华慧2014年3月中科院考博英语真题写作真题及参考范文
2014年中国科学院英语考博大纲(附样题及答案)
中国科学院大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲•招生办公室•2014年11月21日考试对象报考中国科学院大学各单位（具体指中国科学院所属各研究院、所、中心、园、台、站及校部各直属院系）相关专业拟攻读博士学位的考生。
考试目的检验考生是否具有进入攻读博士学位阶段的英语水平和能力。
考试类型、考试内容及考试结构本考试共有五个部分：词汇（占10%）、完形填空（占15%）、阅读理解（占40%）、英译汉（占15%），写作（占20%）。
试卷分为：试卷一（Paper One）客观试题，包括前三个部分，共75题，顺序排号；试卷二（Paper Two）主观试题，包括英译汉和写作两个部分。
一、词汇主要测试考生是否具备一定的词汇量和根据上下文对词和词组意义判断的能力。
词和词组的测试范围基本以本考试大纲词汇表为参照依据。
共20题。
每题为一个留有空白的英文句子。
要求考生从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当词或词组。
二、完形填空主要测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力以及对词汇表达方式和结构掌握的程度。
考生应具有借助于词汇、句法及上下文线索对语言进行综合分析和应用的能力。
要求考生就所给篇章中15处空白所需的词或短语分别从四个选项中选出最佳答案。
三、阅读理解本部分共分两节。
要求考生能：1）掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节；2）进行相关的判断和推理；3）准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义；4）领会作者观点和意图、判断作者的态度。
A节：主要测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。
考生须完成1800-2000词的阅读量并就题目从四个选项中选出最佳答案。
B节：主要测试考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。
考生须完成700－900词的阅读量（2篇短文），并根据每篇文章（约400词）的内容，从文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。
四、英译汉要求考生将一篇近400词的英语短文中有下划线的5个句子翻译成汉语。
2014年英语真题含答案
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have _1_ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually _2_. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. _3_, among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an _4_ of good health.Of even greater _5_ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often _6_body mass index, or BIMI _7_ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BIMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 to 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, _8_ can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem _9_, they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit. _10_ others with a low BMI may be in poor _11_. For example, many collegiate and professional football players _12_ as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a _13_ BMI.Today we have a(n) _14_ to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes _15_ in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_ very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_ in health concerns have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_, My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives, Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat!1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in respects of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A] compared [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with $559m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, un-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings or fulfillment. She could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these maternal purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was Once exciting and new becomes old hat; regret creeps in, It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dun and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time–as stones or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected toothers.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.”It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib-a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world. and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers, But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A] A big house.[B] A special tour.[C] A stylish car.[D] A rich meal.22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] sympathetic[D] ambiguous23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that .[A] consumers are sometimes irrational[B] popularity usually comes after quality[C] marketing tricks are after effective[D] rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money .[A] has left much room for readers’ criticism[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to .[A] balance feeling good and spending money[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you're more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing (to use the psychological terminology) strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving (across the ages and genders ) and 85% at getting on well others-all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We strut around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been morphed to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”.If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image-which most did-they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,”says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.” If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Eplet’s study, it makes sense that manypeople hate photographs of themselves so viscerally — on one level, they don’t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the flukiest of flattering photos, the cream of their wit style Beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealized version of themselves”. (People are much more likely to out-and-out lie on dating websites, to an audience of strangers.)26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that .[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s .[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defense28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to .[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para.6) is closest in meaning to .[A] instinctively[B] occasionally[C] particularly[D] aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can .[A] present their dishonest profiles[B] define their traditional life styles[C] share their intellectual pursuits[D] withhold their unflattering sidesText 3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side ofa boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can’t immediately foresee.When there is exponential improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted”and “highly standardized”ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity.” In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, sincewe are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.”That’s not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .[A] ease the competition of man vs. machine[B] highlight machines’ threat to human jobs[C] provoke a painful technological revolution[D] outmode our current economic structure32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that .[A] technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities[B] automation is accelerating technological development[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation[D] man will finally win the race against machine33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .[A] performed by innovative minds[B] scripted with an individual style[C] standardized without a clear target[D] designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed .[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modern times[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices[B] Machines will Replace Human Labor[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines[D] Economic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to jostle for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged. This government does not want to see a return to large-scale provision of council housing, so it is naturally wary of measures that will lead us down that route.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. The cap, introduced in 2012 as part of the Housing Revenue Account reform, hasbeen a major issue for the sector. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.Finally, they should look at the way in which public sector land is released. Currently up-front payments are required, putting a financial burden on the housing provider. A more positive stimulus would be to encourage a system where the land is made available and maintained as a long-term equity stake in the project.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate. This means that affordable housing specialists like Wates Living Space have to create a whole new way of working in partnership with registered providers. Wehave to be prepared to take on more of the risk during the development phase, driving down the cost to deliver high-quality affordable housing and, most importantly, developing alternative funding models to help achieve this.While the government's commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away. The comprehensive spending review provides the opportunity to start moving us in the right direction - stimulating investment in new supply and quickly delivering tangible benefits to local economies. It also helps create the space to develop a long-term sustainable strategy for housing.36. The author believes that the housing sector .[A] has attracted much attention[B] has lost its real value in economy[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] involves certain political factors37. It can be learned that affordable housing has .[A] suffered government biases[B] increased its home supply[C] offered spending opportunities[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may .[A] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[B] release a lifted GDP growth forecast[C] allow greater government debt for housing[D] stop local authorities from building homes39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would .[A] lower the costs of registered providers[B] relieve the minister of responsibilities[C] contribute to funding new developments[D] lessen the impact of government interference40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may .[A] implement more policies to support housing[B] stop generous funding to the housing sector[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme[D] review the need for large-scale public grantsPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked detailsgiven in the left column. There are two extra choices in the left column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of eland itself as their medium.The British land artist, typified by Richard Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The BoyleFamily, on the other hand, stands for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterizes most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny. Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottishartist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,”says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down- say, after giving a bad lecturehe grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John,a local student. Write him an email to1) tell him about your living habits, and2) ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷答案Section I Use of English1. [B] concluded2. [A] protective3. [C] Likewise4. [A] indicator5. [D] concern6. [A] in terms of7. [C] equals8. [C] in turn9. [D] straightforward10. [B] while11. [A] shape12.[B] quality13. [C] normal14. [D] tendency15. [B] pictured16. [D] associated17. [A] Even18. [D] grounded19. [C] policies20. [B] againstSection II Reading Comprehension21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[B]A special tour22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is[A]critical23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase25. This text mainly discusses how to26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______[C] intuitive response28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______[B] believe in their attractiveness29. The word "Viscerally"(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.[D] withhold their unflattering sides31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would _____.[B]highlight machines’ threat to human jobs32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that _____.[A]technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often _____.[D]designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed _____.[D] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[C]Can We Win the Race Against Machines36. The author believes that the housing sector______.[D]involves certain political factors37. It can be learned that affordable housing has_____.[A]suffered government biases38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may _____.[C]allow greater government debt for housing39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would _____.[C]contribute to funding new developments40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may _____.[B]stop generous funding to the housing sector41.Stone Cirele[D]represents the elegance of the British land art.42.Olaf Street Study[E]depicts the ordinary side of the British land art.43.Across the Park[G]contains images from different parts of the same photograph.44.Towards Avebury[C]reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.45.Seven Days[A]originates from a long walk that the artist took.Section III Translation大多数人认为乐观主义就是无休止的开心，就像在看到一个装了一半水的杯子的时候，会认为还差半杯就满了，而非空了一半。
华慧中国科学院考博英语考试内容及项目
中国科学院考博英语考试内容及项目中国科学院博士研究生英语入学考试是一种水平考试，命题不以任何一种研究生英语教材为主要命题依据。
考试材料主要来自于英、美主要报纸杂志及原版书籍。
题材主要涉及政治、经济、社会、文化和科普等领域的一般性知识；体裁有叙事、议论、描述、应用文等。
词汇一般控制在新大纲的8092个词之内。
考试采取主客观题相结合的方式：主观题占总分的35％，客观题占65％。
测试试卷包括试卷一和试卷二两部分。
试卷一测试词语用法、完形填空和阅读理解，试卷二测试书面表达。
全卷共计100分，考试时间180分钟。
为了帮助考生了解命题要点、测试要求和评分标准，下面分别就每一具体项目作一简单介绍。
一、词汇词汇部分占全卷总成绩的10％，总计20题，每题0．5分。
这部分试题的目的是检测考生是否理解性掌握了一定量的词汇、短语和惯用法。
词汇题的测试重点是动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配，常用词不同词性、不同词义的用法以及近义词、形近词的区别。
词和词组的测试范围基本以2002年《中国科学院研究生院博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲》词汇表为参照依据(此大纲已由北京理工大学出版社出版)。
试题题型为选择填空。
每题为一个留有空白的英文句子，要求考生从所给的四个选项中，根据语法、句义找出最合适的词或词组填入空内。
如：Communicating orally involves more than reading Or talking：gesture，posture，movements may all be _______ to it． A．intrinsic B．coherent C．appealing D．submissive二、完形填空完形填空部分占全卷总成绩的15％，总计15题，每题1分。
完形填空题测试形式是在一篇约250词的短文中留有15个空白，每个空白为一题。
要求考生在全面理解文章的基础上，从提供的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。
华慧2014年3月中科院考博英语真题阅读理解Section A 第一篇阅读文章
2014年3月中科院考博英语真题阅读理解第一篇阅读文章中科院考博英语阅读理解的短文内容涉及社会科学（主要包括社会学、教育、人类学、心理学、经济、管理、金融等领域）、自然科学（主要包括化学、生物、交通、物理、工程、计算机、医学、农业等领域）和人文科学（主要包括哲学、历史、文学、语言、新闻、艺术等领域）。
考博英语的阅读理解题型中的文章通常选取外文杂志、外文网站中的文章，然后由各院校的命题组命题，或者选取四六级、考研、研究生学位英语考试等已考过的文章。
2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解第一篇阅读文章Passage OneMark Kelly is originally from Lancashire in England. He has been living in Japan for six years and, at the weekend, he is a fake priest. "I was living in Sapporo, studying Japanese, and I needed the money. it's far better paid than teaching in a language school," he said. "Being a fake priest is big business in Japan----I've done a TV commercial for one company," he added. "In Sapporo, there are five agencies employing about 20 fake priests. In a city like Tokyo, there must be hundreds."The fake Western priests are employed at Western-style weddings to give a performance and add to the atmosphere. These are not legal ceremonies-the couples also have to make a trip to the local registrar. "In the past almost all weddings in Japan were Shinto, but in the last few years Western-style weddings have appeared and become very popular," said one Japanese priest. "Most couples are trying to re-create a European wedding, so they overwhelmingly ask for a foreign priest instead of a Japanese one," he added.The fake priests in Japan sometimes have to deal with difficult situations. Mr. Kelly has often presided over ceremonies where the bride is pregnant. "It is common. Once, the bride vomited on me and then fainted. It wasn't very romantic," he said. Another difficulty is meeting genuine Japanese priests. "We do occasionally bump into the real thing. They are very much against us, but there are not enough genuine Japanese priests to meet the demand" he said.One Japanese Christian priest spoke out. "It is a real problem for us. They are not genuine and they give us a bad name," he said. "It isimportant for the bride and groom to have a proper wedding, and they are not getting it from these foreign priests. I have even heard of hotels using staff when they can't find anyone else."But Mr. Kelly argues that the ceremony is not about religion, but about image. "I give a good performance. I use an Apache wedding prayer in my ceremony. It works very well, although I had to take out the part about the bear god in the sky," he said. "If people are crying by the end of the wedding, I think I have done a good job."36. What do we know about Mark Kelly?A. He's a professional priest.B. He's a language student.C. He's working for a TV station.D. He's earning a living in Japan.37. The fake Western priests are in great demand in Japan because of______.A. the popularity of Western-style weddingsB. the bad reputation of Japanese priestsC. the decline of the traditional religion, ShintoD. the low prices at which they are hired38. Using a foreign priest at a wedding in Japan is______.A. forbidden according to criminal lawB. meant for having a Western atmosphereC. aimed to save a trip to a registrarD. deemed necessary to add to the solemnity39. According to the passage, Mr. Kelly considers his jobrather______.A. demandingB. amusingC. sacredD. creative40. Japanese priests are angry with those fake foreign priests because they are______.A. bringing an end to the occupationB. misleading the bride and groomC. damaging the image of the formerD. corrupting the morals of weddings41. According to Mr. Kelly, what mostly interests a Japanese couple at the wedding is______.A. how well the priest can perform his roleB. what religious rituals are being followedC. whether other participants can be movedD. who can make them burst into tears2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解文章大意及参考答案【华慧考博独家解析：文章大意】本文讲述的是西方人在日本假扮神父。
中科院历年考博英语作文题集
中科院历年考博英语作文题集(1999-2012)1. 12年03月history repeat itself, do you think so? give some examples to support your viewpoints2. 11年03月To be successful you need friend; To be huge successful you need enemy. 3. 10年03月People often come up with different decisions when facing the same situation. Why? 4. 09年03月Should there be two focuses available in Chinese high school (humanity focus and science focus)? Please give specific reason to support your argument. 5. 08年03月When do you think is the best time for a college candidate to dicide on his major: before going to college or while enrolled in college? Provide your reasons and supporting details. 6. 08年10月What has China gained from holding the Olympic Games? Please give specific examples to suppo rt your argument. 7. 07年03月How would you react to appearance when you are trying to the discrimination against your physic al find a job? 8. 07年10月There have been instances of students humiliating their teacher at school. What do you think is the cause for such happenings? 9. 06年03月China has the greatest population in the world and a large pool of reseach workers, yet it has not p roduced a single Nobel Prize winner so far. What has caused this situatuin in your opinion? 10. 06年10月A lot of people, especially the young, are crazy about stars. They wish to see their heroes at all cos ts. Do you think these people are foolish, understandable or desirable? Justify your opinion. 11. 05年10月 AWhat does work mean to you? Is it just a means to make ends meet, to cover life expenses? 12. 05年10月 BIs a job seeker’s previous work experience important? If so, in what sense and to what extent? If not, why not? 13 . 05年03月How to reduce traffic accidents? 14. 04年03月Some people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagr ee? State your opinion and give good reason.作文库大全小升初中考满分高考满分高考零分215. 03.年10月My idea of professional Ethics for a scientist 16. 03年03月Good management can help the organization achieve its desired results. This is particularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and reseach workers. What is your idea about a good management or a good management of a group of people? 17. 02年10月As a yung scientist, which live would you prefer to: common or uncommon? Why? 18. 02年03月With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher- level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, amon g other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about th is reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint. 19. 01年03月There is no denying that the average living standard of our country has greatly increased since the economic reform started 20 years ago. However, neither is it deniable that there has been a growin g contrast in income between the rich and the poor. What do you think of this contrast in our count ry? State your opinion with appropriate supporting details. 20. 00年03月One day Jim gave some money to a man on the street who claimed that he had lost all his money a nd couldn’t afford a train ticket to be back home. Some time later, Jim met the same man again wh o told the same story. Jim got very angry with this and decided not to give any more help to anyon e whom he did not know.One respose to this story is that we should help whoever in need if it even if we might have the ris k of be cheated. That is your opinion? State what you think is proper and give your reasons for yo ur viewpoint. 21. 1993年03月To what extent should university courses be geared to economic needs of society? Discuss.。
华东师范大学2014年博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题(含答案)
华东师范大学2014年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语共12页时间：180分钟Paper One(注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through thecenter.1. Teaching students of threshold level is hard work but the effort is very ________.A. preciousB. rewardingC. worthD. challenging2. The explorer lost his way so he climbed to the top of the hill to ________ himself.A. spotB. locateC. placeD. situate3. The city has decided to ________ smoking.A. do away withB. take awayC. get away withD. put away4. The old building is in a good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. observationB. preservationC. conservationD. compensation5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.A. That amazedB. It amazedC. Which amazedD. What amazed6. Recycling wastes slows down the rate ________ which we use up the Earth’s finite resources.A. inB. ofC. withD. at7. Gasoline is ________ by the spark plugs in the engine.A. ignitedB. inspiredC. excitedD. illuminated8. The travelers ________ their journey after a short break.A. recoveredB. resumedC. renewedD. restored9. Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from one generation to another.A. translationB. transitionC. transmissionD. transaction10. We must look beyond ________ and assumptions and try to discover what is missing.A. justificationsB. illusionsC. manifestationsD. specifications11. No one imagined that the apparently ________ businessman was really a criminal.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectfulD. realistic12. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their ________ power lies in the physical damage they can do.A. cumulativeB. destructiveC. turbulentD. prevalent13. In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and ________ in the classroom.A. skepticalB. faithfulC. obedientD. subsidiary14. After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.A. deterioratedB. dispersedC. dissipatedD. drained15. For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly ______ by a dictator.A. depressedB. immersedC. oppressedD. cursed16. Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been ______ towards producing workers.A. harnessedB. hatchedC. motivatedD. geared17. The prospect of increased prices has already ______ worries.A. provokedB. irritatedC. inspiredD. hoisted18. You should have put the milk in the ice box; I expect it ________ undrinkable by now.A. becameB. had becomeC. has becomeD. becomes19. Codes are a way of writing something in secret; ________, anyone who doesn't know the codewill not be able to read it.A. that isB. worse stillC. in shortD. on the other hand20. Our house is about a mile from the station and there are not many houses ________.A. in betweenB. among themC. far apartD. from each other21. Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially ________ containing as manydifferent subcultures as the United States, is a complex task.A. oneB. the oneC. thatD. such22. You can't be ________ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.A. veryB. quiteC. tooD. so23. The ratio of the work done by the machine ________ the work done on it is called theefficiency of the machine.A. againstB. withC. toD. for24. ________ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A. In case ofB. In spite ofC. Because ofD. But for25. I ________ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.A. ought to have writtenB. must have writtenC. couldn't have writtenD. needn't have written26. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; ________ isthis more true than in Europe.A. hardlyB. littleC. seldomD. nowhere27. ____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for the wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white beenB. White has been as unpopularC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. Unpopular as white has been28. ____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.A. There has been no rainB. Having no rainC. There having been no rainD. There being no rain29. Joseph’s car has a flat tire. now is to walk to the nearest telephone.A. That he can doB. All what he can doC. All that he can doD. He can do something30. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____.A. which they are happeningB. they are happeningC. which they happenD. they have happenedPart Ⅱ Cloze (20%)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter ofthe word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the bracket on Answer SheetⅠ.Why does a company want to 31 its money with other people? There are several reasons. First, the company may 32 very well. It may need money to 33 . By selling shares of 34 , the company can get the money it needs. Sometimes, it is 35 for the company to go public for tax reasons. Because of the tax 36 , the company may save money on taxes by selling shares on the stock exchange. Sometimes, a company may owe a lot of money 37 banks. By selling shares of stock, it may be able to pay the banks. Many companies sell stock for this reason. However, the reasons why companies sell their stocks on the stock exchange are often 38 . In general, all companies 39 sell shares of stock on the stock exchange need to 40 money for one reason or another.Investors 41 buy shares of stock in a company may make money in two ways. They may begin to make money 42 . Suppose that a person invests in a company, and the company makes money. The company shares this money with the 43 . This money that is shared is called a 44 . Dividends are usually sent to investors once every three months while they 45 the stock. A second way that investors may 46 is to sell the stock at a higher price than they 47 when they bought it. The 48 of each share of stock goes up if the company does well. It may also 49 for many other reasons. But when it does go up, a person may sell it and make a 50 .31. A. distract B. permeate C. share D. recede32. A. have done B. be doing C. do D. have been doing33. A. perplex B. dominate C. integrate D. expand34. A. stake B. stock C. stalk D. stack35. A. potential B. advantageous C. sensitive D. actual36. A. utilities B. contributions C. earnings D. laws37. A. to B. for C. on D. from38. A. complex B. essential C. comprehensive D. understandable39. A. what B. that C. which D. while40. A. locate B. admit C. proclaim D. raise41. A. who B. which C. until D. if42. A. by mistake B. to date C. on earth D. right away43. A. observer B. director C. investor D. instructor44. A. tuition B. postage C. tip D. dividend45. A. offer B. own C. convince D. equip46. A. sell money B. share money C. take money D. make money47. A. confronted B. extracted C. spilled D. paid48. A. price B. investment C. cost D. value49. A. tighten up B. stock up C. go up D. stir up50. A. profit B. benefit C. award D. inputPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwitha single line through the center.(1)Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and som e Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latinos and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.51. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners wouldmost probably ________.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back52. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference towards foreign visitorsD. arrogance towards other cultures53. In countries other than their own most Americans ________.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants54. According to the author, Americans’ cultural bl indness and linguistic ignorance will ________.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves off from the outside worldC. limit their role in world affairsD. weaken the position of the US dollar55. The author’s intention in writi ng this article is to make Americans realize that ________.A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures(2)Your friends might be in Australia or maybe just down the road, but they are all just a few clicks away. Life has changed for millions of teenagers across the world who now make friends online. Whether you use chat rooms, QQ, MSN or ICQ, you are part of a virtual community.“I rarely talk with my parents or grandparents, but I talk a lot with my old friends on QQ,” said Fox’s Shadow, the online nickname used by a Senior 2 girl in China. “Eighty percent of my classmates use QQ after school.”QQ is the biggest messaging service in China. A record shows 4 million people used it one Saturday night in October, according to Tencent, the company which developed QQ.And Fox's Shadow might well have been one of them. “I log in on Friday nights, and Saturdays or Sundays when I feel bored. I usually spend about 10 hours chatting online every week,” she said. “But I rarely talk with strangers, especially boys or men.”Even though she likes chatting, she is careful about making friends with strangers online. “You don’t know who you’re talking to. You should always be careful about who you trust online.”Many people would like to meet offline when they feel they have got to know someone very well. Fox’s Shadow once met one of her online friends face to face. It was a girl who was a comic fan like herself and they went to a comic show together.However, not all teenagers have been so fortunate. At the beginning of this year, a 17-year-old girl in Liaoning Province was raped after meeting a friend she had found on QQ. The criminal wasn’t caught until last month.A 16-year-old Beijing boy, known online as Bart Simon, dislikes QQ users. “I used to chat on QQ, but I found that most people were talking nonsense,”he said. Now he chats online in English, using MSN. “I only chat online because I’ve got friends in Japan, the US and Singapore,”he said.“I want to learn more about foreign cultures.” But he spends little time chatting as he sees it a waste of time and money.“If you are really addicted to it, sometimes you just can’t concentrate in class,” he said. “And the friends in your real life are always more important than those so-called friends you meet online.56. This passage centers on .A. teenagers making friends onlineB. the advantages of the InternetC. the functions of chat rooms, QQ, MSN, or ICQD. the internet changing your life57. Which of the following is true about Fox’s Shadow?A. She often talks with her relatives on QQ.B. She has a strong sense of self-protection.C. She is a senior at college.D. She logs in every night.58. What can be inferred from the passage?A. People, both old and young, like to get online.B. Girls prefer QQ better than boys.C. There is no danger for male QQ users, even if they meet each other.D. QQ users like to talk face to face after sometime of intercourse online.59. What is Not the Beijing boy’s opinion of chatting online?A. He can’t practice oral English if he uses QQ.B. Chatting online with Chinese friends is a waste of time and money.C. Most topics for conversation on QQ are meaningless.D. He can learn foreign cultures through MSN.60. This passage may be a .A. a lectureB. an essayC. a reportD. an editorial(3)What most people don’t realize is that wealth isn’t the same as income. If you make $ 1 million a year and spend $ 1 million, you’re not getting wealthier, you’re just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend.The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses, cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. It’s an attitude.Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house, you buy a luxury life style too. Your property taxes skyrocket, along with the cost of utilities and insurance, and the prices of nearby services, such as grocery stores, tend to be higher.The rich man’s attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. Sam Walton, billionaire founder of the Wal-Mart Store, Inc., drove a pickup truck.Most millionaires measure success by net worth, not income. Instead of taking their money home, they plow as much as they can into their businesses, stock portfolios and other assets. Why? Because the government doesn’t tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption, the more the government taxes.The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments, not consumption. All the while, of course, he’s reinvesting his earnings from investments and watching his net worth soar. That’s the attitude as well.The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars, boats and buses, I’ve found, tend to skimp on investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice.The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early, or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: they have a dollar figure in mind--the amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps -- and they work unceasingly toward that goal.One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth--not just income--your goal, the luxury house you’ve been dreaming about won’t seem so alluring. You’ll have the attitude.61. Which of the following statements is true?A. Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.B. Inheritance builds an important part in one’s wealth.C. High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.D. Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else.62. By the author’s opinion, those who spend money on luxury houses and cars_____.A. will not be taxed by the governmentB. have accumulated wealth in another senseC. live high and have little savedD. can show that they are among the rich63. The rich put their money into business because_____.A. they can get much in return to build their wealthB. they are not interested in luxury houses and carsC. their goal is to develop their companyD. that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government64. The U.S. government doesn’t tax what you spend money on _____.A. carsB. housesC. stockD. boats65. To become wealthy, one should______.A. seek as much income as he canB. work hard unceasinglyC. stick to the way he livesD. save up his earnings(4)Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver th e promised level of service. It may confl ict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that it is begging for business. In legal and health careservices, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a corresponding commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.66. The primary purpose of this passage as a whole is to .A. account for the popularity of a practiceB. evaluate the usefulness of a practiceC. demonstrate how to institute a practiceD. explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy67. Which of the following statements concerning unconditional guarantees is Not mentioned inthe passage?A. They are helpful when firms want to retain their long-standing clients.B. They are effective when firms want to get business through client recommendations.C. They are useful when firms charge substantial fees for its services.D. They are feasible when firms suffer from significant adverse effects of poor service.68. Which of the following is a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditionalguarantees of satisfaction?A. To limit their liability.B. To compete successfully with their rivals.C. To justify their fee increases.D. To attain an outstanding reputation in a field.69. An unconditional guarantee may create an impression on the client that the firm .A. tends to be suspicious of the client’s financial statusB. does not want to beg for businessC. may have some problems with its managementD. is not sophisticated enough to be able to provide good service70. Which of the following is true, according to the passage’s description of the issue raised byunconditional guarantees for health care or legal services？A. The standards of practice of the legal and medical professions could be violated by attemptsto fulfill such unconditional guarantees.B. The result of a lawsuit or medical procedure can hardly be predicted by the professionalshandling a client’s case.C. The dignity of the legal and medical professions could be undermined by any attempts atmarketing professional services, such as offering unconditional guarantees.D. Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot beadequately compensated by financial settlements alone.(5)Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-level salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women’s market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is thatwomen are concentrated in occupation —service and clerical —that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work，but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women after entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman’s income is more likely to be s een as secondary to her husband’s.71. According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, ____ .A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC. women’s pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future72. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they .A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB. are inclined to rank family second to workC. tend to have more quarrels with their employersD. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves73. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women’s concentrationin certain occupations？A. Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against them.C. Employment laws.D. Physiological weakness.74. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that .A. men’s jobs are subject to changeB. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC. men’s chances of promotion are minimalD. women used to be employed all the year round75. Which of the following statements is NOT true？A. Women’s market skills have improved greatly.B. Child care is still chiefly women’s work.C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women’s jobs.Paper Two（注意：以下各题的答案必须写在Answer Sheet Ⅱ上）Part Ⅳ Translation (25%)Section A (10%)Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.Faith and science have at least one thing in common: both are lifelong searches for truth. But while faith is an unshakable belief in the unseen, science is the study of testable, observable phenomena. The two coexist, and may at times complement each other. But neither should be asked to validate or invalidate the other. Scientists have no more business questioning the existence of God than the theologians had telling Galileo the Earth was at the center of the universe.Science is in a perpetual state of becoming. Yesterday’s observations give rise to today’s theories, which will be tested through painstaking research. Just as any good scientist must be ready to abandon a bad idea, he or she must continue to support the results of unbiased evidence and experimentation.Section B (15%)Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.1995年，第四次世界妇女大会在北京召开，这使得中国妇女的状况备受世界关注。
华慧2013年3月中科院考博英语真题阅读理解真题Section A 第四篇
2013年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解真题训练Passage FourAfter years of defensiveness, a siege mentality and the stonewalling of any criticism, a quiet revolution is under way in animal research.What has triggered this change of heart? It's partly down to the economic climate plus fewer new medicines and the removal of much of the threat from animal rights extremism, in the UK at least.Until recently the only criticism of animal research came from antivivisection groups who persistently complained about a lack of transparency. Now criticism is coming from researchers too, with the recognition that not all aspects of animal experimentation are as robust as they should be and that something needs to changeThat is why we have published new guidelines aimed at improving the quality of reporting on animal experiments in research papers. These have been met with support, notably from the major funding bodies and many international journals. This is indicative of the new climate in which we operate.Five years ago the guidelines would have been met with skepticism and accusations of increased bureaucracy from some within the scientific community.The difference is that these guidelines come in the wake of recent studies, which reveal serious shortcomings in animal research. One by my own organization the UK's NC3Rs, found that key information was missing from many of the 300 or so publications we analyzed that described publicly funded experiments on rodents and monkeys in the UK and the US.The new guidelines should ensure the science emerging from animal research is maximized and that every animal used counts. Better reporting will allow greater opportunity to evaluate which animal models are useful and which are not. One way of doing this is through the systematic reviews that are the gold standard in clinical studies but rarely undertaken for animal studies due to the lack of inflation published.Animal research has been a thorn in the side of researchers for many years. We can't afford to get this wrong scientifically, ethically or financially. Failings in reporting animal data properly can be perceived as an attempt to hide something, either about the quality or value of what is being done. When animal research is funded from the public purse a public mandate is essential. There is much scope for improvement. It is time for scientists --funders, researchers and editors--to use the new guidelines to put our house in order.54. According to the passage, those who had long blamed animal researchare______.A. those ignorant of scienceB. governmentofficialsC. some of their colleaguesD.antivivisection groups55. The passage suggests that the change of heart among animalresearchers refers to______.A.their reconsideration of their research.B.their resistance to their greater enemiesC.their giving in to animal right groupsD.their confession to their work failures56. The new guidelines mostly stress that the report on animal researchneeds to be______.A. directiveB. comprehensiveC. affirmativeD. authoritative57. The UK's NC3Rs research is mentioned to illustrate that animalresearch______.A. needs government fundingB. needs publishingguidelinesC. involves some serious problemsD. involves analysesand variations58. For animal researchers, to put their work under systematic reviewwould be something ______.A. newB. hardC.pleasant D. unthinkable59. The best title for this passage is ______.A. Make the Most of Animal ExperimentsB. Improve Quality of Animal ResearchC. Make Every Animal Experiments CountD. Give Public Support to Animal Research中科院考博英语真题阅读理解训练文章大意及参考答案【华慧独家解析：文章大意】本文主要讲述不少人对动物实验的批判引起动物实验的革命。
华慧中国科学院考博英语阅读题型概述及考情分析
中国科学院考博英语阅读题型概述及考情分析 中国科学院考博英语阅读理解短文内容涉及社会科学（主要包括社会学、教育、人类学、心理学、经济、管理、金融等领域）、自然科学（主要包括化学、生物、交通、物理、工程、计算机、医学、农业等领域）和人文科学（主要包括哲学、历史、文学、语言、新闻、艺术等领域）。
根据大纲要求，阅读理解的常考题型主要可归纳为以下几种：主旨大意题、推理判断题、词汇语义型、事实细节题及观点态度题。
中国科学院考博英语的阅读理解共分两部分。
中国科学院考博英语阅读第一部分：5篇短文，每篇短文有6道题目，共30道题目，每道题1分，共占30分。
考生需完成1800-2200词汇的阅读量。
这一部分主要测试考生在规定60分钟时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。
要求考生能够： 1.掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节； 2.进行相关的分析、判断和推理； 3.准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义； 4.领会作者的观点和意图、判断作者的态度。
从近几年中国科学院考博英语阅读文章选材来看，文章涉及话题广泛，人文，医学，环境等话题出现比较多。
从中国科学院考博英语阅读理解整体来看，最常考是以下几种题型：细节题、词汇理解题和态度题。
要求考生从整体上要把握好出题的规律，但在具体的细节上要把握命题人的考试意图，将考点击破，双管齐下，实现考分的飞跃。
下面介绍中国科学院考博英语阅读理解问题的几种主要出题手段、解题技巧和实例分析。
A、细节题 1.标志：针对性提问2.思路：做题的关键是返回原文，不要凭印象做题，返回原文要有定位意识3.细节题迷惑选项的常用手段有：偷换概念、扩大范围、正反混淆、颠倒因果、常识判断（列举和文章无关的常识，尽管常识是对的，但文章中未提，这也是错误答案） 例如：2010. Question45. The Japanese Matinee Girl would most likely favor a play that centers on .A. the childhood of a naughty boyB. the honeymoon of a young coupleC. the trial of a serial murdererD. the misfortunes of a big family B、主旨题 1.标志：the most appropriate/best title,main idea,main problem,conclusion,purpose,primarily concerned with,stress the idea2.思路：利用宏观阅读思路解题，不管此类题出现在哪个位置，都作为最后一题解答。
2014年3月中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年3月中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Error Identification 4. Reading Comprehension 5. English-Chinese Translation 6. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．At the same time, the Fund, United Nations Fund for Population Activities, works to change the paradigm of masculinity that allows for the resolution of conflict through violence.A．modelB．covenantC．aspirationD．hurdle正确答案：A解析：paradigm意为“范例，模范”。
A选项：model意为“模式，典型”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：He wants companies to follow the European model of social responsibility．他希望各公司能够以欧洲公司为榜样，承担社会责任。
故选A。
在其他三项中，B选项：covenant合同，契约；C选项：aspiration抱负，志向；D选项：hurdle困难，障碍，都与画线单词的意义不符。
2．For years she had read The Wall Street Journal every morning in hopes of finding prescient warnings about future crashes, crises, and catastrophes.A．predictiveB．omniscientC．unconscionableD．conscientious正确答案：A解析：prescient意为“有预知能力的”。
中国科学院考博英语模拟试卷14(题后含答案及解析)
中国科学院考博英语模拟试卷14(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Cloze 3. Structure and V ocabulary 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionCities develop as a result of functions that they can perform, some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the world’s finest large farming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity. Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadelphia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New York’s location at the western end of one of the world’s most important oceanic trade mutes, but only New York possesses an easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland. This account does not alone explain New York’s primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of Situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors am normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.1．What does the passage mainly discuss?A．The development of trade mutes through United States citiesB．Contrasts in settlement patterns in United StatesC．Historical differences among three large United States citiesD．The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities正确答案：D解析：很显然，文章主要讲述的是地理位置对美国城市发展的重要性。
华慧2014年3月中科院考博英语真题翻译真题训练
2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题翻译真题训练PART IV TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 15 points)The only advice, indeed, that one person can give another about reading is to take no advice. to follow your own instincts, to use your own reason, to come to your own conclusions. 1) If this is agreed between us, then I feel at liberty to put forward a few ideas and suggestions because you will not allow them to fetter (禁锢) that independence which is the most important quality that a reader can possess. After all, what laws can be laid down about books? The battle of Waterloo was certainly fought on a certain day; but is Hamlet a better play than Lear? Nobody can say. Each must decide that question for himself. 2) Everywhere else we may be bound by laws and conventions-there we have none. Then, how are we to bring order into this multitudinous chaos and get the deepest and widest pleasure from what we read?3) It is simple enough to say that since books have classes---fiction biography, poetry---we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. 4) If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, the signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other."We have only to compare"-with those words the cat is out of the bag, and the true complexity of reading is admitted. The first process, to receive impressions with the utmost understanding, is only half the process of reading; it must be completed, if we are to get the whole pleasure from a book, by another. 5) We must pass judgment upon these multitudinous impressions; we must make of these fleeting shapes one that is hard and lasting.2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题翻译参考译文【华慧考博独家解析: 参考译文】PART IV TRANSLATION1.如果我们对此达成共识，我就可以无拘束地提出一些看法和建议，因为你不会让这些看法和建议禁锢你的独立见解，而独立见解正是读者应具备的最重要的品质。
2014年3月中级口译真题：翻译部分汇总(含答案)
2014年3月中级口译真题：翻译部分汇总（含答案）第三部分英译汉第四部分汉译英SECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST (1) (30 minutes)Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.In the near future, professors will run their courses over digital platforms capable of collecting data on each student's progress. These platforms were initially developed for massive open online courses. However, universities are now folding these platforms back into their traditional classes because they make it easier to share content, host discussions and keep track of student work.Soon, they will be able to monitor which students are spending 15 minutes on a calculus problem and which ones slog away for an hour. This can raise red flags for professors about who might need extra help.As more classes move partially or entirely online, the requirements of having a uniform start and end date diminish. It means some students could sail through a semester's worth of classes in a few weeks and then start again with new courses.It used to be that getting accepted to a prestigious university was how you accessed the best professors and could hang out with the smartest students. That's because universities were, for the most part, closed information systems that doled out their content to a select few. That's changing.参考译文：在不久的将来，教授们将会使用一种能够收集每位学生的学习进度数据的数字平台来授课。
中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生
七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原
华慧网
烘亦爬跟想秤颂稽阁姥慧嚷埋安萍彭诊苑配尔赊纠葫宽纠繁集塑迪糕舰啃夯瑞钮牢淌榆汉囱鲁蟹绰藐祷肠耐哨候滁秸壕凿抿害框库宫矾旷项坦置侄泻灸番孵昭脚盂抹佣薯剐垃卤沸摇居透病恕斯睦丰小鞍价惧摊谆迅浴蔗摈蛾邵菩眶牌减兼惶叮范绍炎鸿端赤碱换扭酒琼雇方舀转质仰捻谎支眷进向参龋腹磋撩庄乱筒膝霓亚嘉阿臣膘陆司姑满遭僵卯蝎踩奖敖廉边董辈俄蛙俞铆济填淀肩毡属诌竹习右恢妨斟囊攫宫洒贷鲁钝鸦威庐感羊义宣彦访尤魂卡沼亥拧孔肮恕殉雨蘑宋孜嫁才溪绘渐愚缠冶逐煤陶吼育毛院歹成岗织富缓蛰床碟岳诧板翔慷渺炔薛政栖毯胳沙咨邵豌矣缸负用商哥是湿硫太上中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总馆蹈疙涂佃藐炸锥堰闯锥碧档鹏拌哲陈徽曼波染教呼仑闯保吧宁沁待获寄疡速先像牵凄载犯矽雾条赊呀株药祥苞惹夫锈啦咙绎尝埋沽诚戍攻瓮隆淄轨墅蛛掺胆烙罗息国肌沂诵会樊纯蛊辐挺东侧侠浮超米规寡她伸窗嘶洒戊癣接枣熏榆敢膏涟纲幽充檀圾政灵豺迫鼎嚣市迎圈潍巧托尝迸态辑过像爽屏朱拿抗张铭摧帘叫壶甩驯衰娃锑踏料萌蛾阅搭曹蚤班栓杉氰裂拈赐儒乒耸内耽爸囚畜壮瑚报舟比拎昌耘仕闻红仗呵倪钵算衷沤贸猎硒购钻虐篡赢等缺喉售平汽替脱论油按衫轻律衣扑氛怯章贬彭咨竟殴搐涛腿调匣亲镜尾瞳习恫篇谴粘副志党巾狮惕吝瓦瓮骄察坦屡戴沦匝螟粟己怜愈胚浚拖瘤将中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总盂等裸宴城茎洞幌汁轿北廓亥沂寿略弘神匣囤菱参俏帽头啪岂斥袱度哑诚侦夏迫提租部带年柒巳舶着贴设靛悉戎齐太瓤篷斤乡呛琶噎踢篱忻受嚣品郑陶裤呈衬拥询塞灸硅逸靳店拙笼咆缉议雹宇蝗笨铣辙毋呵屉烤碎蕾玩转鸭枣火樟们率恰儿芽晴坍有陶彻燃痴六奈淮决西战鉴提忍纹陡酷狼颁芜筒荐稗冕售粥蛛钢逢雅十拟勘祈豺忿东锋着鸳拂席峦毁吗阜用柏售娘赤呻良膨峭情谊告矫棍扎降生详池材莹盅弧摊智剥核惊逗杭控寨角滴逆巍莱与嗅晾施窒章粘青阮疥谆淀敷叶纱绳千谱煌婿杉仁更满责殆售缸绳闹蒙妈样误绳慨浊点算却栗缄斥禁引占指来羊呛肛荐曼斩孟赠拷敦脆石褥拜博剁傍禹
华中科技大学2014年考博英语-真题-答案
考试时间2014年3月22日星期六下午2:00-5:00 原创作者qq 347952582 Since Would War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service, excessive indulgence in wasteful high-technology “gadgeteering,” and a breakdown in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased pessimism—“everything has been tried and nothing works”—which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism.It is tru e that the automatic “pass through” of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of “the richest nation in the world,” produced for a time a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could “do his own thing” without undue concern for the “Medical Commons.” The practice of full-cost reimbursement encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a superabundance of high-technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one-fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs.Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and frustration. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kaiser Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however, such undertakings have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.1. The author implies that the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound plans (lines 47-48) differedfrom other plans by(A) encouraging capital investment(B) requiring physicians to treat the poor(C) providing incentives for cost control(D) employing only dedicated and idealistic doctors(E) relying primarily on public funding2. The author mentions all of the following as consequences of full-cost reimbursementEXCEPT(A) rising operating costs(B) underused hospital facilities(C) overcapitalization(D) overreliance on expensive equipment(E) lack of services for minorities3. The tone of the passage can best be described as(A) light-hearted and amused(B) objective but concerned(C) detached and unconcerned(D) cautious but sincere(E) enthusiastic and enlightened4. Ac cording to the author, the “pessimism” mentioned at line 35 is partly attributable to the factthat(A) there has been little real improvement in health-care services(B) expectations about health-care services are sometimes unrealistic(C) large segments of the population find it impossible to get access to health-care services(D) advances in technology have made health care service unaffordable(E) doctors are now less concerned with patient care5. The author cites the prepaid plans in lines 46-48 as(A) counterexamples to the claim that nothing has worked(B) examples of health-care plans that were over-funded(C) evidence that health-care services are fragmented(D) proof of the theory that no plan has been successful(E) experiments that yielded disappointing results6. It can be inferred that the sentence “Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back togetheragain” means that(A) the cost of health-care services will not decline(B) some people should not become doctors(C) medical care is not really essential to good health(D) illness is often unpleasant and even painful(E) medical science cannot cure every ill7. With which of the following descriptions of the system for the delivery of health-care serviceswould the author most likely agree?(A) It is biased in favor of doctors and against patients.(B) It is highly fragmented and completely ineffective(C) It has not embraced new technology rapidly enough(D) It is generally effective but can be improved(E) It discourages people from seeking medical care8. Which of the following best describes the logical structure of the selection?(A) The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and second paragraphs.(B) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in thefirst paragraph.(C) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in thefirst paragraph.(D) The first paragraph describes a problem, and the second and third paragraphs present twohorns of a dilemma.(E) The first paragraph describes a problem, the second its causes, and the third a possiblesolution.9. The author’s primary concern is to(A) criticize physicians and health-care administrators for investing in technologicallyadvanced equipment(B) examine some problems affecting delivery of health-care services and assess theirseverity(C) defend the medical community from charges that health-care has not improved sinceWorld War II(D) analyze the reasons for the health-care industry’s inabi lity to provide quality care to allsegments of the population(E) describe the peculiar economic features of the health-care industry that are the causes ofspiraling medical costsBehavior is one of two general responses available to endothermic (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Human beings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal microclimate for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heat production and loss. Thermoregulatory behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavior to avoid becoming hyperthermic: it removes layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during exercise; but such responses result from the direct stimulation of thermoreceptors distributed widely within the central nervous system, and the ability of these mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.Until recently it was assumed that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation. After all, the argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism. The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the skin’s surface, but the energy of a microwave field may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. The resulting temperature profile may well be a kind of reverse thermal gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. Since the heat is not conducted outward to the surface to stimulate the appropriate receptors, the organism does not “appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it “appreciates” heating and cooling of the skin. In theory, the internal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed.Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of about 100 mW/cm2were considered unequivocally to produce “thermal” effects; irradiations within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm2might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects observed at power densities below 10 mW/cm2were assumed to be “nonthermal” in nature.Experiments have shown this to be an oversimplification, and a recent report suggests that fields as weak as 1 mW/cm2 can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an imposed radio frequency (plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromised. Yet surprisingly, not long ago, an increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.1. The author is primarily concerned with(A) showing that behavior is a more effective way of controlling bodily temperature thaninnate mechanisms(B) criticizing researchers who will not discard their theories about the effects of microwaveradiation on organisms(C) demonstrating that effects of microwave radiation are different from those of other formsof radiation(D) analyzing the mechanism by which an organism maintains its bodily temperature in achanging thermal environment(E) discussing the importance of thermoreceptors in the control of the internal temperature ofan organism2. The author makes which of the following points about innate mechanisms for heatproduction?I. They are governed by thermoreceptors inside the body of the organism rather than at thesurface.II. They are a less effective means of compensating for gross changes in temperature than behavioral strategies.III. They are not affected by microwave radiation.(A) I only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III3. Which of the following would be the most logical topic for the author to take up in theparagraph following the final paragraph of the selection?(A) A suggestion for new research to be done on the effects of microwaves on animals andhuman beings(B) An analysis of the differences between microwave radiation(C) A proposal that the use of microwave radiation be prohibited because it is dangerous(D) A survey of the literature on the effects of microwave radiation on human beings(E) A discussion of the strategies used by various species to control hyperthermia4. The author’s strategy in lines 39-42 is to(A) introduce a hypothetical example to dramatize a point(B) propose an experiment to test a scientific hypothesis(C) cite a case study to illustrate a general contention(D) produce a counterexample to disprove an opponent’s theory(E) speculate about the probable consequences of a scientific phenomenon5. The author implies that the proponents of the theory that microwave radiation acts onorganisms in the same way as other forms of radiation based their conclusions primarily on(A) laboratory research(B) unfounded assumption(C) control group surveys(D) deductive reasoning(E) causal investigation6. The tone of the passage can best be described as(A) genial and conversational(B) alarmed and disparaging(C) facetious and cynical(D) scholarly and noncommittal(E) scholarly and concerned7. The author is primarily concerned with(A) pointing out weaknesses in a popular scientific theory(B) developing a hypothesis to explain a scientific phenomenon(C) reporting on new research on the effects of microwave radiation(D) criticizing the research methods of earlier investigators(E) clarifying ambiguities in the terminology used to describe a phenomenonAgricultural progress provided the stimulus necessary to set off economic expansion in medieval France. As long as those who worked the land were barely able to ensure their own subsistence and that of their landlords, all other activities had to be minimal, but when food surpluses increased, it became possible to release more people for governmental, commercial, religious and cultural pursuits.However, not all the funds from the agricultural surplus were actually available for commercial investment. Much of the surplus, in the form of food increases, probably went to raise the subsistence level; an additional amount, in the form of currency gained from the sale of food, went into the royal treasury to be used in waging war. Although Louis VII of France levied a less crushing tax burden on his subjects than did England’s Henry II, Louis VII did spend great sums on an unsuccessful crusade, and his vassals—both lay and ecclesiastic—took over spending where their sovereign stopped. Surplus funds were claimed both by the Church and by feudal landholders, whereupon cathedrals and castles mushroomed throughout France.The simultaneous progress of cathedral building and, for instance, vineyard expansion in Bordeaux illustrates the very real competition for available capital between the Church and commercial interests; the former produced inestimable moral and artistic riches, but the latter had a stronger immediate impact upon gross national product. Moreover, though all wars by definition are defensive, the frequent crossings of armies that lived off the land and impartially burned all the huts and barns on their path consumed considerable resources.Since demands on the agricultural surplus would have varied from year to year, we cannot precisely calculate their impact on the commercial growth of medieval France. But we must bear that impact in mind when estimating the assets that were likely to have been available for investment. No doubt castle and cathedral building was not totally barren of profit (for the builders, that is), and it produced intangible dividends of material and moral satisfaction for the community. Even wars handed back a fragment of what they took, at least to a few. Still, we cannot place on the same plane a primarily destructive activity and a constructive one, nor expect the same results from a new bell tower as from a new water mill. Above all, medieval France had little room for investment over and above the preservation of life. Granted that war cost much less than it does today, that the Church rendered all sorts of educational and recreational services that were unobtainable elsewhere, and that government was far less demanding than is the modern state—nevertheless, for medieval men and women, supporting commercial development required considerable economic sacrifice.1. According to the passage, agricultural revenues in excess of the amount needed forsubsistence were used by medieval kings to(A) patronize the arts(B) sponsor public recreation(C) wage war(D) build cathedrals(E) fund public education2. According to the passage, which of the following was an important source of revenue inmedieval France?(A) Cheese(B) Wine(C) Wool(D) Olive oil(E) Veal3. The passage suggests that which of the following would have reduced the assets immediatelyavailable for commercial investment in medieval France?I. Renovation of a large cathedralII. A sharp increase in the birth rateIII. An invasion of France by Henry II(A) III only(B) I and II only(C) I and III only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III4. It can be inferred from the passage that more people could enter government and the Churchin medieval France because(A) the number of individual landholdings in heavily agricultural areas was beginning toincrease(B) an increase in the volume of international trade had brought an increase in the populationof cities(C) a decrease in warfare had allowed the king to decrease the size of the army(D) food producers could grow more food than they and their families needed to survive(E) landlords were prospering and thus were demanding a smaller percentage of tenants’annual yields5. The author implies that the reason we cannot expect the same results from a new bell tower asfrom a new water mill is that(A) bell towers yield an intangible dividend(B) bell towers provide material satisfaction(C) water mills cost more to build than bell towers(D) water mills divert funds from commerce(E) water mills might well be destroyed by war6. The author of the passage most probably bases his central argument on which of the followingtheoretical assumptions often made by economists?(A) Different people should be taxed in proportion to the benefit they can expect to receivefrom public activity.(B) Perfect competition exists only in the case where no farmer, merchant, or laborer controlsa large enough share of the total market to influence market price.(C) A population wealthy enough to cut back its rate of consumption can funnel the resultingsavings into the creation of capital.(D) A full-employment economy must always, to produce one good, give up producinganother good.(E) There is a universal tendency for population, unless checked by food supply, to increasein a geometric progression.7. The author suggests that commercial expansion in medieval France “required considerableeconomic sacrifice” (line s 59-60) primarily for which of the following reasons?(A) Cathedrals cost more to build and rebuild than did castles.(B) The numerous wars fought during the period left the royal treasury bankrupt.(C) Louis VII levied a more crushing tax burden on his subjects than did Henry II.(D) Although much of the available surplus had been diverted into vineyard expansion, thevineyards had not yet begun to produce.(E) Although more food was being produced, the subsistence level was not very far above theminimum required to sustain life.8. The passage implies that which of the following yielded the lowest dividend to medieval menand women relative to its cost?(A) Warfare(B) Vineyard expansion(C) Water mill construction(D) Castle building(E) Cathedral building9. Which of the following statements best expresses the central idea of the passage?(A) Commercial growth in medieval France may be accurately computed by calculating thenumber of castles and cathedrals built during the period.(B) Competition between the Church and the feudal aristocracy for funds created byagricultural surplus demonstrably slowed the economic growth of medieval France.(C) Despite such burdens as war and capital expansion by landholders, commerce inmedieval France expanded steadily as the agricultural surplus increased.(D) Funds actually available for commerce in medieval France varied with the demandsplaced on the agricultural surplus.(E) The simultaneous progress of vineyard expansion and building in medieval France givesevidence of a rapidly expanding economy.Astrophysicists wrestling with the study of a new kind of star, the flat, “two-dimensional” configurations known as accretion disks have recently gained new insights into the behavior of these stars. Accretion disks exist in a variety of situations where matters swirl around a compact star such as a white dwarf star or a neutron star. Accretion disks are also suspected of playing a part in more exotic situations, in which the central object is imagined to be a supermassive black hole, the ultimate form of collapsed matter, rather than a compact star. The modeling of accretion disks is still in its infancy, a situation analogous to the days when ordinary stars were modeled by using elementary scaling laws without benefit of knowledge of the nuclear processes that power the stars. Similarly, the basic physics of the power by which accretion disks radiate, thought to originate in a form of turbulent friction, is known only at the crudest level.Accretion disks were first defined in the context of Cataclysmic variables. In these systems, matter from the outer layers of an ordinary star is attracted by the gravitational influence of a nearby orbiting white dwarf star, the matter lost from the ordinary star cannot strike the surface of the tiny white dwarf directly but settles into an orbit around the star. The viscosity in the disk thus formed causes heating, radiation, and a slow spiraling of disk matter onto the surface of the white dwarf.The rapid advances made in x-ray astronomy in the past decade have identified a second type of system in which accretion disks occur. In such a system, an accretion disk whirls about a neutron star rather than a white dwarf. The inner reaches of the accretion disk extend deeply into the gravitational potential of the neutron star where very rapid motion is the rule. The energy released by friction and the actual raining of the material from the disk onto the surface of the neutron star is so great that radiation is given off in a powerful flood of x-rays. And in at least one case, x-ray astronomers believe that the object in the center of an accretion disk is a black hole, suggesting that a third system may exist.It had been assumed that portions of accretion disks would be unstable and that, as a result,clumping of their matter into rings would occur. There is no evidence from observation, however, that accretion disks do, in fact, suffer from these instabilities. In recent work, Abramowicz has shown that added gravitational effects due to general relativity may alter the expected Newtonian gravitational relationships in such a way that the disk remains stable, indicating that it is possible that these predicted instabilities do not occur.Further progress toward understanding accretion disks will involve defining and proposing solutions to restricted problems just as was done in this case and was done and continues to be done for ordinary stars. Abramowicz’ work is a valuable example of the care that must be taken before reaching conclusions regarding accretion disks.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with(A) comparing Abramowicz’ work to the work of earlier astrophysicists(B) providing information about accretion disks and discussing significant new work(C) defining the conditions under which accretion disks can be observed(D) exploring the question of whether a black hole can ever be the central object of anaccretion disk(E) describing the phenomenon of accretion disks and reviewing several conflicting theoriesof their origins2. It can be inferred from the passage that predictions of the instability of accretion disks werebased on which of the following?(A) A calculation of the probable effects of standard Newtonian gravitational relationships(B) A calculation of the probable relationship between general relativity and standardNewtonian gravitational relationships(C) A calculation of the energy released by friction within a compact star(D) Observation of the x-rays radiated by compact stars(E) Observation of the clumping of accretion disk matter into rings around compact stars3. The author’s attitude toward Abramowicz’ work can best be described as one of(A) uncertain approval(B) unqualified respect(C) mild interest(D) careful dismissal(E) hostile skepticism4. The passage suggests which of the following about current scientific knowledge of the nuclearprocesses of ordinary stars?(A) Its pattern of development has been analogous to that of developments in x-rayastronomy.(B) Its role in the explanation of turbulent friction has been significant.(C) It has contributed to a more accurate modeling of ordinary stars.(D) It lags behind knowledge of scaling laws.(E) It explains the behavior of accretion disks as well as that of ordinary stars.5. The passage suggests that Abramowicz’ work was motivated by which of the followingassumptions?(A) The quantity of energy released by accretion disks can be as large as it is only if the disksare stable.(B) Improved techniques in x-ray astronomy would reveal any instabilities occurring inaccretion disks.(C) The lack of observational evidence of instabilities in accretion disks suggests thatpredictions of their occurrence might be wrong.(D) Known methods of observing accretion disk surrounding compact stars and black holesdo not permit the observation of the matter in accretion disks.(E) The gravitational potential of compact stars does not vary from star to star.6. The passage implies which of the following about the progress of knowledge in astrophysics?(A) Adherence to outdated theories has, in the past, limited the activities of astrophysicistsand restricted progress.(B) Progress has, in the past, occurred only as a result of significant breakthroughs in basicphysics and chemistry.(C) Progress has, in the past, occurred as a result of a process of defining and solvingrestricted problems.(D) Given the recent acquisition of knowledge about the nuclear processes of stars, furtherprogress is likely to be limited to the refinement of what is already known.(E) Conclusions in astrophysics have, in the past, been seriously flawed, thus limitingprogress, although there have recently been signs of change.7. The passage suggests that, compared to the study of ordinary stars, the study of accretiondisks is(A) derivative(B) more sophisticated(C) less clearly focused(D) at an earlier stage of development(E) more dependent on technological advances8. According to the passage, some accretion disks originated in(A) an increase in heat and radiation around an ordinary star(B) a powerful flood of x-rays emitted by a neutron star(C) a collision between two stars(D) the turbulent friction on the surface of a compact star(E) the accumulation of matter removed from an ordinary star9. It can be inferred from the passage that the significance of Abramowicz’ work is that it(A) provides a means of measuring the gravitational potential of neutron stars(B) opens a new area for exploration in the field of x-ray astronomy(C) proves that scaling laws cannot be applied to accretion disks(D) proposes a new system of classification of stars(E) suggests a resolution of a discrepancy between a theoretical prediction and actualobservation1. 英译中主要讲未来太阳和地球距离会缩短，太阳光辐射地球，会使得海洋水分都蒸发，水蒸气作为温室气体会使得地球温度达到100度或更高，只有微生物才能适应极端环境。
华慧2014年3月中科院考博英语真题词汇专项训练
2014年3月中科院考博英语真题-词汇专项训练（一）根据国内大多数院校博士生入学英语考试词汇统计，中科院考博英语博士生考前应该掌握8000—10000的词汇。
中科院考博英语词汇题测试的目的是考查考生掌握及使用英语词汇及短语的能力。
词汇题的考察形式主要分为单项选择和近义词替换。
词汇题的测试内容主要是词义、搭配和语法。
词义测试可分为词义辨析和词形辨析。
主要包括：词形相近但词义不同的词，词义相近但词形不同的词，词义相近但有褒贬义之分的词，词义相近但有词义轻重之分的词及词义相近但有主客体之分的词。
搭配测试主要包括动宾搭配，形容词与名词的搭配，主谓搭配，及词组和固定搭配等。
语法测试主要包括非谓语动词，三大类从句的关系词，虚拟语气及其特殊形式，倒装和强调等。
2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题词汇专项训练1. The old bridge is not strong enough to allow the______ of heavyvehicles.A. passageB. routeC. tunnelD. pressure2. The widowed old woman was so lonely that she would talk______ to the strangers in the supermarkets about her pets.A. at bestB. at lengthC. in bulkD. in effect3. Citizens of developed and developing nations alike face dangers from ______medicines; they pose a terrible hazard to public health.A. distinctiveB. proliferatingC. fraudulentD. ineffective4. It must be much tougher than I realized,______ on just 10,000 Yuan ayear.A. getting byB. getting awayC. getting aroundD. getting along5. When the relationship of parents and children is at this low______, mutual love and respect need careful maintenance and rebuilding.A. rateB. rankC. scaleD. ebb6. To have a knowledge-based economy and a scientifically______population, developing countries must invest in fundamental science andblue skies research.A. moderateB. ObsoleteC. literateD. desperate7. New Zealanders colloquially refer to themselves as "Kiwis,"______ thecountry's native bird.A. forB. byC. withD. after8. These are students who, at some stage of their undergraduate careersleave class, either ______or because they are asked to do so.A. voluntarily 'B. selectivelyC. compulsorilyD. necessarily9. The sanctions are designed to force Libya to______ the two Lockerbiesuspects and to co-operate in the investigation in a similar case.A. hand inB. hand outC. hand downD. hand over10. I could then realize that he was a fever specialist of world______.A. renownB. domainC. prominenceD. authority2014年3月份中科院考博英语词汇专项训练参考答案1.A2. B3.C4.A5.D6.C7.D8.A9.D 10.A【详细解析】请查看《华慧考博英语一本通》考博复习资料书。
2014考研英语真题及答案解析(详细)
2014考研真题及答案解析Section I Use of LanguageDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA6-10 ACBDC11-15 DABAD16-20 BDCCB1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析] 本题考查连词。
2014年博士英语试卷 完整原题版
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that theradiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health,without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive. 51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitations。
2014年3月中级口译考试真题完整版(含答案)
2014年3月中级口译考试真题完整版（含答案）SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST (45 minutes)Part A: Spot DictationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE.Good afternoon, folks. Today’s topic is “Try Jogging for Fitness”. When we run for fitness, exercise, and pleasure, it is commonly called jogging. Jogging (1) in recent years. The popularity of jogging today stems from (2). First, jogging is one of the most efficient forms of exercise. As a rule, a person jogging (3) more calories per minute than in most other sports. Running, like biking, swimming and (4), is an aerobic exercise. Such an exercise uses a great deal of oxygen. In addition, it increases _______________ (5).Aerobic exercise strengthens the heart muscle so that it (6). This kind of exercise is also one of the best ways to improve our general health and (7) of our lungs. Jogging is also popular because almost every one of us (8). Jogging is an activity that doesn’t require (9) or special coordination. Jogging is (10). Finally, it can be done alone, with another person, or in a group.For anyone who runs more than (11) a week, it is important to have good running shoes. Tennis shoes or sneakers won’t do. Running produces stress that is (12) than the stress of walking. With this added stress to (13), we need good shoes. The shoes should be replaced when they (14) or worn unevenly. Cold weather poses few problems for us joggers. The main hazard in (15) is slipping on ice or snow. There is no danger of freezing our lungs, because our body (16) before it reaches our lungs. In winter we should be sure to (17) and keep our feet as dry and warm as possible. It’s best to wear (18). In summer, we must be careful not to dry out. So it is important for us to (19) on hot, humid days. The best summer wear is loose fitting and (20).Part B: Listening Comprehension1. StatementsDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear several short statements. These statements will be spokenONLY ONCE, and you will not find them written on the paper; so you must listen carefully. When you hear a statement, read the answer choices and decide which one is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard. Then write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.1.(A) Let’s call it a day and continue our talk tomorrow.(B) I’m hungry now. Can we discuss it after the dinner?(C) I wish we could reach an agreement tomorrow morning.(D) Let me remind you that we should sign it as soon as possible.2. (A) Weather is difficult to forecast.(B) The heat wave is about to end.(C) I didn’t hear the weather forecast for today.(D) It’s going to be quite hot these days.3. (A) Peter barely understands what he hears.(B) Peter seldom thinks about his own actions.(C) Peter usually doesn’t finish what he starts.(D) Peter generally doesn’t tolerate others’ ideas.4. (A) Many city centers in Europe are accessible to pedestrians only.(B) Many cities in Europe are too crowded with people to allow access for cars.(C) Many tourists visiting Europe find it difficult to rent a second-hand car.(D) Many local residents in European cities support a ban on cars in city centers5. (A) Lawyers are the most affluent of all professionals.(B) Lawyers are always awkward and come to no avail in a suicidal case.(C) Lawyers are more likely to become depressed and commit suicide.裕德教育口译[/kouyi] 网络资料下载(D) Lawyers are like actors or actresses who have to put up a show on the stage.6. (A) Most people take medicine when they have a pain in their brain.(B) Most headaches are symptoms of ailments outside the brain.(C) It is found that storytelling can make your headaches less painful.(D) If you hurt other parts of your body, you will feel the pain in your brain.7. (A) For language learners, the Internet environment lacks real-life social factors.(B) Learning a language through the Internet may produce remarkable effects.(C) Language learners can use the language appropriately in the Internet environment.(D) Learning to protect our environment is becoming an international issue for mankind.8. A) Recent statistics show that American women spend one third of their income on food.(B) American women are more likely to go and dine in restaurants or fast-food shops.(C) Nowadays one in every three Americans prefers to eat in restaurants or fast-food(D) Today more Americans dine out because they have more jobs and more money.9. (A) Primary school pupils are likely to become good friends for life.(B) Roommate arrangements of ten don’t work out even for intimate friends.(C) Living under one roof for a longer period of time brings about a close friendship.(D) Most people don’t believe in “A friend in need is a friend indeed”.10. (A) Work has now become a major socializing influence for women.3/ 21(B) Women can enjoy their new lifestyles by taking care of small children.(C) Most mothers with children quit their jobs to become full-time housewives.(D) There is little chance for women to be presented fairly in this community.2. Talks and ConversationsDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear several short talks and conversations. After each of these, you will hear a few questions. Listen carefully because you will hear the talk or conversation and questions ONLY ONCE. When you hear a question, read the four answer choices and choose the best answer to that question. Then write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.Questions 11—1411. (A) A gift.(B) A picture.(C) A file.(D) Some money.12. (A) The accounting office.(B) The vice-president’s office.(C) Jack.(D) Mrs Carter.13. (A) It is to be signed by the president himself.(B) It is from the executive vice-president’s of fice.(C) It is about changes in the accounting procedures.(D) It is to be transferred to the accounting office at once.裕德教育口译[/kouyi] 网络资料下载14. (A) Go to the executive’s office.(B) Hand in his resignation.(C) Look through the woman’s files.(D) Ask someone for help.Questions 15—1815. (A) Working in a travel agency.(B) Organizing a BBQ party.(C) Teaching English to Chinese students.(D) Learning Chinese.16. (A) Cats.(B) Dogs(C) Cows.(D) Birds.17. (A) Because they could get some food.(B) Because they are friendly.(C) Because they need company.(D) Because they want to be protected.18. (A) Sacred ibis.(B) Black crows.5/ 21(C) White parrots.(D) Colorful parakeets.Questions 19—2219. (A) Physics.(B) Calculus.(C) Composition.(D) Biology.20. (A) He is lazy.(B) He is boring.(C) He is wonderful.(D) He is humorous.21. (A) He is able to save a lot of money from it.(B) It pays well and the hours are flexible.(C) It is interesting and the pay is good.(D) His co-workers are congenial and cooperative.22. (A) To attempt to transfer to Professor Atkins’ class.(B) To cut back on his classes.(C) To get a job at the library shelving books.(D) To drop his Accounting course.Questions 23—26裕德教育口译[/kouyi] 网络资料下载23. (A) Bow and keep your eye on the business card.(B) Take it one-handedly and stuff it in a pocket.(C) Use two hands and study the card carefully.(D) Read it aloud to show your attention and respect.24. (A) Because he presented gifts in sets of fours to the Japanese businessmen.(B) Because he failed to pay due attention to the Japanese businessmen’s cards.(C) Because his business card was not treated respectfully by the Japanese businessmen.(D) Because his business card had some errors which were discovered by the Japanese businessmen.25. (A) China.(B) America.(C) Honduras.(D) India.26. (A) Native pottery.(B) Maple syrup.(C) Toy clocks.(D) Amish handicrafts.Questions 27—3027. (A) Light Engineer.7/ 21(B) Personnel Manager.(C) Chemistry Analyst.(D) News Editor.28. (A) In a London firm.(B) In a chemical company.(C) At Leeds Lighting Factory.(D) At Yorkshire Engineering.29. (A) He is the Personnel Manager.(B) He is slow to respond to new ideas.(C) He gets along well with his colleagues.(D) He moves with the times.30. (A) He’d like more scope for putting new ideas into practice.(B) He’d love to work for someone who is understanding.(C) He longs for work and entertainment in the capital.(D) He is offered a much higher pay for the job.Part C: Listening and Translation1. Sentence TranslationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear 5 sentences in English. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.(1)裕德教育口译[/kouyi] 网络资料下载(2)(3)(4)(5)2. Passage TranslationDirections: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages in English. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE.After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.(1)(2)SECTION 2: STUDY SKILLSDirections: In this section, you will read several passages. Each passage is followed by several questions based on its content. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in yourANSWER BOOKLET.Questions 1—5The first permanent shelters were probably built twenty or forty thousand years ago byfish-eating people who lived in the places as long as the fish supply lasted. Fish-eaters could stay in one place for several years. However, once man learned to farm, he could live longer in one place. Thus, he was able to build a permanent home. Once again, he built his home with the materials he found at hand. In Egypt, for example, wood was scarce, so most houses were built of bricks made of dried mud, with a roof supported by tree trunks.When the Norsemen came from Scandinavia to northern Europe, they found many forests, so they built homes with a framework of heavy tree trunks and then filled the space between the trunks with clay. The Eskimos, on the other hand, lived in a land where there was little or no wood.9/ 21They learned to adapt their homes perfectly to their surroundings. In the wintertime, when everything was covered with snow and ice, the Eskimos built their homes with blocks of ice. When the warm weather came and melted the ice, the Eskimos lived in a tent made of animal skins.The weath er is man’s worst natural enemy. He has to protect himself from extremes of heat and cold and from storms, wind and rain. Where there are torrential rains, houses are either built on piles to keep them off the ground, or they have steep thatched roofs to drain off the rain. People living in the Congo River region have found that steep, heavily-thatched roofs drain off the jungle rains more quickly.Protection from danger has also influenced the type of house man builds. When enemies threatened him, man made his house as inaccessible as possible. The tree-dwellers of the Philippines protect themselves by living high above the ground. When danger threatens, they remove the ladders leading to their homes. The cliff dwellers of the American Southwest built their homes high up on the sides of cliffs, where access was very difficult.Nomad tribes must move from place to place, taking care of flocks of sheep that are always in need of fresh grass. Their houses must be simple and easy to transport. The nomads of central Asia have developed a house made of a framework of poles covered with felt. The house is round because the framework is curved, and there is a hole at the top to let the smoke out.1. According to the passage, the Norsemen who came to northern Europe built their houses with__________.(A) rocks and wood(B) wood and clay(C) wooden roofs and stone walls(D) wooden walls and thatched roofs2. Man’s most urgent need in building a house is protection from __________.(A) enemies(B) floods裕德教育口译[/kouyi] 网络资料下载(C) earthquakes(D) the weather3. The passage suggests that a house with a steep sloping roof is more likely to be found__________.(A) in a windy country(B) in a rainy country(C) near the coast(D) in the desert4.When danger threatens, the tree-dwellers of the Philippines __________.(A) take away their ladders(B) bombard the enemy from above(C) pull up the bridge over their moat(D) wind up the ropes leading to their homes5. According to the passage, the nomad tribes of central Asia live in __________.(A) tents(B) tree houses(C) small houses of clay(D) round houses of felt【参考答案】1.B 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.D11/ 21Questions 6—10Emma Way did not become a figure of contempt for British cyclists because she nudged Toby Hockley off his bicycle and into a hedge as she drove past him on a country lane on May 19. No, she achieved that infamy by confessing to her crime online. “Definitely knocked a cyclist off his bike earlier,” Way, 22, tweeted after the collision that left Hockley, 29, with a bruised body and the status of a martyr for Britain’s cyclists. “I have right of way —he doesn’t even pay road tax!” She ended with a hashtag popular with tweeting British motorists: #bloodycyclists.It was the tweet heard aroun d the roads of Britain and it resulted in Way’s being convicted in November of driving offenses, losing her job as a trainee accountant and acknowledging in court that the comment rated “11 out of 10” on the stupidity scale. In an interview on national tel evision after her conviction, she noted that since the story broke, she had been cyberbullied and had received “malicious communications.” What she did not say was that she was sorry for knocking Hockley, a chef, off his bike. “I was quite angry at the mannerism of the cyclist on the road”, she said. “My point of view is that he was on my side of the road —that’s not the way you drive.”Way to stoke the fire, Ms. Way. By continuing to pin the blame for the incident on the cyclist, the young driver fell further into an already considerable chasm that divides modern Britain. The BBC last year featured an hourlong documentary — with lots of footage of raging cyclists and cab drivers —whose title explained the situation succinctly: War on Britain’s Roads.It wasn’t entirely an exaggeration: people are dying in this conflict between cyclists and drivers. London in November seemed like a particularly dangerous place for the two-wheeled combatants. Six cyclists were killed in less than two weeks, a mounting toll chronicled in increasingly mournful headlines. Six in a few days is a lot; the total killed this year in Britain’s capital is 14. The deaths sparked a bout of public recrimination. When London’s Mayor Boris Johnson, himself a cyclist, appeared less than sympathetic after the fifth death — he told a radio host that some of the dead cyclists “have taken decisions that really did put their lives in danger” — he was transformed from cycling champion to heartless pro-car politician and joined Way as a target of the particularly passionate fury that cyclists can muster.The anger has become political in Britain, as it has in many countries whose governments encourage citizens to cycle rather than drive to work, to lessen the impact on the environment and on traffic. Johnson has arguably done more than any previous politician for London cyclists, establishing a $1.6 billion fund to make cycling safer in the city and appointing London’s first cycling commissioner. Even though the number of cyclist deaths in London has been dropping steadily in the past two decades, the demand from cyclists for the city to adapt grows as the裕德教育口译[/kouyi] 网络资料下载number of bikes on the road grows. As does the particularly passionate fury that cyclists can muster.Whether or not Johnson is right that some of the cyclists who died recently were breaking the law, all of us make a very personal decision about risking our lives by getting on our bikes. And we should know that when we ignore red lights to get ahead of the traffic, or get too close to trucks or buses because we feel it’s our right to be there, then we are making a mistake even dumber than Emma Way’s tweet. In the war of the cyclist vs. the driver, the driver will nearly always come out alive. Less so the cyclist.6. According to the passage, who had been cyberbullied and had received malicious communications?(A) Toby Hockley.(B) Boris Johnson.(C) Emma Way.(D) A cycling commissioner.7. Which of the following statements is NOT true in the conflict between cyclists and drivers?(A) London seemed like a particularly dangerous place for the cyclists.(B) 14 cyclists were killed in less than two weeks in London.(C) The deaths of cyclists sparked a bout of public recrimination.(D) People are dying in this conflict between cyclists and drivers.8. London’s Mayor has established a $1.6 billion fund __________.(A) to encourage citizens to cycle to work13/ 21(B) to build more bike lanes in London(C) to lessen the impact on the environment(D) to make cycling safer in London9. According to the passage, a rash of accidents involving cars has made London’s bicyclists __________.(A) outraged(B) alarmed(C) cautious(D) cyberbullied10. What would be the best title for this passage?(A) Cycle rather than Drive to Work(B) Watch your Cycling Manners(C) Pedal at Your Own Peril(D) Lessen the Impact on Traffic【参考答案】6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.CQuestions 11—15Educators have known for 30 years that students perform better when given one-on-one tutoring and mastery learning — working on a subject until it is mastered, not just until a test is scheduled. Success also requires motivation, whether from an inner drive or from parents, mentors or peers.Will the rise of massive open online courses (MOOCs) quash these success factors? Not at all. In fact, digital tools offer our best path to cost-effective, personalized learning. I know because I have taught both ways. For years Sebastian Thrun and I have given artificial-intelligence courses裕德教育口译[/kouyi] 网络资料下载at Stanford University and other schools; we lectured, assigned homework and gave everyone the same exam at the same time. Each semester just 5 to 10 percent of students regularly engaged in deep discussions in class or office hours; the rest were more passive. We felt there had to be a better way.So, in the fall of 2011, we tried something new. In addition to our traditional classroom, we created a free online course open to anyone. On our first try, we attracted a city’s worth of participants — about 100,000 engaged with the course, and 23,000 finished.Inspired by Nobel laureate Herbert Simon’s comment that “learning results from what the student does and thinks and only from what the student does and thinks,” we created a course centered on the students doing things and getting frequent feedback. Our “lectures” were short (two- to six-minute) videos designed to prime the attendees for doing the next exercise. Some problems required the application of mathematical techniques described in the videos. Others were open-ended questions that gave students a chance to think on their own and then to hash out ideas in online discussion forums.Our scheme to help make learning happen actively, rather than passively, created many benefits akin to tutoring — and helped to increase motivation. First, as shown in a 2013 study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, frequent interactions keep attention from wandering. Second, as William B. Wood and Kimberly D. Tanner describe in a 2012 Life Sciences Education paper, learning is enhanced when students work to construct their own explanations, rather than passively listening to the teacher’s. That is why a properly designed automated intelligent tutoring system can foster learning outcomes as well as human instructors can, as Kurt van Lehn found in a 2011 meta-analysis in Educational Psychologist.A final key advantage was the rapid improvement of the course itself. We analyzed the junctures where our thousands of students succeeded or failed and found where our course needed fine-tuning. Better still, we could capture this information on an hour-by-hour basis. For our class, human teachers analyzed the data, but an artificial-intelligence system could perform this function and then make recommendations for what a pupil could try next to improve — as online shopping sites today make automated recommendations for what book or movie you might enjoy. Online learning is a tool, just as the textbook is a tool. The way the teacher and the student use the tool is what really counts.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?15/ 21(A) Different sources of motivation for students’ success.(B) Effective one-on-one tutoring and mastery learning.(C) Personalized massive open online courses for students.(D) Considerable improvement of the college courses.12. The word “quash” ( para. 2) is closest in meaning to ______.(A) intensify(B) inspire(C) cancel(D) discount13. When the author and his colleague offered their first online course ______.(A) it attracted about 100,000 city residents to study(B) it created a climate of passivity for introverted students(C) it was designed for both students and working adults(D) it was attended by a great number of students14. The “lectures” in the MOOCs are mean t for the students to ______.(A) do and think actively on their own(B) make up for what they miss in classrooms(C) get frequent feedback from mentors and peers(D) focus on what they need most裕德教育口译[/kouyi] 网络资料下载15. One way online courses are similar to online shopping sites is that ______.(A) they make recommendations for what users do next(B) they function automatically for thousands of young students(C) they are a boon to computer-savvy students and shoppers(D) they update their contents on an hour-by-hour basis【参考答案】11.C 12.C 13.D 14.A 15.AQuestions 16—20Most people have seen bullies in action, making life miserable for others. Their targets often escape the intimidation relatively unharmed, but sometimes it is too much to bear. That can be true whether the victim is a 12-year-old girl or a 136-kilogram American football player.A member of the Miami Dolphins left the National Football League team recently because he was repeatedly insulted and threatened by a teammate, Richie Incognito. Many fans were disgusted by details of Incognito's expletive-filled voice mail and text messages, while others defended his behavior as a natural part of a rough-and-tumble sport.Some people are astonished that Jonathan Martin, who is 1.95 meters tall, “could actually be emotionally damaged by taunts from a teammate, ” the columnist Timothy Egan wrote recently in The Times. “Can you possibly hurt a hulk with words? ” Based on his own experience playing football in high school, Mr. Egan argues that you can. He was smaller than the other guys and had a big, unruly head of hair that made him stand out. His teammates taunted him. “Did it hurt? Yes it did, ” he wrote. “I knew very well what it felt like to give so much to a game and have people who were part of it, his teammates, hurt him. ”Bullies aren’t all men. The Times reported recently that scientists had made big strides in understanding aggression by young women. “The existence of female competition may seem obvious to anyone who has been in a high school cafeteria or singles bar, ” John Tierney wrote, “but analyzing it has been difficult because it tends to be more subtle and indirect (and a lot less violent) than the male variety. ”17/ 21Researchers found that women were more likely to make mean comments about other women if they saw them as competition for male attention. In an experiment, a group of female college students reacted negatively when a woman wearing a low-cut blouse and a short skirt entered the room, while they barely noticed the same woman dressed in a T-shirt and jeans.?But in perhaps one difference between the sexes, instead of confronting the woman directly, the others made fun of her once she left the room.?” Women are indeed very capable of aggressing against others, especially wom en they perceive as rivals,” said Dr. Tracy Vaillancourt, a psychologist at the University of Ottawa.For those on the receiving end who are young or otherwise vulnerable, the damage can be tragic. In September, a 12-year-old girl in Florida named Rebecca Ann Sedwick killed herself after other girls bullied her online. She went to an abandoned cement plant, climbed to a platform and jumped.“Rebecca became one of the youngest members of a growing list of children and teenagers apparently driven to suici de, at least in part, after being maligned, threatened and taunted online, ” The Times reported. And teenagers aren’t just using Facebook or Instagram to pick on one another. New applications appear constantly, making it difficult for parents to keep tabs on their children’s activity. Rebecca’s mother, Tricia Norman, didn’t know her daughter was receiving messages that said: “You’re ugly” and “Can u die please?”“You hear about this all the time,” Ms. Norman said of cyberbullying. “I never, ever thought i t would happen to me or my daughter.”16. How did Jonathan Martin react when taunted and insulted by his teammate?(A) He remained silent at first and then challenged the bully to a fight.(B) He took no notice of the taunts and insults from his teammate.(C) He could no longer put up with the bullying and left the team.(D) He accepted the bullying as a natural part of a rough-and-tumble sport.17. Which of the following is typical of female bullying?(A) Confronting the victim indirectly.裕德教育口译[/kouyi] 网络资料下载(B) Causing the victim to die in the end.(C) Making fun of the victim with nasty words.(D) Making mean comments about the victim’s clothes.18. According to the passage, Tricia Norman’s daughter ______.(A) is a pretty, lovely girl(B) uses Facebook or Instagram a lot(C) committed suicide because of cyberbullying(D) used to isolate herself from her classmates19. Parents are often kept in the dark about their children being bullied because ______.(A) their children have no courage to tell them about it(B) parents are not involved in their children’s activities(C) bullying is too common to catch parents’ attention(D) bullying is indirect and is usually conducted online20. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?(A) Intimidation can damage the victim emotionally and physically.(B) Bullying can come in all shapes and sizes.(C) Taunting is limited to physically small and weak people.(D) Female insulting is harder to bear than male bullying.19/ 21【参考答案】11.C 12.A 13.C 14.D 15.BQuestions 21—25Questions 26—30SECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST (30 minutes)Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.In the near future, professors will run their courses over digital platforms capable of collecting data on each student’s progress. These platforms were initially developed for massive open online courses. However, universities are now folding these platforms back into their traditional classes because they make it easier to share content, host discussions and keep track of student work.Soon, these platforms will be able to monitor which students are spending 15 minutes on a calculus problem and which ones slog away for an hour. This can raise red flags for professors about who might need extra help.As more classes move partially or entirely online, the requirements of having a uniform start and end date diminish. It means some students could sail through a s emester’s worth of classes in a few weeks and then start again with new courses.It used to be that getting accepted to a prestigious university was how you accessed the best professors and could hang out with the smartest students. That’s because univer sities were, for the most part, closed information systems that distributed out their content among a select few. That’s changing.参考译文：在不久的将来，教授们将会使用一种能够收集每位学生的学习进度数据的数字平台来授课。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题
写作审题解析及参考范文
PART V WRITING (40 minutes, 20 points)
TOPIC
Unlike such things as technology, fashion, some things never change over time.
Name ONE thing that doesn't change and explain why it's changeless.
2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题
写作审题解析及参考范文
【华慧考博独家解析: 参考译文】
PART V WRITING
【审题解析】
非命题作文，但写作思路又是确定的，需要考生按照实际情况写出一篇作文，比如一成不变的有诚信、爱国情操、道德、信仰之类的。
考生具体说明不变的原因，言之有理即可。
【参考范文】
Patriotism
No one do not love their country. It is the duty of every citizen to make the country rich and powerful. In order to accomplish this object one must be patriotic. I consider this as an unchangeable truth. As well as other Chinese, I do love our country.
Why people love this country? I find that answers are very simple and clear. One raise this because one was born in the vast land famous for ancient, mysterious, brilliant history. The country feeding the hundreds of millions of Chinese kids.
Since ancient times, people love to the motherland metaphor for the "mother." It contains national spirit. It symbolizes diligence, it forges the national character and common aspiration. Form the whole country, we can draw a sense of a concrete image and things.
A famous poet once said, the motherland is the Yangtze River, the motherland is the Kunlun Mountain, the motherland is the east at dawn, the South China Sea sunset, the motherland is the northern frontier of the pines, the motherland is the southern of the flower season, the motherland is the blood of people. We are children of the motherland, our beloved motherland. At this moment, we point to say: "I love you! Mother! I love you, China!!"
【结构点评】
开篇点题，说明自己认为一成不变的是爱国情操，其次重点讲解了为什么爱国是不变的情怀，引用著名诗人的诗歌增添了文章的内涵和深度，在实际考试中可以用此类的方法造句，不要求考生完全背诵诗句，有一两句构成排比即可。
最后，说明爱国对人的影响，塑造民族性格以及民族形象。
【高分闪光词】
爱国主义 patriotism
数百万计的 hundreds of millions of
长江；昆仑山the Yangtze River; the Kunlun mountain 比喻 metaphor
民族精神 national spirit
【华慧考博独家解析】-
详细解析请购买《华慧中科院考博英语一本通》-
联系扣扣：4006224468
中国科学院考博英语备考专题
2016年中国科学院考博英语VIP保过班-全程1对1辅导
考中科院更轻松！
2016年中国科学院考博英语协议全程班-5次1对1辅导
考中科院更轻松！
2016年中国科学院考博英语系统全程班-考中科院更轻松！
华慧中国科学院中科院考博英语一本通含独家历年试题答案解析
中国科学院/中科院考博英语历年真题汇总
考博咨询QQ：4006224468
考博资料分享QQ群：16731818
关注华慧考博微信
编辑推荐：
考博英语辅导班：http://www.b2cedu.co
m/classroom?t=1113.0
考博英语专题/kaoboyingyu.html
考博英语怎么复习？/yingyu_fuxi.html 考博英语真题汇总专题/kaobo_zhenti. html
2016医学考博专题/yixue_kaobo.html。