英国社会与文化复习重点(2)

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英语国家社会文化复习

Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom1.女王的职责？/女王的作用？○1To represent Britain at home and abroad.○2To set standards of good citizenship and family life.2.女王的角色？○1Legally head of the executive(行政部门)○2An integral part of the legislature○3Head of the judiciary(司法部)○4Commander in chief of the armed forces○5“Supreme governor” of the Church of England○6Confidante to the Prime Minister3. 公众对女王的态度？4. 议会的职能？○1Pass laws○2Provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting fortaxation○3Scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure○4Debate the major issues of the day5.上、下议院？Lords are below the Crown, and are usually called peersDifference: ○1sources ○2term ○3salaryUnit4 Politics, Class and Race1.选举的时间？Every 5 years2.选举的过程？(1) Delivering voting card(2) The electoral campaigns(3)“Opinion polls”(4) Election day: voting and counting3.什么时候可以提前？○1The government loses a “vote of no confidence” in the H ouse ofCommons ○2The Prime Minister decides that the government is currently very popular4.什么人有资格参加选举？○1Anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit○2Joining one of the big parties and applying to be chosen as theircandidate in one of the constituencies provide a greater chance towin.5.选举中什么过程对候选人关键？6.政党主张？(1) The Labour party: ○1a socialist party○2believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms○3government should play a redistribute role: transferring wealth fromricher to poorer○4government should provide a range of public services available to all,such as health, education and public transport(2) The Conservative party: ○1a party of individual○2protect the individual’s right to acquire wealth an d to spendit how they choose○3Hold a fatherly sense of obligation to the less fortunate○4The difference with The Lobour party is one of degree, notabsolute.(3) The Liberal party: ○1a party of the “middle”○2Comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance ofthe individual and the social○3Emphas ize the need for change in Britain’s constitutionalarrangements to make government more democraticand accountable7.阶级有什么？判定标准？(1) working-class: manual workers (blue workers)(2) middle-class: office workers (white workers)○1Lower middle-class: unskilled office workers or skilled well paidmanual workers○2upper middle-class: having relatively high incomes and high statusprofessions (lawyer/doctor)8.移民问题对英国的影响？Positive: Increase the variety and interest within British cultureE.g. Restaurant food、TV programs、books、musicNegative: ○1Ethnic relations are tensed: the local people view thenew comers as a threat to their way of living.○2Despite much official action to minimize racism, bothsubtle and overt oppression remains○3The situation of the immigrant population isunpleasant:They face problems of unemployment，under-representation in politics and unfair treatmentby police and justice system.Unit 5 The UK Economy1.英国经济从二战后衰退的原因？○1Britain has gone heavily into debt in order to financethe war ○2As the era of empire was over, Britain lost its colonies which used to be raw material bases and big markets for British people○3Still maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas location○4As Britain’s industry survived comparatively unaffected in the German bombing duri ng the war, Britain lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products2.… … 生产的情况？□1Primary industry: (1) Agriculture (2) Fishing(3) Mining: ○1Oil and gas ○2Coal○3New renewable energy sources□2Secondary industries: (1) Manufacturing industry: Pharmaceuticals、Chemicals、high-technology engineeringindustry、Aerospace、Food and drink(2) Electronics industry□3Tertiary industriesUnit 7 British Education System1.英国教育？公立，私立？(1) State sector: ○1They are founded by local and centralgovernment ○2They provide free education for students(2)Private sector: ○1They receive the money through the privatesector、tuition rates with some government assistance2.教育阶段？（1）Pre-primary schooling(2) Primary school: 5-11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools（3）Secondary school: ○111-19, include comprehensive schools (综合学校) andgrammar schools（文法学校）○2Comprehensive schools: the most popular secondaryschools in Britain today; admit children withoutreference to their academic abilities; provide ageneral education○3Grammar schools: select children through“the11-plus”; lay emphasis advanced academicsubjectsUnit 4 The political System in the United States1.制约关系？怎样发挥作用？The three branches of the federal government(1) It is a way of restricting government power and preventing its abuse(2) In the three-part national government, this system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another2. 政党？政党主张？（1）The Democratic Party: donkey; more liberal; In the 1930s, PresidentFranklin Roosevelt started the New Deal in order to solve theDepression. Provided paid employment for people building dams androads and public building and Social Security.(2) The Republican Party ：elephant; more conservative; Republicans placemore emphasis on private enterprise and often accuse the Democrats ofmaking the government too expensive and of creating too many laws thatharm individual initiativeUnit 5 American Economy当前经济状况做分析？成功之处：American farmers are virtually unrivaled in producing crops cheaply and in quantity. America ag ricultural produce’s output is huge. Bountiful resources、the geographical size of the country, population trends and strong domestic demand are responsible for the successes of American business and industry. More and more people are employed in service industries in the US.危机：The problems are deep-seated, revealing defects in the free market and US government financial policies.Unit 8 Education in the United States(1)Gradu ate schools in America award master’s and doctor’s degrees(2)An undergraduate student has to earn a certain number of credits(120) in order to receive adegree at the end of four years of college(3)About 25% of all schools of higher education in the US are privately operated by religiousorganizations.(4)Income sources: student tuition endowments and government funding(5)Flourishing reason: ○1They offer the best libraries and facilities for scientific research○2Access to “mainframe” c omputer and to modern labs attracts leading scientists○3Students enroll to study with the expertsUnit 9 Social problems in the United States1.当前美国移民？(1)Housing(2)Busing and other programs(3)education(4) family income2.贫困问题？Lots of Americans are living at or below the official poverty line. Their incomesaren’t insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing and shelter. The unequal distribution of wealth and income.3.吸毒带来的影响？（1）crime (2) automobile accidents (3) effects on individuals(4) economic losses4. 犯罪的原因？Young people:(1) less skillful than older adults in avoiding being arrested(2) They tend to commit crimes, they are highly visible to the policeBlack population:(3) most of them are poor or unemployed(4) racial discrimination。

英语国家社会与文化知识要点汇总

Unit OneIntroduction& Unit 1The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries课程名称：英语国家社会与文化本课内容：The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英语国家社会与文化课程的主要内容与要求，了解文化的概念；同时对英国有一个总体上的了解。

教学意义:帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。

教学重点:文化的概念；英国基本情况。

教学难点:英国概况教学方式：以电子课件为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。

教学内容: (详见下页）1.什么是文化？2．英国国土与人民英国的不同名称及其区域3. 伦敦概况教学方法：采取教师教授为主，结合学生课堂讨论。

时间分配: What is culture? (10 分钟.);What’s th e relation between Culture and society? (10 分钟);Why should we learn culture (10 分钟);UK- a complicated country with a complicated name(40 分钟)A Brief Idea about London. (20 分钟)课堂板书:1. Culture-the foundation of communication2. The four parts of UK3. Main cities of EnglandLondonBirmingham-second largest city of England.Liverpool-second largest port of EnglandManchester- industrial and commercial centre.课后作业: Exercises in Unit 1Unit OnePart One1.What is culture?Culture-the foundation of communicationCulture is very abstract and complicated. Concretely speaking, it refers to all the aspects of social life, such as, the values, the practices of a society and social conventions, education, politics, art or literature,language,ideas,etc.文化即是人们所思,所言(言语和非言语),所为,所觉的总和.文化是无处不在的,具体说来,包括社会生活的一切方面,如:价值观念,生活行为方式,社会规范等,乃至艺术,政治,经济, 教育,修养,文学,语言,思想等.2. What’s the relation between Culture and society?1)Culture is a separate idea from society, although culture and society areinterrelated and cannot exist without each other.2)Culture is a system of values (or beliefs) and norms (or behaviour). A societyis a system of interrelationships which connect or bind individuals together.3. Why should we learn culture?1)Requirement of communication2) Language and culture are inseparable3)Culture acquisition is important for the study of literature.Part TwoUK- a complicated country with a complicated nameⅠStatus in the worldEffects of its Imperial Past--“an empire in which the sun never set”（日不落帝国）:1.one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding memberof NATO, and of the Commonwealth,2. Member of European Union and the Group of seven3.The make-up of the British population (Immigration has produced a populationof which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity.)II. The effects of its imperial past* The days of empire ended after World War II1. The effects were mainly encountered in the close relationships which exist with the 50 or more colonies of that empire, and which maintain links through Commonwealth of Nations. But more important international relation is its membership in the European Union since 1973.2. The makeup of the British population--- immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean (西印度群岛与中南美洲海域) countries in the 1950s and1960s. 1/20 are non-European ethnicity.III.The features of British society:1.a multiracial societyRacial, gender, class, regional and economic differences in the societya multi-racial society: most are Christians and because of immigration, many are Muslims;gender difference: male and female live different livesclass difference: the class structure of UK society is relatively obvious (A white-collar worker’s lives are very different from a blue-collar worker’s.) economic and regional difference within each of the 4 countries:-- difference between highland and lowland Scots-- difference between north and south England (South is on average more wealthy than the north)2. a society with class-structure3. a society with difference of region difference: highland and lowland Scots，north and south England，the capital and provinces.Part ThreeMain cities of England1. London2. Birmingham-second largest city of England.3. Liverpool-second largest port of England4. Manchester- industrial and commercial centre.London--cultural,bussness,and financial centre1. One of the most famous cities of the world, London is England's capital and a favourite for tourists from all over the world who flock there in their millions. It has a history stretching back almost 2000 years, A population of 7.5 million people, and some of the most famous tourist attractions in the world.2.London Attractions:Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament.The Tower of London,Tower Bridge,St Paul's Cathedralthe River ThamesCountless fascinating museums, art galleries and famous theatres.The English Royal Family reside in London at Buckingham Palacewhere you can see the famous 'Changing of the Guard'and muchmore.3. A significant role of LondonWhen a man is tired of London, you are tired of life for there is in London all that life can afford.—Samuel Johnson London is dominant in UK in all sorts of ways.1)It is the largest city in the country with abo ut one seventh of the nation’spopulation.2)It is seat of government.3)It is the cultural centre.4)It is the business centre.5)It is the financial centre of the nation.6)London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and cultural life, and to someextent the rest of the country lives in its shadow.For reference英国历代国王与王后Geographical features1.Geographical positionThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It has a total land area of 244,100 square kilometres, of which nearly 99% is land and the remainder inland water. From north to south it is about 1,000 kilometres long.(1) Northwest of Europe(2) North Atlantic Ocean(3) Separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel2.Geographical features(1) An island country, surrounded by sea(2) Highlands in the north and west(3) Lowlands in the east and southeastA. Part of the great European PlainB. Level land and fertile soilC. farming(4) 3 natural zones in ScotlandA. the highlands in the northB. the central lowlandsC. the southern uplands. Rivers and LakesImportant role of rivers in the country’s economy1.Important Rivers(1)the Severn RiverA.the longest in the countryB.only 338 kilos long(2)the Thames RiverA.the 2nd longestB.the most important riverC.336 kilos longD.Oxford and London are on the river(3)River ClydeA.the most important in ScotlandB.important commercial waterway2.the Lake District(1)in northwest England and North Wales(2)popular tourist attractions(3)the home of the Lake PoetsA.William WordsworthB.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC.Robert SoutheyClimate1.Typical feature of Britain’s climate“Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather.”The statement is often made by Englishmen to describe the peculiar meteorological conditions of their country.A maritime type of climate(1)rainy---abundant rainfallThe uncertainty about the weather tends to make the Englishmen cautious.“A foreigner may laugh when he sees the Englishman setting forth on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella, but he may well regret his laughter later in the day!”(2)changeable and unpredictable, no clear cut of 4 seasons“In no country other than England, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day! Day may break as a balmy spring morning; an hour or so later black clouds may have appeared from nowhere and the rain may be pouring down. At midday conditions may be really wintry with the temperature down by about eight degrees or more centigrade. And then, in the late afternoon the sky will clear, the sun will begin to shine, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer.”(3)Mild: no extremesIn England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme.temperature: 4-6℃ in winter, 12-17℃ in summer2.Factors influencing the climate(1)the surrounding waters(2)the prevailing south-west winds(3)the North Atlantic Drift (warm current)3.Rainfall(1) a steady reliable rainfall throughout the year(2)uneven distribution of rainA. a water surplus in the north and westB. a water deficit in the south and eastUnit TwoThe History of England课程名称：英语国家社会与文化本课内容：The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国历史，尤其是英格兰的历史；掌握主要历史事件及人物。

英语国家社会与文化入门Unit2

英语国家社会与文化入门Unit2Unit2一、判断题1、Ireland is part of Great Britain.（F）爱尔兰是英国的一部分。

2、"Ulster",referring to Northen Ireland,was once an ancient Irish Kingdom.（T）“阿尔斯特”,指的是爱尔兰北部,曾经是一个古老的爱尔兰王国。

3、The capital of Belfast is large city with half a million people.（F）贝尔法斯特的首都是一百万人的大型城市。

4、Northern Ireland is significant because of its manufacturing industry.（F）北爱尔兰是重要的因为它的制造业。

5、The majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people who inhabited Britain Isles before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago.（T）大部分爱尔兰人最初的凯尔特人的后裔的人居住英国群岛2000年前在罗马人到来之前。

6、Most Britain people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics.（T）大多数英国人是新教徒,大多数爱尔兰人都是天主教徒。

7、The Britain government does not have direct rule from London over Northern Ireland.（F）英国政府没有从伦敦直接统治在北爱尔兰。

8、Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland.（T）新芬党是一种合法的政党在北爱尔兰。

英国社会与文化期末复习资料

英国概况：一、填空1.The full name of the United Kingdom is The United Kingdomof Great Britain and the Northern Ireland.2.The island of Great Britain is made up of England ,Scotland and Wales.3.The United Kingdom has a member of European Union since1973.4.Britain is now a Multiracial society which produce apopulation of which 1 of 20 are of non-Europeanethnicity.5.London plays a significant role in Britain’s’s notonly the financial center of the nation,but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.6.The highest mountain in Britain is Ben Nevis.7.Thames river flows through central London and it is avery important river.8.Edinburg is the capital of Scotland.9.Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (George Ⅲ) currentUnion Flag adopted on Jan.1st ,1801.10.National Day of UK is officially celebrated in Britainon the 2nd Saturday of June each year since February 1952.11.The largest lake in Britain is the Longh Neagh inNorthern Ireland which covers an area of 396 km2.12.London Eye is the largest Ferris wheel(摩天轮〕in Europe.二、选择1.The location of UK is the Europe.A. EasternB. Western2.All the following cities are major deep-water ports ofUK , except .A. LondonB. LiverpoolC. BelfastD. Edinburgh3.The national flower of UK is .A.rose4.All of the following except for , were tribes fromthe north who moved into England in the 400s AD.A. AnglesB.SaxonsC.Jutes5.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a .A. poem about a hero named BeowulfB.newspaperC. historical record6.Beowulf is .A. a long novelB.a long poem written by Geoffrey ChaucerC. a long poem by unknown storytellerD.a long novel written by W.William Shakespeare7.The Canterbury Tales was written by .A.Geoffrey ChaucerB. Thomas Becket8.The frame of The Canterbury Tales is .A. the pilgrims telling stories on their tripsB.the conflict between the friar and the summonerC. King Arthur’s courtD.the differences between the knight and the squire9.The Canterbury Tales is an unusual piece of literaturefrom the Middle Ages because .A. It describes the characters’ personalitiesB.it includes middle class charactersC. both A and BD.neither A and B10.There are stories in The Canterbury Tales.A. 5B. 26C. 15D. 6 BDADC CAACB三、简答1.What are the differences between Britain and the BritishIsles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?2.Describe the geographical position of Britain?3.Does Britain have a favorable climate ? Why?4.What are the factors which influence the climate inBritain？Which part of Britain has he most rainfall andwhich part is the driest?英国教育填空1. State Schools are totally funded by the government and free to all British children.2.Schooling is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16 years :total of 11 years in UK.3. Co-educated Schools admit both boys and girls.4.All British schools - State & Independent are requiredto follow the National Curriculum guide-lines set down by the government.5.The children begin secondary education at the age of11 .6. Grammar schools select the children who get high marksin the “Eleven Plus〞examination, or show academic potential.7.British universities receive funds from the central government .8.Two characteristics of University of Oxford and Cambridge is College system and Tutorial system .9. Open University is U.K.’s largest university for part-time higher education.10.University of London is a federation of colleges.单项选择1. A are funded by the fees charged to the parents.A.Independent SchoolsB.State SchoolsC.Co-educated SchoolsD.Public Schools2.Those wishing to gain entry to university must complete an additional two years of D studies.A.GCSEB.SATC.Eleven PLusD.A Level3.Before primary schooling some chidren have an opportunity to attend the few kingdergartens,which are called“ C 〞.A.Junior sectionB.Infant sectionC.Nursery SchoolsD.Secondary Schools4.Academic Year in UK begins in September, and is divided into three terms, with holidays at B .A.Christmas, Easter, and in the winter.B.Christmas, Easter, and in the summerC.Christmas, Halloween, and in the summerD.New Year, Easter, and in the summer5.After 5 years of secondary schooling, at about age 16, the students sit their C exams.A.GCEA(General Cetificate of Education-Advanced)B.GNVQ(General National Vocational Qualifications)C.GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education)D.A-Level6.After the students sit their GCSE exams, then they can concentrate on vocational training, and attend B exams.A.GCEA(General Cetificate of Education-Advanced)B.GNVQ(General National Vocational Qualifications)C.GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education)7.There is only one privately funded university in UK, thatis D .A.the University of ManchesterB.the University of CambridgeC.the University of OxfordD.the University of Buckingham8.Which one is the oldest university in the English-speaking world? CA.the University of ManchesterB.the University of CambridgeC.the University of OxfordD.the University of Buckingham9.The amount of funding each university receives is based on D .A.its sizeB.the number of students it teachesC.the research it conductsD.All of the above10.which university is not in Scotland? AA.the University of YorkB.the University of GlasgowC.the University of EdinburghD.the University of Aberdeen简答1.What is the purpose of the British education system?2.What is the difference between Chinese&British Education Systems?3.What is Open University?①UK’s largest university for part-time higher education.②It was founded in 1969 and began its first course in1970.③It is open to everybody.④Courses are taught through TV,radio,英国政党：I.填空1.In Britian, the citizens aged 18 or over have the right to vote.2.In Britain, a candidate must be at least 21 or over with the deposit of £ 500 .3.The Liberal Demorats is the combination of the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Party .4.Currently the three dominant political parties in UK are the Conservative party , the Labor Party and the Liberal Democrat .5.The Party which holds a majority of the seats in parliament forms a government , with its party leader as Prime Minister .6.Churchill is the member of Conservative party .7.The current leader of liberal democratic party is Nick Clegg , who is the deputy PM.8.A Hung parliament refers to the condition where no party was able to command a majority in the House ofCommons .9.The class system does exist in British society , which includes Working-class , Middle-class , hereditary aristocracy .10.The majority of recent immigrants are from south Asia —— India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka and Caribbean coutries—— Jamaica and Trinidad .Ⅱ选择1.Who has the rights to vote for the Members of Parliament forming the House ofCommons of the parliament of UK. DA.lordB.criminalsC.the legally insameD.citizens over 182.On Tuesday 11 May , Gordon Brown announced his resignationas Prime Minister ,marking the end of 13 years of A government.A. LabourB. The Conservative partyC. The Liberal DemocratD.the LibaralParty3.In 2021 , Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ, who then invited B toform a government andbecome Prime Minister .A. Cordon BrownB. David CameronC. Nick CleggD.Tony Blair4.Coalition talks began immediately between the Conservatives and C andlasted for five days .A.the Liberal PartyB. Labour PartyC. the Liberal DemocratsD.The Tory5. A Refers to where no party was able to command a majority in the House ofCommons .A. hung parliamentB. shadow parliamentC. parliamentD. cabinet6.The Conservative party was foundedin 1834 out of the oldD , which itselfhad been found in 1678 .A. Labour PartyB. The LiberalC. WhigsD.Tony Party7.She advocated the idea of small government and free-maeket economics.During herterm as the Prime Minister , she carried out policies toB and to cut tax rates .A. nationalize the privateB. privatize the nationalized industryC. Establish the private industryD.invest the private industry8.In 1948 ,The Labour government set up the National Health Service to provide highquality A for all free .9.If the government loses a B in the House of Commons , that is , if a majority ofMPs agree , then it has effectively lost its ability to govern and is forced to resignand call a general election .A. First-Past-the-PostB. “vote of no confidence〞C. Winner-takes-allD.majority of support10.The ideal of the liberal Democrats is to C .A. Provide free welfaresB.cut the taxesC. giving “power to the people〞D.solve the unemplaymentⅢ.简答1.What are the effects of Immigramts ?2.What is the meaning of First-Past-the-Post in British election ?3.What are the main policies of the Conservative Party ?4.What are the main policies of the Labour Party ?英国政府：一、填空1.The UK still keeps an old fashioned government on thebasis of constitutional monarchy .2.Coronation is a ceremony of crowning a king or queen .3.Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ has crowned since 1952 .4.Elizabeth Ⅱ is the current monarch of UK . has a democratic government with electedrepresentatives in its parliament .6.King John of England agreed to sign The Magna Carta ,in 1215 , to the demands of his barons.7.The members of House of Lords consists of the LordsSpiritual and the Lords Temporal .8.Windsor Castle 32 kilometers (20 miles) west of Londonon the Thames , has been the residence of England’s royal family for 900 years .9.The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamberwith elections held at least every five years .10.Buckingham Palace in Westminster is the official Londonresidence of the British sovereign .11.The Cabinet meets regularly , usually once a week , inone of the rooms in the Prime Minister’s official residence No.10 Downing street .12.The House of Commons consists of 651 members elected fromthe country’s 651 constituencies with Mr. Speaker as the chairman in debates .二、选择1. In the United Kingdom , ministers are appointed by theQueen on the recommendation ofC .A.the Lord ChancellorB. the MonarchC.the Prime MinisterD.the King2.During World War Ⅱ,as a war leader , D receivedmassive popular support and led the country to final victory in 1945 .A.Harold WilsonB.Margaret ThatcherC.Franklin RooseveltD.Winston Churchill3.On accepting D , the age of constitutional monarchy ,of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament , began.A.Constitutional LawB. The Declaration of IndependenceC.Civil LawD.Bill of Rights4.In Britain , a B is held when a Member of Parliamentdies , retires or resigns .A.civic electionB.by-electionC.popular electionD.general election5.All of the following , except for D were the mostimporant provisions of the Great Charter .A.No tax should be made without the approval of the council.B.No free man should be arrested or imprisoned unless convicted by a jury of his fellowcitizens.C.Merchants should be permitted to move about freely .D.The king renounced his crown .6.Females were allowed to vote in national elections untilA .7.The parliament was a B word for a talking-place .8.Joan of Arc lived during the B century .th B. 15ththth9.Joan lived and fought in B .10.As soon as William had been crowned , he began to organizethe government of England on the system that had been so successful in Normandy.This is called C system , and it was based on the ownership of land.三、简答pare the government system of UK with that of UA .2.Describe the power of the queen .3.What are the functions of parliament？4.Elaborate the composition of the parliament.简答题：概况1.What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England, the United Kingdom and the BritishCommonwealth?2.Describe the geographical position of Britain?(1)an island country surrounded by four seasto the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europeto the east by the North Seato the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean(2)located off the northwest coast of Europe ,looking west to America3.Does Britain have a favorable climate ? Why?Yes , it does .a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole yearthe temperature varies within a small range.4.What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain？Which part ofBritain has he most rainfall and which part is the driest?(1) The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating upthe land in winter and cooling it off in summer. The south-west winds blow over the country all the year round , bringingwarm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate .The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British isles andwarms them .(2)政府pare the government system of UK with that of UA . The System of Government in the UK(1)It is a monarchic 君主政体的 government with the Queen as the head of thestate (constitutional monarchy君主立宪制)(2)It is a democratic government with elected representatives in its parliament(Parliamentary Democracy)(3)It is a unitary government with a strong central governmentThe System of Govenment in the USA(1)The United States is federal country with a presidential government .(2) Federalism联邦制度——the division of the powers of government betweenthe nation and the state in the United States .(3)The Separation of Powers ——the separation of powers among the threedepartments of the Federal Government.2.Describe the power of the queen .The power of the queen is nowhere defined as Britain has no written constitutionand many of the rules that govern the system are customs or conventions .(1)Theoretically , the Queen has all the power :①She is the head of the executive branch of government and gives effect to alllaws.②She may pardon criminal offenses and cancel punishments .③She is the commander指挥官- in-chief of the armed forces .④She is the temporal head of the Church of England.⑤She also confers all titles of rank and appoints judges , officers of the armedforces , governors, bishops主教and diplomats .⑥She has the power to conclude treaties , to declarewar upon and make peacewith other nations .(2)In practice, the role of the monarchy(symbolic):①symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state ;②set standards of good citizenship and fimily life ;③ a confidante知己的女友to the Prime Minister .3.What are the functions of parliament?(1)passes laws;(2)provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting fortaxation;(3)scrutinizes仔细检查，详审government policy , administration and expenditure;(4)debates the major issues of the day .4.Elaborate the composition of the parliament.(1)the Queen(2)the House of Lords(3)the House of Commons政党5.What are the effects of Immigrants ?Positive:increases the variety and interest withinEnglish culture; a varied cuisine;new forms of popular music; different religious beliefs/contributions to society;Relatively tolerant countryNegative:inequality and discrimination do exist ;depends on the attitude of some oftheir white neighbor;view the newcomers as a threat to their way of living/troublein the process of assimilating theimmigrants;economically poorer than the whitepopulation6.What is the meaning of First-Past-the-Post in British election ?First-Past-the-Post was coined as an analogy类比to house racing(1)The winner of the race is the first to pass a particular point on the track.(2)All other runners automatically and completely lose .(3)The payoff is “winner-takes-all〞赢者统吃(4)The candidate must receive the largest number of votes in their favour wins.7.What are the main policies of the Conservative Party ?4.What are the main policies of the Labour Party ?经济1.What is “British Disease〞?(1)a term used to characterize Britain’s economic decline after the wars(2)Britain’s slow growth of productivity, soaring inflation, and large unemployment2.What causes the relative decline of UK Economy?(1)heavily into dedt in order o finance the war(selling many accumulated overseasassest,borrowing large amounts from the US and Canada) (2)the era of the British Empire was over——decolonnization殖民地独立(lossesof raw material& market)(3)military expense (until the process of decolonization completed in the 1960s)文学4.What does “Byronic Hero〞 mean ?The “Byronic hero〞 is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.Withimmense superiority in his passions and powers , this Byronic hero would shoulderthe burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society , and would fight aloneagainst any type of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moralprinciples with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict isusually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems andconventions.ment on Hamlet .Hamlet is the most popular and controversial tragedy.Shakespeare expresses hisgreat praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanistthinkers and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in whichhe lived.Hamlet’s revenge is not a personal matter. What troubles him most is the injustice,conspiracy and betrayal in the wicked society .Hamlet is tragedy of “blood and thunder〞.教育1.What is the purpose of the British education system?2.What is the difference between Chinese&British Education Systems?6.What is Open University?(1)UK’s largest university for part-time higher education.(2)It was founded in 1969 and began its first course in 1970.(3)It is open to everybody.(4)Courses are taught through TV,radio,videos and a network of study centers.。

英语国家社会与文化知识要点汇总

教学意义:帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。

教学重点:文化的概念；英国基本情况。

教学难点:英国概况教学方式：以电子课件为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。

教学内容: (详见下页）1.什么是文化？2．英国国土与人民英国的不同名称及其区域3. 伦敦概况教学方法：采取教师教授为主，结合学生课堂讨论。

(完整word版)《英美社会与文化》复习题汇总 (2)

期末复习题目汇总（答案不提供）I. Fill in the blanks.(History)1. Most people who came to the British colonies in the 1600s were ____English_________. Others came from The Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, France, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. By 1690, 250,000 people lived in the ______New World________. By 1790, there were2.5 million people.2. The first settlements were along the Atlantic coast and on rivers that flowed into the ocean. In the Northeast, trees covered the hills and stones filled the soil, but water power was available. The Northeast was called New England, and it included Massachusetts,________Connecticut_______, and _______Rhode Island______________. The economy was based on timber, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade.3. The ideas of __liberalism____________ and ________democracy_____ are the basis of the U.S. political system. As the colonists built their new society, they believed more strongly in these ideas. Britain's 13 colonies grew in population and economic strength during the 1700s. Although ruled by a distant government, the colonists governed many local affairs.4. The American Revolution and the war for independence from Britain began with a small fight between British troops and colonists on April 19, _1775______. The British troops left __Boston________, Massachusetts, planning to take weapons and ammunition from revolutionary colonists. At ______Lexington_______, they met armed colonists who were called ______Minutemen_________ because they could be ready to fight in a minute. (holiday)5. Valentine's Day originated in the ____Roman_____ Era.6. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. made the famous ___I have a dream, the Nobel PeacePrize_______ speech in 1963.7. Easter is an important ___religious and social_________ festival in Christian countries.8. President Woodrow Wilson, in 1914, made the official announcement proclaiming____Mother's Day____ as a national holiday that was to be held each year on the 2nd Sunday of May.9. __Independence Day________ is the National Day of US which is observed on July 4.10. Columbus Day celebrates ___the discovery in America_______ by Christopher Columbus on October 12, 1492.11. On__Halloween__, American children dress up in funny or scary costumes and go trick or treating by knocking on doors in their neighborhood.12. Thanksgiving Day is a federal holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday in____November__.13. Earth Day is designed to promote _ecology__________.14. Thanksgiving celebrates the first harvest feast between the Indians and the___Pilgrims_ during the settlers' first year in America.(politics)15. The Congress in the United States is composed of the Houseof Representatives and the Senate; the Parliament in Britain is composed of themonarch, the House of Lords and the House of Commons .16. The Three branches of the American federal government are the legislativebranch , the executive branch, and the judicial branch .17. In the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister is head of government; in the UnitedStates, the President is the head of government.18. The House of Lords in the United Kingdom consists of two very different types of members, the Lords Temporal and the Lords Spiritual .(economy)19. Two of the basic powers that government can wield in a tax foreclosure are taxationand eminent ___domain_______.20. Once the property becomes _delinquent__________, the homeowner begins toreceive letters from the lender requesting payment for the mortgage.21. __Real estate owned_________ properties that revert back to the lender because of foreclosure (or deeds in lieu of foreclosure) are normally called REOs, or real estate owned properties.22. The sub-prime crisis, which has its roots in the closing years of the 20th century, became apparent in 2007 and has exposed pervasive weakness in financial industry____financial industry regulation______ and the global financial system.23. In recent months, we have taken steps to shore up the housing sector -- including measures to help struggling homeowners avoid ___foreclosure______ and keep their homes.24. Union contracts set both a wage floor and a wage ceiling. __Union contracts______ employers may not give productive workers pay raises outside those envisioned in the collectively bargained contract.25. The government should end the _interventions_______ it has made since 2008,starting with abolition of the TARP program. It then should abolish Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae and repeal all U.S. government regulatory measures that interfere with mortgage markets.26. Factor differences between Britain and U.S. resulted in Britain benefiting from its highly skilled _workforce_______, two thirds of which were employed with companies staffedwith less than 250 workers.27. Unlike Britain, the U.S. had a national, homogeneous market in which large corporations profited from economies of scale and mass production.28. The 1976 agreement with the monetary fund was not only seen as a national embarrassment, it remained a symbol of a country that, under various Labor governments, effectively lost control of the economy to militant trade unions, resulting in spiraling debtand rampant work stoppages that brought down Britain.(education)29. In the United States, if some of the students want to go to school during July or August,they could enroll in ____summer__ sessions.30. Two oldest universities in Britain are _Cambridge_____ and ____Oxford__.31. The most famous public school in Britain is called _Eton (college) _____.32. In the U.S., except kindergarten, there are two other classroom situations to which little children are introduced. They are _nursery school_____ and __day-care center____.33. __American football______ is the college sport that often stirs up the most national interest in the United States.34. There are three forms of monetary assistance that college students receive. They are: ___loans___, ___scholarships___, and ___part-time jobs___.(religion)35. Freedom of religious belief or non-belief is provided in __the Bill of Rights______ in the Constitution.36. In the US, religious instruction in public schools is ___against the Constitution_____ according to a ruling by the Supreme Court.37. The two Protestant denominations, __Baptists______ and _Methodists_______ are by now regarded as wholly American.38. In the US, the largest single religious group is that of ___Roman Catholics_____. The largest Protestant group is _____Baptists___. Next to that Protestant sect is__Methodists______. A very small and select Protestant group is _Quakers_______.39. The first Catholic president is ___John F·Kennedy_____.40. In England, four-fifths of the people except the Catholics go to church. Yet____half____ of American Protestants are active church members.(national characters)41. Immigrants flooding into the United States in the 17th, 18th and much of the 19th centuries were mainly from ______northern____ and ____western Europe________. 42. People who came to the New World prior to the founding of the United States are called “_early immigrants___”, while those who arrived in America before 1880 are referred to as “_old immigrants_”.43. ___Black__ people constitute the largest ethnic-racial minority group in the US today.44. That “All men are created equal”is from the document _the Declaration of Independence___.45. The cultural diversity in the US finds its best expression in the well-known term____melting pot_________.46. The British national characteristic of ____Irish national identity___________ finds its expression in the fact that many British people still prefer to have a fireplace in their living room, and still adhere to the Monarchy.(mass media)47. British National Broadcasters can be divided into two types: 1) Public Broadcasting, such as the famous _BBC_____, which was founded in 1922; and 2) Private Broadcasting, such as __ITV____, __Channel 4____, and __Channel 5____.48. British public broadcasting should serve the purpose of _entertaining_____,__informing____ and __educating____ the nation.49. The most striking characteristics of magazine development in the U.S. during the twentieth century was a trend toward ___specialization___, ___changing lifestyle___ and__shifting economic conditions____ in the decades following World War I influenced magazine development.(leisure and entertainment)50. In early America, leisure was values with_ suspicion_______ and __little value___.51. The American puritans' extreme emphasis placed on work and the detestation of idleness were supported by _Puritan theology_____, which gave moral sanction to economic necessity.52. Contemporary Americans believe that leisure should be more than a___restorative________ for work; it should be viewed as an __important________ part of modern life and be regarded as a ___worthwhile_____ end or goal in and of itself.53. In Great Britain, Pubs usually have two separate rooms: the ___public___ bar and the ____lounge_____bar.(social problems)54. __Poverty_______ reemerged as a social program in the 1960s and was perceived as a condition that represented a glaring gap between American ___ideals_______ and___reality_______.55. Drug abuse is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs. It is closely related with ____crime_____, __automobile__ accidents. It has serious effects on individuals ____physically_____ and ____mentally______, and the____economic_______ losses caused by drug abuse are great.56. British conservative known to the world, but British teenage __pregnancy__ rate unexpectedly is highest in the world.II. True or false statements.1. Thomas Paine, a radical political thinker, argued for independence and against hereditary monarchy in his pamphlet Common Sense.2. Thomas Jefferson was the main writer of the Declaration of Independence.3. The British soldiers were also called Roundheads.4. Thomas Jefferson was the commander-in-chief of the colonial army.5. The Declaration of Independence, adopted July 4, 1777, announced the birth of a new nation.6. Earth Day was first celebrated in 1970 in Britain.7. Many people now refer Washington's Birthday as Presidents' Day and consider it a day honoring all American presidents.8. The first presidential proclamation honoring fathers was issued in 1966 by President John F. Kennedy.9. Labor Day is a United States federal holiday observed on May 1st.10. Boxing Day actually has nothing to do with boxing.11. Both Britain and America have a written constitution. In Britain, there is no Bill of Rights to guarantee the individual rights of every citizen, while in America there is one. 12. The General Election in Britain takes place every four to five years, while the presidential election in America takes place every four years.13. In the United States, both the president and the senators can serve at most 8-year terms.14. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. It consists of nine Justices: the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. The Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed with the consent of the Senate.15. In the United Kingdom, implementation of the Minister's decisions is carried out by a permanent politically neutral organization known as the civil service. The independenceand professional of the British civil service is a fundamental feature of the British political system.16. According to Josh Rosner, co-author of Reckless Engagement, there was a symbiotic relationship between Wall Street and the GSEs and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were the largest buyers of sub-prime securities the Wall Street was bundling, packaging and selling themselves.17. An abundance of cheap credit makes borrowing money easy for banks and causesthem to go crazy with leverage.18. U.S. corporate tax rate, currently the second highest in the developed world, must be hiked to restore U.S. competitiveness.19. Although Britain's domestic market was smaller, consumer demands were much less heterogeneous than in the U.S. due to cultural factors and wage inequality.20. As the lesson of Britain's crisis in 1976 demonstrates, good intentions are not enoughto offset a loss of international investor confidence.21. About half of income of British universities is provided by the State.22. The “eleven plus”is the exam taken by children in their last year at primary school.23. An American college student should maintain a low C average in order to remain in school.24. In order to attend college, a high school student in the U.S. must pass the college entrance examination.25. Since World War II, one of the most dramatic developments in U.S. higher education has been the ever-rising cost.26. Religion in America has been identified with an oppressive or dominant social class or set of political institutions.27. There are more than a hundred other Protest sects, many of them hardly known to anyone except their own members, but with a combined membership of more than twenty million. They express variety, rather than doctrinal shism.28. The largest single religious group is that of Roman Catholics, More than one-quarter of all Americans are now of the Roman Catholic faith, and the majority of these are descendants of immigrants from Germany and Scandinavia.29. It is probably safe to say that the Orthodox Church members are more outside the main stream of American social and religious life, or less assimilated, than members of other religious bodies.30. It is still considered unlikely that a Jew could be elected as President of the United States, because of the strong built-in prejudices of the Protest majority.31. Black people constitute the largest ethnic racial minority group in the U.S. today.32. The frontier experience shaped, to a large extent, the American National character.33. Phrases like “from rags to riches”clearly demonstrate the American belief in the myth of American Dream.34. The sentence “an Englishman's home is his castle”suggests that conservatism is a part of the British national character.35. The British geographic separation from the European continent helped shape theBritish sense of aloofness from strangers.36. In Britain, the greater part of most people's leisure time is spent in the home.37. As for British people, the working class considers the home as a private place while the middle class regards it as a social zone.38. People who play Bingo consider themselves to be gamblers.39. Many Americans prefer leisure activities that require a high level of physical exertion.40. As for American people, the effects of pre-industrial Puritanism are still rather profoundin the contemporary society.41. New figures show the number of children and teenagers taken to hospital afterdrinking alcohol has gone up by nearly a third.42. Within the field of criminology, white-collar crime has been defined as “a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.”43. Poverty in the United States does not simply mean that the poor do not live quite aswell as other citizens. Poverty can also mean low self-esteem, despair, and stunting of human potential.44. Britain has the lowest divorce rate and smallest proportion of lone parents in Europe.45. A survey reported by OECD says that the health of British teenagers ranks the last one among all the OECD member countries, because of smoking, drinking and teenager pregnancy.III. Short-answer questions.1. What do you know about the Declaration of Independence?2. What are the distinctive features of middle colonies of the 13 colonies?3. What are the distinctive features of the Southern colonies of the 13 colonies?4. Can you briefly introduce the traditions of Thanksgiving Day?5. What does Easter celebrate and how do people celebrate it?6. Can you list four basic principles that the American Constitution of 1789 is built on?7. What are the two dominant political parties in the United States and the three dominant political parties in the United Kingdom?8. What are the causes of the sub-prime (mortgage) crisis in the U.S.?9. What solutions are needed to restore the U.S. to a free economy?10. What is the greatest argument about public schools in Britain?11. Why are day-care centers in large demand in the U.S.?12. Many Americans are religious without concerning themselves doctrine. Use what you have learned to illustrate this point.13. What is the major difference in religious observance between Americans on the one hand, and the English and the Swedish on the other? How do you account for the difference?14. Why are there so many free choices in religion for Americans? Why is there no fierce religious struggle in the US as it often happens in Europe?15. Briefly explain “mobility”as one of the American national characteristics.16. What is the “American Dream”?17. What are the differences between “a bowl of salad”and “a melting pot”as metaphors of the American society?18. Give some examples of Quality Newspapers (at least 4) and Popular Newspapers (at least 5) in Britain.19. What are the three distinct types of magazines that evolved in the civil war period?20. Please list some differences between Tabloid readers and Quality paper readers?21. American people in the pre-industrial and post-industrial eras have placed different focuses on work. Please briefly illustrate them.22. Generally speaking, how do British people see “work”and “leisure”?23. What is the fundamental cause of poverty in affluent America?24. What does poverty mean in the United States?IV. Writing1. Due Attention Should Be Given To the Study of Chinesea. 近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文的现象出现这种现象的原因和后果b.c. 为了改变这种状况，我认为……2. Pros and Cons of Celebrating Western Holidays in China3. In recent years, a growing number of food safety scandals have been exposed to the public in China. Cases include steamed buns that had been dyed with unidentified chemicals (dyeing steamed buns染色馒头), the use of “lean meat powder”（瘦肉精）and poor quality recycled cooking oil known as “gutter oil”（地沟油）, etc. In your opinion, what measures should the government take to deal with the food safety problems in China?4. Pros and Cons of Buying a House5. Pros and Cons of University Ranking6. How To Improve Student's Mental Health?a. 大学生的心理健康十分重要b. 因此，学校可以……c. 我们自己应当……7. Write a passage on the comparative analysis of the American and the Chinese national character.8. The Function of Mass Media9. Why Are There So Many Rural Laborers in Big Cities?近年来越来越多的民工涌入大城市a.b. 产生这一社会现象的原因c. 我对这一现象的看法10. Write a paper in which you argue for or against the comments below.Statistics show that newly licensed teenage boys cause a higher number of serious automobile accidents than any other group. It is evident that many young men are too reckless and impulsive to be good drivers. In order to protect the larger society, the age at which a boy can earn his license should be raised to eighteen.。

英语国家社会与文化知识要点汇总

教学意义:帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。

教学重点:文化的概念；英国基本情况。

教学难点:英国概况教学方式：以电子课件为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。

教学内容: (详见下页）1.什么是文化？2．英国国土与人民英国的不同名称及其区域3. 伦敦概况教学方法：采取教师教授为主，结合学生课堂讨论。

英语国家社会文化入门 Unit 2(人工翻译)

Unit 2:一份对于英国的简介（2）北爱尔兰爱尔兰的北部（在一个古老的爱尔兰王国作为其一部分之后，也通常被叫做北爱尔兰）是四个区域中，无论是人口还是国土面积都是最小的。

只有1759000人（2008年12月），这比中国的许多城市都要少。

贝尔法斯特是北爱尔兰的首都，相对于其它首都而言，这只是一个仅仅只有48300人的小镇，但是这的确是北爱尔兰最大的都市。

尽管北爱尔兰很小，但是由于它自身的政治问题而变的意义非凡。

地理位置上，北爱尔兰更多的像是乡村一样，分布着低地，美丽的湖泊在它的西南部，并且还有着一条坐落极为有名的“巨人之堤”的坚固海岸线，这是一个由千年以来火山岩冷却而形成的黑色六角型圆柱所组成的岩石海角。

在神话传说中，芬恩·马库尔建造了“巨人之堤”，借此横跨海洋抵达苏格兰。

这条海岸线到迄今为止，仍是联系北爱尔兰与大不列颠历史的重要因素。

这个单元将会主要关注于北爱尔兰的政治问题，因为尽管这些问题非常复杂，但不幸的是这些却是北爱尔兰最为出名的地方。

然而，你应该记住北爱尔兰仍然过着原来的生活，那些所说的问题并不是日常生活中主要的事情。

除去这些问题，（北爱尔兰的）犯罪率也非常的低，甚至包括政治暴力和谋杀率都比许多的美国城市要低得多。

而且这些问题只是在几个主要的地方（那些问题是无法被长时间忽视，并且每个人都是受害者的地方），但是除去那些地方，人们可能会一直忘记（他们国家存在的问题）至少直到晚间报纸发放，或是装甲车（从他们身边）路过才能感受得到。

北爱尔兰在许多剧院，餐厅，酒吧和博物馆都有着一种丰富多彩的文化生活：其中最为有名的诗人，夏默·亨尼，在1995年获得了“诺贝尔文学奖”。

尼尔·乔丹凭借他自己的《哭泣游戏》获得了“奥斯卡最佳原创剧本奖”，范·莫里森是一位国际有名的流行音乐家。

布赖恩·弗里尔作为剧作家，他的舞台表演不仅仅在伦敦和都柏林得到众人的喝彩，在其它地方也是如此。

英语国家社会与文化入门知识考点总结

Unit1.（选择、判断、填空）1. The flag of Britain :Union Jack2. The capital of each country :3. The time joining the British parliament:However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4. Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5. The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.the Vikings invaded.Result in a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England, which can be expressed as "Saxon" versus "Dane".the Normans , William of Normandy invaded this country.Result: This marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invadingLondon: (P18)Unit2（选择、判断、填空）Northern Ireland (often called "Ulster"after an ancient Irish kingdom)1. Activities to seek Irish independence :Home -ruleThe Easter Rising of 1916: was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin's Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means.2. Political parties:the Sinn Fein partySDLP: Social Democratic and Labour PartyIRA: Irish Republican Army (illegal)3. Political troubles in Northern Ireland (famous):Indigenous Roman Catholicsv s. Protestant immigratesPartition(分割) : The southern 26 counties would form an independent "free state", while the 6 north-eastern counties would remain a part of the UK.(即26 Republic Ireland ,6 Northern Ireland )4. the Good Friday Agreement 了:( 解下，P36)Unit 31. Process of state building:The process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution.2. The oldest institution of government in Britain :Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.3. Divine right of kings :It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.4. Magna Carta :limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power.5. the Bill of Rights :ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament. ( William of Oran时ge 期)6. The Constitution :(P49)7. The functions of parliament (: P49)8. Parliament:The queen : (symbolised ,traditional )She is legally head of the executive, anin tegral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England，a confidante to the Prime Ministe(r 了解下)The House of Lords ：do not receive salaries，both sexist and elitist 了( 解下) Lords Spiritual hereditary peersLords Temporal life peersThe House of Commons (P49) 重要Unit41. The importance of general elections:(P67重) 要2. The electoral campaigns :(P67)3. The formation of the government :(P67)4. The class system in theUK:(P67)5. Ethnic relations in the UK:(P67) 了解下6. The main political parties in the UK:The Conservative party( newest) : setting up the National Health ServiceThe Labour party :From 1979 to 1997,t he Conservative Party won 4 elections in row The Liberal Democrats: a party of the "middle"Margaret-Thatcher 改革(There were also negative consequence了s)解下Unit5(判断、选择、填空)1、Absolute Decline2、Relative Decline of the UK economy: (P81)重要3、the reason for its relative decline 了:(解下)the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the warthe era of empire was overLarge military expensesOutdated industries and less-competitive productsA lack of close relationship between industry and banks4. The division of British industries :Primary industries （mining industry 矿业）Secondary industries （steelindust钢ry铁业）Tertiary industries （insurance保险，the selling of goods）5. The City: The name given to the historic area at the centre of London6. The London Stock ExchangeT: he heart of the City（伦敦的中心是伦敦城，伦敦城的中心是伦敦证券交易所）Unit6（填空、选择、判断）1. Beowulf :One of the oldest of these early "Old English" literary works is a long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf.2. Geoffrey Chauce：r The Canterbury Tales3. Elizabethan Drama:Marlowe ：The Tragical History of Dr FaustusWilliam Shakespeare：Romeo and Juliet The Taming of the ShrewHamlet A Midsummer Night's Dream tragedies Othello comedies Twelfth Night重要）King Lear The TempestMacbeth.history plays：Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V. Julius Caes，ar Antony and Cleopatra4. The 17th Century:John Milton : Paradise Lost5. The 18th Century:Jonathan Swift :Gulliver's Travels6. The Romantic Period:William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridg：eLyrical Ballads ( marked the beginning of the Romantic Period.)George Gordon, Lord ByronThree men John KeatsPercy Bysshe Shelley7. The Nineteenth Century Novel:Mary Shelley :FrankensteinSense and SensibilityJane Austen Pride and PrejudiceEmmaCharlotte : Jane Eyrethe Bronte sisters Emily: Wuthering HeightsAnnElizabeth Gaskell :N orth and SouthOliver TwistCharles Dickens David CopperfieldGreat ExpectationsThe Return of the NativeThomas Hardy Tess of the D' UrbervillesJude the Obscure8. Female writers in the 1th9 century of Britain:Mary ShelleyJane Austenthe Bronte sistersElizabeth Gaskell9.20th Century Literature :Twentieth century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periodMs:o dernism,and Postmodernism.Joseph Conrad：The Heart of DarknessMrs. DallowayVirginia Woolf To the LighthouseOrlandoA Room of One's OwnD. H. Lawrence :S ons and LoversUnit71. The purpose of the British education system:①provide children with literacy and the other basic skills②socialise children③children are taught practical skills④learn the rules and values⑤participate in the community⑥contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.2. The influence of the church on schooling: education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up by churches.religious education was the only subjectDaily prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part of school life3. The National Curriculum：All children throughout the country must study the following subjects: English,mathematics, science, religious education, history, geography, technology, music, art, physical education, and a modern foreign language.All children throughout the country must pass national tests and schools.All teachers are told what to teach and their schools are now ranked according to how well they perform this task.4.State school:93% of pupils receive free education from the public sector.5.Independent school(public schools/ private school):Independent schools are not part of the national education system.Etor schoolLarrow schoolWinchester college6. Comprehensive school:Entrance exams were abolished.Such schools provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature and sciences, to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.7. Grammar schoo：lThose who show academic potential are admitted to the grammar schools where the emphasis is on advanced academic work rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools.8. GCSE：General Certificate of Secondary Education9. GCEA ：General Certificate of Education-Advanced10. GNVQs ：General National Vocational Qualifications11. The universities in Britain：British universities are public bodie，s except one university, the University of Buckingham.12. The Open University：The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree , through textbooks, tv and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centres.Unit81. Countries to establish UN:2. The permanent members of the UN Security Council:the Soviet Union, the United States, China ,France, UK3. The foundations of Britain's foreign policy:The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits4. The making of Britain's foreign polic:y(P128)5. The relationship between Britain and the E U(P128)The decision joined the EEC ( psychological , natural , controversial )The UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.6. The commonwealth: Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states .There are 50 members of the Commonwealthhich is made up mostly of former British colonies.7. NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ) :protect member states against aggressionThe purpose of NATO provide a foundation for security in Europeprovide a forum for transatlantic defence cooperation8.Special relationship with US h:as gone through many up and downs9.Independent nuclear weapons capability:Britain is a traditional sea power.Unit91. The division of British media: (降序排列)①TV②Newspaper (In Britain, most advertising is carried in newspapers)③Radio④Magazine2. The functions of the British media:①Entertainment②Provide British people with information about political and social issues③Provide weather reports④Carry advertising⑤Used for educational purposes⑥Provide a forum for people to write letters or phone in to express their views or seek advice⑦Help Britain engender national culture3.Oldest newspaper:The world's oldest national newspaper : The ObserverThe British oldest daily newspaper: The TimesThe very names of British newspapers-The Times, The Observer, The Guar—diasntill suggest that the function of the paper is to offer the electorate objective reports about what is happening in the country4. Papers issued internationally:The Financial Times is printed in Frankfurt, France, Hong Kong, New Jersey, Los Angeles, Tokyo and Madrid. ( (Daily)Telegraph / The News of the World )5. Quality press and gutter press:The Daily TelegraphThe Times6. Fleet street:It is also known as the Street of Shame7. BBC:(P144)Unit101.Sports born in Britain :Cricket, football, lawn tennis, golf, rugbyFA Cup:(Football Association Cup)2.Football violent sportGentle sport3. Tennis WimbledonWimbledon is where the world's best players gather to compete on gracsosu rts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.4. Cricket:Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organised rules and to be The Sun gutter pressThe Guardian The ObserverQuality pressplayed according to the same rules nationally.5. Golf:The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.6. Horse sports:Flat racingHorse racing steeplechasingThe Grand NtionalThe Royal Asot : people usually dress up and show off their fashionable cloth and elaborate hats for the social eventEquestrianismHunting7. Three traditions of Christmas(P: 163)the Christmas Pantomimethe Queen's Christmas messagethe Boxing Day : Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants.8. Religious holiday:crucifixion n and resurrection of Jesus Christ EasterChristmas9. National Holidays:---- Queen's Birthday"trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace10. Holidays in the 4 nations:England:Guy Fawkes Night (the Bonfire Night, celebrated in November) Northern Ireland:St Patrick's Day(March 17)Orange Marches,Battle of the Boyne (July 12) Scotland:Hogmanay (12.31)Burns Supper(1.25)Halloween (10.31)Wales:The Eisteddfod: festival of music making and poetry。

英国社会与文化重点

1.Britain had been invaded by many invaders before 1066. Who are the invaders, and what were the consequences of each invasion?1.Romans’s loading(55BC):Celts inhabited the southern England. They helped fight the Romans alongside tribes who had stayed behind in Gaul. This led to the Romans invasion in Britain.. The Romans brought many innovations and ideas to the Britain. One of the great social changes was Christianity.The Romans conquered most of the country.Britain was a part of the Roman empire for almost 400 years.2.The Angelo-Saxons’ invision:the Anglo-Saxons,Angeles,Saxons and Jutes.Anglo-Saxons pushed the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of England, leaving behind a few Celtic words. The Angelo-Saxons came to rule most of Britain,except that they never conquered Cornwall and Wales in the west and Scotland in the north.The country was divided into kingdoms.King Alfred the Great from the kingdom of Wessex become the first king to rule most of the England.The Anglo-saxons gradually converted to Christianity after the St.Augustine was sent from Rome in 597 AD.3.The Vikings and Danish Invision:Vikings.Norwegian Vikings sailed to northern and western Scotland, seizing land for their farms (some were fierce pirate raiders who stealed goods and animals or enslaved local people)around the coast and islands. They also settled in the Isle of Man and parts of Wales.They srarted from three countries of scandinavian:Denmark,Norway,Sweden.they may even reached America.The battle started by Danish Vikings ended with the Vikings conquering all of nothern central and eastern England,and seizing much of the land for their own farms.However the Anglo-Saxons won back most of the England afterwards.4.The Norman conquest(1066):The Anglo-Saxons lost the battle and the King Harold was killed.William became the new king of England.They made French the official language.2. The UK architecture has gone through a variety of phases. Explain it in detail.①Neolithic age, neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury②Anglo-Saxons period，often built initially of wood, speed of erection being of greater concernthan design or appearance. The most well-known Tower of London,such as those at Stewkley and Buckinghamshire.③The Civil War, after this date houses were built purely for living, and design and appearancewere for ever more important than defense. St Paul’s Cathedral④Early 18th century baroque architecture，a style exemplified by heavy embellishment and masswas very popular in Europe,was an envolved form of Palladianism.It was during this period that comfort and style became truly popular.⑤18th century The Georgian architecture :was evolved form of Palladianism ,was an envolvedform of Palladianism.It was during this period that comfort and style became truly popular.⑥In the early 19C the romantic medieval gothic style:appeared as a backlash to the symmetry ofPalladianism.⑦The middle Age of the 19 C:construct was able to develop incorporating steel as a buildingcomponent.⑧The beginning of the 20th century, Arts and crafts in architecture were symbolized by aninformal, non symmetrical form, often with mullioned or lattice windows, multiple gables andtallchimneys.This style continued to involve until World War II.⑨Following the Second World War reconstruction was heavily influenced by modernism.Suchas the Hayward Gallery.3. The UK is a two-party nation. How does this kind of system work in terms of the balance of political power?The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament rests largely on the relationship between the Government and the opposition parties. Depending on the relative strengths of the parties in the House of Commons, the Opposition may seek to overthrow the Government by defeating it in a vote on a “matter of confidence”.In general,it aims to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation by constructive criticism;to oppose the government proposals it considers objectionable;to seek amendments to government Bills;and to put forward its own policies in order to improve its chances of winning the next general election.The Opposition performs this role both by debating issues and puting questions on the floor of both Houses and through the committe system.4. The UK has been a leading trading power and financial center in Europe. What are the essential elements that make this possible?Large energy resources:The UK has large coal ,natural gas and oil reserves.highly mechanized agriculture :Agriculture is intensive,highly mechanized,and efficient by European standards,producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force. Manufacturing;Other factors:The government target measure,state enterprises were nationalized in the 1940s have been privatized. Inflectional banks centralizing many of their European operations in London,5. What significant role does the Sino-British Joint Declaration play in the relations between China and the UK?The declaration led to the sound development of the relations between China and UK. The two countries exchanged of important visits and signed many agreements for cooperation in various field after the declaration.There has been various exchanges of high official visits.At present,close contacts and fequent exchange of visits at a high level are mantained between the two countries.and there is dynamic exchange and cooperation at all levels in the fields of politics ,trade ,economy ,culture ,and military.6. What is the relationship between Oxford and Cambridge and what are their respective strengths?①Both of the 2 are attracting students and experts from around the world to study and work there. Annual Boat Race between them has become one of the greatest sporting events in Britain drawing nationwide atention. The twin stars have always been mentioned in the same breath, known as “Oxbridge”.--nearly a synonym of upper class intelligentsia in England.②Oxford is famous mainly for its social science and humanities, producing numerous political figures; Cambridge is more accomplished in mathematics and sciences, being the Alma Mater of many Nobel Prize winners.In nature ,the two universities share much in common in terms of their size ,culture and even curricula.7. How was Britain converted into Christianity?The Roman legions invaded Britain and brought with Britain Christianity, and that made the overwhelming majority of the Romano-British population converted to Christianity.In 43,the Roman armies conquered England(Aulus Plautius),and then the Roman captured Wales and Scotland ,and started their rules in Britain,lasting as long as 400 years.The roman legions brought with them Christianity and that made the overwhelming majority of the Romano-British population converted to Christianity.Augustine ,an Italian-born missionaryand prelate who was sent in 597 by Pope Gregory I to britain for missionary propaganda,and formally introduced Christianity to southern britain.8. Why was Mary I nicknamed as “Blood Mary”?The Times have been rather independent in views, with a tradition of recording history in a truthful and objective way. It gained public praise in the spheres of politics and finance.She abolished all laws and religions reform laid down by her father and stepbrother.and briught England back under subjection to Vatican,She even married Spanish King Philip II,a Catholic bigot,to show her determination to restore Cathlicism in England.During her resign,she excuted as many as 300 Protestants ,including Thomas Cranmer,the archbishop of Canterbury(who was burnt on the state),and hence earned a nickname as “blood Mary”.10.What factors do you think contribute to the great influence of The Times?(1)It is the earlist national daily newspaper.(2)The very beginning ,the times has been very independent in views,with a tradition of recording history in a truthful and objective way ,yet it is foundamentally a conservative paper.(3)It involves many fields,such as politics and finance,science,literature and arts.(4)It’s guiding principle in running the newspaper remains quite consistant.(5)Rupert Murdoch wished to maintain its traditional style and taste.(6)More city news and more photo reports have been added to it.11. What is the relationship between British popular culture and that in the U.S.?The complicated process of the 2 countries popular culture interaction can be summarized as the early American imitation and absorption of British models and the gradual reversal of the process to a more reciprocal interrelationship.For example,Americans imitated British sports and games and entertainments until the early 20th C.After the world war I,american popular music and motion pictures won a general popularity in british.In 1950s,American rock and roll was imitated by british bands,who then refined it by adding their them own characterists.12. Since the late half of the 20th century, there has been significant change in the British people’s conception of marriage. What are the factors that have contributed to this change?Because widespread indifference to religious taboos against sexual intercourse and cohabitation prior to marriage and the combined effects of medical advances in general and more sophisticatedcontraception in particular. The longer period of time spent by young women in education and rise in the employment of women.Because widespread indifference to religious taboos against sexual intercourse and cohabitation prior to marriage and the combined effects of medical advances in general and more sophisticated contraception in particular. The longer period of time spent by young women in education and rise in the employment of women.The liberited ethos of the 1960s produced a climate of opinion,which made possible major legislation relating to abortion ,another development which was to effect the average age at first marriage.two other factors which also had a major impact on the average age at first marriage were the longer period of time spent by young women in education and the rise in the employment of women.13. How did the multi-ethic culture come into being in the UK?The multi-ethic culture is a result of a history, which has included invasion, expansion, empire and Commonwealth, and Britain’s role as a haven for people of all races.Britain government has taken steps to tackle problems of discrimination and disadvantage through pioneering such things as race relations legislation which makes racial discrimination an unacceptable ,an illgal, practice,and through policy to redress disadvantage.14.What are the major impacts of the British Empire in the world.The British Empire was the first global power and largest empire in world history. Colonial expansion and imperial holdings spread British influence across the globe and increased wealth and prestige for the mother country.The empire facilitated the spread of british technology,commerce,language,and government around much of the globe.Imperial hegemony contributed to britain’s economic grownth,and greatly strengthed its voice in world affairs.From the perspective of the colonies,the colonies received from britain english language ,an administrative and legal framework on the british model,and technological and economic development.Novertheless,British policies based on comparative advantage left many developing economics dangerously reliant on a single cash crop.15. What significant role does the Commonwealth play in linking its members?The Commonwealth represents significant cultural and historical links between wealthy first-world countries and poorer developing nations with diverse social and religious monwealth countries share many links at non-governmental levels ,with over a hundred nn-governmental organizations that are orginazed on a commonwealth wide basis ,notably in the areas of sport,culture ,education,and other charitable sectors.Before the establishment of the commonwealth’s law,the commonwealth collective actions had been limited by the principle of non-interference inthe internal affairs of other members.16.What is the major purpose of primary education in Britain?What is important in this stage is not how many specific things they learnt but the cultivation of their imagination and curiosity.The purpose of all these are to facilitate their studies in junior education which will involve normal curriculum and more class teaching.17.How did Open University come into being and what kind of role does it play in britain education?The idea of Open University was first proposed by the leader of the Labor Party Harold Wilson who declared that once his party won the election ,he would estabish a university of the air to provide educational oppotunities to a larger number of people who were not able to go to collage for one reason or another .succeeding in the 1964 election ,he put it into practice and named it as “Open University”.Open University ,with its great convenience ,high flexibility ,and low expenses,immediately attracted people of all trades to apply for this program and take the training courses in social science ,arts ,and mathmatics.Among the paticipants in open university ,nearly one third are actually not qualified to get enrolled in collage according to the traditional demand in britain.once the originally rigid requrement in diploma is removed ,these people have access to continue their studiesand thus become better equipped for job competition.18.What is impacts of thatcherism on the economic of Britain?Thatcherism's impact on the UK economy?Definition: Margaret thatcher came to power in the party after the emergence of a dominant ideology of the forces of the "new right".Positive impact: promoted the increase the employment rate in a decade or two years, reduces the rate of inflation, fundamentally promoted the prosperity of the economy. Negative effects: after the boom, the British economy in the financial crisisOverall tendency: economic inequality phenomenon more and more serious, resulting in the disparity, in terms of social status and other fields.She surrounded herself with sycophantic adviors and courtiers ,and was allowed to push through a number of completely potty laws like Poll Tax.Microsoft jas black in the 1980 s, when economic downturn in the UK and hughton thatcher, push forward the reform of privatization, including mass privatisation of state-owned industries and utilities, with an iron fist crackdown on the unions, and sweeping cuts in public spending and social welfare.Margaret thatcher administration advocates privatization, monetarism, deregulation, tax cuts, union power and praise creation wealth rather than redistribution, and reforming the welfare system, such as "the Keynesian" concept, with the ocean the other shore "reaganism" from afar: try to rely on the "small government, big market" for the economy. Supporters praised her bold and radical measures not only saved the British society, more think her privatisation measures can improve the overall competitiveness of UK business success, make its economic growth in developed countries in Europe and the United States after the 1980 s.In fact, in 1988, Britain's economy started to improve: the rate of inflation fell from 18% to8%, the employment rate increase, per capita income have improved, fiscal surplus, exports increased, actual economic growth rate of output per capita than the United States, Germany and France; And Britain's international standing, also began to rebound, one of the most famous example, beat Argentina than in the falklands war in 1982, nationalist or cheer "come back" the British empire.Chinese academy of social sciences researcher at the institute of European Tian Dewen for "first financial daily" said that Mrs Thatcher's approach over a period of time to the UK economy has very positive, but the tension isn't completely can be attributed to her reform, and debate in academia at present. During her administration, Britain's economic structure changed a lot, from the traditional industrial products trade transformation for the financial industry, the transformation is an important in the development of the thatcher period the UK economy background, Margaret thatcher did reform created relatively good conditions for Britain's economic transformation.And Margaret thatcher as "destroyer" britons argues that Britain's in recent years become more economic collapse, social unrest caused by polarization, and Margaret thatcher that mass privatisation, economic policies such as opposed to tax increases have close relationship.Tian Dewen also said privatisation really in a period is considered to improve the efficiency of the enterprise, but now a lot of debate about this issue, as the British railway privatisation came after a lot of problems, including the old equipment, service quality drop, because the private enterprise pursuit of immediate interests, more investment is insufficient, may cause considerable negative impacts.For a few years ago the financial tsunami, western countries, represented by America and Britain also began to generally think the free market theory is the concrete practice of the problem. "The pursuit of the free market is the capital benefit maximization, rather than the social benefit maximization" voice started to flash, and the London riots happened two years ago, is to let the world marvel at social rage "gentleman"."But anyway, Margaret thatcher as a character of time have a significant impact, she did these is definitely worth to remember, and now she's a set of economic ideology in the world bank and international monetary fund or play a leading role." Tian Dewen said, "thatcherism" until now have been accepted by most of the country's rulers, like the European Union and the United States, to curb inflation and maintain financial balance as the basis of all economic policy. Illustrations/Su Yi。

英国社会与文化lecture1第二部分

Assignment
Try to describe the British history and get familiar with the major historical events. (Personal) Read within 2 weeks “the Magna Carta of 1215” and discuss how the idea of citizenship is cultivated. How would you comment on the proclamation of individual political rights? (Teamwork and Individual) Many Thanks!
Timeline of Development
2. 1066 to 1660, the Norman Conquest to Cromwell 1066 to 1154 the Normans consolidate their conquest 1154 to 1485 the Middle Ages, who wants to be king? 1485 to 1603 Henry VIII, Elizabeth I and the Tudors 1603 to 1660 the divine right of kings to rule, then chop off their heads
Timeline of Development
4. Britain in the 20th Century 1914 to 1918 The First World War, carnage without a cause 1918 to 1939 the after effects of World War I, the General Strike 1939 to 1945 Hitler's War 1945 to 2000 Post War Britain - loses an Empire, looks for a role Since 2000 Struggle for a role invelopment

英国社会与文化第二章阅读提纲

5177 Society and Culture of English-Speaking Countries Slide 4 of 18
3) The third “ Home Rule Bill” was passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.
Unit 2 Northern Ireland
5177 Society and Culture of English-Speaking Countries
Slide 1 of 18
I. Physical Features of Northern Ireland
5177 Society and Culture of English-Speaking Countries
5177 Society and Culture of English-Speaking Countries
Slide 13 of 18
3. Attempts to dissolve conflicts 1) The Power-sharing mechanism in 1973 (权力分享机制）
4. Results:
Northern Ireland then became the only country in the world which is recognized as an independent entity but which is governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland, that of great Britain and that of its own elected executive government of ten ministers.

英国社会与文化unit2text1

THANKS
谢谢观赏
• Para.1 functions
attend ceremonies ，make decisions， approve the appointment of Ministers and the forma tion of a cabinet ， summarize the government‘s program， concludes treaties and declares war， appointments to all offices of State and Church…
Unit 2
The Constitutional Monarchy
Like all the best families ,we have our share of eccentricities ,of impetuous and wayward youngsters and of family
disagreements.
She was once the longest reigning monarch in British history . (64 years)
Princess Diana 1961-1997
‘s ex-wife
Mother of
and
TEXT A The Constitutional Monarchy
• Para.2 however 没什么卵用~~~
Constitution gives much limit In any case she has no means of enforcing her will no real powerBiblioteka • Para 3＆4 why
tradition！！！ symbol！！！

英语国家社会与文化学习重点

Key points:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom I and constituents1.Full name2.ConstituentsII.Effects of its imperial past1.Establishment of the commonwealth2. A multiracial nationIII.Differences in society1.Race difference2.Class difference3.Region differenceIV.Introduction to England1.Physical features2.History of invasionsV.Introduction to Scotland1.Physical features2.History3.Retaining strong Scottish identityVI.Introduction to Wales1.Physical features2. A history features campaighs for independence of UK Unit 2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom III.Features of Northern Ireland1.Population2.Geographical features3.Capital4.Often Called “Ulster”5.Social order6.EconomyII.Pursuits of Irish independence1.Background2.Home Rule Bill3.The Easter Rising of 19164.Important Figures5.ResultIII.Conflicts within Northern Ireland1.Reasons2.The troubles3.Attempts to dissolve conflictsUnit 3 The Government of the United KingdomI.Monarchy in history1.Origin2.Divine right of the King3.One short ousted period4.Magna CartaII.The history of Parliament1.Origin2.History3.Acquisition of powerIII.The birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet1.Birth of Cabinet2.Birth of Prime MinisterIV.The British government and Constitutionernment system2.The ConstitutionV.Parliament Today1.Functions2.Status3.InstitutionsUnit 4 Politics, Class and RaceI.General elections1.Why are they important?2.When do elections occur?3.Who can stand for election as an MP?4.What happens in an election?5.Formation of governmentII.The political Parties1.The Labour party2.The Conservative Party3.The Liberal DemocratsIII.Class1.Class-divisions2.Cultural differences3. A distinctive features of British class-system IV.Race1. A multiracial nation2.Influences of immigrationUnit 5 The UK EconomyI.Events in History1.Dominant in the 1880s2.Overtaken in 19003.Declince since 19454.Privatization in the 1980sII.The current UK economy1.Primary industry2.Secondary industries3.Tertiary industriesIII.Case study: the aerospace industry1.Status2.Major achievements3.Recent changesUnit 6 British LiteratureI.Early Writing1.Theme2.Beowulf3.Canterbury Tales4.The legend of King ArthurII.The 15th and 16th centuries1.Elizabethan Drama2.Christopher Marlowe3.William ShakespeareIII.The 17th century1.King James Bible2.Francis Bacon3.John MiltonIV.The 18th century1.Features2.Johnathan Swift3.Robert Burns4.Daniel DefoeV.The 19th century1.Romanticism2.Poetry3.NovelVI.The 20th century1.Modernism2.Postmodernism3.Joseph Conrad4.Virginia Woolf5. D.H. Lawrence6. E.M.FosterUnit 7 English Education SystemI.Purpose of Education1.To teach “the three R’s”2.To socialize childrenII.The relationship between education and social class1.Inequality in British education2.Good Education Guarantees a careerIII.The influence of the Church on schooling1.In the past2.At present3.ChangesIV.Major changes to British education system1.Involvement of government2.The 1994 Education Act3.Introduction of comprehensive schools4.“The Great Education Debate”5.National Curriculum in 1989V.The present education systemcation in the UK is compulsory2.State sector and private sector schools3.Schooling stages and examsVI.Higher education1.Fund2.Founding Time3.Open university4.Degree titlesUnit 8 British Foreign RelationsI.Britain then and now1.The end of British Empire2.Britain todayII.The foundations of Britain’s Foreign Policy1.Imperial history2.Geoplitical traitsIII.How foreign policy is made?1.The Prime Minister and Cabinet2.The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)3.The Ministry of Defense4.The Department of Trade and Industry5.The treasury6.Electorate7.Foreign relationsIV.Britain and international institutions1.A member of UN Security Council (UNSE)2. A member of European Union (EU)3. A member of CommonwealthV.Britain and the United States1.Special Relationship2.Ups and downsVI.Britain security and defense1.Britain’s defense power2.Britain’s defense policyUnit 9 The British MediaI.Popularity2.Newspapers3.RadioII.FunctionsIII.Newspapers1.Long history2.The role of newspapers3.Freedom of press4.National papersIV.The broadcast media (TV and Radio)1.Why is TV popular?2.British IV culture3.The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in BritainI.Sports1.Football2.Tennis3.Cricket4.Golf5.Horsy sportsII.Religious holidays1.Christmas2.Easter3.RamadanIII.National holidays1.The Queen’s birthdayIV.Holidays in England1.Bonfire Night (Guy Fawkes Night)V.Holidays in Northern Ireland1.The Orange March2.St Patrick’s DayVI.Holidays in Scotland1.Hogmanay2.The Burns Night3.HalloweenVII.Holidays in WalesVIII. 1.EistenddfodIrelandUnit 11 Land, People and HistoryI. The island of Ireland1.Location2.ConstituentsII. Geographynd2.Climate3.EnvironmentIII. Population1.Features2.The Great Famine3.EmigrationsIV. History1.The Celts2.The coming of Christianity3.Viking invasion4.English invasion5.Irish independenceUnit 12 Politics and EconomyI. Political system1.A representative democracy2.A RepublicII. Structure of Irish government1.President2.The Government3.ParliamentIII.The electoral system1.V oting in elections and referenda2.Electorate3.Proportional representationIV. The Civil service1.Neutrality2.Structure3.SelectionV. The Irish legal system1.The hierarchy of the Irish legal system2. Judges3. Check and balanceVI. Transformation of Irish economy1.In the past2.At present3.ReasonsVII.Ireland’s accession to the EU1.Economic benefits2.Social changesVIII.Ireland today1.Home-ownership2.Transportation3.Living standardsUnit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live NowI.Rapid social change1.Abolition of primogeniture2.Change of women’s lifestyle3.Dislocations of social wealthII.Differnces between Ireland and English1.Religionnguage3.Economy4.OpennessIII.Attitudes towards English1.Ambivalence2.Stereotypes from the EnglishIV.The Roman Catholic Church1.The Roman Catholic values2.The power of Roman Catholic Church3.Lose of power4.The difference between Catholics and Protestants V.The Family1.Changes in family life2.Reason for the changes3.Objectives of women’s movementVI.Pub culture1.What is a “pub”?2.Negative EffectVII.Work culture1.Work practices2.Trade Unionscation1.First-level schools2.Second-level schools3.V ocational schools4.Third-level educationUnit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Artsnguage1.Irish under political unrests2.Hiberno-EnglishII.Oral culture1.Features2.Origin3.Positive effectsIII.Literature1.The first Irish poem2.Nobel Prize winners for Literature3.Other important figuresIV.Music and Dance1.The Irish pipe2.Riverdance3.Irish harpV.Sports culture1.Soccer (football)2.Rugby football3.Cricket and tennis4.Hurling5.Golf6.Horse-racingVI.Science and Technology1.Distinguished figures2.Important societiesVII.The Irish identity in the world1.The Irish diaspora2.Attitudes towards other countriesAustraliaUnit 15 The Land and the People of the DreamingI.Natural of Features of the land1.Location2.Size3.Constituents4.Distinctive faunandscape6.Distinctive physical featuresII.The people1.The indigenous people2.The later settlersIII.Dreamtime and Dreaming1.What is “Dreamtime”?2.What is “the Dreaming”?IV.British colonization1.Terra Nullius2.Exploitation of the land3.The impact of colonization4.The policies of segregation and exclusion5.The policy of AssimilationUnit 16 Australia Culture LifeI.Protestantism1.Status2.Values3.Protestantism and CapitalismII.Anglicanism1.Status2.DeclineIII.Catholicism1.Status2.Reasons for its dominance3.Social rolesIV.Religion and rapid social change1. A consumerist society2. Fundamentalism3. SecularismV. Non-Christian religions1. Buddhism2. Islam3. Hinduism4.JudaismVI. Sport-an Australia religion1.Variants2.Sport figuresUnit 17 Work and Family LifeI.Australia as a penal colony1.Establishment of colonies2.Convict colonies3.“Free” coloniesII.Forms of families1.Formation of new families2.Convict partnerships3.Currency children4.“Free” familiesIII.Work in the penal colony1.Convict labour2.Emancipists3.Important figuresIV.From Convict Transportation to “Free” Migration1.Suspension of convict transportation2.“Free” Migrationernment-assisted migrationUnit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic SocietyI.Central value of the countryII.Political system1.The Washminster form of polity2.Three- tier system of government3.Two houses of the federal parliament4.The Governor-General5.The Prime Minister6.The pluralist form of governmentIII.Economy and politics1.What is Australia’s economy like?ernment involovement3.Dismantling of government involvementIV.Three political economic programmes1.Concept of the programmes2.Shift of focus in AustraliaUnit 19 Australia in the World TodayUnit 20 From Racism to MulticulturalismI.Immigration in history1.The 19th century2.White Australia Policy 19013.Post World War II period4.Multiculturalism from 19735.Migration TodayII.Struggle of the Aboriginality1.The relationships between the colonizers and the Peoples of the Dreaming2.The Aboriginal Protection Act of 19093.Day of Mourning and Protest4.The 1946 Stockmen’s Strike5.Strike of the Gurimdji people in the 1960s6.Freedom Rides in the 1960s7.The Mabo Decision8.The Wik Decision9.Social inequality todayIII. The history wars1.The rejection of the “dark side”2.Criticisms on this rejectionNew ZealandUnit 1 Land, People and HistoryI.Geography, land and enviroment1.Geography2.Weather3.Wildlife---- unique flora and faura4.Enviromental responsibilityII.The New Zealanders1.Populationnguage3.Human rights4.Standard of livingIII.Maoritanga1.Definition2.Legends about Maui3.Maori society4.Race relations5.Maori languageIV.History1.First settlers of the Islands2.European Navigators3.Maori and Pakeha4.The Post-war YearsUnit 2 Political System, Education and Economyernment1.The Constitution2.Parliament3.Election4.The Cabinet5.Public servants6.Reform7.The Ombudsman8.Local governmentcation1.Early childhood education2.Primary schools and secondary schools3.The Correspondence School4.State schools and private schools5.Special needs education6.Universities and polytechnicsIII.Economy1.Agriculture2.Forestry and fishing3.Energy4.Overseas tradeThe United States of AmericaUnit 3 American BeginningsI.What is an American?1. A new race2.Current situationII.Two Immigration Movements1.From Asia2.From Europe and AfricaIII.The Forces that led to the Modern Development of Europe1.The growth of capitalism2.The Renaissance3.The Religious ReformationIV.The Colonial Patterns1.The Settlement in Virginia2.Puritanism3.Catholic Maryland4.Quaker PennsylvaniaV.The American Revolution ( The War of Independence)1.The Causes2.The Eve3.The Process4.The Major Leaders (The Founding Fathers)5.The SignificanceUnit 4 The Political System in the United StatesI.The Articles of Confederation1.The background2.The reasons for its failureII.The making of the US Constitution1.The Constitutional Convention2.The ConstitutionIII.The three branches of the federal government1.Legislative brance2.Executive branch3.Judicial branchIV.Checks and balances1.The origin2.The purposeV.The Bill of Rights1.The components2.The purpose3.The contentsVI.Political parties1.The Democratic Party2.The Reppublican Party3.The electionUnit 5 American EconomyI.Industrial Revolution in America1.The backgournd2.The development3.Service industriesII.Free enterprise1.The significance2.Capital3.StockIII.The roots of affluence1.The land and the population2.Other factorsIV.American Agriculture1.The siginificance2.Agribusiness3.Migrant workers4.The success and problemsUnit 6 Religion in the United StatesI.American history and religious liberty1.American history2.Religious libertyII.The Three Faiths1.Protestants and different Protestant groups2.Catholics3.Judaism4.The relationsIII.Religious diversity1.Various religious groups2.The conflictsIV.Characteristics of American religious beliefs1.Three main characteristics2.The significance of religious beliefs.Unit 7 American LiteratureI.Post-Revolutionary period1.Washington Irving2.James Fenimore CooperII.Transcendentalishts1.Ralph Waldo Emerson2.Henry David ThoreanIII.Power of Imagination1.Edgar Allan Poe2.Nathaniel Hawthorne3.Herman MelvilleIV.New Vision of America1.Walt Whitman2.Leaves of GrassV.Reform and Liberation1.Harriet Beecher Stowe2.Uncle Tom’s CabinVI.Regionalism1.Mark Twain2.Emily DickinsonVII. A new wave1.The naturalists2.Other writersVIII.Sympathetic views of women writers1.Kate Chopin2.Willa CatherIX.Rebellious Spirit1.The writers2.The similarityX.The Modernists1.Ezra Pound2.T.S. EliotXI.The “Lost Generation”1.The background2.The writersXII.Harlem Renaissance1.The development2.The poetsXIII.New Drama1.Eugene O’Neil2.The major playsXIV.Depression Realism and Escapism1.John Steinbeck2.Margaret MitchellXV.Postwar voices and the “Beat Generation”1.African American writers2.American Jews3.In the theater4.The “Beat Generation”XVI.New American V oices1.Black wmen writers2.Chinese-American writersUnit 8 Education in the United Statescation in America today1.The goal2.Public schools and private schoolsII.Different education laws for different states 1.The similarities2.The differencesIII.Several levels of schooling1.Elementary school2.Secondary schoolcation in a new nation1.The influence of the Puritans2.The state and educationV.New development1.Equal education opportunities2.Strong demand for higher educationVI.Higher Education1.The requirements2.The complex system3.Varieties of colleges and universities4.Trends in degree programscation for all1.The Servicemen’s Reajustment Act2.Affirmative Action Programs3.Non-traditional studentsUnit 9 Social Movements of the 1960sI.The beginning1.Greensboro “Sit-in”2.Three kinds of social movementsII.About the social movements1.The causes2.The members3.What is a social movement ?III.The Civil Rights Movement1.The processanizations3.Direct Action Tactics4.ChangesIV.The Youth Movement/ Anti-War Movement1.Free Speech Movement2.“Counterculture”3.The Anti-War MovementV.Women’s Liberation Movement1.The beginning2.NOWUnit 10 Social Problems in the United StatesI.Racial problems1. A nation of immigrants2.Inequality in American society3.Discrimination against blacks4.The black “underclass”II.Poverty1.Current situation2.The consequencesIII.Drug Abuse1.Current situation2.Social costsIV.Crime1.The profile of a typical criminal2.Racial prejudice in the high rate of arrests3.White-collar crimesV.The abuse of power1.The abuse of power by government2.The abuse of power by corporationsUnit 11 American Way of Life: A Search for Credible Generalizations Unit 12 The Women’s Liberation Movement in AmericaUnit 13 Technology in AmericaI.DefinitionII.Early 19th Century1.Eli Whitney2.John H. Hall3.Cyrus H. McCormick4.The Stevens and transportation5.Samuel F. B. Morse6.Alexander Garden Bellte 19th Century1.Thomas Alva Edison2.Taylorism and FordismIV.Early 20th Century1.Reginald Fessenden2.Lee De Forest3.Further development of the radioV.Mid-20th century1.Radio shows2.Household technologieste 20th Century1.The Age of Visual Informationitary research and development used in peacetimeUnit 14 Post-WWII American Foreign PolicyI.The beginning of the Cold War1.Basic situation2.The Cold WarII.Arms race and the containment policy1.Arms race2.The containment policyIII.Engagement and expansion1.Basic situation2.The background3.The policyIV.Unilateralism and faith in military strength1.Unilateralism2.Sept.11 terrorist attack3.The strategy of preemption4.War on IraqUnit 15 Sports and Scenic Spots in AmericaI.Sports1.The American Football2.Baseball3.Baseketball4.Other sports activitiesII.Scenic spots1.The Grand Canyon2.The Southwest3.The Northwest4.The Rocky Mountains5.The Pacific Coast6.The Middle West7.Florida8.The Southeast9.The Northeast10.New York State11.Urban scenesUnit 16 American Popular Culture: Movies and MusicI.Jazz music1.The reasons for its popularity2.CharacteristicsII.Early New Orleans jazz1.Early jazz music2.BluesIII.Jazz in Chicago and New York in the 1920s1.Two styles2.The musiciansIV.The piano1.The history2.Ragtime music3.“Stride” pianoV.Boogie Woogie1.The development2.CharacteristicsCanadaUnit 17 The Country and Its PeopleI.Canada and the Canadian identity1.Canada2.The Canadian identityII.The regions of Canada1.Basic situation2.The north3.The west4.The prairies5.Central Canada6.The Altantic regionIII.History1.The First Nations2.European settlement3.The ConfederationIV.The origin of the word “Canada” and place names.1.The word “Canada”2.Place namesUnit 18 The Government and Politics in CanadaI.Historical background1.Canada’s political system2.Canadian system and American system3.Tolerance of different values and customsII.Structures of government1.Canada’s system of government2.The House of Commons and the SenateIII.The federal political scene1.National parties2.Regional partiesIV.Canadian prime ministers1.Pierre Trudeau2.Brian Mulroney3.Jean Chretien4.Similarities of the three leadersUnit 19 The Canadian MosaicI.Mosaic and multiculturalism1.Mosaic2.MulticulturalismII.The First Canadians1.The First Nations2.The Inuit3.The Metis4.Their situationIII.The settlers1.The base of Canada’s immigration policy2.The development3.ChangesIV.French Canadians1.Population distribution2.The problem3.The SolutionsUnit 20 The Canadian EconomyI.Three factors influencing Canadian economy1.Geography and population2.The United States3.Federal governmentsII.History1.The original patterns2.Changes3.Protectionism and free tradeernment intervenionismIII.The Canadian- US Free Trade Agreement1.The background2.The content3.Problems4.BenefitsIV.Three groups of industry1.Primary industries2.Secondary industries3.Tertiary industries4.ProportionV. Canada’s place in the World economyUnit 21 Canadian LiteratureI.The Literature of Survival1.Survival in Nature2.Cultural SurvivalII.Native Canadian MythologyIII.Early Colonial Literature1.Background2.An Era of ReportingIV.The Literature of Nation-Building1.Background2.The Era of Realism in Literature3.Writers and WorksV.Canada in the Ascendant1.The “Montreal Group” of Poets2.Ted Allan3.Literature in the French LanguageVI.Canadian Literature in the Modern World1.Main Features2.Writers and WorksUnit 22 Canada’s International RelationsI.Introduction1.Canada’s role in the world2.Canada as a “junior partner”3.Canada as a “middle power”II.Political Geography1.Geographical Influence2.Canada’s role in international Organizations3.Canada as a “middle power”III.Political Geography1.Geographical Influence2.Canada’s role in international Organizations IV.From Junior Partner to Middle Power1.Canada in “the vortex of European militarism”2.Conscription Crisis3.Canada’s golden age of international diplomacy V.Canada’s Military Commitments1.Involuntary Military Guarantees2.Independent foreign policy3.“Free rider”VI.Canadian-American Relations1.Close in relationship2.Defense Policy3.Economic interests4.DifferencesVII.Overseas Development Programs1.Attitude towards the Third World2.Peace and security promotion。

英国国家社会与文化入门

Question:
What marks the independence of the Republic of Ireland?
A The foundation of the Society of the United Irishmen B The Battle of Kinsale C The signment of the Anglo-Irish Treaty D The Easter Rising
the Great Famine （大饥荒） the Great Famine took place from 1845-1849,when successive potato crops failed and many people of the Ireland starved to death or died of diseases which preyed on malnutrition.Many left the country for the new world.
(2)Homogeneity The population of the Republic of Ireland is stable and homogeneous,as 93%of the people were born in the Republic,based on the 1996 Census.
History
• 1.The Celts • It is believed that the Celtic invaders came to the Ireland in the 6th century BC. • They were the warrior culture. • Their language,Irish,is the first offical language of the Republic of Ireland.

朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第2章英国简介(2)【圣才出品】

第2章英国简介（2）2.1 复习笔记I. Features of Northern Ireland1. Population2. Geographical features3. Capital4. Often Called “Ulster”5. Social order6. EconomyII. Pursuits of Irish independence1. Background2. Home Rule Bill3. The Easter Rising of 19164. Important Figures5. ResultIII. Conflicts within Northern Ireland1. Reasons2. The troubles3. Attempts to dissolve conflictsI. Features of Northern Ireland（北爱尔兰）1. Population（人口）A population of 1.5 million, smallest of UK’s four nations, smaller than many Chinese cities北爱尔兰人口为150万，是英国四个地区中最少的，甚至少于中国许多城市的人口数量。

2. Geographical features（地理特征）(1) Smallest in size of the four nations(2) Low hills in the middle, rugged coastline(3) Beautiful lake district in the south-west(1) 在英国地区中面积最小(2) 地形中间低平，周围多山(3) 西南部地区拥有漂亮的湖区3. Capital: Belfast（首府：贝尔法斯特）(1) East coast(2) The biggest city in the province(3) A population of 350 thousand(1) 位于东部沿海(2) 同时是北爱尔兰最大的城市(3) 人口35万4. Often Called “Ulster”（别称：乌尔斯特）It is the name of an ancient Irish Kingdom which once existed where Northern Ireland lies now.乌尔斯特原为爱尔兰一个地区，大约在今北爱尔兰所在的地区，故北爱尔兰也被称为乌尔斯特。

英国社会与文化期中考试复习稿

英国社会与文化期中考试复习稿Chapter 1: geographic viewName: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Northern IrelandMain land: Britain (England, Scotland, Wales)Meaning of Britain: either Great Britain or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandNational flag: Union Jack or Union Flag (Blue field with the red cross of Saint George edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick, which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew)England: London (capital), Oxford (a university center, Oxford University the world’s oldest university), Birmingham (2nd), Manchester (3rd; art, sport, entertaining center), Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool, Bristol, Nottingham, Leicester and Newcastle upon Tyne; mostly rolling lowland terrain with low hills and plains and a coastline cut into by bays, coves and estuariesScotland: northern; lowland in the south and east and highlands in the north and east; tradition and long history; Ben Nevis, UK’s highest mountain; the highest waterfall Easa’Chual Alui nn in the Highlands; main cities include Edinburgh (2nd, east, near the North Sea), Glasgow (1st, west, near Atlantic Ocean), Aberdeen (3rd, a transportation center) and Dundee; the best quality live in the worldWales: south, near the ocean with the eastern part next to England; mostly mountainous; the longest river Severn in its center; environment/culture/language total different; Cardiff (the capital city, youngest capital in Europe, 1st), Aberystwyth (near Cardigan Bay, a coastal town, another major cultural andeducational center); 1945, Wales National Library established Northern Ireland: known for violent conflicts; plains and hills with forests and lakes; two mountain ranges (the Mournes, the Sperrins); Lough Neagh (382 square kilometers) the largest freshwater lake in the UK, one of the largest in Europe; most hilly in Northern Ireland; capital of NI is Belfast (northeast corner); major industries ship and airplane constructions, telecommunication, technology and trading; Dublin, Londonderry, Galway, Cork, Limerick.Conurbations, Metropolises and citiesPhysical features of Britain: mountains, hills, rivers, lakes, valleysClimate: mild and temperate; four seasons; rainfall is greatest in the western and upland areas Relations Northern Ireland has with EnglandUnderstand the terms city, conurbation, and metropolis in BritainChapter 2: History and People1.Britain’s history of being invaded prior to the Norman conquest:The invaders included Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons and Vikings.2.The Romans 43 AD to 410 AD: in 55 BC roman general Julius Caesar invaded Britain. In 43 AD,the roman emperor Claudius sent 40,000 soldiers to invaded Britain, and conquered most of the country. Britain was part of the Roman Empire for almost 400 years. The Romans were good rulers. The remains of roman buildings can still be seen in Britain .They built road network and cities.3.The Anglo-Saxons 410 AD to 8th or 9th century: Afterroman army left, tribes from Denmark,northern Germany and northern Holland invaded. They were called the Anglo-Saxons, Angles, Saxons and Jutes. The Anglo-Saxons gradually converted to Christianity after St Augustine was sent from Rome in 597 AD. The Anglo-Saxons spoke a mutually intelligible language called old English.4.The Vikings 8th and 9th centuries to AD 1066: the Vikings were farmers and fierce pirate raiders.(In 865, a Great Army of Danish Vikings invaded England with fierce battles for several years and ended with the Vikings conquering all of northern, central and eastern England.)5.The Normans, since 1066 AD: in 1066, William, Duke of Normandy, found an excuse to invadeEngland and try to conquer it from the Anglo-Saxons. Then he became the new king of England and was now called William the conqueror. William and all his knights spoke French and made French the official language, but the English people spoke Anglo-Saxon, so they were both used in England. Then the English language gaining much in grammar and vocabulary and began to replace the language of the rulers. The English spoken in Britain and America today comes mostly from Anglo-Saxon, not French.6.Note each period’s historical significance and legacies.7.The Middle Ages1066 AD to AD 1485: the time between William the conqueror’s invasion in1066 and the first Tudor king in 1485 is called the Middle ages. The core of this period has been described as the “dark ages” because of the relative scarcity of reliable historical information or archaeological evidence.Magna Carta: Henry II, grandson of William the Conqueror,married Eleanor of Aquitaine, who brought more French land to Britain. King John, son of Henry II, went on very bad relation with the nobles, so they rebelled and forced him to sign Magna Carta in 1215. Magna Carta is Latin for great chapter, which defined that even the king had to obey the law.The Hundred Years War (1337-1453): in 1337, John’s great-great grandson, King Edward III, who already ruled a large part of France, entitled himself to be king of all of France as well as king of England. This caused a war between England and France that lasted on and off until 1453, and is called the Hundred Years War. At first the English won some famous battles. But when Joan of Arc started to lead the French armies in 1429 the tide turned, and when the war ended in 1453 the English had lost their French territory except for Calais on the coast.The War of the Roses (1455-1485): the civil war for the English crown. White rose, the badge of Yorkists, and their opponents the Lancastrians came to be symbolized by a red rose. Leaders of both sides were descended from King Edward III, and both sides declared their candidate should be king. The war ended in 1485 when the Yorkist king Richard III was defeated at the battle of Bosworth, and the Welshman Henry VII, the first of the Tudors, came to the throne of England. 8.The Renaissance (since Henry VII)Henry VIII, the son of Henry VII, made himself the head of a new church called the Anglican Church or the Church of England to get his divorce because the pope would not give him a divorce for fe ar of the powerful Roman emperor Charles V, the nephew of Henry’s wife, Catherine. Then he realized that foreign interference in English affairs had gone on too long and must be stopped forever. In seven years, he and his parliament destroyedthe feudal power of the Roman Catholic Church completely. Henry had six wives, one after another.Bloody Mary: Henry’s daughter by Catherine succeeded the crown as Queen Mary I. she persecuted Protestants, which earned her the name “Bloody Mary”Elizabeth I: Bloody Mar y didn’t have any children, so when she died in 1558, the second daughter of Henry VIII became the queen. Elizabeth I was one of the greatest monarchs and during her reign sailors went on explorations and the first colonies were founded in NorthAmerica. She was an Anglican. There were many great writers in her era such as William Shakespeare. In 1588 England defeated Spain and became a European power. She never married. The Stuart dynasty: after Elizabeth I died, her cousin, King James VI of Scotland succeeded her in 1603. He became King James I of England as well and was the first king of the whole of Great Britain.In 1605 Roman Catholics terrorists plotted to blow the King and parliament but were defeated. November 5th is the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot.The disagreements between king and parliament became worse in the reign of James’s son, King Charles I (since 1625).In 1642 the civil war broke out between king and parliament. Parliament won and cut off King Charles’s head in 1649. So Britain bec ame a republic and under the rule of Cromwell but he died in 1658. Then in 1660 Charles was restored as King Charles II (the Merry Monarch) and back to London.Glorious Revolution in 1688: Charles II had no surviving children by his wife so his brother became King James II. But he was a Roman Catholic so Parliament and people forced him toleave the country and replaced him by a King and Queen, William III and Mary II. Then a law was passed saying no Roman catholic could ever sit on the crown again.King James Bible: at the beginning of the reign of Stuart kings, James I of England (James VI of Scotland) authorized a new translation of the Bible, also known as the Authorized Version. This was also a major influence on English literature, language and thought for centuries to come. The Hanoverian Dynasty: after the death of William and Mary, Mary’s sister Anne became queen. Ann gave birth to 17 children but none of them lived for very long. So when Ann died the throne went to the ruler of Hanover in German, the great-grandson of king James I, George I, and his line was known as the Hanoverians.King George III, the great-grandson of George I, was forced to give the United States of America its independence in 1783.During the reign of the Hanoverian kings, the monarchy became weaker while parliament more powerful.The industrial revolution can be traced to as early as the 16th century, and the peak was in 19th century.Queen Victoria: Victoria became queen in 1837 when she was 18 and had reign for over 63 years till she died in 1901. During her reign, British Empire became the greatest trading empire, including a quarter of the world’s population. The British Empire came to include Canada, Australia, New Zealand and much of Africa and the Middle and Far East.During her reign, there were many movements to obtain greater rights for women. In 1882, the married women’s property act was passed which meant that women did not lose their right to their own property when they got married or divorced. But voting rights for women came in next century.Britain in the 20th century: Queen Victoria’s eldest son king Edward VII succeeded her and led to Edwardian era. In the First World War Britain was attacked by the German airships with bombs.After the First World War, working people who had begun fighting for rights in Queen Victoria’ reign became more determined. As a result the first Labor government came to power in 1924. Since the Conservative and Labor have been the two main political parties in Britain.In 1922 Southern Ireland separated from the United Kingdom and became a republic in 1949.In 1930s the Great Depression made lots of people become unemployed in Britain. Recovery from the Depression had only just begun when the Second World War took place. Winston Churchill, the prime minister from the conservative party led the people through the wartime.In 1947 India declared its independence and many countries of British Empire followed the example and became independent. However most of them choose to associate with Britain in an organization called the commonwealth. In 1973 Britain joined the European Union.1979-1990, Margaret Thatcher from the Conservative party became the Prime Minister of Britain. In 1997 tony Blair was elected.At the beginning of 20th century Britain was under the influence of Victoria attitudes and ideas but the First World War changed the British society. After the war there were 3 million casualties known as the “lost generation”, who felt their sacrifice was little regarded in Britain.After the Second World War women got higher socialposition and more rights.Britain had been invaded by many invaders before 1066. Who were the invaders, and what were the consequences of each invasion?In the 20th century, Britain experienced two world wars. What impact does each of the wars have on the British society?Chapter 3: literature and artsOld English literature: in Celtic language (the most famous: epic poem Beowulf)Medieval literature: poet Geoffrey Chaucer (The Canterbury Tales and Troilus and Criseyde), Jersey poet Wace founder of Jersey literatureRenaissance literature: sonnet introduced by Thomas Wyatt, the most important poets included Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney; the most important literary achievements drama; Shakespeare over 35 plays (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth)Reformation (translation of liturgy and Bible): The Anglican Book of Common Prayer, Authorized Version of the Bible, 1611; major poets of 17th century: John Donne and John Milton (religious epic Paradise Lost)18th century literature: novel rose, Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe; Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne and Tobias Smollett; most consider Irish fiction begins in the 18th century with Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels and Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield19th century literature: 1.Romanticism (William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought emotionalism and introspection); major Romantic poets included Lake Poets (WW, STC, Robert Southey); second generation romantic poets (LordByron, Percey Bysshe Shelley and John Keats); Jane Austen (Proud and Prejudice), Charles Dickens (Pickwick Papers, A Christmas Carol)2. The novel in the Victorian era (leading form): Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray, the realist novels of George Eliot, Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy (Jude the Obscure), Lewis Carroll; poetic figures: Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Matthew Arnold; playwright: Dion Boucicault, George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde (Celtic R evival begun by William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, John M. Synge, Sean O’Casey, James Joyce and others)20th century literature: Kipling’s imperialism; modernist writers: Woolf (the stream of consciousness, T o the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves), James Joyce (Ulysses), and Lawrence (Lady Chatterley’s Lover); leading poets in the middle and later 20th century included John Benjamin, Philip Larkin, Ted Hughes, and Seamus Heaney; drama (challenged by the Angry Young Men reflected by John Osbornes’s Look Back in Anger): Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot, Harold Pinter and Tom StoppardThe theatre: London (a capital of theatres), Royal National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company (the most famous acting troupe); theatre introduced from Europe by Romans and auditoriums; Shakespeare about 40 plays; Andrew Lloyd Webber’s CatMusic: popular music in the 60s: in far-ranging field heavy metal folk-rock and drum bass; opera, choral and classical orchestra pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations. 60s: Beatles, Rolling Stones, WhoVisual arts: painting (the Celtic high crosses, mural painting, stained glass); 18th century, painting school the first distinctly British style of painting; leading painter Turner (wild, almost abstract, landscapes, explored effects of light; influenced on impressionists), John Constable (more acceptable), and Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; major art movement at the beginning of the 20th century was vorticismFeatures characterizing each stage of the British Literature Factors contributing to a flowering of poetry, novel and drama in the 19th centuryChapter 4: government and political partiesBasic information: governmental model (a Constitutional Monarchy), branches of power (Executive, Legislative, Judicial branch) Major political parties (Labor Party, Conservative Party and Liberal Democrats)Monarchy: the power of the monarch (the Head of State, head of executive branch, part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander-in-chief of all armed forces, supreme governor of the established Church of England. Power limited, appoint a new Prime Minister, appoint the individual most likely to maintain the support of the House of Commons, appoint and dismiss Cabinet and other ministers on the Prime Minister’s advice, weekly audience with the PM, regularly with other members of the Cabinet. The prerogative to summon, prorogue, and dissolve Parliament, negotiate and ratify treaties, alliances, and international agreements, no Parliamentary approval required, accredit British High Commissioner and ambassadors, and receives diplomats from foreign states, all passports issued in her name; create all peerages, appoint members of the orders of chivalry, grants knighthoods and award other honors; appointarchbishops and bishops) and the symbolic role of the sovereign Sons inherit before daughters, elder before younger of the same sex, only Protestants may inherit the CrownMake-up of the parliament: the House of Commons (the center of parliamentary power), the House of Lords and the QueenFunctions of the parliament: pass laws, provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation, scrutinize government policy and administration, including proposal for expenditure; and debate the major issues of the day Practice of Common law:Prime Ministers (appoint and dismiss ministers, allocate functions among ministers, regular meeting with the Queen to inform her of the general business of the government, represent the UK at majorinternational events, recommend a number of appointments to the Queen, recommend certain civil appointment.): Margaret Thatcher and her successorsCabinet: 20 ministers appointed in by PM, take final decisions on all government policy, meet weekly, deal with defense and overseas policy, economic policy, home and social affairs, the environment, and local government.Since 1945 the traditional two-party system of government has been maintained.Relations between the government, the parliament and the political parties: leader of the winner party in an election (the Prime Minister) invited by the Sovereign to form a government which derives its authority and membership from Parliament, one party runs the government while the other contributes to the formulation of policy and legislationBritish Sovereign’s responsibilitiesHow two-system work in balancing political powerChapter 5: industry and economyFirst industrial Revolution (began with the introduction of steam power and powered machinery): time span (Late 18th century and early 19th century) and technological innovations (steam engine the most important first used for draining mines or driving mills, powered machinery, spinning jenny and new metal working technology, the organization of human labor in factories, creation of factory, machine tools)Causes of the Revolution (①outgrowth of social and institutional changes wrought by the end of feudalism②the enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution③the colonial expansion and development of international trade④creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital⑤the presence of a large domestic market)Transport (railways spread): 之前inland by navigable river and roads, with coastwise vessels to move heavy goods by sea. Railway or wagonways for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, canals cut for moving goods between towns and cities→之后improved. All major rivers made navigable to a great or lesser degree. Major roads radiated from London and help Royal Mail to reach the rest of the country. Heavy goods transported by means of broad wheeled carts hauled by teams of horses, light by smaller carts or by means of pack horses. Stage coaches transported people. The less wealthy walked. /horse-drawn public railways→steam-hauled public railways (began in Liverpool and Manchester and Stockton and Darlington Railways). Transportation by sea [Waterway, Roads, Wagonways, Railways] Social imp acts: ①child labor (1833 first law against childlabor, the Factory Act passed in England, under 9 not allowed to work, under 18 limited to 12 hours)②demands for mass political participation③ the public and private spheres overlapped, wife and husband began to separate Second industrial Revolution: 1780s to pre-WWI; Leading technological innovations: internal combustion engine, electricity, new materials and substances, communication technology; characterized by industrial mass production; marked by a transition of technological leadership from GB to the US and Germany; causes of industrialization①introduction of hydroelectric power generation ②the increasing availability of economic petroleum productsUK is the sixth largest economy by GDP (USA, Japan, PRC, Germany, France), the second largest financial economy next to the USACity of London: Core part of Greater London area, financial service center of the UK, over 500banks have headquarters or offices in the city, leading trader in Eurobonds, foreign exchange, global insurance, home of many international corporations: BT Group, Lloyds Banking Group, Standard Chartered, Unilever, etc.British sterling the fourth most frequently traded currency on the foreign exchange market, adopted by EU nations in 1999 Government has reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare programs. UK rich in coal, natural gas, oil reserves, wind power, wave power and tidal power. Services account for about 2/3 of GDP. North Sea oils a net hydrocarbon exporter +second largest producer of oil in Western Europe after Norway. Main crops are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits and vegetable (1/3 production devoted to arable crops).Livestock are cattle and sheep. UK is one of the world leading fishing nations. Many state enterprises nationalized have been privatized. UK is Europe’s leading b usiness center. London remains the largest center in the world for international financial services business, the international financial capital for the Euro.Evaluate British Industrial RevolutionThe IR divided the gender roles, and form “traditional family”. The impact the notion of “traditional family” has on social role of both genders?。

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Unit 11.The full name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2.The UK is made up of England , Scotland ,Wales and Northern Ireland.Q: What are the three most descriptive words you associate most with British people?Reserved ，modest ，humorousUnit 21. Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ她是英国教会的最高统治者，捍卫信仰自由2. The executive power is in the hands of Prime Minister.3. Nicknames of the kings or queens: Mary Ⅰ, ElizabethⅠ, Richard Ⅰ, Edward Ⅰ, William ⅠMary Ⅰ--------- Bloody Mary （Because of the numbers of protestants executives）ElizabethⅠ----- Virgin Queen （Because she never married.）Richard Ⅰ-------the “lion heart”（Because he was famous for his exploits in the third Crusade.）Edward Ⅰ-------long shanks（because he had long legs）William Ⅰ-------the conqueror（he was the victor at the Battle of Hasting）Q: What are the queen’s state functions?①The Queen approves the appointment of Ministers and the formation of a cabinet.女王批准任命部长，并组建内阁②The Queen summons Parliament and introduces the session with a speech from theThrone in which she summarizes the government’s program.女王召唤议会并用一场演讲介绍政府计划③The Queen gives her assent to Bills before they become law.法案成为法律之前要得到女王的同意④The Queen concludes treaties and declares war , makes appointments to all offices ofState and Church , dismiss Parliament when the government has been defeated or has reached the end of its term , and chooses a new Prime Minister.宣布战争⑤The Queen is informed and consulted on every aspect of national life.关心国民生活⑥The Queen signs documents and receives ambassadors and important visitors fromabroad.外交Unit 31.The constitution: statue laws, common laws and conventions.statue laws : passed by Parliamentcommon laws : be established through common practice in the courtsconventions : which are rules and practices which do not exist legally , but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government.2.The parliament today consist s of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.3.Life peers: the Lords have been appointed by the sovereign , at the suggestion of the PrimeMinister.上议院由君主任命,在总理的建议4.MP:the member of Parliament who is elected by and represents an electoral district ofBritain known as a constituency.由选举产生的议会议员，代表英国的一个选区，被称为选区5.Political party: Conservative Party , Labor PartyConservative Party: Margaret Thatcher (the iron lady)Labor Party: Tony BlairUnit 6Q: How do students in Oxford and Cambridge study? What do you think of their method? Students at Oxford and Cambridge do not usually attend daily lectures and labs. Everyone studies either independently or in small groups guided by weekly sessions with a tutor. Tutors assign weekly essays or short projects to track student progress. After three years, all students take exams and write research papers. A faculty committee decides if they have learned enough to graduate.在牛津和剑桥的学生通常不参加日常的讲座和实验室。

每个人都在独立或小组的指导下，每周与导师指导的会议。

导师分配每周的论文或短的项目来跟踪学生的进步。

三年后，所有的学生参加考试和写研究论文。

由教师委员会决定他们是否能够毕业。

Unit 81.Two kinds of daily papers: the quality press质量新闻, the gutter press低级报刊.Q: What are the major difference between “the quality press” and “the gutter press”?①The quality press carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews and feature articles about high culture and will generally be read by a well-educated ,middle class audience.质量新闻进行更认真和深入的文章，特别是政治和社会的重要性。

他们还进行了高文化的评论和功能的文章，通常会被一个受过良好教育的中产阶级观众阅读②The gutter press deal in scandals and gossip, usually about famous people ,whether in politics, sports or entertainment, and carry lots of crime , sports and sensational human interest stories . The stories are short , easy to read and often rely more on opinion than fact.新闻报道中的丑闻和八卦新闻，通常是名人，无论是在政治、体育或娱乐，并进行大量的犯罪，体育和轰动的人类利益的故事。

故事很短，很容易阅读，往往比事实更依赖于意见。

2.BBC(P77)The British Broadcasting Corporation-more familiarly known as the BBC or even "the Beeb"-is Britain's main public service broadcaster. It was founded in1927 as a public service radio station, and later moved into TV. The BBC is funded by license fees and viewers must buy a license each year for their TV set. The international arm of the BBC is the BBC World Service , which broadcasts in English and 43 other languages throughout the world.英国国家广播公司俗称英国广播公司甚至“处理”是英国主要的公共服务广播。

它成立于1927年作为一种公共服务广播站，后来搬到电视。

英国广播公司是由许可费和观众的资金必须购买一个许可证，每年为他们的电视机。

英国广播公司的国际部门是英国广播公司的世界服务，它在世界各地的英语和其他43种语言广播Unit 13England: Guy Fawkes Day—November 5to celebrate the preservation of the British monarchy and ParliamentScotland: Hogmanay --- the New Year’s Eveto welcome the coming of the New YearBurns Supper—25th Januaryto celebrate their beloved national poet Robert BurnsNorthern England: St.Patrick’s Day----March 17to celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland.(The shamrock is a popular symbol to wear )Wales: the Eisteddfod---Augustto celebrate their culture and their languageQ: Is it all right for the Chinese people to observe western festival? Why or why not?Unit 14&15Key point：Famous writes and masterpieces1. Old English Literature: the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf盎格鲁-撒克逊《贝奥武夫》2. Middle English literature：Geoffrey Chaucer—The Canterbury Tales杰弗里-乔叟《坎特伯雷故事集》3. Elizabethan Drama①Christopher Marlow----Doctor Faustus 克里斯托弗-马娄《浮士德博士》②Ben Jonson本-琼生③William Shakespearetragedies : Romeo and Juliet , Julius Caesarcomedies :The Taming of the Shrew , The Templeshistory plays: Richard Ⅲ, Richard Ⅱ, Henry Ⅳ, Henry ⅤFour Great Tragedies: Hamlet , Othello , King Lear , MacbethFour Great Comedies: The Merchant of Venice , A Mid-summer Night’s Dream ,As you like it , Twelfth Night【Shakespeare】1)Shakespeare was born in 1564 and he wrote 38 plays and 154 sonners.2)His works look at common human themes, such as betrayal, murder, lust, power, ambition, love.3)To be , or not to be.《Hamlet》4. The 17th centuryFrancis Bacon –He was a public figure and statesman , rising to the high post of Lord Chancellor. John Milton-----the twin poems “ L’s Allegro ” , “ⅡPenseroso”约翰弥尔顿《快乐的人》《沉思的人》Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained《失乐园》，《复乐园》5. The 18th centuryJonathan Swift---Gulliver’s TravelsRobert Burns-----Holy Willie’s Prayer , To A Mouse , To A LouseDaniel Defoe-----Robinson Crusoe6. Romantic period [the first third of the 19th century]Romantic Poets:①William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge—Lyrical Ballads（romantic poetry’s Declaration of Independence）②Byron ,Shelley ,Keats ----brought the Romantic Movement to its heightByron—Don JuanShelley--Ode to the West Wind [If winter comes , can spring be far behind?]Keats---Ode to a Nightingale , Ode on a Grecian UrnNovelists:①Jane Austen------Sense and Sensibility , Pride and Prejudice , Emma , Northanger Abbeythe last of the 18th century novelists because of her crisp , controlled studies of manners②Charlotte ----Jane EyreEmily -------Wuthering HeightsAnne---------Agnes Grey （the least important of the three）Victorian Literature①William Makepeace Thackeray---Vanity Fair②Charles Dickens---David Copperfield , Oliver Twist , Great Expectations , A Tale of Two Cities③George Eliot------Middlemarch ,The Mill on the Floss , Silas Marner④Oscar Wilde------The Ballad of Reading Gaol ,The happy Prince , The Picture of Dorian Gray , Salome , The Important of Being Earnest⑤Thomas Hardy----The Return of the Native , Tess of the D's Urbervilles , Jude the Obscure7. The first half of 20th century (James Joyce)①William Butler Yeats----At the Hawk's Well（He helped found Dublin's Abbey Theatre .In 1923, he received the Nobel Prize for literature.）②George Bernard Shaw---Man and Superman , Major Barbara , Pygmalion ,Mrs. Warren's Profession（His Comic talents and immense output earn this brilliant Irishman the rank of leading English-Language playwright after Shakespeare.）③Joseph Conrad---Lord Jim , The Heart of Darkness④E.M.Forster------A Room with a View , Howards End , A Passage To India⑤James Joyce-----Ulysses（He is regarded as one of the leading writers of modern times. He was the first to make major use of stream of consciousness—the free flow of language revealing one person's thoughts , feelings and memories.）⑥wrence---Sons and Lovers（He felt that society forced too many rules on people and kept them from living a full, natural life.）⑦Virginia Woolf----The Waves⑧Katherine Mansfield----Bliss , The Garden Party。

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