电子商务英语专业外文资料翻译--电子商务战略
电子商务专业英语商务英语翻译
1你能报给我这些商品的价格吗？Would you please quote me the price of these goods2 所报价格需包括到温哥华的保险和运费。
Price quoted should include insurance and freight to Vancouver3 希望您报成本加运费、保险费到温哥华的最低价格。
I’d like to you quote the lowest price of CIF to Vancouver4 请告知我们贵方能供货的价格。
Please inform us of the prices at which you can supply5 若贵方价格合理，我们可能向你们大量订货。
If your prices are reasonable, we may place a large order with you6 若我方向你们长期订货，请告知能给予多少折扣，不甚感激。
If I give you a long-term regular order, please let us know what discount you can grant，I really appreciate.7 请就下列每项货物向我方报成本加运费、保险费到西雅图的最低价格，其中包括我们百分之五的佣金。
Please quote us the lowest price of CIF to Seattle, for each of the following goods ,including our five percent commission.1.我们的包装完全适合于海运。
Our packing is completely suitable for transport by sea2.我们将完全按照你的指示包装货物。
We will packing the goods completely according to your instructions3.为了避免损坏，货物将采用木箱包装，但是这种包装的费用比较高。
电子商务专业英语作业翻译
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business, are often used interchangably. For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is sometimes used.电子商务（电子商务或电子商务）是购买和出售的商品和服务在互联网，特别是万维网上的。
在实践中，这项和一个新的术语，电子商务，往往交替使用。
网上零售，电子零售的术语有时用。
E-tailing or The Virtual Storefront and the Virtual Mall网上或虚拟商店和虚拟商店As a place for direct retail shopping, with its 24-hour availability, a global reach, the ability to interact and provide custom information and ordering, and multimedia prospects, the Web is rapidly becoming a multibillion dollar source of revenue for the world's businesses. A number of businesses already report considerable success. As early as the middle of 1997, Dell Computers reported orders of a million dollars a day. By early 1999, projected e-commerce revenues for business were in the billions of dollars and the stocks of companies deemed most adept at e-commerce were skyrocketing. Although many so-called dotcom retailers disappeared in the economic shakeout of 2000, Web retailing at sites such as , , and continues to grow.作为一个直接的零售购物，其24小时供应，全球性的，互动的能力，并提供自定义信息和订购，和多媒体，网络正在迅速成为一个数十亿美元的收入来源，为全球的企业。
电子商务 外文翻译
B2B e-marketplace:an e-marketing framework for B2B commercePurpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear understanding of the performance of business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplace in conducting e-marketing in the global business environment. The proposed framework is intended to be used as a guide for B2B firms especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) who wish to adopt a proactive approach in the use of information and communication technology for business efficiency and competitive advantage, and those who wish to explore the internet technologies for marketing activities.Design/methodology/approach– Literature from the B2B e-marketplaces and operations of e-marketing fields were analysed,and the findings were synthesised to develop a preliminary conceptual model of e-marketing.The conceptual model was tested empirically through an online survey from various industries in China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Findings– With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry, there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment.This new marketing paradigm is reported to reshape the business relationships between both consumer marketers and consumers, improving business processes and enhancing the business exposure in the new markets.Research limitations/implications– The major limitation of this paper is associated with the sample selection. Although the literature findings were international,the empirical study was restricted to China,Malaysia,and Singapore.Therefore,the generalizability of the results may not be applicable for other countries.Furthermore, the majority of the respondents participated were SMEs. Hence, the applicability of findings to large-scale organisations may be limited.Practical implications– The framework allows B2B firms to capitalise and understand the e-marketing opportunities provided by B2B e-marketplace.The framework also offers guidance to marketing managers a most appropriate approach to adopt B2B e-marketplace to perform their e-marketing activities.Originality/value–Based on the need for a framework for e-marketing,this study is significance to:SMEs, marketers,information technology practitioners,and all other stakeholders that adopted the internet and other electronic means for marketing purposes.BackgroundThe development of the internet and the world wide web (www) in the 1990s as a tool for the global sharing of information has opened up new opportunities in marketing practices. “The rapid growth of internet users has made the internet an increasingly important and attractive platform for business transactions”According to the Internet World Stats (2007), by March 2008, the internet user population reached 1.40 billions world wide, an increase of 290 percent in the period from 2000 to 2008 (Figure 1). Many academics and practitioners have emphasized that the internet is a major platform for e-marketing to deal with marketing mixes, which include global accessibility (Laudon, 2002), convenience in updating (Sandeep and Singh, 2005), real-time information services (Harridge-March, 2004), interactive communications features (Chaffey, 2004), and unique customisation and personalised capabilities (Teo and Tan, 2002). Additionally,e-marketing also refers to the use of electronic methods or media to build upon and maintain customer relationship through electronic platforms (e.g. business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplaces) that facilitates the exchange of ideas, products, and services to satisfy both buyers and sellers.Strauss and Frost (2001)support the above statement and suggested that,sales,public relations,direct marketing,and advertising are marketing communication that comprises the crucial components of e-marketing strategy.B2B e-marketplace, as one of the major trading platforms brought by the internet technology has made a significant contribution to the e-marketers.The larger organisations are taking advantages from the vast array ofsuppliers/buyers via the B2B e-marketplace (Stockdale and Standing,2004).However,small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are also eager to compete in the electronic environment remain concerns as how theirbusinesses can gain benefits from B2B e-marketplace.With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment. Nonetheless, there is limitation on how to explore the opportunities for SMEs in benefiting from the emergent e-marketing practices, derive from the B2B e-marketplace.Review of e-marketing performances in B2B e-marketplaceThe internet is the foundation for B2B commerce that provides the technology and platform to enable this business relationships work effectively.B2B transactions over public and private sectors uses the internet as a delivery vehicle for transactions including;financial transfer,on-line exchanges,auctions,delivery of products, and services (O’Reily and Finnegan, 2007). Many pra ctitioners are predicting B2B commerce is expected to have a massive growth and majority of the organisations will have to give consideration to involve with B2B commerce. Referring to Figure 5, B2B consists of three main elements and the e-marketplace performs the main tasks such as sourcing, automated purchasing, processing to facilitate the sellers and buyers to do business transactions.Laudon and Laudon (2000)stated that B2B e-marketplace refers to the exchange of information,products, services,and payment via the internet between buyers and sellers.B2B e-marketplaces are typically defined as inter-organisational IS through which multiple buyers and sellers interact electronically to identify potential trading partners, select them and execute transactions (Rohmtal.2004). Argued that, B2B e-marketplace is able to remove some of the inefficiency of traditional business functionality and allows partners to streamline their marketing activities by sharing information instantaneously.In recent years,B2B e-marketplace have improved/enhanced the extent of e-marketing activities;providing to all marketers especially to SMEs. Recent studies (Narayanasamy ET al.2008; Pavaloia, 2009) are indicative of the fact that SMEs have started to respond positively to the changes brought about by the internet technologies.While the main concerns of SMEs are related to the generic SMEs characteristics of limited time/resources and expertise,B2B e-marketplace provide a favorable environment for SMEs to;lower operating and marketing cost, better opportunity to promote their products/services,and enrich their overall marketing communications mix. Overall,the benefits of B2B e-marketplace as reported by many academics and practitioners include:reducing search costs by facilitating comparison of price, products, and services(Kandampully, 2003; Bakos, 1998; Kaplan and Sawhney, 2000);.improving production and supply capability (Barua et al. , 1997; Albrecht et al. ,2005);.improving personalization and customization of product offerings (Bakos, 1998);.enhancing customers relationships (Kierzkowski et al. 1996);.reducing marketing costs compare to traditional marketing media (Sculley andWoods, 2001);.reducing numbers of marketing staff (Gloor, 2000).However,the current literatures do not fully explore the issues relating to the performances of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective. In addition, much of the research is focused on particular research areas of interest often ignoring the links to others dimensions in particular e-marketing services.Hence,there are concerns that the despite the efforts to promote adoption of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective, SMEs are not fully aware of the opportunities and benefits (Stockdale and Standing, 2004). The literature provides insights into the current level of internet-enabler marketing technologies from B2B e-marketplace to the marketers. The online and offline publications from both academics and practitioners indicated that,e-marketing via B2B e-marketplace is a modern marketing practice for buying and selling goods/services,exchange information/ideas via the internet associated with communication and promotional purposes.The frameworks suggested by various authors including Chaffey (2004), Gloor (2000),Kierzkowski et al.(1996) makes a significant contribution to knowledge in the areas of e-marketing that has the potential to create competitive advantage and enhance customer value. However, it appears that there is limited exploitation of such frameworks by industry professional. In order to develop a better understanding of the topic under study,this paper will adapt a multidisciplinary approach by integrating;traditional SMEs marketing,e-marketing,IS/IT,and B2B e-marketplace to develop an e-marketing framework that will offer a greater value for SMEs.B2B 电子商务市场：电子营销的 B2B 电子商务框架背景自上世纪 90 年代互联网作为一种全球共享信息的工具，互联网开辟了一种新的营销模式。
电子商务英语的翻译（吴楠）
电子商务英语的英汉与汉英翻译Lead-in:电子商务是互联网的产物。
互联网的本质是一个巨大的且不断发展的全球计算机网络。
据估计，目前连接到互联网上的用户已超过5亿，在世界范围内有超过9千万台的互联网主机，从而使在线交易和有效信息量显著增长。
在世界贸易组织关于电子商务的工作组中，电子商务被理解为：采用电子化的方式进行生产、分销、营销、销售或交付货物以及服务。
广义上讲，电子商务包含了电子化媒介或网络，实质上是通过互联网完成的各种商业交易。
电子商务是进行商业交易的一种新途径。
从商业观点来看，电子商务不仅仅局限于商品的购买。
除电子邮件和其他交流平台外，它还包括一个公司可以通过网络提供给顾客的所有信息或服务，从售前信息到售后服务和支持。
电子商务能通过时间和程序方面的效率提高来降低交易费用，从而降低总成本。
（改编自《电子商务英语》，北京大学出版社) Electronic Commerce is the product of the Internet. The Internet is basically a vast and ever increasing network of computers across the globe. It is estimated that the number of persons connected to the Internet today has surpassed 500 million, and there are over 90 million Internet hosts world-wide, facilitating a dramatic increase in the volume of trade and information available online.In the World Trade Organization (WTO) Work Group on Electronic Commerce, it is understood to mean: the production, distribution, marketing, sale or delivery of goods and services by electronic means. Broadly defined, electronic commerce includes an electronic medium or network. It essentially refers to all kinds of commercial transactions that are concluded over the Internet. Electronic Commerce is a new way of doing business.From a business point of view, e-commerce is not limited to the purchase of commodities. Besides e-mail and other communication platforms, it includes all information or services that a company may offer to its customers over the Net, from pre-purchase information to after-sale service and support. E-commerce can reduce transaction costs by increasing efficiency in the use of time and procedures, and thus lowering total costs.Model Essay:W eb BusinessIn the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. (1) More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. (2) “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”(3) says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transaction s only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.(4)Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. (5) Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull”customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push”information directly out to consumers, transmit ting marketing messages directly to target ed customers. (6) Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscriber s’computer monitor s. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offering s, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. (7) Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. (8) Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fade s. (9) That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purist s.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.（摘自《商务英语翻译教程（笔译）》，中国水利水电出版社）Notes:1.web business 网上交易补充：web-surfing 网上冲浪web page 网页website 网站2．revolve around 围绕着例：Their troubles revolve around money management. 他们的麻烦围绕着金钱管理。
外文翻译电子商务的营销策略
外文文献与翻译文献原文A new marketing strategy for E-commerceExploring the ideas of product, place, price and promotion, and applying them to e-commerce problems is the main focal point of this article part in the success of e-commerce. There fore, concentrating on these concepts will prove to be of the utmost importance as an e-commerce provider.ProductOne of the main issues of concern is the in tangibility of purchasing online. The intangibility is caused by not being able to focus on tangible aspects when purchasing online. The customer can’t actually touch of feel a product, which increases the risk of the purchase. The key to reducing intangibility is creating tangible cues that the customer recognizes. Creating a positive brand image will reduce the risk. For example, buying a product that has a quality image will reduce the risk for customers. Companies need to focus on creating a positive and reliable brand name.Stressing the actual or perceived benefits received from the product can also reduce intangibility. Relaying to the customer that they will be very satisfied with the benefits of the product is important. For example, if a company sales golf clubs online, they want to stress concept that they will hit the ball farther and straighter, which will allow the person to increase their enjoyment when playing golf. Also, focusing on the actual components of the product is important. Explaining the benefits of the clubs grip and shaft in the product will also redirect the attention away from the intangible aspects.Focusing on advantages of buying on line is also important for companies to achieve increased sales. On the web site it is important to convey the convenience of buying your product online. Conveying the message that your product is conveniently accessible, lets the customer understand that they don’t need to stand in lines or deal with other customers. Long lines and other customers can keep customers from buying or decrease the amount they are willing to purchase. Explaining the convenience of buying on line is a good way to reduce the problem of intangibility. There are some instances where the convenience of online buying can be diminished. When the customer finally decides to purchase a good it’s important for this transaction to be quick and concise. The quicker this action can be done accurately the better. If it takes a long time for this action, customers may defect and buy the product through a local retail outlet companies need to be aware of this and implement the proper technology to assure that this barrier is minimized.PlaceSome of the distribution problems are uncontrollable at this point in the life cycle of the Internet, in some instances the problem of delivering the product to the customers isn’t the fault of the online company. Nearly every online company does choose to outsource the delivery function, which at this point is the most efficient. Online companies are having a difficult time satisfying their customers, because of something that isn’t their fault. The company that they select to ship their product isn’t handling the demand. For high volume companies this can be easier to solve.There is a definite need for companies to manage the relationship with the shipping companies. The bigger the company the more power it posses in the supply chain. The have the ability to hurt the shipping company by choosing to change shippers. Even though there are few shipping companies, the online company can claim they will switch, if their quality of service doesn’t increase. By threatening a switch, it will hopefully create better service for a large company.One of the biggest problems with online buying is the lack of automated inventory and warehousing systems. The lack of automation really hinders in the efficiency and speed of meeting the customer needs. For small companies, it is a good idea to outsource the warehouse and distribution functions, because they aren’t efficient enough to meet customers’ needs. Outsourcing will reduce the actual profit, because it is expensive. Over time it will prove to be beneficial, because it will help in building loyalty. The most important thing to understand is choosing the correct outsourcer. Companies want to pick an outsourcer that isn’t overbooked with clients so they can efficiently handle demand requirements.Large online companies really need to consider automating the inventory and warehousing functions. This may be the best way to stay competitive in the future. The use of logistics consultants is a good strategy to assist in choosing an automated system that matches company needs.PricePrice is very important when dealing with e-commerce problems. Price can be a key issue when trying to increase demand or when decreasing demand. Price is definitely a weapon of choice by many companies. The two typical pricing methods are skimming and penetration. Skimming pricing is charging a high price when the product is relatively new, in hope of making more profit. Penetration pricing is deployed to capture a large market share. The theory is based on creating a large market share, by being lower than competitors.To increase demand, e-commerce companies need to focus on penetrating the market. This will work best for products that are in the introduction and growth stage. If the product is near the maturity stage, lowering the price won’t increase profits very much. For relatively new products, offering the product below competitors will increase demand.Pricing of a product an reduce demand without reducing profit. If an online company is doing very well, but isn’t able to keep up with the current demand, it may be smart to actually raise the price of the product. This will do two things; it will keep profits at the same level, but allows the logistics department to handle the orders more efficiently. If companies can’t keep up with demand, it will reduce the satisfaction of the customer, which will reduce the loyalty of the customer. A solution to keep customers happy is by reducing the demand through increasing the price, which will lower the number of purchases. Reducing the purchases will allow the company to match demand; in return it will be easier to keep current customers. It is believed that keeping current customers is five times cheaper than finding new ones. When raising the price, it must be by a marginal amount, enough not to cause switching of loyal customers. Doing this will allow a company to keep the same profit and managedemand more efficient. This solution may want to be done until the company can acquire an automated system.Price bundling is packaging products together for one price. Using this tactic can be beneficial when doing business online. This can increase sales for a company, because customers feel they are getting more value for their money. Increasing the value will reduce the risk for customers. Reducing the price by say 10%, it can allow a company to increase sales. Sometimes this an be done with a product that is trying to be liquidated. This is a chance for the company to accomplish two things: increase sales and reduce unwanted inventory.PromotionPromotion is an important part when selling the product; it is a necessary function for e-commerce companies. This is one of the key facets in acquiring customers is important, but more attention and money needs to be spent on the place factors, such as warehousing and distribution functions. Some of the budget promotion money should be spent on developing better relations with distribution functions. Some of the budget promotion money should be spent on developing better relations with distributors. Creating a strong bond with the delivery carriers will enhance the value of the company. This can be done through personal dealings with vendors. Doing such things as taking their representatives to events or to dinner can build a loyal relationship. These activities are inexpensive means that can really give an advantage to an e-commerce company.Some troubles for e-commerce companies are the inability of customers to find the web page. If they can’t find the web page, it creates a barrier in achieving increased sales. The current technology of search engines, such as Yahoo and Excite, are very broad in nature. When looking for a specific company it will bring up a vast variety of topics. It takes a while to narrow down the possible entries to find the intended company. Reducing the time spent looking for a web site can increase the satisfaction of the customers. If they must spend twenty minutes looking for a particular site, they may stop before they find it. A company can use promotion to combat these problems. The best way to combat the problem is using promotions that give the web site address. If the product is high involvement, using advertising that is in magazines and newspapers should be efficient. For high involvement goods, people actively search for possible solutions to their problem. If the product is low involvement, people will not be actively searching for the product, so pro motional activities must be intense. This can be accomplished by getting a large number of advertisements into television and radio vehicles.Another possible promotional vehicle is using hyperlinks. Hyperlinks allow a direct passage from another web site. This makes it very easy to find a particular web site. Hyperlinks are usually most efficient when implemented on a web site of similar material. In addition, there is no need to alienate customers or promotional tactics. False or unethical marketing as become an issue in recent years, it isn’t uncommon to find many of these web sites. This can be just puffery or it can be full blown bait-and-switch tactics.Buy has built a reputation in participating in false advertising on their web site.This is definitely something e-commerce companies need to get away from. With growing popularity of e-commerce, the more this is done the more it will create havoc in the future. With increase volume in online buying, there will be more restrictions and patrolling of false and unethical promotions. With increase in online buyers, it will increase the importance of word-of-mouth communications, which can cause problems. Doing this type of promotion will decrease the confidence and loyalty of customers, which will reduce sales in the future. A company’s profit is directly related to customers, which will reduce sales in the future. A company’s profit is directly related to customer loyalty, and these types of promotions will decrease loyalty. The question is clear, do they want to make a profit in the short run or be able to make a profit in the long run?注：摘自《电子商务英语》二、中文翻译电子商务的营销策略探求产品、渠道、价格和促销等基本营销概念及其在电子商务方面的应用是此书的焦点所在。
电子商务外文资料翻译译文 2
附件2：外文原文The e-commerce strategyIt may be useful for development organizations to consider the many issues involved before embarking on an e-commerce initiative,in relation to the organization's mandate,development goals,and organizational structure.The primary issues involved would include:Resource Expansion--Is the main goal of selling goods and services online the generation of revenue to offset operational costs?If so,how much revenue does the organization expect/wish to generate?These strategic questions will allow the organization to assess how much funding will go toward e-commerce activities.If the organization is approaching e-commerce as a means of covering not only the costs of producing the goods and services and disseminating development-focused products,but wishes to expand its revenue base to support other project costs,then it may want to develop an e-commerce platform and strategy that can attract customers.The organization may have to approach e-commerce as a resource expansion activity that uses business strategies and a full marketing approach.This leads to the question of whether this fits in with the development mandate of the organization and its charitable organization status.Will e-commerce activities distort the tax-free status of the development organization?Is the organization liable in the case of legal conflicts?Most development organizations have already faced these questions if they sell publications and other products by"traditional"means. Capital Costs--How much funding is the organization willing to put into e-commerce activities? E-commerce platforms can be high priced,depending on the level of sophistication.A development organization undertaking e-commerce activities should consider whether it wants to incur higher costs,with the possibility of cost recovery from an expected higher level of sales. What are the possibilities of receiving financial assistance from donor agencies or partner organizations for this activity?Development organizations pursuing e-commerce activities may have to decide between a variety of options for their online selling activities,depending on their financial capacities.These options can be divided into1)technical hardware and2)site design and maintenance.The organization will have to decide whether it wants to invest in setting up its own in-house server,depending on the organization's size and computing requirements,or find a third party that is willing to host the site on its server.Is the third party another development-focused organization,or is it a private company/ISP?Regarding design and maintenance of the e-commerce site,is the organization able to hire in-house technical personnel to handle design,development,and maintenance,or is it more cost effective to hire an outside party to handle these tasks?Developing an e-commerce site that generates high levels of revenue will have to respond to the changes in e-commerce platforms in the commercial sector. The development organization may want to consider using security encryption software for credit card payment,increasing costs to an extent yet benefiting from increasing customer confidence in the transaction process.Will the site be eye-catching,with the hope of attracting customers, possibly increasing site development costs for higher level graphics and design?Pan Partners currently do not have to bear all of the above-mentioned capital costs,but may one day have to consider them when they initiate an e-commerce site on their own.Marketing--As evident from the discussion above,a good marketing strategy forms the basis of the operational strategy,in order to attract customers to the e-commerce site and ensure asteady pattern of sales.Development organizations often need not employ capital-intensive marketing programs in order to have a successful marketing campaign.The marketing strategy can be divided into two main categories:1)online markets and2)offline markets.Purchasing Patterns of Online Customers--The frequency of updating new products can impact the number of items purchased by customers and the number of returning customers.In order to encourage customers to purchase more than one item at a time,it is important to offer a(wide) variety of products.Returning to the marketing strategies,development organizations can offer sales promotions mentioned above.This can increase the per-customer volume of sales, increasing overall revenue.Development organizations can consider organizing a schedule for updating their e-commerce site,adding new products and promotional offers on a regular basis. This way,previous customers will see that new products are available for sale and may be attracted to purchasing a second or third time.Developing an e-commerce strategy can allow development organizations to approach this initiative with an understanding of what they want to achieve and how to achieve it.This can encourage strategic thinking of how to attract potential customers to the site and how to keep them returning.In order for e-commerce initiatives to be successful,whether generating revenue to offset production costs or increasing overall revenue to offset operational costs,development organizations can often use business strategies to more effectively achieve their overall goals.。
电子商务英语(00888)_自考三大部分翻译
自考英语三大部分一．单词Advertise 做广告v.Adopt 收养，采用 v.Assumption 假定，假设 n.Achievement 成就 n.Automatic 自动的 adj.Arrangement 安排 n.Anticipate 期望，预料 v.Accordingly 因此 adv.Attribute 归因于 v.Arrange 整理，安排v.Abandon 放弃，遗弃 v.Automation 自动化，自动 n.Available 可用的，可获得的 adj.Adapt 改变，使适应v.Associate 伙同的，副的；同事 adj.& n Available 可用的，可获得的adj.Alliance 结盟，联盟 n.Attempt 尝试，试图，努力 v.& n. Absolutely 绝对的，完全的，无条件地 adv. Barrier 障碍 n.Backorder 延期交货n.Burgeon 发芽，开始生长v.Basically 基本上，根本上adv.Barely 机会没有；光秃秃的adv.Commerce 贸易，商业 n.Convenience 方便，便利 n. Correspondence 通信，信件 n.Capture 虏获，得到 v.Conversion 转变，变换 n.Critical 批评的，危机的；决定性的adj. Concise 简明的 adj.Contract 合同；契约 n.Corporate 共同的；法人团体的 adj. Consume 消耗，花费 v.Community 社会；团体 n.Cumbersome 笨重的a.Complexity 复杂 n.Conscious 清醒的，察觉的adj.Conflict 不合，分歧 n.Confidence 信心n.Confirm 证实，确定v.Crucial 极其重要的 adj. Consistent 持续的 adj.Classic 第一流的，经典的 adj. Coordinate 协调；调节 v.Customize 按顾客要求制作v. Concentrate 集中；全神贯注v.Claim 声称；认领 v.& n.Clutter 使散乱；零乱v.& n.Classify 分类，归类 v.Category 部门；种类；范畴n.Casual 偶然的，随便的 adj. Currency 流行；货币n.Counsel 建议；顾问律师 n.Cement 水泥n.结合；巩固v. Consistently 一致；一贯；相符adv. Corporation 法人团体n.Commence 开始，着手v.Comment 意见，解释；评论 n.&v. Confusion 困惑，混乱（状态）n. Consultant 顾问 n.Campaign 战役；运动 n.Competency 能力，技能；权限 n. Classical 古典的；经典地，传统的 adj.Document 文件，文献n.Dispute 争论，辩论 v.&n.Deflate 紧缩v.Distinct 清楚的，明显的 adj. Distinguish 区分v.Distribute 分配；分发；分布v. Domestically 本国的，国内的adv.Detailed 详细的adj.Downside 下调，下滑 n.Deduct 扣除；减除v.Disadvantage 不利条件 n.Domain 领土；领域，范围 n.Distract 使…分心，分散…的注意力v. Definite 清楚的，明确的；肯定的 adj.Emergence 出现，暴露n.Enhance 增强，提高 v.Estimate 估计 n.&v.Equivalent 同等的 adj.Expand 扩展，扩大v.Expectant 期望的，预期的 adj.Extensive 广阔的；广泛的adj.Equip 装备；供给所需的东西 v.Extension 延伸，伸展 n.Experienced 有经验的 adj.Executive 行政官；行政人员n.Extreme 极端的；偏激的 adj.Eliminate 除去，淘汰v.Exponential 指数的，指数方程的 adj.Essential 必须的；基本的adj.要素n. Evaporate 蒸发；消失v.Embrace 拥抱；包含v.Endeavor 努力，尽力 v.& n.Essence 本质，精髓，精华 n.Enormously 巨大地，极大地，极其adv.Enlighten 启发，启迪，教导 v.Feasible 可行的，可做的 n.Fund 基金；经费n.Fundamentally 基本地，根本地adv.Fundamental 基本的，基础的；主要的adj. Frustrate 妨碍；扰乱，使沮丧v.Favorite 最受喜欢的；宠儿 adj.& n.File 卷宗n.归档v.Facilitate 使容易；使便利 v.Foster 照顾；养育；培养v.Feasible 可行的，可做的n.Generate 产生，发生v.Guarantee 保证v.&n.Headquarters 总部，司令部 n.Horizon 地平线 n.Highlight 最精彩的部分n.强调v.Interview 采访；访问，对…进行面试 n.& v. Impossibility 不可能，无希望 n.Incumbent 有责任的；现任的；在职者 adj.& n. Inconvenient 不方便的 adj.Ineffective 无效果的 adj.Influence 影响，权力 n.Inhibit 阻止，禁止 v.Index 索引 v.& n.Initialization 预置，初始化n. Intervention 插入；干涉 n.Invoice 发票；发货单 n.Insight 洞察力n.Inevitable 不可避免的 adj. Imperative 命令的；权威a.& n. Implicit 含蓄的 a.Individual 单独的，个人的 a. Investment 投资n.Infrastructure 基础结构n.Incorporate 包含，合并v.Involve 包含；牵涉v.Intrude 闯入，侵扰v.Insurance 保险；保险费n.Identify 确定，鉴别v.Ingredient 原料；要素；成分nKeyword 关键词 n.Lucrative 可获利的，赚钱的adj. Location 地方，位置n.Legislation 立法；法规 n.Leverage 杠杆作用 n.Mortgage 抵押v.&n.Merchandise 商品，货品 n.Massive 巨大的；可观的，大量的adj. Mistakenly 弄错，误解 adv.Motivate 作为…的动机；激励v. Mavericks 持异议者，自行其是者 n。
电子商务营销外文文献翻译电子营销
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Ortiz F R, Gerrikagoitia J K, Castánder I. New Trends of Intelligent E-marketing Based on Web Mining for E-shops[C]// International Conference on Strategic Innovative Marketing. 2014.英文原文New trends of Intelligent E-Marketing based on Web Mining for e-shops FR Ortiz ，JK Gerrikagoitia ，I CastanderAbstractE-marketing is the concentration of all efforts in terms of adapting and developing marketing strategies into the virtual spaces: web, social media… In an e-commerce site, e-marketing must help consumers in their purchase. This requires precise knowledge of the customer´s preferences. For this reason, holders of e-shops must find out to whom, to what, how and when to refer to the customer, ergo, to know the “consumer decisio n journey” and strengthen their engagement. This analysis is obtained when the customer is visiting an e-shop because (s)he leaves a digital footprint that can be used to understand his/her needs, desires and demands as well as to improve web presence. These data can be used for data mining to understand the e-marketing and selling processes in a better way. In this paper a survey of 86 e-shops in Spain is presented. In the conclusions, some ideas for good e- marketing practices related to the buyingbehaviour analysis of customers are shown. Hence, new trends in e-marketing are suggested from a strategic, tactical and operational level in which different data mining techniques ease the purchase and the engagement.Key words: e-marketing; e-commerce; web mining; trends e-marketing; digital foot print1. IntroductionIn the last decade Internet has experienced a 33% high growth in the number of users worldwide. This has led to a greater acceptance of it by consumers, either as an instrument that facilitates the search for information or as a way to an end for the purchase of the products and services (“The internet a decade later”, 2013).This new technological environment has generated a significant change in the behavior, habits and trends of the consumer and its acceptance by consumers leads to the increase of the Electronic Commerce (EC). Defining e- commerce as the commerce in products or services conducted via computer networks such as the Internet (Turban, Lee, King, Liang, & Turban, 2009).This commercial activity has forced small businesses to develop an active presence of visibility on the Internet (Chen, Chiang, & Storey, 2012) in order to get notoriety in a global market and add value to their traditional business. With the exception that the virtual and traditionalcustomer behaviour are not identical (Eouzan,2013).But visibility of Internet does not only give visibility to a company, also allows to: a) to have the business open to the public permanently; b) reduce costs: material stock, logistic personnel, physical space;c)tostudythe customer better; d) to remove geographic limitations and e) to create brand and engagement.In Spain, according to the study of the National Observatory for Telecommunications and the Information Society (ONTSI) the B2C e-commerce grew by 13% reaching € 12,383M of turnover. This growth’s main cause, in the same way as in the world market, was the increase of Internet purchasers in 2012 which matched 15% (15.2M) (ONTSI, 2013).A closer data in time (2013) and origin (region level) is available through the National Statistics Institute of Spain (INE). According to this statistics institute, in 2013 the e-commerce in Spain has increased to around 11 million people who have made any purchase through the web in the last 12 months. This represents 32% of the total population. Moreover, the region of Spain that has used this type of trade the most is the Basque Country with 42%, followed closely by the Community of Madrid with 40% (INE, 2013).Putting the focus on the case of Basque Country, Statistic Institute of Basque Country (EUSTA T) provides some information about e-commerce by data-bank and annual reports (under the informationsociety topic). In this report, there is an interesting section for the e-commerce. The section reflects that 39% of the users that have been recently connected to the internet have made some kind of web based purchase (EUSTA T, 2014).As it is visible on the data provided by official statistic institutions, e-commerce is a commercial activity on growth and due to its nature. It benefits the economy of a country greatly and especially to small businesses which are committed to its implementation.As it happens in real sales, e-commerce based selling must be in concordance with the customer´s necessities prior, during and after the sale. This requires precise knowledge of the customer´s preferences. For this reason, owners of sites must find out to whom, what, how and when to refer to the virtual visitor and develop specific marketing strategies for the Internet (Alzua-Sorzabal, Gerrikagoitia, & Rebón, 2014a).Defining e-marketing as the concentration of all efforts in the sense of adapting and developing marketing strategies into the web environment. E-marketing involves all stages of work regarding a website, such as: the conception, the projects itself, the adaption of the content, the development, the maintenance, the analytic measuring and the advertisement (Strauss, Frost, & Ansary, 2009). In short, e-marketing makes the usage of the Internet to obtain knowledge aboutcustomer preferences through interactive website and agents easier(Teo &Choo,2001).To keep the customer’s attention on the web presence requires to build up a strong customer relationship and to offer services that attract the customer to visit the website frequently and purchase products and services. Therefore, the sales process requires a deep data analysis to know the “consumer decision journey” (Gefen & Straub,2000).When a customer is visiting a website (s)he leaves a trace of data, called the digital footprint, that can be used to understand the customer needs, desires and demands as well as to improve its web presence.By the use of this information applied from Web Usage Mining (Arbelaitz et al., 2013) techniques on the digital footprint left by the user during their navigation; knowledge about the behaviour of the customer's purchase is enriched in order to increase his/her engagement. Then, this knowledge has to be converted into intelligence and, if it is possible, an entertaining presentation of the information required by the customer.In this context, the real situation of e-marketing will be seen through an on-line survey that has been supplied to retailers of Spain for their completion and four in depth interviews. After analysing the state, enriched technical solutions through the Web Usage Mining process will be proposed and linked to new discovered e-marketing trends. Finally, a few commercial and open source solutions that can help in the creation of concrete solutions for these new e-marketing trends will be displayed.2. MethodologyIn accordance with the meaningful relevance that e-shops have obtained in the last years, it is crucial to conduct successful e-marketing activities in order to maintain or improve the business in these kinds of companies. At this point, it is necessary to suggest a solution from a strategic vision point of view by developing appropriate e–marketing strategies. The solution derives from a tactic vision by deciding for certain e-marketing trends and at the end an operational vision which is implemented by selected trends & practices.Even so, it is necessary to know the initial state of e-marketing into a sample of the Spanish enterprises dedicated to e-commerce.The methodology that has been carried out to know the initial state is based on two different manners of obtaining the real state of e-marketing paved by the e-commerce. On one hand, 86 online surveys have been made to some e- shop owners. On the other hand, out of these 86 companies four have been nominated to have an interview in depth. These interviews were conducted via telephone or face-to-face in the client's own company and the online surveys were collected through a digital form made in Google Forms.Once the surveys were completed, we proceeded to extract the information from them in order to the draw the conclusions that drive the second stage of the process. This second step consists of: a) a reflectionby experts on the detected deficiencies and b) the proposal of practical solutions that facilitate the achievement of strategic e- marketing solutions with vision of business and that incorporate techniques of Data Mining.3. Results and discussion3.1 Results of surveys and interviewsOn one hand, the analysis of the survey data shows that the majority of the e-shop owners questioned are small enterprises with less than 5 employees in the B2C sector (See Fig. 2a) that commodities, quick sale. They are very comparable in number of products and time in the online business (1-2 years) (See Fig. 2c). They also have a maximum number of online orders that (usually) a range from 101 to 1,000 orders a year and yearly revenue of less than 50,000 € (See Fig. 2b). The main languages supported by the e-shops are Spanish and English.On the other hand, analysing the companies that have done the interview, it seems that all of the moffer minimally processed, high-demanded products. Furthermore, 50% of the companies surveyed do not know exactly the main reasons why the customers make purchases at their e-Shop. It also is highlights, the fact that only these SMEs employ a person to ensure online sales and make little investments in their online presence (<10K €). In short, these are companies with a small volume of business and their revenues from online sales do not make a big impacton their business.Remark that, it has been less than 5 years since the e-shops started selling their products via Internet and, therefore, it is a process that must evolve towards maturity. The e-shop considers the on-line service as an added service to its business performance but not a priority.In addition to this, it can be seen that the e-shops have a certain level of infrastructure because they often have outsourced the hosting of their website and almost all use Google Analytics as a web analytics tool (Clifton, 2012; Hasan, Morris, & Probets, 2009). Out of the e-shops that use Google Analytics, very few do actually take advantage of the tool.In the same way, according to the surveys, the fraudulent case out of the total volume of transactions does not exceed 1% and they deal with it by leaving it in the hand of third parties: banks and gateways. They do not use electronic tools to observe and compare the prices of its competitors because it is the provider the one that sets them.To sum up, with the extracted data it is concluded that many e-commerce use Web Analytics tools, specifically Google Analytics, but very few information is obtained from the purpose of the client by his/her digital footprint. This prevents to properly categorize their behavior and facilitate effective e-marketing campaigns.3.2 Thinking and discussion based on solutionsThe need for developing specific marketing strategies fore-commerce implies that some traditional principles are adapted, or even reinvented. Four activities facilitate the deployment of e-marketing strategies (Stolpmann, 2001): online promotion, online shopping, online service and online collaboration.In addition to this, we think that it would be helpful it is necessary to choose some of the most relevant e- marketing trends and current trends & practices based on the considerations of experts who are close to the market demand and the practical trends web literature. This means that, a part of scientific base, it has obtained information from other important web origins where it might have significant information about real cases that are closer to reality. Therefore, the description of the trends: brick and mortar, Offering of increasingly complex online features, mobile everywhere... related to the e-marketing is crucial, for then, these can be crossed with trends & practices. These latest trends technological advances must be geared towards a future where retailers can get the most out of their online sales. In this regard, there are certain factors that should be taken into consideration such as the pick-up speed or omnichannel customer experience, social-networking testing (A yada & Elmelegy, 2014), list of wishes, search engine optimization or mega markets, cross border e-sales, suggestiveselling(Mussman,Adornato, Barker, Katz, & West, 2010), web banner advertising (Ozen & Engizek, 2014) and rewards.By doing so, it is obtained the necessary traceability which allows the intelligent e-marketing process be more consistent and stay closer to the e-shops reality.4 Conclusions and future workThis study aimed to test the necessity of the SMEs to become active users of web mining solutions. Overall, from the results it can be extracted that: a) the Pricing analysis is not relevant for them, because in the majority of cases is established by the products providers; b) the fraud has not any impact in the online purchases. It is inferred from the responses, that the market has not obtained the necessary maturity yet and that this issue is often outsourced to third party partners; c) Almost all the questioned companies have deployed the web analytics over their websites but they do not follow an exhaustive data analysis.Therefore, keeping in mind these key points and observing the significant importance of the digital footprint at the beginning of the web mining processes, it must regard that in a short-term the data origins based on this system will raise and the weight that this step will have on the process will be crucial, in order to dispose a better raw data. Furthermore, as in real sales, the process of selling based on e-commerce must be inconcordancewiththe customer´s necessities prior, during and after the sale. This requires precise knowledge of the customer´s preferences. For this reason e-commerce, must find out to whom, what,how and when to refer to the virtual visitor. In order it will take advantage of applying the data mining techniques in the phase that it corresponds to satisfy the necessity of enrich the data and add value according to better information about the client.Additionally, intelligent e-marketing processes should bear in mind the necessary relationships between e- marketing trends and Data Mining techniques in order to develop specific marketing strategies for the Internet.中文译文基于Web挖掘的电子商务智能电子营销新趋势作者：FR Ortiz，JK Gerrikagoitia，I Castander摘要网络营销是在虚拟空间中适应和发展营销策略的所有努力的集中：网络，社交媒体......在电子商务网站中，电子营销必须帮助消费者购买。
电子商务英语翻译
电子商务文献翻译班级：电子商务0902姓名：陈正祥学号：090506037STRUCTURE AND MACRO-LEVEL IMPACTS OF ELECT RONIC COMMERCE: FROM TECHNOLOGICAL INFRAST RUCTURE TO ELECTRONIC MARKETPLACES VLADIMIR ZWASS电子商务的结构和宏观影响：从技术层面的基础设施建设到虚拟的电子市场Abstract摘要Electronic commerce (E-commerce) is sharing business information, maintaining busi ness relationships, and conducting business transactions by means of telecommunicati ons networks. Traditional E-commerce, conducted with the use of information technol ogies centering on electronic data interchange (EDI) over proprietary value-added net works, is rapidly moving to the Internet. The InternetWorld Wide Web has become the prime driver of contemporary E-commerce, which has been vastly broadened and red efined by the use of the new medium.通过通讯网络电子商务可以实现分享信息，维护商业关系和进行商业交易的目的。
传统的电子商务在附有专有价值的网络上以电子信息交流为中心使用信息技术，目前正在逐渐向因特网转移。
电子商务双语目录
Chapter 1 Introduction to E-commerce 电子商务综述Case: （引例：）1.1 The Basic Concept of E-commerce（电子商务的基本概念）1.1.1 The Definition of E-commerce（电子商务的定义）1.1.2 The Contents of E-commerce（电子商务的内容）1.1.3 E-commerce Functional Features（电子商务的功能特性）1.2 E-commerce Emergence and Development（电子商务的产生与发展）1.2.1 The Developing Process of E-commerce（电子商务的发展过程）1.2.2 The Current Situation of E-commerce（电子商务的发展现状）1.2.3 The Trend of the E-commerce Development（电子商务的发展趋势）1.3 E-commerce Influence（电子商务的影响）1.3.1 E-commerce Influence on Economy（电子商务对经济的影响）1.3.2 The Impact of E-commerce on Enterprise（电子商务对企业的影响）1.3.3 The Impact of E-commerce on the Government（电子商务对政府管理的影响）Chapter 2 E-commerce Mechanism and Modes 电子商务机理与模式Case: Digital Beijing Project（引例：首都电子商务工程）2.1 Basic E-commerce Modes（电子商务的基本模式）2.1.1 B2B Mode（B2B模式）2.1.2 B2C Mode（B2C模式）2.1.3 B2G Mode（B2G模式）2.1.4 G2G Mode（G2G模式）2.1.5 C2C Mode（C2C模式）2.2 Framework of E-commerce（电子商务的结构）2.2.1 General Framework of E-commerce（电子商务总框架）2.2.2 Application Framework of E-commerce（电子商务的应用框架）2.3 Elements of E-commerce System（电子商务的系统组成）2.3.1 Major Elements of E-commerce System（电子商务系统的主要组成部分）2.3.2 Network Framework of E-commerce System（电子商务系统的网络架构）2.3.3 Applications Level of E-commerce System（电子商务系统的应用层次）Chapter 3 E-commerce Infrastructural Facilities 电子商务基础设施Case: Covad（引例：Covad）3.1 The Basis of Computer Network（计算机网络基础）3.1.1 Definition of Computer Network（计算机网络的定义）3.1.2 Computer Network Classification（计算机网络的分类）3.1.3 Function of Computer Network（计算机网络的功能）3.2 Network Communication Protocol（网络通信协议）3.2.1 OSI and IEEE 802 Protocol（OSI与IEEE 802协议）3.2.2 TCP/IP Protocol Suite（TCP/IP协议簇）3.2.3 WLAN Communication Protocol（WLAN通信协议）3.3 Internet（互联网）3.3.1 The Emergence and Development of Internet（互联网的产生与发展）3.3.2 Internet Application（互联网的主要应用）3.3.3 IP Address and Domain Name（IP地址和域名）3.3.4 Internet Access（互联网接入方式）3.3.5 Intranet, Extranet and Internet（内联网、外延网和互联网）3.4 Network Program Technology（网络编程技术）3.4.1 Markup Language（标识语言）3.4.2 Java（Java）3.4.3 .NET（.NET）Chapter 4 Information Processing Technology 信息处理技术Case: General Electric（引例：通用电气）4.1 Electronic Data Interchange（电子数据交换）4.1.1 Introduction of EDI（EDI概述）4.1.2 EDI Standards（EDI标准）4.1.3 EDI Network（EDI网络）4.2 RFID Technology（RFID技术）4.2.1 Brief Introduction to RFID（RFID技术简介）4.2.2 Contents of RFID Tracking System（RFID跟踪系统的组成）4.3 GPS Technology（GPS技术）4.3.1 Brief Introduction to GPS（GPS技术简介）4.3.2 Content of GPS Tracking System（GPS跟踪系统的组成）4.4 GIS Technologies（GIS技术）Chapter 5 E-commerce Payment Technology 电子商务支付技术Case: First Internet Bank of Indiana（引例：印第安纳第一网络银行）5.1 E-money（电子货币）5.1.1 Bank Cards（银行卡）5.1.2 E-cash（电子现金）5.1.3 E-check（电子支票）5.1.4 E-wallets（电子钱包）5.2 E-payment System（电子支付系统）5.2.1 E-cash Payment System（电子现金支付系统）5.2.2 Bank Card Payment System（银行卡支付系统）5.2.3 The E-check System（电子支票支付系统）5.3 Internet Technologies and the Banking Industry（互联网技术与银行业）5.3.1 E-bank（网上银行）5.3.2 Mobile Bank（移动银行）Chapter 6 E-commerce Security Technology 电子商务安全技术Case: Bibliofind Company（引例：Bibliofind Company）6.1 Introduction to E-commerce Security（电子商务安全概述）6.1.1 Security Issues in E-commerce（电子商务的安全性问题）6.1.2 The Basic Requirements for Security in E-commerce （EC对安全的基本要求）6.1.3 Measures for E-commerce Security（电子商务安全措施）6.2 Encryption Technology（加密技术）6.2.1 Basic Concept（基本概念）6.2.2 Symmetric Encryption Technology（对称式密钥加密技术）6.2.3 Asymmetric Encryption Technology（非对称密钥加密技术）6.2.4 Mixed EncryptionTechnology（混合加密技术）6.3 Authentication Technology（认证技术）6.3.1 Basic Concept（基本概念）6.3.2 Message Digest and Digital Signatures（数字摘要与数字签名）6.3.3 Digital Certificates and CA Security Authentication （数字证书与CA安全认证体系）6.3.4 Public Key Infrastructure（公钥基础设施）6.4 Firewall Technology（防火墙技术）6.4.1 Basic Concept of the Firewall（防火墙的基本概念）6.4.2 Firewall Principle（防火墙原理）6.4.3 Security Policy and Limitations of Firewall（防火墙的安全策略及局限性）6.5 Security Payment Technology（安全支付技术）6.5.1 Secure Socket Layer（安全套接层协议）6.5.2 Secure Electronic Transaction（安全电子交易协议）6.5.3 Comparison between SSL and SET（SSL与SET比较）Chapter 7 E-commerce and the Law 电子商务与法律Case: Legal Issue Related to Hyperlink on the Website（引例：关于网站中的超链接的法律问题）7.1 Introduction to E-commerce Law（电子商务法介绍）7.1.1 The Legal Issue for E-commerce（电子商务引发的法律问题）7.1.2 Concepts and Features of E-commerce Law（电子商务法的概念及其特征）7.1.3 The Legislation Course of E-commerce（电子商务立法进程）7.2 The Law Issues in E-commerce's Transactions（电子商务交易中存在的法律问题）7.2.1 Electronic Signature Law of the People's Republic of China（《中华人民共和国电子签名法》）7.2.2 Contracting and Contract Enforcement in E-commerce （电子商务中的合同和履行）7.2.3 Digital Signatures and Authentication（电子签名及认证问题）7.3 Intellectual Property in E-commerce（电子商务中的知识产权问题）7.3.1 Copyright（网络著作权的法律保护）7.3.2 Domain Names（有关域名的法律保护）7.3.3 Database（数据库的法律保护）7.4 Customer Right Protection at E-commerce（电子商务中的消费者权益保护）7.4.1 Customer Privacy Protection（消费者隐私权保护）7.4.2 Virtual Property Protection（虚拟财产的保护）Chapter 8 E-commerce and Taxation 电子商务与税收Case：eBay'ers（引例：eBay用户）8.1 Introduction to Taxation in E-commerce（电子商务税收概述）8.1.1 Taxation and Its Significance（税收及其重要性）8.1.2 Characteristics of E-commerce Taxation（电子商务税收的特点）8.2 Taxation Issue in E-commerce（电子商务带来的税收问题）8.2.1 Argument for E-commerce Taxation（电子商务征税的争执）8.2.2 Permanent Establishment（常设机构）8.2.3 Tax Jurisdiction（税收权限）8.3 International Legislation of E-commerce Taxation（国际上电子商务的税收法规）8.3.1 Two Perspectives Over Taxation Policy（电子商务税收政策的两种观点）8.3.2 Nexus（直接关系税）8.3.3 European Union Value Added Taxes（欧盟的增值税）8.3.4 The OECD Five Key Principles for E-commerce Taxation（经济发展与合作组织对于电子商务税收的5点原则）8.3.5 Alternative Ways of Taxing the E-commerc（对电子商务税收的几种方案）Chapter 9 E-commerce and Business Management企业电子商务管理Case：P&G and Wal-Mart（引例：宝洁和沃尔玛）9.1 Critical Success Factors and E-commerce Strategies （关键成功因素与电子商务策略）9.1.1 Critical Success Factors（关键成功因素）9.1.2 Critical Success Factors in E-commerce（电子商务的关键成功因素）9.2 E-commerce and Supply Chain Management（电子商务与供应链管理）9.2.1 Supply Chain Introduction（供应链介绍）9.2.2 E-supply Chain Management（电子商务供应链管理）9.2.3 Supply Chain Integration with the Application of E-commerce（运用电子商务进行供应链整合）9.3 E-commerce and Human Resources Management（电子商务与人力资源管理）9.3.1 HRM in the Context of E-Commerce（电子商务环境下的人力资源管理）9.3.2 Knowledge Management（知识管理）9.4 E-commerce and Logistics（电子商务与物流管理）9.4.1 E-logistics Management（电子商务物流管理）9.4.2 E-logistics Differs from Traditional Logistics（电子商务物流与传统物流的区别）Chapter 10 Construction of E-commerce System电子商务系统建设Case：Sinochem Corporation E-commerce System（引例：中国化工进出口总公司电子商务系统）10.1 System Design of E-commerce System（电子商务系统设计）10.1.1 Framework of E-commerce System（电子商务系统结构）10.1.2 E-commerce Website Design Elements（电子商务网站设计要素）10.2 The Developing Process of E-commerce System（电子商务系统建设过程）10.2.1 Lifecycle of System Development（系统开发周期）10.2.2 System Analysis and Planning（系统分析和规划）10.2.3 System Design and Development（系统设计与开发）10.2.4 System Testing/Implementation/Maintenance（系统测试/实施/维护）10.3 System Software of E-commerce System（电子商务系统的主要软件）10.3.1 Web Server Software（Web服务器软件）10.3.2 Application Server（应用服务器）10.3.3 E-commerce Software Package（电子商务软件包）Chapter 11 E-commerce Website 电子商务网站建设Case：Circuit City's E-superstore（引例：Circuit City的网上超市）11.1 E-commerce and Portal Site（电子商务和门户网站）11.1.1 Types of Portal Site（门户网站的类型）11.1.2 Importance of Web Portals（网络门户网站的重要性）11.2 Website Construction（网站建设）11.2.1 The Pattern of E-shops（网上商店的模式）11.2.2 Launch an Successful Online Business（启动一个成功的网上商业项目）11.2.3 Website Design（网站设计）11.2.4 Actualization of E-shops（网上商店的实现）11.3 E-shop Fore-end（网络商店前台）11.3.1 Online Catalog（网上产品目录）11.3.2 Shopping Cart（购物车）11.3.3 Online Payment（网上支付）11.4 E-shop Back-end（网络商店后台）11.4.1 Order Processing（订单处理）11.4.2 Customer Relationship Management（CRM）（客户关系管理）11.4.3 Logistics（物流配送）Chapter 12 E-commerce and the Latest Development电子商务发展动态Case：The Future Store in Germany（引例：德国的未来超市）12.1 Current Status of E-commerce（电子商务现状）12.1.1 Global E-commerce Latest Development（全球电子商务发展的基本情况）12.1.2 Development of E-commerce in China（中国电子商务的基本情况）12.1.3 Problems in China's E-commerce Development（中国电子商务发展中存在的问题）12.1.4 Policy for the Promotion of E-commerce Development （中国促进电子商务发展的方针政策）12.2 M-commerce（移动电子商务）12.2.1 Technologies of M-commerce（移动电子商务的实现技术）12.2.2 M-tickets（移动电子票务）12.3 Other E-commerce Development（其他电子商务的发展情况）12.3.1 IPTV（数字电视）12.3.2 Blog（博客）。
电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)英文：Towards Enhancing Trust on Chinese E-Commerce Abstract:E-Commerce has been much more popular in western countries where the development of E-Commerce systems has been relatively matured. While the technology and social credit environment are well developed, E-Commerce is relatively new and receives fewer acceptances within commercial industries in China. Building trust has been identified as one of the major concerns in E-Commerce.In this paper, we will develop an computational model, which may be used to improve the trust-building relationship among consumers, retailers and authorities. This model considers a number of factors including direct experiences, customer recommendations, and authority certification, while parties involved in the E-Commerce activities can confidently establish and reliably enhance the trustworthiness.We also conduct a case study on how to improve consumer-retailer trust relationship in an E-Commerce application by the use of the trust model, which is one of functional electronic storefronts with the consideration of trustworthiness in China. In addition, the findings from this research will also be helpful for national policy maker on legislation of Chinese E-Commerce activities.Key Words: Trust, E-Commerce, Trust-building, Computational model, Chinese E-Commerce.I. Introduction“With the rapid development of Internet technology, the landscape of exchanging information and doing business has been com pletely changed”. As a new way of doing business, E-Commerce is increasingly affecting, changing and even replacing the traditional commerce approach. People are increasingly accepting and using E-Commerce than ever before. Without any doubt, many network applications, based on initial Door to Door to B2B, B2C, and C2C models, have a profound influence on the global economy. However most of the development of E-Commerce is primarily achieved within a handful of countries, particularly in countries like US, Japan and some of European countries. Since the advent of the Internet in the late 1990’s in China, various applications can be seen in the following years, which stirred thousands of ambitious young Chinese people to establish their own business on-line with a dream of getting wealthy overnight. Over the past few years, almost 70% of the growth in Internet users from all over the world occurred only in China. However, in terms of E-Commerce development, there is still a gap between China and the developed countries. With the increased popularity of the Internet and the continuous improvement of Internet technologies, the development of E-Commerce has just made an impressive start. What hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce can be attributed to various problems and barriers. Some of these problems such as payment method, distribution problem, and security issues have been partially alleviated. Unfortunately the consumers’ lack of trust towards E-Retailers has been identified as the biggest barrier that needs to be overcome in long-term.In the paper, we will identify the challenges in developing Chinese E-Commerce and propose a model to cooperate with current E-Commerce system as a mean of enhancing trustworthiness. The paper is organized into 6 sections. Section 2 introduces the current standing of E-Commerce, and then Section 3 briefly reviews the challenges in developing E-Commerce, and examines the “Trust problem”, which is identified as the major obstacle that hinders the spreading of E-Commerce in China. In Section 4, we propose a computational model that can be used to address the trust problem. Section 5 specifically discusses how to apply the model to improve trustworthiness, and gives a case study in Section 6. Section 7 concludes the paper by discussing further directions for improving trust between E-Commerce users.II. Current Chinese E-Commerce Standing(I) Issues in E-CommerceTrust has always been the main concern among most of Chinese E-Commerce companies. On one hand, people are impressed by doing business on-line, but on the other hand they are still worried about using E-Commerce widely. Consequently, a gap appeared between on-line retailers’interest in attracting shoppers to their electronic storefronts and many consumers’ trust in those activities. Nevertheless, researches have shown that the trust problem is not only technical problem, but more of a social problem caused by various reasons. First and foremost, for historical reasons, people may lack of confiden ce with others, therefore it’s quite difficult to puttrust in someone else in the beginning. Secondly, the commercial law and regulation for E-Commerce cannot fully protect the interests of consumers and merchants. Therefore E-Commerce users lack the confidence to take the risk when communicating with an unfamiliar party. Thirdly, the social credit system and payment system in China are still not strong enough when carrying complex E-Commerce transactions, so that on-line business frauds may happen, and harm consumers. Last but not least Internet security and cryptography techniques, which can increase consumers’confidence in on-line activity, are still under development. Due to all these issues, E-Commerce specialists commonly regard that the bottleneck of Chinese E-Commerce is as a trust problem than anything else.(II) Opportunities of Chinese E-CommerceIn 2005, Chinese E-Commerce has been experiencing the upsurge of B2C markets. With the recognition of trust problem, many retailers are experimenting with various trust building strategies to establish trustworthiness towards E-Retailers. Establishing trust between E-Commerce users is a long term process. Apart from more education or training in the long term, we can resort to technology to enhance consumer trust in an unfamiliar E-retailer. One effective method is to participate in third-party assurance programs, which assist consumers in an accessible level of trust they should place in an E-Commerce transaction. In that way, merchants who agree to meet a third party assures standards can either use the assure certified technology, or agree to be bound in some way by the assure procedures or oversight are registered by the assure and permitted to display an identifying logo or assurance seal on their website. Consumers can reveal specific validation of the merchants good-standing with the assure or additional disclosures related to the merchants’ business practices or history. Some theories suggest that trust in an E-retailer can be speci fically defined as consumers’ willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations regarding an E-Retailers future behavior. By evaluating a party’s post behavior and tracking its activities, the party’s futu re behavior can be expected and trust level can be considered so that consumers can make purchasing decision according to the trust level of E-Retailer. In this paper, a third party assurance program that can be cooperated with the current E-Commerce system is proposed. Through tracking E-Retailer ’s activity records, collecting consumer experiences, and recommendations, the computation model is capable of considering the level that consumer can trust an unfamiliar E-Retailer. More detail about the model is described in Section 4.III. Challenges in Developing Chinese E-CommerceChinese E-Markets is undeniably of great potential. E-Markets are not only beneficial for national economy, but also for the global economy, especially since China has entered the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, in terms of developing E-Commerce, there is a gap between China and other developed countries. The primary cause is that the advent of information age has a great impact on the economy of industrialized countrie s, while the social environment and China hasn’t become used to its coming. These can be noticed from various aspects including information infrastructure, barriers of social environment, degree of technologyinnovation, level of awareness, and trustworthiness and so on. Technically, the improvement is obvious, but it’s difficult to catch up in short term for some social problems.(I) Informationization GapCurrent social environment in China is yet to match the rapid informationization. The understanding of the relation and interaction between industrialization and informationization is inadequate. In addition, the importance and urgency of informationization in social and economic development haven’t been fully appreciated. Apart from that, for a long term progress, the awareness and acceptance to informationization are still underway both theoretically and practically.Furthermore, the global information infrastructure are building up, China is not a exception. However, the popularity of informational and electronic facilities in China is still behind the USA, even though 70% of the growth in Internet users occurred in China. That is mainly due to the huge population of China and the imbalanced development of different regions.In terms of the innovation of information technology, China is catching up to the developed countries progressively, although the exploring and utilization of information resources and services are not yet adequate.(II) Social Barriers in E-CommerceIn China, E-Commerce activities are impeded by some social barriers as well. For instance, the law and regulation are not flawless. E-commerce gives a full impetus to social and economic development; in the meantime, it raises some new problems. So we need to address the inadequacy of traditional policy and laws in the new circumstance, and recommend new and effective law and regulation system. E-commerce may cause multi-facet problems, such as legitimacy and authentication of E-currency, E-contract, and E-bill. Taxation is another problem. It includes how to collect business tax and custom; whether new tax and collecting methods are needed for some intangible products (e.g. software, electrical audio and video); how to secure market and prevent monopoly, especially telecommunication monopoly; how to protect privacy and Intellectual Property(IP); how to manage and control export and import of intangible products, and so on.There is a lack of E-Commerce standard. Standardization and legislation is a difficult but important task in developing E-Commerce. For instance, before the E-Signature Standard was invented in China, there was no particular standard to normalize the behaviors on Internet, therefore, it could not setup a standard business environment compatible with international standards, which has a huge impact on integration of individual country and global economy.Another problem associated with E-Commerce is the social credit system and payment system. The present E-Commerce can only be regarded as quasi-E-Commerce. Since the credit system lacks of trust, effective monitoring and payment mechanism. The Internet commodity transaction centers only fulfilled parts of E-Commerce processes, but by no mean to be full processes from pre-purchase to post-purchase. The current distribution system for Chinese E-Commerce is still not satisfied enough. For instance, the delivery of products has yet to be separated frommanufacturing and commercial enterprisers. The incomplete distribution system still responds passively to production and sales departments, where different processing links such as warehousing, transporting and loading functions as independent entities so that the distribution problem has not been solved well at present.In summary, these informationization gaps and social barriers indeed hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce, but many people consider lack of consumers trust in E-Commerce merchants, technology, social, financial and legal infrastructures of E-Commerce environment as the most concerned issues that affect the development in an individual country, since most traditional cues for assessing trust in physical world are not available on-line.(III)Trust IssueTrust is a catalyst for human cooperation, and it has received considerable attention in the business and social science literature. Lack of trust can result in a waste of time and resources on protecting ourselves against possible harm and thereby clogs up the economy. Consumer’s trust in an E-Retailer can be defined as consumers’willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations in regard with an E-Retailers future behavior. Factors that affect trust in E-Commerce for consumers include security risks, privacy risks, and lack of reliability in E-Commerce processes in general. As pointed by Nielsen, real trust builds through a company’s actual behavior towards its customers over time, and it is seen to be difficult to build and easy to lose. Theoretically, there are three trust-building processes summarized in:1. Knowledge-based trust is described as a form of trust that develops over time as one party learns about intentions, capabilities, and activity experiences. Example can be recommendation, evaluations, and reputations.2. Institutional-based trust relied on the creation of a “trust infrastructure”, of socially recognized third-party intermediaries that certify the trustworthiness of parties in a commercial exchange or actually enforce trustworthy behaviors on the part of one or both partners. Such example is certificate, membership of association.3. Trust transfer happens when one party ascribes trustworthiness to an unfamiliar exchange partner based on that partner’s association with a trusted party.In the ext section, we will describe a computational model, which can be used to facilitate the trust- building process in E-Commerce, particularly for Chinese E-Commerce market.In this paper, we surveyed the E-Commerce activities currently under going in China. We have closely analyzed the gap between the informationization and barriers of Chinese E-Commerce systems. Among the topics of facilitating development of a positive, effective and satisfied E-Commerce system, “trust” is a major issue, which has not received adequate attention in past decades. We have proposed a computational trust model (ERC2G), which can foster a trust relationship between consumers and merchants, and illustrate how to apply the model in a Chinese E-Commerce system. From the case study of EI Computer, we briefly talked about the implementation of E-Commerce systems with the consideration of enhancing trust. However, establishing trust must be a complex process, which involves moreinformation sources, so continuous improving and enhancing the trustworthiness will be the main objective we need to achieve in future work.翻译：提升中国电子商务信用度摘要电子商务在西方国家已经非常流行，并且电子商务系统在这些国家的发展也相对成熟。
电子商务外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。
电子商务中英文翻译
工商企业管理二班王建稳12292330051E-commerce is coming of ageThe 21st century are the information time, the tertiary industry unceasingly rise in the various countries' proportion, specially service industry, information service industry becomes for the 21stcentury the leading industries, this has caused the electronic commerce production and the development in the global information is under the influence which the situation drives, the various countries' electronic commerce unceasing improvement and the consummation, the electronic commerce is a focal point which each country and each big company capture. And, along with the whole world electronic commerce swift and violent development, the electronic commerce scale expands day by day, if US in 2000 the electronic commerce amounts to 488.7 billion US dollars, Japanese 31.9 billion US dollars, German 20.6 billion US dollars. Thereupon, the various countries unceasingly opens sends out the form to be diverse, the characteristic each different electronic commerce solution. But, because various countries and some international organization to electronic commerce understanding existence difference, thus the formulation and implementation development electronic commerce policy also has the obvious difference between the country and the country electronic commerce live agent lacks the effective coordinated mechanism to develop slowly, simultaneously a country interior electronic commerce activity also because of lacks the effective policy safeguard to receive the restriction. Therefore, the research discussion electronic commerce present situation and the formulation implementation appropriate electronic commerce policy question extremely is urgent. But in our country, the computer and the network technology popularization and the development, the electronic commerce rapidly rises, the multitudinous information technology enterprise, the venture capital company, the production circulation enterprise develops the electronic commerce in abundance. Looked from national Economical trade committee to more than 630 enterprises' investigations that, at present enterprise in Internet application and development electronic commerce aspect, eastern area enterprise good to middle area, middle is markets. But many record shops and travel agents could be in for a tougher time. Erik Blachford, the head of IAC’s travel side and boss of Expedia, the biggest internet travel agent, thinks online travel bookings in America could quickly move from 20% of the market to more than half. Mr Bezos reckons online retailers might capture 10-15% of retail sales over the next decade. That would represent a massive shift in spending. How will traditional shops respond? Michael Dell, the founder of Dell, which leads the personal-computer market by selling direct to the customer, has long thought many shops will turn into showrooms. There are already signs of change on the high street. The latest Apple and Sony stores are designed to display products, in the full expectation that many people will buy online. To some extent, the online and offline worlds may merge. Multi-channel selling could involve a combination of traditional shops, a printed catalogue, a home-shopping channel on TV, a phone-in order service and an e-commerce-enabled website. But often it is likely to be the website where customers will be encouraged to place their orders. One of the biggest commercial advantages of the internet is a lowering of transaction costs, which usually translates directly into lower prices for the consumer. So, if the lowest prices can be found on the internet and people like the service they get, why would they buy anywhere else?One reason may be convenience; another, concern about fraud, which poses the biggest threat to online trade. But as long as the internet continues to deliver price and product information quickly, cheaply and securely, e-commerce will continue to grow. Increasingly, companies will have to assume that customers will know exactly where to look for the best buy. This market has the potential to become as perfect as it gets. Certain products or services appear more suitable for online sales; others remain more suitable for offline sales. While credit cards are currently the most popular means of paying for online goods and services, alternative online payments will account for 26% of e-commerce volume by 2009 according to Celent. Many successful purely virtual companies deal with digital products, (including information storage, retrieval, and modification), music, movies, office supplies, education, communication, software, photography, and financial transactions. Examples of this type of company include: Google, eBay and Paypal. Other successful marketers such as use Drop shipping or Affiliate marketing techniques to facilitate transactions of tangible goods without maintaining real inventory. Examplesinclude numerous sellers on eBay. Virtual marketers can sell some non-digital products and services successfully. Such products generally have a high value-to-weight ratio, they may involve embarrassing purchases, they may typically go to people in remote locations, and they may have shut-ins as their typical purchasers. Items which can fit through a standard letterbox — such as music CDs, DVDs and books —are particularly suitable for a virtual marketer, and indeed , one of the few enduring dot-com companies, has historically concentrated on this field. Products such as spare parts, both for consumer items like washing machines and for industrial equipment like centrifugal pumps, also seem good candidates for selling online. Retailers often need to order spare parts specially, since they typically do not stock them at consumer outlets -- in such cases, e-commerce solutions in spares do not compete with retail stores, only with other ordering systems. A factor for success in this niche can consist of providing customers with exact, reliable information about which part number their particular version of a product needs, for example by providing parts lists keyed by serial number. Purchases of pornography and of other sex-related products and services fulfill the requirements of both virtuality (or if non-virtual, generally high-value) and potential embarrassment; unsurprisingly, provision of such services has become the most profitable segment of e-commerce. There are also many disadvantages of e-commerce. one of the main ones is fraud. This is where your details (name, bank card number, age, national insurance number) are entered into what look to be a safe site but really it is not. These details can then be used to steal money from you and can be used to buy things on line that you are completely unaware of until it is too late. this information is leaked into the wrong hands. People are able to steal your identity, and commit more fraud crimes under your name. Finally there are many problems with e commerce some of which are: Failure understands customers why they buy and how they buy. Even a product with a sound value proposition can fail if producers and retailers do not understand customer habits, expectations, and motivations. E-commerce could potentially mitigate this potential problem with proactive and focused marketing research, just as traditional retailers may do. Failure consider the competitive situation. One may have the will to construct a viable book e-tailing business model, but lack the capability to compete with Amazon. Inability predicts environmental reaction. What willcompetitors do? Will they introduce competitive brands or competitive web sites? Will they supplement their service offerings? Will they try to sabotage a competitor's site? Will price warsbreak out? What will the government do? Research into competitors, industries and markets may mitigate some consequences here, just as in non-electronic commerce. Over-estimation of resource competence. Can staff, hardware, software, and processes handle the proposed strategy? Have e-tales failed to develop employee and management skills? These issues may call for thorough resource planning and employee training. Products less suitable for e-commerce include products that have a low value-to-weight ratio, products that have a smell, taste, or touch component, products that need trial fittings —most notably clothing —and products where color integrity appears important. Nonetheless, has had success delivering groceries in the UK, albeit that many of its goods are of a generic quality, and clothing sold through the internet is big business in the U.S. Also, the recycling program Cheapcycle sells goods over the internet, but avoids the low value-to-weight ratio problem by creating different groups for various regions, so that shipping costs remain low.译文：电子商务是时代的到来21世纪是信息时代，第三产业不断上升，在各国的比重，特别是服务业，信息服务业成为，21世纪的主导产业，这导致了电子商务的产生和发展，在全球信息该驱动器的情况的影响下，各国的电子商务不断的改进和完善，电子商务是每一个国家和每一个大公司捕捉的焦点。
电子商务-商务英语-外文翻译汇编
附件1：外文资料翻译译文电子商务战略1、隐私隐私权的问题是网上环境和电子商务战略的辩论，也是当今最热门的话题之一。
隐私不仅影响消费者的在线信心和信任，而且还可能造成潜在的法律问题和伦理问题。
如果消费者不熟悉电子的隐私，对企业的在线做法感到不满意，很难想像电子商务将有一个繁荣的未来。
事实上，根据最近的一项民意调查显示...美国人说，他们对医疗保健和犯罪的关注比不上他们对网上个人隐私损失的关注。
并根据全球的DMA沃思林所进行的研究，近百分之六十的购物者说，立法会需要使企业保持良好的隐私政策。
互联网行业是建立在企业与客户之间的信任之上 - 隐私是信任的最重要的成分。
除非他们有效地解决了隐私问题，否则互联网公司将会失去信任，以及他们客户的生意。
世界之窗万维网是一个巨大的有方便信息的数据库，是可以轻松的获得人，公司，机构和许多其他组织的资料来源。
这带来了关于互联网上的隐私问题。
消费者的隐私得到了实质性的关注，因为我们进入了新时代的在线商务环境。
互联网的发展制定出了有关未来保护消费者的隐私权的许多新问题。
新技术，可以提高数据的收集，不断变化的市场趋势和新的电子商务全球市场正在促使越来越重要的信息在全球经济中的重要作用。
由于有关资料显示，特别是已成为了一种有价值的商品，可以带来更多的就业机会，企业和客户服务。
因此，这些因素带来了越来越大的压力，收集、保存、处理和使用个人数据比以前更多了。
这些因素也减少了消费者隐私和消费者信心水平在这样的环境中的缺乏。
在某些情况下，公司没有披露的基本技术和数据收集的特点已经成为了他们自己的网站关注的焦点。
用户认为该网站提供者并没有通知他们正在发生的事情对他们幕后的数据有多大的作用。
站在公司的角度想，说明他们是在监测未经授权的目的，这种做法很可能造成严重的信誉问题，并且会阻止网络用户访问其网站和参与建议。
对于这些关系着未来营销方法和隐私问题的解决方案，有的技术战略已经发展到有助于预防和防范并且可以识别网站和网友称其为数据磁铁。
电子商务外文文献
电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。
在这个日益数字化的时代，电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。
本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状，探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。
The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响：外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及，电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。
电子商务简介外文翻译文献
电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。
外文翻译-电子商务战略挑战(1)
The Strategic Challenges of Electronic Commerce Introduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systems and financial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain with us, in their modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modern forms of commerce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditional model.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wide Web, has provided an easy to use communication channel for businesses to contact current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread electronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payment for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quote a number of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP, Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which suggest that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone. The number of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wizards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supports anywhere from a single user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) directory of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries in the "Companies" directory of the Yahoo Guide to WWW (Yahoo, 1996), with the total number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Netscape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995 with growth at 8% per month (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information and supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the processes and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies include:1. Organizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making businesses more efficient.2. Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers and facilitate new methods of marketing.3. Electronic payment systems for goods and services - these are emerging, although the majority of payments are still based on relatively expensive traditional cheque clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes in the way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to describe the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key componentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisational support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research company Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate intention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was defined by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 65% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistics, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. However, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy and security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) noted that " … in order to th rive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of managing and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM and BPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utilise all three components to change their market or develop new markets. Those who do not adapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businesses should investigate the implications of these technologies for them and the markets within which they operate.MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce and the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities are likely tolead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, taking on roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazine publisher, Cond Naste, has moved into the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruitment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we currently call ‘marketing’. Clearly, the appearance of electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of this technology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involved in marketing need to understand the full range of products and services required by the electronic community. They must learn to take advantage of the technology that allows customersto move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as necessary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1. What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gather this information and for what should it be used?2. Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and transactions, making it available for later analysis?3. When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing professionals comprehend the differences? One needs to engage the customer as part of the transaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities are still not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Web has changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transactions are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to have remarked that he couldn’t tell if the Kodak Website was a money maker. But he knew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since door to door salesmen, only now the customers were knocking on Kodak’s door.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communities, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy games; and with a shared life experience. The business opportunity is for those who support and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. By satisfying the requirements of relational marketing and transactions, companies may gain important insights into their customers’ nature and needs. For example, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associated on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophisticated demands has led companies to seek new ways of acquiring, managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally altered the channels through which companies and customers maintain their relationships. The capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensitive personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, networks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s (1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electronic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practised widely by many businesses. He links relationship marketing to the imaginary (similar to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, more relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and between employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisation into the market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. The communities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insights force us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, competition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries between firms and markets dissolve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new image of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the potential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely to be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipient. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a customer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target better educated and more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that their customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need to make a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best developed through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer interaction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the value and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weaken trust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolution in marketing concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instances ofmany-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (aone-to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approaches which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the Web.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including the consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In order to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage in consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers - ‘convenience shoppers’ and ‘explorers’ (those street-smart consumers who are happy to surf the Web looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, the sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means finding relevant information is becoming more and more difficult - despite the best efforts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf. Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy, trust and security (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on the issues of Internet privacy and security, in the context of normal business activities, many millions of people trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering over the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct debit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So why is it that we expect the Internet to support a level of trust and security which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electronically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or group of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break the rules within an electronic community. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that try to advertise on academic discussion groups (mail bombs) and community policing against pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consumer controlled medium. The traditional customer loyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, Customer,Client, Partner, Advocate) is still applicable, but now operates in a different fashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The transition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instantaneous nature of the Internet makes this more difficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by the following example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large, multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electronics manufacturer that used France Telecom’s Tel net system to support EDI-like connections to approximately 10,000 separate retailers and independent service engineers throughout France (accessed through Minitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet service and the commercial applications which emerged to exploit it, provide insights into the development of commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement parts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted electronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on-line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapid delivery, the firm was able to eliminate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two weeks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need for parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, service engineers were further bound-in following the introduction of a revenue producing, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert system which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed. This "just-in-time" training service meant that technicians no longer required expensive and lengthy in-person training - a difficult task given the short life cycle of new electronics products. Service engineers were charged a fee for connecting to the service, but it clearly helped them to provide a faster service to the end customer whilst also further enforcing their dependence on the supplying firm. The expert system also accumulated data on repair problems and provided valuable feedback to the design and manufacturing divisions of the company. A primary motivation for this service was to dissuade service engineers from obtaining parts and services from other suppliers. The ubiquity of Minitel merely created the environment within which the supplier could manage relationships with a very large set of buyers, without opening their service to other suppliers.电子商务战略挑战11世纪欧洲出现了信贷和银行系统等金融工具，如外汇支出。
自考-电子商务英语-语句翻译大全
自考-电子商务英语-语句翻译大全1.他已成为各种贸易和商务的强有力的手段It hasbecome a powerful medium and businesstransactions of all kinds2.电子贸易指网上财务往来电子商务则指有形式的网上交易E-commerce refers to financial transactionsover the Web and e-business refers to all formsof transactions over the Wed3.客户服务已经是并将继续是一个主要的竞争因素Customer service has been and continues to be amajor competitive factor4.电子商务的交易通常涉及几个互动的步骤E-businesstransactions often involve several interactivesteps5.那将给你以极大的竞争优势That will give you aserious advantage over your competition6.当你的公司电子商务化后，你与客户之间的关系就改变了When you become an e-business you transformyour relationship with your customers7.客户关系管理在你的商务程序中起决定作用Your mostcritical business process is customerrelationship management8.我们必须尽最大可能的利用我们已有的资源We mustmake the best possible use of the resources we have 9.男孩子们依次被召入会见考官The boys were summonedin turn to see the examiner10.他做一切事情都不考虑后果He does everythingregardless of the consequences11.这部分我们讨论企业的产品和服务以及行业和因特网的信息In this section we discuss the firm’sproduct or service along with information aboutthe industry and internet12.客户将能够舒舒服服的在家里享用信息，产品和服务Customers will be able to consume informationproduct and service from the comfort of the homes 13.在因特网上可以直接得到信息产品和服务，这就省掉了中间商，还会引起经济萎缩The internet allowsdirect access to information product and servicewhich cuts out middlemen and causes economicdeflation14.投资于该计划的机构在审核该商务计划时会有兴趣了解公司任何在竞争中取胜Institutions financingthe project which going through the business planwill be very interested in knowing how the companyis going to beat the competition15.该计划应对如何达到目标市场做出描述The planshould describe how the target markets are to bereached16.如果产品是在因特网上提供的无形信息就应该创造某种定价模式来调节价格If the product is intangibleinformation delivered over the internet oneshould try to create some sort of pricing modelto justify its prices17.网站最初将包含哪些特点及未来的扩展计划是怎样的What features will be incorporated in the siteinitially and what are the plans for futureenhancement or expansion18.你必须有计划的安排这些步骤以便将你的提议变成现实You must lay out the steps to make your proposala reality19.务必打个电话让我们知道你已安全的回家Be sure toring and let us know you’ve got back safely 20.这家旅馆可以为80位客人提供住宿，此外还有几个可供客人自己开火的套间The hotel itself canaccommodate 80 guests and in addition there areseveral self-catering apartments21.需要12个月来实施的战略也不可能成功 A strategythat requires more than 12 months to execute isalso unlikely to succeed22.当一个企业准备建立电子商务时他应该考虑清楚实现其战略目标的其他可选择的途径When preparing toestablish an e-business presence enterprisesshould explicitly consider alternative ways toattain the strategic objectives23.我们要在出发前把一切规划好We should geteverything planned out before our departure 24.正如把电子商务战略融入整体电子商务战略中是重要的一样，把商务评价系统融入进来也同样重要Just asit is important to integrate the e-businessstrategy into the overall business strategy it isequally important to integrate business model25.那样，最好的途径可能是开发新的潜能，改善现存的商业过程去实施新的商业模式In such instances thebest approach may be to build new capabilities andtransform existing business processes toimplement a new business model 26.评价一个人要充分考虑他的成绩We should take fullaccount of his achievements while evaluatingsomeone27.有时可以创立一个内在电子商务单位，然后把这单位分割出去成为独立的法人In some cases it may bedesirable to create an internal e-business unitand then spin off the unit as a separate legalentity28.这一前景理论上可行但实际上吹嘘过度Whilepossible in theory the promise was clearlyoversold29.这当然是重要的，但是董事会层面却远远不能理解While that is certainly important theunderstanding needed at the board level goes wellbeyond that30.为了获得市场份额，他们必须竭尽全力To gain marketshare they will go to great lengths31.然而，他解释说，设立两种对立的定价系统在某些时候可能导致不良企图的滋生However he explains thatsetting up two separate pricing systems is likelyto generate ill will at some point32.守住承诺适用于客服务过程的每一步Followingthrough on your promises applies to every step ofthe customer-service process33.这就解释了顾客通过同类比较发现的任何差别Thiswill account for any differential a customeruncovers using an apples-to-apples comparison 34.我们要事先准备所有申请材料We must have all theapplication materials prepared in advance35.你需要确定顾客需要你的某种产品的原因和你的电脑怎样才能满足那种需求You need to identify why yourcustomer needs your specific computer and how yourcomputer meets that need36.在商业中，客户服务对于其成长和繁荣至关重要In any business customer service is vital to growth and prosperity37.网络让你们建立起确实的一对一的动态关系The internet permits you to build a dynamicrelationships that are really one on one38.它确实需要你重新思考你的整个经营方式和管理企业的策略It really involves rethinking the entireway you do business and how you run your organization39.钱本身并不重要，重要的是钱的用途Money is not the end in itself but the application of it is mostimportant40.一旦有人跟你联系就要回应Once you’re contactedbe responsive41.一开始，这个公司没有管理和业务计划，到现在为止一切进展顺利At the outset the company had no management and operations plan in place and things have worked out just fine so far42.我们在销售厂家的婴儿产品的同时也提供生活方式和健康方面的信息We provide lifestyle andhealthcare information along with baby productsthat we sell for manufacturers43.这家公司预期1999年实现每月50%的增长The company expected a mouth-to-month growth rate of 50 percent 199944.预测存货需求最初对这个公司来说是件棘手的事情，但公司仅仅用了几个月时间就在网上找到了销售和存货的感觉Predicting inventory needs was tricky forthe company at first though it only took it a fewmonths online to develop a sense of sales and inventory45.现在，这家公司在刚刚建立自己的网站之后，正在寻求在其他玩具制造商曾经失败过的网上玩具商务中取得成功Now with its newly launched Wed site the company ia looking to succeed in the online toy business where others have failed46.网络圣杯是导致实际良好利润的专利内容The Holy Grail on the internet is proprietary content that leads to really good margins47.在求学的道路上，我们准备克服很多的困难On the way of study we must be ready to grapple with many difficulties48.至于在竞争中保持领先地位的问题，我们公司以产品挑选余地大和有两的服务和信息而引人注意When it comes to staying ahead of the competition our company distinguishes itself through a broad product selection and excellent service and information49.网络是一个及时的媒体，它让人为之兴奋，因为他迫使我们保证尽快送货The internet is a very timely medium which is exciting because it puts pressureon us to make sure we’re delivering as quicklyas possible50.我们必须想办法进入敌人的电脑获得情报We have to manage to get access to engmy’s computer and then get the intelligence51.CRM的目标是在企业的销售市场和顾客服务等活动之间建立一种协作，已获得和保持客户群CRM’s goal isto create a synergy among sales marketing andcustomer-service activities within anorganization in order to obtain and retaincustomers52.在许多公司里，部门之间的业务是不同的，所以你需要与你的业务相匹配的软件The lines betweendepartments are different in many companies andyou want the software to match your business 53.90年代早期这些公司摒弃了办公室哦写形式而进入了电子邮件和自动报表时代They abandonedcarbon-paper forms and dove into e-mail andautomated reports in the early 1990’s54.因为你无需定制软件包，所以你的公司只需几个礼拜而不是几个月的时间就可以实现电子化Because youdon’t need to customize these packages they canget you online within weeks instead of months55.严寒使水结冰Frost turns water into ice56.这常常需要定制软件It often calls for customizedsoftware57.选择一个CRM解决方案也是一次检验你业务的机会Choosing a CRM solution is also an opportunityexamine your business practices58.许多公司把eCRM看做是他们呼叫中心的自然扩充Manycompanies see eCRM as a natural extension of theircall centers59.每一个销售商都拥有庞大而稳固的技术支持力量和能帮助安装设备的合作伙伴Each of the vendors has alarge established base of supporting and partnersthat can assist with installations60.小企业也可以利用那些致力于销售自动化的网络公司的服Smaller organizations can also take advantageof the services of dot-com companies which focuson sales-force automation1 不论你业务的规模大小，全新的电子化结算与支付方式将使你无须再打印结算清单和支付邮资，也无须再投入大量的人力处理支付过程 No matter what size your business is, emerging alternatives will save you from having to point statements, pay for postage, and dedicate large numbers of people to processing payments.2客户可以在线审核结算清单、即刻完成转账Customers can review statements online and transfer funds instantly.3 该报告声称价值源于业务的改进而非成本的节约The report states that the value comes from business improvement rather than cost savings.4 edocs意识到此类技术具有更大的使用范围，因而避免使用EBPP这一术语而倾向于称其为因特网结算与客户管理Recognizing the large scope of these technologies , edocs eschews the term EBPP in favor of Internet billing and customer management.5 她说出了种种理由，但没有一条令人信服She presented a variety of reasons ,but none was convincing6 电子化结算能简化你绝大部分支付程序You’ll be able to streamline most of the process by billing your customer electronically.7 EBPP能降低你公司用于客户支持的费用EBPP can cut down the cost of your company’s customer support.8 传统的兑换方式惟有通过在结算单上填塞广告而获利Traditional billing methods present lucrative opportunities to stuff statements with ads.9 对客户而言，EBPP意味着随时随地可以了解账户数据T o the customer, EBPP means access to account data at any time , from anywhere.10 最妙的是，消费者无需再料理一大堆乱糟糟的账单 Best of all ,customer don’t have to deal with the clutter of bills.11 需要新的搜索方法以及能够将Web站点自动分类的软件New paradigms of searching are needed as well as new software that is able to categorize web sites automatically.12 信息和数据检索技术研发的目的在于提高检索的功用和效率The research and development in information and date retrieval is aimed at improving the effectiveness and efficiency of retrieval13 为了得到更好的检索结果，不仅需要提高检索引擎的技术，而且需要改进用户界面 In order to review better search results, it is not only necessary to improve the search engine technology , but also the user interface.14 文本信息嵌入到了特殊文件格式的二进制结构中 Thetextual information is embedded into the binary structure of the particular file format.15你这些乱糟糟的东西占用了太多的空间 Your cluttertakes up far too much space.16 它是便宜的，但在另一方面，质量很差It’s cheap , buton the other hand , the quality is poor.17 在网上手动分类导致极少的搜索结果Manual process of classifying on the web result in very few search results.18 那些不说英语或不以英语为本族语的人在互联网上受到很大的限制 People who do not speak English or who are non-native English speakers have many disadvantages on the web .19 按照信息的重要性进行分类也非常有必要It is necessary to rank information by importance.20 那机会太好了，不能错过That’s too good anopportunity to miss.21要在电子商务新时代获得成功，企业必须最大限度地扩大雇员在电子商务活动中的参与程度 To be successful in thenew age of electronic commerce, commerce , enterprisesmust be able to maximize the participation of their employees in e-commerce initiatives.22愿意买该产品或服务的人越多，价格就降的越多The more people willing to buy the product or service , the further the price drops.23 与过去两年相比，我们几年的销售额增加了一倍Compared with last two years , we have doubled the sales figure this year.24 各种各样规模的企业正加入到互联网经济中来，因此电子商务正迅速地改变着商业 Enterprises of all size arejoining the Internet economy and thus electronic commerce is rapidly transforming business.25 现在出现的一个焦点领域是间接采购，它是一项与用于企业经营的货物和服务的购买关联的开支Presently an emerging area of focus is indirect procurement , which is the spending associated with acquiring the goods and services required to run the enterprise.26 互联网采购自动化能够减少每一订单70%的申请费用Internet procurement automation has the potential toreduce requisition processing costs by 70% per order.27 规模经济得到乐实现，从而降低乐产品的成本，增加了购买组织投资的整体回报率 Economies of scale are realized ,enabling lower cost of goods and increasing the buying orga nization’s overall return on investment .28 个人并不是利用实物交易的惟一实体Individualsaren’t the only ones taking advantage of swapping. 29 我怎么也意想不到那个时候他会突然出现 I never thought that he would pop up then.30 这不仅可以给你带来一些本不可能的新买卖，而且还有助于你生意的发展Not only can it 31 bring new sales that you neverwould have had , but it helps promote your business 32所有这些趋势都毫无疑问地对电子商务市场产生着深远的影响。
电子商务中英对照E-commerceChapter5
Direct vs. Indirect materials purchasing
Products that companies buy on a recurring basis are called maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) supplies. 很多企业经常性地采购的那些间接物料称为 MRO产品（办公用品集中采购）
• Purchasing activities include:采购活动包括： –Identifying vendors 寻找卖主/供应商 –Evaluating vendors 评估卖主/供应商 –Selecting specific products 选择特定产品 –Placing orders 发送订单 –Resolving any issues that arise after receiving the ordered goods and services –解决收货后出现的问题
Offshoring 离岸外包： The outsourcing is done by organization in other counties 扩展到海外的外包。 主要有外包、创建全资子 公司或与当地企业创办合资公司。
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Purchasing, Logistics, and Support Activities
An emerging characteristic of purchasing, logistics, and support activities is that they need to be flexible. 采购—物流—支持活动的一个新特征就是要求这些 活动具备灵活性。
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Purchasing, Logistics, and Support Activities
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties,period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact withconsumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely madepolicies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. InSeptember 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore governmentpromulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping asan interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents,optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has accounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of theextensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk, etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim isto breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elec tronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use, easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。
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附件1：外文资料翻译译文电子商务战略电子商务战略也许有益于发展组织在倡议一项电子商务活动实施之前考虑很多问题，其中涉及到该组织的任务，发展目标和组织结构。
涉及的主要问题包括：资源扩张 - 主要目标是通过网上销售商品和提供服务产生的收入以抵销营运成本吗？如果是这样，组织期望或希望生成的收入是多少？这些战略问题将允许该组织把多少资金用于电子商务活动。
如果该组织是以一个接近电子商务为主要手段不仅包括生产商品的总费用、服务成本和宣传开发新产品，而且希望扩大其收入基础，以支持其他项目的花费，那么它可能需要建立一个电子商务平台和制定策略以吸引顾客。
该组织可能把运用电子商务活动作为资源的一种扩张，并使用经营策略和完整的营销手段。
这导致了一个问题，该组织是否适应这种发展方式，并符合其慈善组织的地位的问题。
将把电子商务活动置于扭曲的免税地位的发展组织吗？该组织在与法律冲突的情况下承担责任吗？如果他们出售的出版物和其他意味着“传统”的产品那么大多数开发组织已经面临的这些问题。
资本成本 - 是指该组织愿意把多少资金用于电子商务活动？电子商务平台可以是高价，这取决于复杂的程度。
一个发展组织开展电子商务活动应考虑是否要承担比预期的要高的费用和预期销售水平可能的成本回收。
这项活动收到来自捐助机构或合作伙伴组织的财政援助的可能是什么？发展组织根据其财政能力追求电子商务活动的多种选择可能决定他们的网上销售活动。
这些选项可以分为1）技术的硬件和2）网站设计和维护。
该组织将根据其组织的规模和计算需求决定是否要投资建立自己的内部服务器，或者寻找一个第三方愿意在其服务器托管网站。
是把第三方作为组织发展的重点，还是把它作为私有公司/ ISP吗？关于设计和电子商务网站的维护，是组织聘请内部的技术人员来处理设计，开发和维护，还是聘用比较划算的外部人处理这些任务呢？开发一个电子商务网站产生的高水平的收入将响应商界的电子商务平台上的变化。
开发组织可能要考虑使用信用卡安全加密软件进行付款，某种程度上的成本的增长还受益于增加顾客在事务处理过程中建立的信心。
该网站设置醒目,希望吸引客户，可能增加更高级别的图形和设计网站开发成本吗？淘金的合作伙伴目前没有承担上述所有资金成本，但可能有一天当他们设立自己的电子商务网站时，会考虑他们的。
市场营销 - 从上面讨论中可以明显看出，一个良好的营销策略，是形成经营战略的基础，电子商务网站为了能够吸引顾客，并确保稳定的销售格局。
发展组织通常不需要雇佣资本密集的营销方案，以便有一个成功的市场营销活动。
营销策略可分为两大类：1）网上市场和2）离线市场。
网上客户的购买模式 - 新产品的更新可能会影响客户所购买的物品数量和回访客户数量的频率。
为了鼓励客户一次购买多个产品，重要的是要提供的多种产品品种。
回到营销策略，开发企业可以考虑组织更新他们的电子商务网站计划，定期上添加新产品和促销活动。
这样，以前的客户会看到新产品发售，并可能会吸引购买第二或第三次。
发展电子商务策略，可以让开发组织自主地去倡导并理解他们所要实现什么和如何实现它。
这样可以鼓励他们去思考如何吸引潜在客户到现场以及如何让顾客再次光顾的战略。
为了电子商务活动取得成功，是否产生的收入抵消生产成本或者增加整体收入以弥补运营成本，发展组织常常使用业务战略，以更有效地实现其总体目标。
附件2：外文原文The e-commerce strategyIt may be useful for development organizations to consider the many issues involved before embarking on an e-commerce initiative, in relation to the organization's mandate, development goals, and organizational structure. The primary issues involved would include:Resource Expansion -- Is the main goal of selling goods and services online the generation of revenue to offset operational costs? If so, how much revenue does the organization expect/wish to generate? These strategic questions will allow the organization to assess how much funding will go toward e-commerce activities. If the organization is approaching e-commerce as a means of covering not only the costs of producing the goods and services and disseminating development-focused products, but wishes to expand its revenue base to support other project costs, then it may want to develop an e-commerce platform and strategy that can attract customers. The organization may have to approach e-commerce as a resource expansion activity that uses business strategies and a full marketing approach. This leads to the question of whether this fits in with the development mandate of the organization and its charitable organization status. Will e-commerce activities distort the tax-free status of the development organization? Is the organization liable in the case of legal conflicts? Most development organizations have already faced these questions if they sell publications and other products by "traditional" means.Capital Costs -- How much funding is the organization willing to put into e-commerce activities? E-commerce platforms can be high priced, depending on the level of sophistication. A development organization undertaking e-commerce activities should consider whether it wants to incur higher costs, with the possibility of cost recovery from an expected higher level of sales. What are the possibilities of receiving financial assistance from donor agencies or partner organizations for this activity? Development organizations pursuing e-commerce activities may have to decide between a variety of options for their online selling activities, depending on their financial capacities. These options can be divided into 1) technical hardware and 2) site design and maintenance. The organization will have to decide whether it wants to invest in setting up its own in-house server, depending on the organization's size and computing requirements, or find a third party that is willing to host the site on its server. Is the third party another development-focused organization, or is it a private company/ISP? Regardingdesign and maintenance of the e-commerce site, is the organization able to hire in-house technical personnel to handle design, development, and maintenance, or is it more cost effective to hire an outside party to handle these tasks? Developing an e-commerce site that generates high levels of revenue will have to respond to the changes in e-commerce platforms in the commercial sector. The development organization may want to consider using security encryption software for credit card payment, increasing costs to an extent yet benefiting from increasing customer confidence in the transaction process. Will the site be eye-catching, with the hope of attracting customers, possibly increasing site development costs for higher level graphics and design? Pan Partners currently do not have to bear all of the above-mentioned capital costs, but may one day have to consider them when they initiate an e-commerce site on their own.Marketing -- As evident from the discussion above, a good marketing strategy forms the basis of the operational strategy, in order to attract customers to the e-commerce site and ensure a steady pattern of sales. Development organizations often need not employ capital-intensive marketing programs in order to have a successful marketing campaign. The marketing strategy can be divided into two main categories: 1) online markets and 2) offline markets.Purchasing Patterns of Online Customers -- The frequency of updating new products can impact the number of items purchased by customers and the number of returning customers. In order to encourage customers to purchase more than one item at a time, it is important to offer a (wide) variety of products. Returning to the marketing strategies, development organizations can offer sales promotions mentioned above. This can increase the per-customer volume of sales, increasing overall revenue. Development organizations can consider organizing a schedule for updating their e-commerce site, adding new products and promotional offers on a regular basis. This way, previous customers will see that new products are available for sale and may be attracted to purchasing a second or third time.Developing an e-commerce strategy can allow development organizations to approach this initiative with an understanding of what they want to achieve and how to achieve it. This can encourage strategic thinking of how to attract potential customers to the site and how to keep them returning. In order for e-commerce initiatives to be successful, whether generating revenue to offset production costs or increasing overall revenue to offset operational costs, development organizationscan often use business strategies to more effectively achieve their overall goals.。