷马史诗》 A帕特家神庙 A哲学与史学 A古代罗马政治制度罗马共和国的开始 A罗马帝国 A基督教的创始、经典 A罗马法体系“十二铜表法” B“公民法”与“万民法” B古罗马人的法治精神 C伊斯兰教和阿拉伯帝国伊斯兰教的创始、经典 A奥斯曼帝国奥斯曼人攻占君士坦丁堡 A帝国的统治A→B封建制度封建制度的产生A→B等级君主制 B庄园和城市中世纪庄园B→A城市的自治 B中世纪文化大学的兴起 A西欧封建制度特征 C古代两河流域第一课古代两河流域一、两河流域的地理位置A西亚底格里斯河与幼发拉底河流经的区域，今伊拉克地区，又称为“美索不达米亚”，二、楔形文字与《吉尔伽美什》A1、楔形文字被称为“钉头文字，是迄今为止被发现的最古老的文字之一，也是古代两河流域最主要的文化成就。
华东考察报告
拙政园
苏州最大的园林拙政园，借助了多种引导方法指引观园者，其中利用了纵深 的韵律感来引导观者走向重点空间。常用的办法是采用柱廊或重复的券拱。 连续纵深的距离越长，韵律感越强，人们期待韵律感预示的主题希望也愈强 烈。具有韵律感的列柱或连续券拱的重复延展有一种动态感，有一种预示空 间高潮的趋向，具有明显的组织引导前进的作用。 空间的指导与暗示
国美象山校区和国美南山校区
利用天花、地面处理，暗示出前进的方向。通 过天花或地面处理，而形成一种具有强烈方向性或 连续性的图案，会左右人前进的方向。有意识地利 用这种处理手法，经有助于把人流因导致某个确定 的目标。 如中国美术学院的一处，它利用顶头做文章， 镂空的网格，生长缠绕着绿藤与大自然相容，混天 然。 同时由于南山校区位于西湖边，历史更悠久， 使得学校的建筑风格带有一丝江南的韵味，而象山 校区则更多的是现代建筑的结合。
乌镇。
乌镇
乌镇，典型的江南水乡，大部分的道路都用桥来联系。不仅可以用来 连接道路，引导人流在不同空间中的活动的，而且还可以用它来分隔 空间并使其两侧的景物互相渗透，起到与虚体隔断相同的丰富空间层 次的效果。如一条透空的廊子若横贯于一个较大的空间，原有的空间 便立即产生这一层与那一层之分，随着两侧空间的互相渗透，每一空 间内的景物都将互为对方的远景或背景，而廊本身则起着中景的作用。 景既有远、中、近三个层次，空间自然显得深远，空间层次自然变得 丰富。
空间的指导与暗示
杭州。
西湖上引导行进路线的空间构成 元素有助于复杂空间的有序化组合并 保持空间与路径的连续性，使路线的 变化和空间序的展开都能在不同元素 的引导下有序地进行。 光的运用是近代建筑的摩登手法，
光对于空间有非凡的塑造力，同时也是引导与限定人的行为的重要手 段。在建筑内部，我们会发现有几处特别适于人们休息静坐的地方， 这就是由于光的限定而产生特殊区域效果。如在住宅中，许多人愿意 在窗前、门洞的边角等处停留或休息。就是因为这些地方由于光线较 暗而形成了向外界观察最清晰的地点。这样的空间能够满足多数人不 愿暴露于众目睽睽之下的心理倾向，因此由于光照不同而产生的明与 暗的交替区域能对人的活动起到很好的驻留作用。同时环境具有以光 为导向的特性，就象舞台上使用追光的表演效果一样。在空间创造不
上海2012年历史考纲整理(全!重点中学!)
2012届历史高考新考纲提示：本内容根据会议记录、以《2011年考试手册》为基础做调整，供参考！二、考试目标3.2 删除3.3修改为“识别材料中的客观性事实和主观性认识”三、考试细则4.题型比例选择题约占50%，非选择题约占50%。
四、考试内容1.基础型课程部分（一）世界古代史主题要点（目）学习水平古代东方古代两河流域两河流域的地理位置 A楔形文字与《吉尔枷美什》 A《汉谟拉比法典》 A →B 古代埃及高度集权的法老专制统治 A金字塔与来世信仰 A象形文字 A 古代印度种姓制度 A →B佛教的创始、经典 A《摩诃婆罗多》和《罗摩衍那》 A古代希腊罗马古代希腊城邦制度古希腊的地理位置 A城邦的特征 A古典时代 A雅典民主政治B→C 希腊古典文化《荷马史诗》 A帕特家神庙 A哲学与史学 A古代罗马政治制度罗马共和国的开始 A罗马帝国 A基督教的创始、经典 A罗马法体系“十二铜表法” B“公民法”与“万民法” B古罗马人的法治精神 C古代伊斯兰世界伊斯兰教和阿拉伯帝国伊斯兰教的创始、经典 A奥斯曼帝国奥斯曼人攻占君士坦丁堡 A帝国的统治A→B中世纪西欧封建制度封建制度的产生A→B等级君主制 B庄园和城市中世纪庄园B→A城市的自治 B中世纪文化大学的兴起 A西欧封建制度特征 C（二）中国古代史主题要点（目）学习水平从史前时期到夏商王朝中华文明的起源原始农耕 A炎黄传说 A中华文明起源的特征和核心地区 A 文献与考古中的夏文化从“公天下”到“家天下” A二里头遗址 A 商朝与青铜文化青铜时代 A用文献与考古相互印证的方法探究历史 C从周王朝到秦帝国的崛起封邦建国与礼乐文化西周的建立 A封邦建国体制的内容A→B礼乐制度 B社会变革与百家争鸣社会大变革 C百家争鸣 B大一统中央集权国家的形成战国七雄 A商鞅变法 A大一统帝国的建立 A皇帝与中央集权体制C→B 秦末农民起义秦的暴政 A陈胜、吴广领导的第一次农民起义 A西汉的建立 A从两汉到南北朝的大一统帝国的重建汉承秦制 B黄老思想与文景之治 A分合汉武帝时代从“无为”到“有为” B罢黜百家，独尊儒术 A对西域疆土的拓展 A 东汉的兴衰东汉的建立 A豪强地主 A 割据与分立赤壁之战 A三国鼎立格局的最终形成 A 南北对峙与民族融合魏晋南北朝的政权更迭 A孝文帝改革与民族融合 B隋的创制和唐的鼎盛隋唐政治新格局三省六部制与政事堂 B科举制B→A 贞观之治与开元盛世“贞观之治” A唐蕃关系 A开元盛世 A中外文化交流丝绸之路 A遣唐使 A两宋的繁荣与元的统一宋朝的建立及其制度创设北宋的建立 A文官体制 A北宋中期的改革王安石变法 A多民族政权的建立辽、西夏与北宋鼎立的局势 A靖康之变和南宋的建立 A蒙古崛起与南宋灭亡 A经济重心的南移海上丝绸之路 A辉煌的科学技术活字印刷术的发明与传播 A火药武器的发明、使用及其影响 A《梦溪笔谈》 A元朝的统一行省制度A→B元朝对边疆地区的管理 A明朝的兴亡与清前期的强盛明朝前期的经济与政治明朝的建立 A内阁制度 B 明末社会危机与农民起义清的建立 A清军入关与明朝灭亡 A 康乾盛世（上）军机处的设立 B清朝巩固多民族国家的措施 A康乾盛世（下）社会经济繁荣的诸种表现 A《四库全书》 A明清对外贸易朝贡贸易的特点 B从海禁到闭关 B早期的西学东渐西学的传入 A中国古代的中央集权的体制 C中国古代文化对世界的影响 C（三）世界近现代史主题要点（目）学习水平15-16世纪西欧社会的演变民族国家的形成君主专制 B开辟新航路和早期殖民活动15世纪东西方的交流 A新航路的开辟A→B早期殖民扩张与掠夺 A文艺复兴与宗教改革意大利文艺复兴 A宗教改革B→A17-18世纪资产阶级革命英国革命议会与国王的斗争 B君主立宪制的斗争 B启蒙运动启蒙思想家 A批判君主专制 B宣扬自由和平等 B美国独立战争独立战争的开始 A《独立宣言》A→B联邦制度的确立 B法国大革命三级会议的召开 A革命的爆发 A《人权宣言》 B拿破仑称帝 A《法国民法典》 B工业社会的来临英国工业革命工业革命的孕育 B蒸汽机 A“世界工厂” A社会结构与生活方式的变化 B 资本主义经济制度的建现代工厂制度 B立工业时代初期的社会矛盾“血汗工厂” A 社会立法 B工业革命的后果及影响 C 社会主义运动和马克思主义社会主义从空想到科学《共产党宣言》 A资本主义世界体系的形成美国的扩张和强盛南北战争 B德国的统一和崛起德意志的统一A→B 俄国的改革和资本主义发展彼得一世改革的时间及影响 A废除农奴制 B日本明治维新明治维新 B第二次工业革命电力时代的来临 A大企业与垄断资本 B资本的全球扩张与帝国主义瓜分世界资本输出和全球扩张 B列强瓜分世界 A第一次世界大战大战的爆发与过程第一次世界大战的爆发和结束 A 凡尔赛-华盛顿体系巴黎和会与凡尔赛体系 B华盛顿会议与华盛顿体系 B战后英国世界霸权地位的变化 A1917年俄国十月革命俄国十月革命的胜利十月革命与苏维埃政权的建立 A“大萧条”中的资本主义世界1929-1933年世界经济危机危机的影响B→A 罗斯福新政国家调控经济 B社会保障措施 B德意日走上法西斯道路墨索里尼率先建立法西斯政权 A二二六事变与日本法西斯统治的建立 A纳粹体制的特征 B第二次世界大战战争的爆发与扩大大战在欧洲爆发的标志 A 反法西斯战争的胜利世界反法西斯联盟的形成 A《开罗宣言》 A德国和日本的投降 A战后国际雅尔塔体制与布雷顿森雅尔塔体制的形成 A政治格局的演变林体系联合国 A布雷顿森林体系 A 美苏冷战的开始冷战的序幕和开始 A马歇尔计划和莫洛托夫计划 A北约和华约 A柏林危机 A 大国关系的重组美苏争霸的重要史实 A 冷战的结束东欧剧变与德国统一 A苏联解体与冷战的结束 A战后科学技术革命与经济全球化西欧的一体化进程煤钢联营 A欧洲共同体的成立 A欧盟与欧元 B新兴工业化国家（地区）的发展东盟 A中东产油国的现代化道路石油输出国组织 A经济全球化与全球性问题世界贸易组织的成立及其性质 A战后国际格局与经济全球化 C（四）中国近现代史主题要点（目）学习水平天朝的危机鸦片战争与《南京条约》虎门销烟A→B《南京条约》A→B五口通商与战后中国社会的变化 B第二次鸦片战争“修约”交涉A→B《天津条约》与《北京条约》A→B 太平天国运动洪秀全成立拜上帝会 A洋枪队 A湘军与淮军 A洋务运动总理衙门的设立 A洋务运动的主要内容及其影响 B民族资本主义与早期维新思想通商口岸与近代民族资本主义企业的产生A中华民族甲午战争与《马关条约》甲午战争爆发的时间 A的觉醒与抗争《马关条约》的内容与影响 B 戊戌变法公车上书 A《时务报》与《天演论》 A百日维新的内容 A戊戌变法的意义 B八国联军侵华与《辛丑条约》瓜分狂潮 A 义和团运动的兴起 A 八国联军侵华 A 《辛丑条约》 B清末新政新政的举措 A“预备仿行宪政” A辛亥革命与中华民国的建立孙中山创立兴中会 A同盟会的成立 A武昌起义 A中华民国临时政府成立A→B近代中国社会的转型 C中国民主革命的转折民国初年的社会与政局社会习俗的变革 A二次革命与护国运动 A 新文化运动与马克思主义的传播《新青年》 A文学革命 A 五四运动与中国共产党的建立五四运动 A中国共产党的诞生 A 国共合作与北伐战争北伐战争的开始及成果 A中国土地革命与抗日救亡运动南京国民政府的内政与外交南京国民政府的建立 A改订新约运动 A 九一八事变与全国抗日浪潮的兴起九一八事变的时间及后果 A中国人民抗日战争抗日民族统一战线的建立卢沟桥事变爆发的时间 A抗日民族统一战线正式形成 A淞沪会战与上海沦陷 A南京沦陷与南京大屠杀 A 抗日战争的胜利中共七大 B中国人民解放战争解放战争的胜利三大战役 A渡江战役与南京、上海等地的解放 A中国从新民主主义向社会主义过渡新中国的诞生《共同纲领》 B中华人民共和国的成立 B 国民经济的恢复土地改革 B 社会主义制度的建立“一化三改造” A社会主义建设道路的探索与曲折社会主义建设道路的初步探索“三面红旗” A 文化大革命文化大革命开始的时间 A文化大革命结束的时间及标志 A中国特色社会主义事业的开拓伟大的历史转折《实践是检验真理的唯一标准》 A中共十一届三中全会 A邓小平提出“建设有中国特色的社会主义”A改革开放家庭联产承包责任制 B对外开放与经济特区的设立B→A 一国两制一国两制构想的提出 A香港、澳门特别行政区的设立 A中国走向世界初登国际舞台和平共处五项原则 A万隆会议与万隆精神 A 外交舞台的拓展恢复联合国合法席位 A尼克松访华与中美建立 A《联合声明》与中日建交 A 新时期对外关系中国加入亚太经济合作组织 A中国加入世界贸易组织 A2、拓展型课程部分（一）中国历史专题主题要点（目）学习水平儒家文化与古代中国先秦儒家与两汉经学孔孟之道 C儒家的经学化 B 宋明理学程朱理学 B 儒家文化的传播辐射东方 A远播西方 A西学东渐与近代中国思想潮流的演进“中学为体，西学为用” B进化论的输入A→B三民主义A→B 新文化运动的勃兴“德先生”与“赛先生” B中西文化论战 B科技与文化的发展李善兰、徐寿、华蘅芳数理知识的传入 A商务印书馆与西书的翻译与出版 A申报与报刊业的繁荣 A社会生活的变迁唐胥铁路与交通工具的改进 A强学会与民间社团的兴起 A社会习俗的变化 A西学东渐对近代中国的影响B→C上海历史的变迁开埠之前的上海设县 A 近代上海市政的变迁上海开埠与租界的市政 B 近代上海的经济发展与城市建设民族工业的创建 A中国史学的发展古代的史家与史籍司马迁与《史记》 B司马光与《资治通鉴》 B刘知几与章学诚 A史学的转型梁启超与“新史学” C（二）世界历史专题主题要点（目）学习水平17-18世纪的启蒙思想17世纪英国的启蒙思想霍布斯的国家学说 B洛克的分权学说A→B 18世纪法国的启蒙思想孟德斯鸠：近代法学理论的奠基人 B伏尔泰：启蒙运动的泰斗 B卢梭：最激进的启蒙思想家 B启蒙运动 C现代化的世界进程现代化在英国的启动现代化启动的历史条件 B工业革命与第一个工业社会的到来 B 现代化在欧洲的扩展法国进入工业社会 A德国统一与现代化 A 现代化在北美、东亚的美国的崛起 B扩展日本“脱亚入欧” B现代世界的形成 C世界三代史主题要点（目）学习水平古代两河流域两河流域的地理位置 A楔形文字与《吉尔枷美什》 A《汉谟拉比法典》 A →B古代埃及高度集权的法老专制统治 A金字塔与来世信仰 A象形文字 A古代印度种姓制度 A →B佛教的创始、经典 A《摩诃婆罗多》和《罗摩衍那》 A古代希腊城邦制度古希腊的地理位置 A城邦的特征 A古典时代 A雅典民主政治B→C希腊古典文化《荷马史诗》 A帕特家神庙 A哲学与史学 A古代罗马政治制度罗马共和国的开始 A罗马帝国 A基督教的创始、经典 A罗马法体系“十二铜表法” B“公民法”与“万民法” B古罗马人的法治精神 C伊斯兰教和阿拉伯帝国伊斯兰教的创始、经典 A奥斯曼帝国奥斯曼人攻占君士坦丁堡 A帝国的统治A→B封建制度封建制度的产生A→B等级君主制 B庄园和城市中世纪庄园B→A城市的自治 B中世纪文化大学的兴起 A西欧封建制度特征 C古代两河流域第一课古代两河流域一、两河流域的地理位置A西亚底格里斯河与幼发拉底河流经的区域，今伊拉克地区，又称为“美索不达米亚”，二、楔形文字与《吉尔伽美什》A1、楔形文字被称为“钉头文字，是迄今为止被发现的最古老的文字之一，也是古代两河流域最主要的文化成就。
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half are in Hongkou District. The total
protection area in Hongkou is about 168 square hectares, which takes up 6.2% of the total protection area in Shanghai. Also, 58 buildings in the area have been listed as excellent historic buildings in Shanghai.
municipal traffic facilities, more shopping and entertainment business has
appeared along the street, divided into 3 zones with different functions.
历史文化遗产
区域概况与特点
Introduction of the Region
Baoshan District in the north,
Zhabei in the west and Yangpu in
the east. It covers a total area of 23.4 square kilometers, governs 8 communities and has a
南起黄浦江、苏州河，北接宝山区， 西连闸北区，东临杨浦区。 虹口区域总面积23.4平方公里，下 辖8个街道，全区户籍人口约79.7万。 Hongkou District is one of the ten central districts in Shanghai. It borders Suzhou Huangpu Creek in River the and south,
虹口区概况暨区域规划架构
Introduction to the Hongkou District and its Regional Planning Structure
区域概况与特点
General Introduction and Characteristics of the District
虹口是上海十个中心城区之一。
不同功能特色的区段。
North Sichuan Road is a traditional commercial street with a long history, and is important according to the Urban Master Planning. In recent years, because of the optimization of the industrial structure, along with the improvement of
区域规划 Regio口区域规划总体目标
Goal of the regional planning in Hongkou District Regional Planning
基本形成上海国际航运中心现代航运服务体系核心功能 Shipping service systems 基本形成以现代服务业为主的服务经济体系Modern service systems 基本形成完备的市政基础设施和城区管理体系Municipal infrastructure and urban management system 基本形成更加完善的公共服务和社会保障体系Public service and social security system
landscape within the region.
区域概况与特点
Introduction of the Region
传统商业街区 Traditional Commercial Area
四川北路是历史悠久的传统商业街区，是城市总体规划确定的城市市级商业街。 近年来随着城市产业结构的优化、布局结构的调整，以及市政交通设施的改善，四川 北路沿线的商业商务以及文化娱乐功能逐步得到完善和强化。从北到南逐步形成三个
区域概况与特点
Introduction of the Region
黄金滨水岸线 Golden Shoreline
虹口区南部滨水岸线长约3.2公里，具有独特的航运资源优势和城市景观资源优 势。黄浦江与苏州河交汇的河口地区是黄浦江两岸的核心景观段。 The shoreline of south Hongkou District is about 3.2 kilometers long, with unique advantages of shipping and urban landscape resources. The interaction area of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek owns the core
江湾北部现代住区
North Jiangwan Residential Area
大柏树知识创新 Da baishu 与服务贸易圈 Innovative and
Trade Zone
North Sichuan Road 四 Commercial Street 川
北 路 商 业 商 务 文 化 休 闲 街
瑞虹新城综合社区
区域概况与特点
地区“三足鼎立”的空间格局。
The North Bund Zone in the Hongkou District is the key area according to the
comprehensive development plan on both
sides of the Huangpu River. This area, along with the Puxi Lujiazui area, the Puxi Bund and the center of the old Shanghai, form a pattern of tripartite confrontation in Shanghai’s CBD area.
拓展，坚持国际化、时尚化、生态化，凸显街区特色和人文内涵，实现跨越式发展。建成以现代商业商
务为带动、以文化休闲娱乐为特色的商业商务文化休闲街。 The street is about 3.2 kilometers long, with an area of 2.1 square kilometers. In the 11th Fiveyear Plan, because of the Shanghai Beer Festival and a lot of the international fashion store open to business, this area is becoming more and more popular. The area of commercial and
The North Bund starts from the mouth of Huangpu River and Suzhou
Creek in the south and ends at Zhoujiazui Road in the north, with an area of 3.06 square kilometers. At present, the International Shipping Center is already operating and the Service Center and Baiyulai Square are still under construction. In the 12th Five –year Plan, there is more planning to carry through, including land bank, reconstruction of old areas, etc. The goal of it is to develop the area as an important part of Shanghai international shipping and business zone.
虹口区概况及1933老场坊历史地段简介
Introduction to the Hongkou District and 1933 Laochangfang Historic Area
虹口区规划和土地管理局
2012.07
Planning and Land Administration Bureau 2012.07
北外滩南临苏州河黄浦江，北至周家嘴路，占地3.06平方公里。目前，滨江 第一层面已初具形象，国际客运中心已运营，国际航运服务中心、白玉兰广场 等功能项目已开工建设。 “十二五”期间将推动第二、三层面的规划深化、土地储备、旧区改造，目标 是建成上海国际航运中心核心功能区之一和上海中央商务区重要组成部分。
Ruihong Community
1933活力街区 1933 Dynamic Block
北外滩航运金融集聚区
North Bund Shipping Zone
重点发展区域
一区：北外滩航运金融集聚区
One zone: North Bund shipping zone Key Development Area
把虹口建设成为商务商业繁荣、环境宜业宜居、文化特色鲜明、综合 服务高效的现代化和谐城区。The goal is to create a district that is pleasant to shop, work and live.
实现四个显著提高 Four Improves
北外滩国际航运服务功能显著提高 Shipping Ability 服务经济能级显著提高 Service Ability
区域概况与特点
Historical Heritage
Overall Introduction